29 CFR Part 1910 1

Title 29 CFR Part 1910 General Industry

Condensed Version

Subpart D Walking, Working Surfaces

 Definitions (1910.21)  Aisles and passageways;

 Floor hole; An opening measuring less
than 12 inches but more than 1 inch in
its least dimension.
 Floor opening; An opening measuring
12 inches or more in its least
dimension, in any floor, platform,
pavement, or yard hatchway, stair or
ladder opening, pit, or large manhole.
 Handrail; A single bar or pipe
supported on brackets from a wall or
partition, as on a stairway or ramp, to
furnish persons with a handhold in case
of tripping.
 Platform; A working space for persons,
elevated above the surrounding floor or
ground; such as a balcony or platform
for the operation of machinery and
equipment.
 Stair railing; A vertical barrier erected
along exposed sides of a stairway to
prevent falls of persons.
 Wall hole; An opening less than 30
inches but more than 1 inch high, of
unrestricted width, in any wall or
partition.
 Wall opening; An opening at least 30
inches high and 18 inches wide, in any
wall or partition through which persons
may fall.
 General Requirements (1910.22)
This applies to all permanent places of
employment, except where domestic,
mining or agricultural work only is
performed.
 Housekeeping;
 All places of employment,
passageways, storerooms, and
service rooms shall be kept clean
and orderly and in a sanitary
condition.
 The floor of every workroom shall
be maintained in a clean and so far
as possible, a dry condition.
 To facilitate cleaning, every floor,
working place, and passageway
shall be kept free from protruding
nails, splinters, holes, or loose
boards.
 Where mechanical handling
equipment is used, sufficient safe
clearances shall be allowed for
aisles, at loading docks, through
doorways and wherever turns or
passage must be made.
 Aisles and passageways shall be
kept clear and in good repairs, with
no obstruction across or in aisles
that could create a hazard.
 Permanent aisles and passageways
shall be appropriately marked.
 Covers and guardrails;
 Covers and/or guardrails shall be
provided to protect personnel from
the hazards of open pits, tanks,
vats, ditches, etc.
 Floor loading protection;
 In every building or other
structure, or part thereof, used for
mercantile, business, industrial, or
storage purposes, the loads
approved by the building official
shall be marked on plates of
approved design which shall be
supplied and securely affixed by,
the owner of the building, or duly
authorized agent, in a conspicuous
place in each space to which they
relate.

Subpart D – Walking, Working Surfaces

 29 CFR Part 1910 2

 Guarding Floor and Wall Openings and  Fixed Industrial Stairs (1910.24)
Holes (1910.23)  Where Fixed Stairs Are Required
 Protection for Floor Openings;  Fixed stairs shall be provided for
 Every stairway floor opening shall access from one structure level to
be guarded by a standard railing, another where operations necessitate
with standard toeboard on all regular travel between levels, and
exposed sides. for access to operating platforms at
 Every hatchway and chute floor any equipment which requires
opening shall be guarded. attention routinely during
 Every skylight floor opening and operations.
hole shall be guarded by a standard  Stair Strength shall be designed and
skylight screen or a fixed standard constructed to carry a load of five
railing on all exposed sides. times the normal live load.
 Every floor hole into which  Stair width shall be a minimum of
persons can accidentally walk shall 22 inches and platforms shall be no
be guarded. less than width of stairs and
 Protection for Wall Openings and Holes minimum length of 30 inches in the
 Every wall opening from which direction of travel.
there is a drop of more than 4 feet  Stair treads shall be reasonably slip-
shall be guarded. resistant and the angle of rise
 Protection of Open-Sided Floors, between 30 and 50
Platforms and Runways  Railings and handrails shall be
 Every open-sided floor or platform 4 provided on the opens ides of all
feet or more above adjacent floor or exposed stairways.
ground level shall be guarded by a  Vertical clearance shall be at least 7
standard railing on all open sides feet.
except where there is entrance to a
ramp, stairway, or fixed ladder.
 Every runway shall be guarded by a
standard railing on all open sides 4
feet or more above floor or ground
level.
 Stairway Railings and Guards
 Every flight of stairs having four or
more risers shall be equipped with
standard stair railings or standard
handrails.
 Railing, Toe Boards, and Cover
Specifications
 A standard railing shall consist of
top rail, intermediate rail, and posts,
and shall have a vertical height of 42
inches nominal from upper surface
of top rail to floor, platform,
runway, or ramp level. The top rail
shall be smooth-surfaced throughout
the length of the railing. The
intermediate rail shall be
approximately halfway between the
top rail and the floor, platform,
runway or ramp. The ends of the
rails shall not overhang the terminal
posts except where such overhang
does not constitute a projection
hazard.

Subpart D – Walking, Working Surfaces

 29 CFR Part 1910
 Portable Wood Ladders (1910.25)
 Care and Use
 Care; to ensure safety and
serviceability the following
precautions on the care of ladders
shall be observed:
- Ladders shall be maintained in
good condition at all times, the
joint between the steps and side
rails shall be tight, all hardware
and fittings securely attached,
and the movable parts shall
operate freely without binding
or undue play;
- Safety feet and other auxiliary
equipment shall be kept in good
condition to insure proper
performance;
- Rungs shall be kept free of
grease; and
- Ladders shall be inspected
frequently and those which
have developed defects shall be
withdrawn from service for
repair or destruction and tagged
or marked as “Dangerous, Do
Not Use.”
 Use; the following safety
precautions shall be observed in
connection with the use of ladders:
- Portable ladders shall be so
placed that the side rails have a
secure footing, and shall not be
placed in front of door openings
toward the ladder unless the
door is blocked, locked or
guarded;
- Ladders shall not be placed on
boxes, barrels, or other unstable
bases to obtain additional
height;
- No ladder shall be used to gain
access to a roof unless the top
of the ladder shall extend at
least 3 feet above the point of
support, at eave, gutter, or
roofline;
- The user shall equip all portable
rung ladders with nonslip bases
when there is a hazard of
slipping; and
- The bracing on the back legs of
step ladders is designed solely
for increasing stability and not
for climbing.
Subpart D – Walking, Working Surfaces
3
 Portable Metal Ladders (1910.26)
 Requirements
 The length of single ladders or
individual sections of ladders shall
not exceed 30 feet. Two-section
ladders shall not exceed 48 feet in
length and over two-section ladders
shall not exceed 60 feet in length.
 Care and Maintenance of
Ladders
 To get maximu m serviceability,
safety, and to eliminate
unnecessary damage of equipment,
good safe practices in the use and
care of ladder equipment must be
employed by the user. The
following rules and regulations are
essential to the life of the
equipment and the safety of the
user.
- Ladders must be maintained in
good usable condition at all
times;
- A simple rule for setting up a
ladder at the proper angle is to
place the base a distance from
the vertical wall equal to one-
fourth the working length of
the ladder and the ladder base
must be placed with a secure
footing; and
- When ascending or descending
the climber must face the
ladder;
 29 CFR Part 1910
 Fixed Ladders (1910.27)
 Design Requirements
 All ladders, appurtenances, and
fastenings shall be designed for a
minimum live load with a single
concentrated of 200 pounds.
 Specific Features
 All rungs shall have a minimum
diameter of ¾ inch for metal
ladders and 1 1/8 inch for wood
ladders.
 Clearances
 Climbing side; the perpendicular
distance from the centerline of the
rungs to the nearest permanent
object on the climbing side of the
ladder shall be 36 inches for a pitch
of 76 degrees and 30 inches for a
pitch of 90 degrees.
Subpart D – Walking, Working Surfaces
4
 Safety Requirements for Scaffolding
(1910.28)
 General Requirements for Scaffolding
 Scaffolds shall be furnished and
erected for persons engaged in
work that cannot be done safely
from the ground or from solid
construction and shall be capable
of supporting without failure at
least four times the maximu m
intended load.
 The footing or anchorage for
scaffolds shall be sound, rigid, and
capable of carrying the maximu m
intended load without settling or
displacement. Unstable objects
such as barrels, boxes, loose brick,
or concrete blocks shall not be used
to support scaffolds or planks.
 Any scaffold damaged or
weakened from any cause shall be
immediately repaired and shall not
be used until repairs have been
completed.
 Scaffold shall not be moved while
occupied with workers/equipment.
 Entry and exit to the scaffold
platform shall only be made by an
access ladder or equivalent means,
the side panels are not an
acceptable means of entry or exit.
 Workers shall not be permitted on
scaffold during high winds or when
snow and ice cover the planks.
 All scaffold work levels 10 feet or
higher above the ground or floor
shall have a standard toeboard and
guardrail system.
 Manually Propelled Mobile Ladder Stands
and Scaffolds (1910.29)
 General Requirements
 Work platforms & scaffolds shall
be capable of carrying the design
load under varying circumstances
depending upon the use.
 The maximu m work level height
shall not exceed four times the
minimum or least base dimensions.
 All scaffold work levels 10 feet or
higher above the ground or floor
shall have a standard toeboard and
guardrail system.
 29 CFR Part 1910
Subpart E – Exit Routes, Emergency Action Plans, and Fire Prevention Plans
 Compliance with NFPA 101-2000 Life Safety
Code (1910.35)
 Definitions:
- Exit Routes; a means a continuous and
unobstructed way of exit travel from any
point in a building or structure to a public
way and consists of three separate and
distinct parts: the way of exit access, the
exit, and the way of exit discharge.
- Exit Access; portion which leads to an
entrance to an exit.
- Exit; portion which is separated from all
other spaces of the building or structure
by construction or equipment to provide a
protected way of travel to the exit
discharge.
- Exit Discharge; portion between the
termination of an exit and a public way.
- High Hazard; an area inside a workplace
in which operations include high hazard
materials, processes, or contents.
- Occupant Load; total number of persons
that may occupy a workplace or portion
of a workplace at any one time.
Subpart E – Exit Routes, Emergency Action Plans, and Fire Prevention Plans
 Design and Construction Requirements for Exit
Routes (1910.36)
 An exit route must be permanent.
 An exit must be separated by fire resistant
materials.
 Openings into an exit must be limited and
protected by a self-closing fire door that
remains open or automatically closes in an
emergency upon sounding of a fire alarm or
employee alarm system.
 Number of exit routes must be adequate –
minimum two.
 Exit discharge must lead directly outside or to
a street, walkway, refuge area, public way, or
open space with access to the outside. This
discharge area must be large enough to
accommodate building occupants.
 Exit door must be unlocked. Exception:
mental, penal or correctional facilities and
then only if supervisory personnel are
continuously on duty.
 Side-hinged exit door must be used and swing
out in the direction of exit travel.
 The capacity of an exit route must be
adequate.
 Exit route minimum dimensions: 7’6” height;
28” width.
 29 CFR Part 1910
 Maintenance, Safeguards, and Operational
Features for Exit Routes (1910.37)
 The danger to employees must be minimized.
Exit routes must be kept free of explosive or
highly flammable furnishings or other
decorations.
 Exit routes must be free and unobstructed
with adequate lighting and a clear direction of
travel identified by signs. Doors that may be
confused as being exit must be marked Not
An Exit.
 The fire retardant properties of paints or
solutions must be maintained.
 Exit routes must be maintained during
construction, repairs, or alterations.
 Employee alarm system must be operable.
Subpart E – Exit Routes, Emergency Action Plans, and Fire Prevention Plans
 Employee Emergency Plans and Fire Prevention
Plans (1910.38)
 Emergency Action Plan;
The written emergency action plan (for
companies with eleven or more employees)
shall be kept at the workplace and made
available for employee review.
 Plan elements, shall include:
- Procedures for reporting a fire or
other emergency;
- Procedures for emergency
evacuation, including type of
evacuation and exit route
assignments;
- Procedures to be followed by
employees who remain to operate
critical plant operations before they
evacuate;
- Procedures to account for all
employees after evacuation;
- Procedures to be followed by
employees performing rescue or
medical duties; and
- The name or job title of every
employee who may be contacted by
employees who need more
information about the plan or an
explanation of their duties under the
plan.
 Employer shall establish an employee
alarm system that is distinctive and
audible above ambulant noise.
 Employer must designate and train
employees to assist in a safe and orderly
evacuation of other employees.
 Review of emergency action plan with
employee upon initial assignment, change
in plan or change in employee’s
responsibility.
 29 CFR Part 1910

 Fire Prevention Plan (1910.39)

 The written fire prevention plan (for companies
with eleven or more employees) shall be kept at
the workplace and made available for employee
review.
 Plan elements:
- List of all major fire hazards, proper
handling and storage procedures for
hazardous materials, potential ignition
sources and their control, and the type of
fire protection equipment necessary to
control each major hazard;
- Procedures to control accumulations of
flammable and combustible waste
materials;
- Procedures for regular maintenance of
safeguards installed on heat-producing
equipment to prevent the accidental
ignition of combustible materials;
- The name or job title of employees
responsible for maintaining equipment to
prevent or control sources of ignition or
fires; and
- The name or job title of employees
responsible for the control of fuel source
hazards.

 Employee information:
- Upon initial assignment.

Subpart E – Exit Routes, Emergency Action Plans, and Fire Prevention Plans
 29 CFR Part 1910

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Subpart E – Exit Routes, Emergency Action Plans, and Fire Prevention Plans
 29 CFR Part 1910
Subpart F - Powered Platforms, Manlifts, and Vehicle-Mounted Work Platforms
 Powered platforms for building maintenance
(1910.66)
This section covers powered platform installations
permanently dedicated to interior or exterior
building maintenance of a specific structure or
group of structures.
 General Requirements; the following
requirement applies to equipment which are
part of a powered platform installation, such
as platforms, stabilizing components,
carriages, outriggers, davits, hoisting
machines, wire ropes and electrical
components.
 Equipment installations shall be designed
by or under the direction of a registered
professional engineer experienced in such
design.
 General Maintenance;
 All parts of the equipment affecting safe
operation shall be maintained in proper
working order so that they may perform
the functions for which they were
intended. The equipment shall be taken
out of service when it is not in proper
working order.
 Operations;
 Training; Working platforms shall be
operated only by persons who are
proficient n the operation, safe use and
inspection of the particular working
platform to be operated. All employees
who operate working platforms shall be
trained in the following
- Recognition of, and preventive
measures for, the safety hazards
associated with their individual work
tasks.
- Training of employees in the
operation and inspection of working
platforms shall be done by a
competent person.
- The employer shall certify that
employees have been trained in
operating and inspecting a working
platform by preparing a certification
record which includes the identify of
the person trained, the signature of
the employer or the person who
conducted the training and the date
that training was completed.
 Use; working platforms shall not be
loaded in excess of the rated load, as
stated on the platform load rating plate.
Subpart F – Powered Platforms, Manlifts, and Vehicle-Mounted Work Platform
- Employees shall be prohibited from
working on snow, ice, or other
slippery material covering platform,
except for the removal of such
materials.
- Employees on working platforms
shall be protected by a personal fall
arrest system.
 Vehicle-mounted elevating and rotating work
platforms (1910.67)
 Specific Requirements
 Ladder trucks and tower trucks; before
the truck is moved for highway travel,
aerial ladders shall be secured in the
lower traveling position by the locking
device above the truck cab, and the
manually operated device at the base of
the ladder.
 Extensible and articulating boom
platforms; lift controls shall be tested
each day prior to use to determine that
such controls are in safe working
condition.
 Only trained persons shall operate an
aerial lift.
 A body belt shall be worn and a lanyard
attached to the boom or basket when
working from an aerial lift. Belting off to
an adjacent pole, structure, or equipment
while working from an aerial lift shall not
be permitted.
 Employees shall always stand firmly on
the floor of the basket.
 Boom and basket load limits specified by
the manufacturer shall not be exceeded.
 The brakes shall be set and outriggers,
when used, shall be positioned on pads or
a solid surface. Wheel chocks shall be
installed before using an aerial lift on an
incline.
 An aerial lift truck may not be moved
when the boom is elevated in a working
position with men in the basket.
 29 CFR Part 1910

 Manlifts (1910.68)
A device consisting of a power-driven endless belt
moving in one direction only, and provided with
steps or platforms and handholds attached to it for
the transportation of personnel from floor to floor.
 General Requirements
 Instruction signs at landings or belts;
signs of conspicuous and easily read style
giving instructions for the use of the
manlift shall be posted at each landing or
stenciled on the belt.
 Top floor warning sign and light; at the
top floor an illuminated sign shall be
displayed bearing the following wording:
TOP FLOOR – GET OFF. Signs shall be
in block letters not less 2 inches in height.
This sign shall be located within easy
view of an ascending passenger and not
more than 2 feet above the top terminal
landing. A red warning light of not less
than 40 watt rating shall be provided
immediately below the upper landing
terminal and so located as to shine in the
passenger’s face.
 Visitor warning; a conspicuous sign
having the following legend:
AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY,
shall be displayed at each landing.
 Operating Rules
 Proper use of manlifts. No freight,
packaged goods, pipe, lumber, or
construction materials of any kind shall
be handled on any manlift.
 Periodic Inspections
 All manlifts shall be inspected by a
competent designated person at intervals
of not more than 30 days. Limit switches
shall be checked weekly.
 A certification record shall be kept of
each inspection which includes the date
of the inspection, the signature of the
person who performed the inspection and
the serial number, or other identifier, of
the manlift.

Subpart F – Powered Platforms, Manlifts, and Vehicle-Mounted Work Platform

 29 CFR Part 1910
Subpart G - Occupational Health and Environmental Controls
 Ventilation (1910.94)
 Abrasive Blasting
 The forcible application of an abrasive to
a surface by pneumatic pressure,
hydraulic pressure, or centrifugal force.
- Abrasives and the surface coatings
on the materials blasted are shattered
and pulverized during blasting
operations and the dust formed will
contain particles of respirable size.
The composition and toxicity of the
dust from these sources shall be
considered in making an evaluation
of the potential health hazard.
- Employees must use only respirators
approved by NIOSH to protect
employees from dusts produced
during abrasive-blasting operations.
- Dusts shall not be permitted to
accumulate on the floor or on ledges
outside of an abrasive-blasting
enclosure, and dust spills shall be
cleaned up promptly. Aisles and
walkways shall be kept clear of steel
shot or similar abrasive which may
create a slipping hazard.
 Grinding, Polishing and Buffing Operations
 Wherever dry grinding, dry polishing or
buffing is performed, and employee
exposure, without regard to the use of
respirators, exceeds the permissible
exposure limits prescribed in 1910.1000
(air contaminants), a local exhaust
ventilation system shall be provided and
used to maintain employee exposures
within the prescribed limits.
 Spray Finishing Operations
 Spray-finishing operations are
employment of methods wherein organic
or inorganic materials are utilized in
dispersed form for deposit on surfaces to
be coated, treated, or cleaned.
Subpart G - Occupational Health and Environmental Controls
 Occupational Noise Exposure (1910.95)
 Application
 Protection against the effects of noise
exposure shall be provided when the
sound levels exceed those shown below:
Duration per day/hrs Sound
Level
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1½ 102
1 105
½ 110
¼ or less 115
 Hearing Conservation Program
 The employer shall administer a
continuing, effective hearing
conservation program, wherever
employee noise exposures equal or
exceed an 8-hour time-weighted average
sound level of 85 decibels.
 Monitoring
 When information indicates that any
employee’s exposure may equal or
exceed an 8-hour time-weighted average
of 85 decibels, the employer shall
develop and implement a monitoring
program.
 Employee Notification
 The employer shall notify each employee
exposed at or above an 8-hour time-
weighted average of 85 decibels of the
results of the monitoring.
 Observation of Monitoring
 The employer shall provide affected
employees or their representatives with
an opportunity to observe any noise
measurements conducted pursuant to this
section.
 Audiometric Testing Program
 The employer shall establish and
maintain an audiometric testing program
for all employees whose exposure equal
or exceed an 8-hour time-weighted
average of 85 decibels, at no cost to the
employees.
 Hearing Protectors
 Employers shall make hearing protectors
available to all employees exposed to an
8-hour time-weighted average of 85
decibels or greater at no cost to the
employees.
 29 CFR Part 1910

 Hearing Protector Attenuation  Nonionizing Radiation (1910.97)

 The employer shall evaluate hearing  Electromagnetic Radiation
protector attenuation for the specific  The term electromagnetic radiation is
noise environments in which the restricted to that portion of the spectrum
protector will be used. commonly defined as the radio frequency
 Training Program region, which for the purpose of this
 The employer shall institute a training standard shall include the microwave
program for all employees who are frequency region.
exposed to noise at or above an 8-hour  Warning symbol for radio frequency
time-weighted average of 85 decibels, radiation hazards shall consist of a red
and shall ensure employee participation isosceles triangle above an inverted black
in such program; isosceles triangle, separated and outlined
- Training program shall be repeated by an aluminum color border. The works
annually for each employee in the “Warning – Radio-Frequency Radiation
program and they shall be informed Hazard” shall appear in the upper
on the effects of noise on hearing, triangle.
the purpose of hearing protectors and
the purpose of audiometric testing.
 Access to Information and Training Materials
 The employer shall make available to
affected employees or their
representatives copies of this standard
and shall also post a copy in the
workplace.
 Recordkeeping
 The employer shall maintain an accurate
record of all employee exposure
measurements.

Subpart G - Occupational Health and Environmental Controls

 29 CFR Part 1910
Subpart H – Hazardous Material
 Compressed Gases (1910.101)
 Inspection of Compressed Gas Cylinders
 Each employer shall determine that
compressed gas cylinders under his
control are in a safe condition to the
extent that this can be determined by
visual inspection. Visual and other
inspections shall be conducted in
accordance with Compressed Gas
Association Pamphlets C-6-1968 and C-
8-1962.
 Compressed Gases
 The in-plant handling, storage and
utilization of all compressed gases in
cylinders shall be in accordance with
Compressed Gas Association Pamphlet
P-1-1965.
 Safety Relief Devices for Compressed Gas
Containers
 Compressed gas cylinders shall have
pressure relief devices installed and
maintained in accordance with
Compressed Gas Association Pamphlets
S-1.1-1963 and 1965.
Subpart H – Hazardous Material
 Flammable and Combustible Liquids (1910.106)
 Flammable liquids means any liquid having a
flashpoint below 100 F.
 Combustible liquids means any liquid having
a flashpoint at or above 100 F.
 Fire Control;
 Extinguishers; suitable for control
devices, such as small hose or portable
fire extinguishers, shall be available at
locations where flammable or
combustible liquids are stored.
- At least one portable fire
extinguisher having a rating of not
less than 12-B units shall be located
outside of, but not more than 10 feet
from, the door opening into any
room used for storage.
- At least one portable fire
extinguisher having a rating of not
less than 12-B units must be located
not less than 10 feet, nor more than
25 feet, from any Class I or Class II
liquid storage area located outside of
a storage room but inside a building.
 Explosives and Blasting Agents (1910.109)
 Blasting Agent; any material or mixture,
consisting of a fuel and oxidizer, intended for
blasting, not otherwise classified as an
explosive and in which none of the
ingredients are classified as an explosive.
 Explosive; any chemical compound, mixture,
or device the primary or common purpose of
which is to function by explosion.
 General Hazard
 No person shall store, handle or transport
explosives or blasting agents when such
storage, handling and transpiration of
explosives or blasting agents constitutes
an undue hazard to life.
 All Class A, Class B, Class C explosives
and special industrial explosives and any
newly developed and unclassified
explosives, shall be kept in magazines.
 Blasting caps, electric blasting caps,
detonation primers, and primed cartridges
shall not be stored in the same magazine
with other explosives.
 Ground around magazines shall slope
away for draining. The land surrounding
magazines shall be kept clear of brush,
dried grass, leaves, and other materials
for a distance of at least 25 feet.
 29 CFR Part 1910

 Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous  Training

Chemicals (1910.119)  Initial training; each employee presently
 Application; a process which involves a involved in operating a process, and each
chemical at or above the specified threshold employee before being involved in
quantities or flammable liquid or gas on site operating a newly assigned process, shall
in one location in a quantity of 10,000 pounds be trained in an overview of the process
or more. and in the operating procedures.
 Employee Participation;  Refresher training; shall be provided at
 Employers shall develop a written plan of least every three years, and more often if
action regarding the implementation of necessary, to each employee involved in
the employee participation. operating a process to assure that the
 Employers shall consult with employees employee understands and adheres to the
and their representatives on the conduct current operating procedures of the
and development of process hazards process.
analyses and on the development of the  Emergency Planning and Response
other elements of process safety  The employer shall establish and
management. implement an emergency action plan.
 Employers shall provide to employees
and their representatives access to
process hazard analyses and to all other
information required to be develop under
this standard.
 Process Safety Information;
 The employer shall complete a
compilation of written process safety
information before conducting any
process hazard analysis:
- Toxicity information;
- Permissible exposure limits;
- Physical data;
- Reactivity data;
- Corrosive data;
- Thermal and chemical stability data;
and
- Hazardous effects of inadvertent
mixing of different materials that
could foreseeably occur.
 Process Hazard Analysis
 The employer shall perform an initial
process hazard analysis on processes
covered by this standard.
 Operating Procedures
 The employer shall develop and
implement written operating procedures
that provide clear instructions for safely
conducting activities involved in each
covered process consistent with the
process safety information.

Subpart H – Hazardous Material

 29 CFR Part 1910
 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency
Response (1910.120)
 This section covers, the following operations,
unless the employer can demonstrate that the
operation does not involve employee
exposure or the reasonable possibility for
employee exposure to safety or health
hazards.
 Clean-up operations required by a
governmental body, involving hazardous
substances that are conducted at
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites;
 Corrective actions involving clean-up
operations at sites covered by RCRA;
 Voluntary clean-up operations at sites
recognized by Federal, state, local or
other governmental bodies as
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites;
 Operations involving hazardous waste
that are conducted at treatment, storage,
disposal (TSD) facilities; and
 Emergency response operations for
releases of, or substantial threats of
releases of, hazardous substances without
regard to the location of the hazard.
Subpart H – Hazardous Material
 Safety and Health Program
 Employers shall develop and implement a
written safety and health program for
their employees involved in hazardous
waste operations, this program shall
include:
- An organizational structure;
- A comprehensive workplan;
- A site-specific safety and health
plan;
- Safety and health training program;
- Medical surveillance program;
- Employer’s standard operating
procedures for safety and health; and
- Any necessary interface between
general program and site specific
activities.
 Site Characterization and Analysis; hazardous
waste sites shall be evaluated to identify
specific site hazards and to determine the
appropriate safety and health control
procedures needed to protect employees.
 Site Control; procedures shall be implemented
to control employee exposure to hazardous
substances before clean-up work begins.
 Training; all employees exposed to hazardous
substances, health hazards, or safety hazards
and their supervisors shall receive training:
 Names of personnel and alternate
responsible for site safety and health;
 Safety, health and other hazards present
on the site;
 PPE, work practices, and engineering
controls.
 Medical Surveillance; and contents of
this standard.
 29 CFR Part 1910
Subpart I - Personal Protective Equipment
 General Requirements (1910.132)
 Application
 Protective equipment, including ppe for
eyes, face, head, and extremities,
protective clothing, respiratory devices
and protective shields and barriers, shall
be provided, used, and maintained in a
sanitary and reliable condition wherever
it is necessary by reason of hazards of
processes or environment, chemical
hazards, radiological hazards, or
mechanical irritants encountered in a
manner capable of causing injury or
impairment in the function of any part of
the body through absorption, inhalation
or physical contact.
 Employee-Owned Equipment
 Where employees provide their own
protective equipment, the employer shall
be responsible to assure its adequacy,
including proper maintenance, and
sanitation of such equipment.
 Design
 All ppe shall be of safe design and
construction for the work to be
performed.
 Hazard Assessment and Equipment Selection
 The employer shall assess the workplace
to determine if hazards are present, or are
likely to be present which necessitate the
use of ppe. If such hazards are present or
likely to be present, the employer shall:
- Select and have each affected
employee use, the types of ppe that
will protect the affected employee
from the hazards identified;
- Communicate selection decisions to
each affected employee; and
- Verify that the required workplace
hazard assessment has been
performed through a written
certification that identifies the
workplace evaluated, the person
certifying that the evaluation has
been performed, the date(s) of the
hazard assessment, and which
identifies the document as a
certification of hazard assessment.
 Defective and Damaged Equipment
 Defective or damaged ppe shall not be
used.
Subpart I Personal Protective Equipment
 Training
 The employer shall provide training to
each employee who is required to use
ppe. This training shall include:
- When is ppe necessary;
- What ppe is necessary;
- How to properly don, doff, adjust,
and wear ppe; and
- Limitations of ppe.
 Each affected employee shall
demonstrate an understanding of the
training.
 When the employer has reason to believe
that any affected employee who has
already been trained does not have the
understanding and skill required to use
ppe, then retraining shall occur.
 Eye and Face Protection (1910.133)
 The employer shall ensure that each affected
employee uses appropriate eye or face
protection when exposed to eye or face
hazards from flying particles, molten metal,
liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids,
chemical gases or vapors, or potentially
injurious light radiation.
 The employer shall ensure that each affected
employee uses eye protection that provides
side protection when there is a hazard from
flying objects.
 The employer shall ensure that each affected
employee who wears prescription lenses
while engaged in operations that involve eye
hazards wears eye protection that incorporates
the prescription in its design, or wears eye
protection that can be worn over the
prescription lenses without disturbing the
proper position of the prescription lenses or
the protective lenses.
 Eye and face ppe shall be distinctly marked to
facilitate identification of the manufacturer.
 The employer shall ensure that each affected
employee uses equipment with filter lenses
that have a shade number appropriate for the
work being performed for protection form
injurious light radiation.
 29 CFR Part 1910
 Respiratory Protection (1910.134)
 Respirators shall be provided by the employer
when such equipment is necessary to protect
the health of the employee.
 Requirements for a minimal acceptable
program.
 Written standard operating procedures
governing the selection and use of
respirators shall be established.
 Respirators shall be selected on the basis
of hazards to which the worker is
exposed.
 The user shall be instructed and trained in
the proper use of respirators and their
limitations.
 Respirators shall be regularly cleaned and
disinfected. Those used by more than
one worker shall be thoroughly cleaned
and disinfected after each use.
 Respirators shall be stored in a
convenient, clean and sanitary location.
 Respirators used routinely shall be
inspected during cleaning.
 Appropriate surveillance of work area
conditions and degree of employee
exposure or stress shall be maintained.
 There shall be regular inspection and
evaluation to determine the continued
effectiveness of the program.
 Persons should not be assigned to tasks
requiring use of respirators unless it has
been determined that they are physically
able to perform the work and use the
equipment.
 Respirators shall be selected from among
those jointly approved MSHA and
NIOSH.
 Air Quality
 Compressed air, compressed oxygen,
liquid air, and liquid oxygen used for
respiration shall be of high purity.
 Breathing air may be supplied to
respirators form cylinders or air
compressors.
 Use of Respirators
 Standard procedures shall be developed
for respirator use.
 The correct respirator shall be specified
for each job.
 Written procedures shall be prepared
covering safe use of respirators in
dangerous atmospheres.
 Both supervisors and workers shall be so
instructed by competent person.
 Every respirator wearer shall receive
fitting instructions.
Subpart I Personal Protective Equipment
 If corrective spectacles or goggles are
required, they shall be worn so as not to
affect the fit of the facepiece.
 Maintenance and Care of Respirators
 A program for maintenance and care of
respirators shall be adjusted to type of
plant, working conditions, and hazards
involved, and shall include:
- Inspection for defects; Cleaning and
disinfecting;
- Repair; and Storage.
 All respirators shall be inspected
routinely before and after each use.
- Self contained breathing apparatus
shall be inspected monthly.
- Respirator inspection shall include a
check of the tightness of connections
and the condition of the facepiece,
headband, valve, connecting tube,
and canisters.
 A record shall be kept of inspection dates
and findings for respirators maintained
for emergency use.
 Identification of Gas Mask Canisters
 The primary means of identifying a gas
mask canister shall be by means of
properly worked labels. The secondary
means of identifying a gas mask canister
shall be by a color code.
Appendix D (1910.134) Mandatory Information for
Employees Using Respirators When Not Required
Under the Standard.
If your employer provides you respirators for your
voluntary use, or if you provide your own respirator,
you need to take certain precautions to be sure that the
respirator itself does not present a hazard.
You should do the following:
1. Read and heed all instructions provided by the
manufacturer on use, maintenance, cleaning and
care, and warnings regarding the respirators
limitations.
2. Choose respirators certified for use to protect
against the contaminant of concern.
3. Do not wear your respirator into atmospheres
containing contaminants for which your respirator
is not designed to protect against. For example, a
respirator designed to filter dust particles will not
protect you against gases, vapors, or very small
solid particles of fumes or smoke.
4. Keep track of your respirator so that you do not
mistakenly use someone else’s respirator.
 29 CFR Part 1910

 Head Protection (1910.135)

 The employer shall ensure that each affected
employee wears a protective helmet when
working in areas where there is a potential for
injury to the head from falling objects.
 The employer shall ensure that a
protective helmet designed to reduce
electrical shock hazard is worn by each
such affected employee when near
exposed electrical conductors which
could contact the head.

 Foot Protection (1910.136)

 The employer shall ensure that each affected
employee uses protective footwear when
working in areas where there is a danger of
foot injuries due to falling or rolling objects,
or objects piercing the sole, and where such
employee’s feet are exposed to electrical
hazards.

 Electrical Protective Equipment (1910.137)

 Electrical protective equipment shall be
maintained in a safe, reliable condition.
 Insulating equipment shall be clearly
marked with its rating.
 Insulating equipment shall be inspected
for damage before each day’s use and
immediately following any incident that
can be reasonably be suspected of having
caused damage.

 Hand Protection (1910.138)

 General Requirements
 Employers shall select and require
employees to use appropriate hand
protection when employees’ hands are
exposed to hazards such as those from
skin absorption of harmful substances;
severe cuts or lacerations; severe
abrasions; punctures; chemical burns;
thermal burns; and harmful temperature
extremes.

Subpart I Personal Protective Equipment

 29 CFR Part 1910

Subpart J - General Environmental Controls

 Sanitation (1910.141)  Washing Facilities

 General
 All places of employment shall be kept
clean to the extent that the nature of the
work allows.
 The floor of every workroom shall be
maintained, so far as practicable, in a dry
condition.
 To facilitate cleaning, every floor,
working place, and passageway shall be
kept free from protruding nails, splinters,
loose boards, and unnecessary holes or
openings.
 Any receptacle used for putrescible solid
or liquid waste or refuse shall be so
constructed that it does not leak and may
be thoroughly cleaned and maintained in
a sanitary condition.
 Every enclosed workplace shall be so
constructed so as to prevent the entrance
or harborage of rodents, insects, and other
vermin.
 Water Supply
 Potable water shall be provided in all
places of employment, for drinking,
washing of the person, cooking, washing
of foods, washing of cooking or eating
utensils, washing of food preparation or
processing premises, and personal service
rooms.
 Portable drinking water dispensers shall
be designed, constructed, and serviced so
that sanitary conditions are maintained,
shall be capable of being closed, and shall
be equipped with a tap.
 A common drinking cup and other
common utensils are prohibited.
 Outlets for nonpotable water, such as
water for industrial or firefighting
purposes, shall be posted.
 Toilet Facilities
 Toilet rooms separate for each sex, shall
be provided in all places of employment:
Number of Employees Minimum
Number Toilets
1 – 15
16 – 35
36 – 55
56 – 80
81 – 111
112 – 150
over 150 1 additional per 40
 Washing facilities shall be maintained in
a sanitary condition.
 Each lavatory shall be provided with hot
and cold running water, or tepid running
water.
 Hand soap or similar cleansing agents
shall be provided.
 Individual hand towels or sections
thereof, of cloth or paper, warm air
blowers or clean individual sections of
continuous cloth toweling, convenient to
the lavatories, shall be provided.
 Whenever showers are required, one
shower shall be provided for each 10
employees of each sex.
 Change Rooms
 Whenever employees are required by a
particular standard to wear protective
clothing because of the possibility of
contamination with toxic materials,
change rooms equipped with storage
facilities for street clothes and separate
storage facilities for the protective
clothing shall be provided.
 Clothes Drying Facilities
 Where working clothes are provided by
the employer and become wet or are
washed between shifts, provision shall be
made to insure that such clothing is dry
before reuse.
 Consumption of Food and Beverages on the
Premises
 No employee shall be allowed to
consume food or beverages in a toilet
room nor in any area exposed to a toxic
material.
 No food or beverages shall be stored in
toilet rooms or in an area exposed to a
toxic material.
 Food Handling
 All employee food service facilities and
operations shall be carried out in
accordance with sound hygienic
principles.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Subpart J General Environmental Controls

 29 CFR Part 1910

 Safety Color Code for Marking Physical Hazards  Accident Prevention Tags
(1910.144)  Use – tags shall be used as a means to
 Color Identification prevent accidental injury or illness to
 Red; shall be the basic color for the employees who are exposed to hazardous
identification of: or potentially hazardous conditions,
- Fire protection equipment and equipment or operations; by providing a
apparatus. message to the employees.
- Danger; such as safety cans or other  Danger Tags – shall be used in major
portable containers of flammable hazard situations where an immediate
liquids. hazard presents a threat of death or
- Stop; such as emergency stop bars on serious injury to employees.
hazardous machines.  Caution Tags – shall be used in minor
 Yellow; shall be the basic color for hazard situations where a non-immediate
designating caution and for marking or potential hazard or unsafe practice
physical hazards such as: striking against, presents a lesser threat of employee
stumbling, falling, tripping, and “caught injury.
in between.”  Warning Tags – may be used to represent
a hazard level between “Caution” and
 Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs and “Danger,” instead of the required
Tags (1910.145) “Caution” tag, provided that they have a
 Classification of Signs According to Use signal word of “Warning.”
 Danger Signs – indicate immediate  Biological Hazard Tags – shall be used to
danger and that special precautions are identify the actual or potential presence
necessary. of a biological hazard and to identify
 Caution Signs – shall be used only to equipment, containers, rooms,
warn against potential hazards or to experimental animals, or combinations
caution against unsafe practices. thereof.
 Safety Instruction Signs – shall be used
where there is a need for general
instructions and suggestions relative to
safety measures.
 Sign Design
All signs shall be furnished with rounded or
blunt corners and shall be free from sharp
edges, burrs, splinters, or other sharp
projections. The ends or heads of blots or
other fastening devices shall be located in
such a way that they do not constitute a
hazard.
 Danger Signs – color red, black and white
shall be those of opaque glossy samples.
 Caution Signs – color of background
shall be yellow; and the panel, black with
yellow letters. Any letters used against
the yellow background shall be black.
 Safety Instruction Signs – standard color
of the background shall be white; and the
panel, green with white letters. Any
letters used against the white background
shall be black.
 Biological Hazard Signs – shall be used
to signify the actual or potential presence
of a biohazard and to identify equipment,
containers, rooms, materials,
experimental animals, or combinations
thereof.

Subpart J General Environmental Controls

 29 CFR Part 1910
 Permit-Required Confined Spaces (1910.146)
A confined space is large enough and so
configured that an employee can bodily enter
and perform assigned work; and has limited
or restricted means for entry or exit, plus this
space is not designed for continuous
employee occupancy.
 General Requirements
 The employer shall evaluate the
workplace to determine if any spaces are
permit-required confined spaces.
 If the workplace contains permit s paces,
the employer shall inform exposed
employees, by posting danger signs or by
any other equally effective means. A
sign reading “DANGER – PERMIT-
REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE, DO
NOT ENTER,” or similar wording.
 If employees will enter a confined space,
the employer shall develop and
implement a written permit space
program.
 If the employer can demonstrate that the
only hazard possed by the permit space is
not an actual or potential hazardous
atmosphere, then he/she need not comply
with a permit-required confined space
program.
 Permit-Required Confined Space Program
 Implement the measures necessary to
prevent unauthorized entry;
 Identify and evaluate the hazards of
permit spaces before employees enter
them;
 Develop and implement the means,
procedures, and practices necessary for
safe permit space entry operations;
 Provide equipment at no cost to
employees;
 Evaluate permit space conditions:
- Oxygen; Flammable / Combustible;
and Toxicity.
 Provide personnel:
- At least one attendant outside the
permit space into which entry is
authorized, for the duration of entry
operations;
- Designate the persons who are to
have active roles;
 Develop and implement procedures for
summoning rescue and emergency
services,
 Develop and implement a system for the
preparation, issuance, use, and
cancellation of entry permits.
Subpart J General Environmental Controls
 Permit System
 Before entry is authorized, the employer
shall document the completion of
measures required in an Entry Permit
Confined Space Program.
 Entry Permit
 Documents compliance with this section
and authorizes entry to a permit space.
 Training
 The employer shall provide training so
that all employees whose work is
regulated by this standard acquire the
understanding, knowledge, and skills
necessary for the safe performance of the
duties assigned.
 The training shall establish employee
proficiency in the duties assigned and
certification of such training shall be
maintained.
 Duties of Authorized Entrants
 The employer shall ensure that all
authorized entrants:
- Knows the hazards that may be faced
during entry, including signs and
symptoms and consequences of the
exposure;
- Properly use equipment as required;
- Communicate with the attendant as
necessary;
- Exit from the permit space as quickly
as possible, when necessary.
 Duties of Attendants
 The employer shall ensure that each
attendant:
- Knows the hazards that may be faced
during entry, including signs and
symptoms and consequences of the
exposure;
- Is aware of possible behavioral
effects of hazard exposure in
authorized entrants;
- Continuously maintains an accurate
count of authorized entrants in the
permit space;
- Remains outside the permit space
during entry operations; and
- Monitors activities inside and outside
the space to determine if it is safe for
entrants.
 Duties of Entry Supervisors
 The employer shall ensure that each entry
supervisor:
- Knows the hazards that may be faced
during entry, including signs and
symptoms and consequences of the
exposure;
 29 CFR Part 1910
- Verifies, by checking that the
appropriate entries have been made
on the permit; and terminates the
entry and cancels the permit.
 Rescue and Emergency Services
 The employer shall ensure that each
member of the rescue service is:
- Provided with, and is trained to use
properly, the ppe and rescue
equipment necessary for making
rescues from permit spaces;
- Trained to perform the assigned
rescue duties;
- Shall practice making permit space
rescues at least once every 12
months; and trained in basic first aid
and CPR.
 Control of Hazardous Energy (1910.147)
This standard covers the servicing and
maintenance of machines and equipment in which
the unexpected energization or start up of the
machines or equipment, or release of stored
energy could cause injury to employees.
 Definition
 Affected Employee – an employee whose
job requires him/her to operate or use a
machine or equipment on which servicing
or maintenance is being performed under
locout or tagout, or whose job requires
him/her to work in an area in which such
servicing or maintenance is being
performed.
 Authorized Employee – a person who
locks out or tags out machines or
equipment in order to perform servicing
or maintenance on the machine or
equipment.
 Employers are required to establish a program
and utilize procedures for affixing appropriate
lockout devices or tagout devices to energy
isolating devices, and to otherwise disable
machines or equipment to prevent unexpected
energization, start up or release of stored
energy in order to prevent injury to
employees.
 Energy Control Program
 Employer shall establish a program
consisting of energy control procedures,
employee training and periodic
inspections to ensure that before any
employee performs any servicing or
maintenance on a machine or equipment
where the unexpected energizing, start up
or release of stored energy could occur
and cause injury, the machine or
Subpart J General Environmental Controls
equipment shall be isolated from the
energy source and rendered inoperative.
 Lockout/tagout; if an energy isolating
device is not capable of being locked out,
the employer’s energy control program
shall utilize a tagout system.
 Full employee protection; when a tagout
device is used on an energy isolating
device which is capable of being locked
out, the tagout device shall be attached at
the same location that the lockout device
would have been attached, and the
employer shall demonstrate that the
tagout program will provide a level of
safety equivalent to that obtained by
using a lockout program.
 Energy control procedure; procedures
shall be developed, documented and
utilized for the control of potentially
hazardous energy.
 Protective materials and hardware; locks,
tags, chains, wedges, key blocks, adapter
pins, self-locking fasteners, or other
hardware shall be provided by the
employer.
 Periodic inspections; the employer shall
conduct a periodic inspection of the
energy control procedure at least annually
to ensure that the procedure an the
requirements of this standard are being
followed. The periodic inspection shall
be conducted by an authorized employee
other than the one(s) utilizing the
procedure being inspected.
 Training and communication; the
employer shall provide training to ensure
that the purpose and function of the
energy control program are understood
by employees and that the knowledge and
skills required for the safe application,
usage, and removal of the energy controls
are acquired by employees.
 Energy isolation; lockout or tagout shall
be performed only by the authorized
employees who are performing the
servicing or maintenance.
 Notification of employees; affected
employees shall be notified by the
employer or authorized employee of the
application and removal of lockout
devices or tagout devices. Notification
shall be made before the devices are
installed and after the devices are
removed.
 29 CFR Part 1910
 Application of Control
 Preparation; before an authorized or
affected employee turns off a machine or
equipment, the authorized employee shall
have knowledge of the type and
magnitude of the energy.
 Machine or equipment shutdown; the
machine or equipment shall be turned off
or shut down using the procedures
established for the machine or equipment.
 Isolation; all energy isolating devices that
are needed to control the energy to the
machine or equipment shall be physically
located and operated in such a manner as
to isolate the machine or equipment from
the energy source.
 Lockout or tagout device application;
these devices shall be affixed by
authorized employees.
 Stored energy; all potentially hazardous
stored or residual energy shall be
relieved, disconnected, restrained, and
otherwise rendered safe.
 Verification of isolation; prior to starting
work on machines or equipment that have
been locked out or tagged out, the
authorized employee shall verify that
isolating and deenergization of the
machine or equipment have been
accomplished.
Subpart J General Environmental Controls
 Release From Lockout or Tagout
 Before lockout or tagout devices are
removed and energy is restored to the
machine or equipment, procedures shall
be followed and actions taken by the
authorized employee.
- The work area shall be inspected to
ensure that nonessential items have
been removed and to ensure that
machine or equipment components
are operationally intact.
- Work area shall be checked to ensure
that all employees have been safely
positioned or removed.
- Each lockout or tagout device shall
be removed form each energy
isolating device by the employee
who applied the device.
- When servicing and/or maintenance
is performed by a crew, craft,
department or other group, they shall
utilize a procedure which affords the
employees a level of protection
equivalent to that provided by the
implementation of a personal lockout
or tagout device.
 29 CFR Part 1910

Subpart K - Medical and First Aid

 Medical Services and First Aid (1910.151)

 The employer shall ensure the ready
availability of medical personnel for advice
and consultation on matters of plant health.
 In the absence of an infirmary, clinic, or
hospital in near proximity to the work place
which is used for the treatment of all injured
employees, a person or persons shall be
adequately trained to render first aid. First aid
supplies approved by the consulting physician
shall be readily available.
 Where the eyes or body of any person may be
exposed to injurious corrosive materials,
suitable facilities for quick drenching or
flushing of the eyes and body shall be
provided within the work area for immediate
emergency use.

Subpart K Medical and First Aid

 29 CFR Part 1910
Subpart L - Fire Protection
 Fire Brigades (1910.156);
 Scope; this section contains requirements for
organization, training, and ppe of fire brigades
whenever they are established by an
employer.
 Organization; the employer shall prepare and
maintain a statement or written policy which
establishes the existence of a fire brigade and
assure that employees who are expected to do
interior structural fire fighting are physically
capable of performing duties which may be
assigned to them during emergencies.
 Training and Education; employer shall
provide training and education for all fire
brigade members commensurate with those
duties and functions that fire brigade members
are expected to perform.
 Fire Fighting Equipment; shall be maintained
and inspected, at least annually, to assure safe
operational condition. Portable fire
extinguishers and respirators shall be
inspected at least monthly.
 Protective Clothing; shall be provided at no
cost to the employee.
Subpart L Fire Protection
 Portable Fire Extinguishers (1910.157);
 Scope; the requirements of this section apply
to the placement, use, maintenance, and
testing of portable fire extinguishers provided
for the use of employees.
 General; the employer shall provide portable
fire extinguishers and shall mount, locate and
identify them so that they are readily
accessible to employees without subjecting
the employees to possible injury.
 Carbon tetrachloride or
chlorobromomethane extinguishing
agents shall not be used.
 The employer shall further assure that
portable fire extinguishers are maintained
in a fully charged and operable condition
and kept in their designated places at all
times except during use.
 Selection and Distribution; portable fire
extinguishers shall be provided for employee
use and selected and distributed based on the
classes of anticipated workplace fires, and on
the size and degree of hazard which would
affect their use.
 The employer shall distribute portable
fire extinguishers for use by employees
on Class A fires so that the travel distance
for employees to any extinguisher is 75
feet or less (standpipe systems may also
be used instead).
 The employer shall distribute portable
fire extinguishers for use by employees
on Class B fires so that the travel distance
form the Class B hazard area to any
extinguisher is 50 feet or less.
 The employer shall distribute portable
fire extinguishers used for Class C
hazards on the basis of the appropriate
pattern for the existing Class A or Class
B hazards.
 Inspection, Maintenance and Testing; the
employer shall be responsible for the
inspection, maintenance and testing of all
portable fire extinguishers in the workplace.
 Portable extinguishers or hose used in
lieu thereof, shall be visually inspected
monthly.
 The employer shall assure that portable
fire extinguishers are subjected to an
annual maintenance check.
 Alternate equivalent protection shall be
provided when portable fire extinguishers
are removed from service for
maintenance or recharging.
 29 CFR Part 1910
 Standpipe and Hose Systems (1910.158);
 The employer shall assure that standpipes are
located or otherwise protected against
mechanical damage.
 The minimum water supply for standpipe
and hose systems, which are provided for
the use of employees, shall be sufficient
to provide 100 gals, per minute for a
period of at least 30 minutes.
 Automatic Sprinkler Systems (1910.159);
 All automatic sprinkler designs shall provide
the necessary discharge patterns, densities,
and water flow characteristics for complete
coverage, in a particular workplace or zoned
subdivision of the workplace.
 The employer shall assure that a main
drain flow test is performed on each
system annually. The inspector’s test
valve shall be opened at lest every two
years, to assure that the sprinkler system
operates properly.
 The employer shall assure that every
automatic sprinkler system is provided
with at least one automatic water supply
capable of providing design water flow
for at least 30 minutes.
 On all sprinkler systems having more that
20 sprinklers, the employer shall assure
that a local waterflow alarm is provided
which sounds an audible signal on the
premises upon water flow through the
system equal to the flow from a single
sprinkler.
 Fixed Extinguishing Systems, General (1910.160);
 Fixed extinguishing system components and
agents shall be designed and approved for use
on the specific fire hazards they are expected
to control or extinguish.
 Employer shall provide effective
safeguards to warn employees against
entry into discharge areas where the
atmosphere remains hazardous to
employee safety or health.
 Employer shall post hazard warning or
caution signs at the entrance to, and
inside of, areas protected by fixed
extinguishing systems which use agents
in concentrations known to be hazardous
to employee safety and health.
 Employer shall assure that fixed systems
are inspected annually by a person
knowledgeable in the design and function
of the system a to assure that the system
Subpart L Fire Protection
is maintained in good operating
condition.
 Employer shall train employees
designated to inspect, maintain, operate,
or repair fixed extinguishing systems and
annually review their training to keep
them up-to-date in the functions they are
to perform.
 Fixed Extinguishing Systems, Dry Chemical
(1910.161);
 The employer may not mix together dry
chemical extinguishing agents of different
compositions.
 When dry chemical discharge may
obscure vision, the employer shall
provide a pre-discharge employee alarm,
giving employees time to safely exit form
the discharge area prior to system
discharge.
 Fixed Extinguishing Systems, Gaseous Agent
(1910.162);
 The employer shall assure that employees are
not exposed to toxic levels of gaseous agent
or its decomposition products.
 The employer shall provide a distinctive
pre-discharge employee alarm capable of
being perceived above ambient light or
noise levels when agent design,
concentrations exceed the maximu m safe
level for employee exposure.
 Fixed Extinguishing Systems, Water Spray and
Foam (1910.163);
 The employer shall assure that foam and
water spray systems are designed to be
effective in at least controlling fire in the
protected area or on protected equipment.
 29 CFR Part 1910
 Fire Detection Systems (1910.164);
 Restoration; the employer shall restore all fire
detection systems and components to normal
operating condition as promptly as possible
after each test or alarm.
 Maintenance and Testing; the employer shall
maintain all systems in an operable condition
except during repairs or maintenance. The
employer shall further assure that fire
detectors and fire detection systems are tested
and adjusted as often as needed to maintain
proper reliability and operating condition
except that of factory calibrated detectors.
 Response Time; the employer shall assure that
fire detection systems installed for the
purpose of employee alarm and evacuation be
designed and installed to provide a warning
for emergency action and safe escape of
employees.
 Number, Location and Spacing of Detecting
Devices; the employer shall assure that the
number, spacing and location of fire detectors
is based upon design data obtained from field
experience, or tests, engineering surveys, the
manufacturer’s recommendations, or a
recognized testing laboratory listing.
Subpart L Fire Protection
 Employee Alarm Systems (1910.165);
 General; the employee alarm system shall
provide warning for necessary emergency
actions as called for in the emergency action
plan, or for reaction time for safe escape of
employees from the workplace or the
immediate work area, or both.
 The employee alarm shall be capable of
being perceived above ambient noise or
light levels by all employees.
 The employee alarm shall be distinctive
and recognizable as a signal to evacuate
the work area or to perform actions
designated under the emergency action
plan.
 The employer shall establish procedures
for sounding emergency alarms in the
workplace. For those with 10 or fewer
employees this may be done verbally.
 Restoration; the employer shall assure that a
test of the reliability and adequacy of non-
supervised employee alarm systems is made
every two months. A different actuation
device shall be used in each test of a multi-
actuation device system so that no individual
device is used for two consecutive tests.
 Servicing, maintenance and testing of
employee alarms, shall be done by
persons trained in the designed operation
an functions necessary for reliable and
safe operation of the system.
 29 CFR Part 1910

Subpart M - Compressed Gas and Compressed Air Equipment

 Air Receivers (1910.169)

This standard applies to compressed air receivers,
and other equipment used in providing and
utilizing compressed air for performing operations
such as cleaning, drilling, hoisting, and chipping.
 Air receivers shall be so installed that all
drains, handholes and manholes therein are
easily accessible.
 A drain pipe and valve shall be installed at the
lowest point of every air receiver to provide
for the removal of accumulated oil and water.
 Every air receiver shall be equipped with an
indicating pressure gage and with one or more
spring-loaded safety valves.
 All safety valves shall be tested
frequently and at regular intervals to
determine whether they are in good
operating condition.

Subpart M Compressed Gas and Compressed Air Equipment

 29 CFR Part 1910
Subpart N - Materials Handling and Storage
 Handling Materials, General (1910.176)
 Use of Mechanical Equipment
 Where mechanical handling equipment is
used, sufficient safe clearances shall be
allowed for aisles, at loading docks,
through doorways and wherever turns or
passage must be made.
 Secure Storage
 Storage of material shall not create a
hazard. Bags, containers, bundles, etc.,
stored in tiers shall be stacked, blocked,
interlocked and limited in height so that
they are stable and secure against sliding
or collapse.
 Housekeeping
 Storage areas shall be kept free from
accumulation of materials that constitute
hazards from tripping, fire, explosion, or
pest harborage. Vegetation control will be
exercised when necessary.
 Servicing Multi-Piece and Single Piece Rim
Wheels (1910.177)
This section applies to the servicing of multi-
piece and single piece rim wheels used on large
vehicles such as trucks, tractors, trailer, buses
and off-road machines.
 Training
 The employer shall provide a program to
train all employees who service rim
wheels in the hazards involved in servicing
those rim wheels and the safety procedures
to be followed.
 Tire Servicing Equipment
 The employer shall furnish a restraining
device for inflating tires on multi-piece
wheels.
Subpart N Materials Handling and Storage
 Powered Industrial Trucks (1910.178)
This section contains safety requirements
relating to fire protection, design, maintenance,
and use of fork trucks, tractors, platform lift
trucks, motorized hand trucks, and other
specialized industrial trucks powered by
electric motors or internal combustion engines.
 Designations
 D – units similar to the G units except that
they are diesel engine powered instead of
gasoline.
 DS – units are diesel powered that are
provided with additional safeguards to the
exhaust, fuel and electrical systems.
 DY – units are diesel powered that have all
the safeguards of the DS units and in
addition do not have any electrical
equipment including the ignition and are
equipped with temperature limitation
features.
 E – units are electrically powered that
have minimum acceptable safeguards
against inherent fire hazards.
 ES – units are electrically powered that in
addition to all of the requirements for the
E units, are provided with additional
safeguards to the electrical system to
prevent emission of hazardous sparks and
to limit surface temperatures.
 EE – units are electrically powered that
have, in addition to all of the requirements
for the E and ES units, the electric motors
and all other electrical equipment
completely enclosed.
 EX – units are electrically powered that
differ form the E, ES, or EE units in that
the electrical fittings and equipment are so
designed, constructed and assembled that
the units may be used in certain
atmospheres containing flammable vapors
or dusts.
 G – units are gasoline powered having
minimum acceptable safeguards against
inherent fire hazards.
 GS – units are gasoline powered that are
provided with additional safeguards to the
exhaust, fuel, and electrical systems.
 LP – unit is similar to the G unit except
that liquefied petroleum gas is used for
fuel.
 LPS – units are liquefied petroleum gas
powered that are provided with additional
safeguards to the exhaust, fuel, and
electrical system.
 29 CFR Part 1910
 Batteries
 Battery charging shall be in areas
designated for that purpose.
 Operating Training
 Only trained and authorized operators
shall be permitted to operate a powered
industrial truck.
 Overhead and Gantry Cranes (1910.179)
This section applies to overhead and gantry
cranes, including semigantry, cantilever gantry,
wall cranes, storage bridge cranes, and others
having the same fundamental characteristics.
 Crawler Locomotive and Truck Cranes (1910.180)
A crawler crane consist of a rotating
superstructure with power plant, operating
machinery, and boom, mounted on a base,
equipped with crawler treads for travel.
 Derricks (1910.181)
A derrick is an apparatus consisting of a mast
or equivalent member held at the head by guys
or braces, with or without a boom, for use with
a hoisting mechanism and operating ropes.
 Helicopters (1910.183)
 Helicopter cranes shall be expected to comply
with any applicable regulations of the FAA.
 Prior to each day’s operation a briefing shall be
conducted.
 Slings (1910.184)
This section applies to slings used in
conjunction with other material handling
equipment for the movement of material by
hoisting, in employments covered by this part.
The types of slings covered are those made
from alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh,
natural or synthetic fiber rope and synthetic
web.
Subpart N Materials Handling and Storage
 Safe Operating Practices
 Whenever any sling is used, the following
practices shall be observed:
- Slings that are damaged or defective
shall not be used;
- Slings shall not be shortened with
knots or bolts or other makeshift
devices;
- Sling legs shall not be kinked;
- Slings shall not be loaded in excess of
their rated capacities;
- Slings used in a basket hitch shall
have the loads balanced to prevent
slippage;
- Slings shall be securely attached to
their loads;
- Slings shall be padded or protected
from the sharp edges of their loads;
- Suspended loads shall be kept clear of
all obstructions;
- All employees shall be kept clear of
loads about to be lifted and of
suspended loads;
- Hands or fingers shall not be placed
between the sling and its load while
the sling is being tightened around the
load;
- A sling shall not be pulled from under
a load when the load is resting on the
sling.
 Inspections
- Each day before being used, the sling
and all fastenings and attachments
shall be inspected for damage or
defects by a competent person
designated by the employer.
- Additional inspections shall be
performed during sling use, where
service conditions warrant.
 29 CFR Part 1910
Subpart O - Machinery and Machine Guarding
 General Requirements for All Machines
(1910.212)
 One or more methods of machine guarding
shall be provided to protect the operator and
other employees in the machine area form
hazards such as those created by point of
operation, ingoing nip points, rotating parts,
flying chips and sparks.
 Guards shall be affixed to the machine where
possible and secured elsewhere if for any
reason attachment to the machine is not
possible.
 Woodworking Machinery Requirements
(1910.213)
 Inspection and Maintenance of Woodworking
Machinery;
 Dull, badly set, improperly filed, or
improperly tensioned saws shall be
immediately removed from service,
before they begin to cause the material to
stock, jam, or kick back when it is fed to
the saw at normal speed. Saws to which
gum has adhered on the sides shall be
immediately cleaned.
 All knives and cutting heads of
woodworking machines shall be kept
sharp, properly adjusted, and firmly
secured. Where tow or more knives are
used in one head, they shall be properly
balanced.
 Bearings shall be kept free from lost
motion and shall be well lubricated.
 Arbors of all circular saws shall be free
from play.
 Sharpening or tensioning of saw blades or
cutters shall be done only by person of
demonstrated skill in this kind of work.
 Push sticks or push blocks shall be
provided at the work place in the several
sizes and types suitable for the work to be
done.
 Abrasive Wheel Machinery (1910.215)
 Machine Guarding; abrasive wheels shall be
used only on machines provided with safety
guards.
 Work Rests; on offhand grinding machines,
work rests shall be used to support work.
Work rests shall be kept adjusted closely to the
wheel with a maximu m opening of one-eight
inch to prevent the work from being jammed
between the wheel and the rest, which may
cause wheel breakage.
Subpart O Machinery and Machine Guarding
 Mills and Calenders in the Rubber and Plastic
Industries (1910.216)
 Mill Safety Controls; a safety trip control shall
be provided in front and in back of each mill.
 Calender Safety Controls; a safety triprod,
cable or wire center cord shall be provided
across each pair of in-running rods extending
the length of the face of the rolls. On both
sides of the calender and near each end of the
face of the roll, there shall be a cable or wire
center cord connected to the safety trip.
 Mechanical Power Presses (1910.217)
 Machine components shall be designed,
secured, or covered to minimize hazards
caused by breakage, or loosening and falling
or release of mechanical energy, i.e. broken
springs.
 Hand Operated Levers; hand-lever-operated
power presses shall be equipped with a spring
latch on the operating level to prevent
premature or accidental tripping.
 Safeguarding the Point of Operation; usage of
“point of operation guards” or properly
applied and adjusted point of operation
devices on every operation performed on a
mechanical power press.
 Forging Machines (1910.218)
 It shall be the responsibility of the employer to
maintain all forge shop equipment in a
condition which will insure continued safe
operation.
 Establish periodic and regular
maintenance safety checks and keeping
certification records of these inspections;
 Scheduling and recording the inspection
of guards and point of operation
protection devices at frequent and regular
intervals;
 Training personnel for the proper
inspection and maintenance of forging
machinery and equipment; and
 All overhead parts shall be fastened or
protected in such a manner that they will
not fly off or fall in event of failure.
 29 CFR Part 1910
 Mechanical Power-Transmission Apparatus
(1910.219)
This standard covers all types and shapes of
power transmission belts, unless operating at
250 feet per minute or less.
 Prime Mover Guards
 Flywheels located so that any part is 7 feet
or less above floor or platform shall be
guarded.
 Cranks and connecting rods when
exposed to contact, shall be guarded.
 Tail rods or extension piston rods shall be
guarded.
 Shafting
 Each continuous line of shafting shall be
secured in position against excessive
endwise movement.
 All exposed parts of horizontal shafting 7
feet or less from floor or working
platform shall be protected by a stationary
casing enclosing shafting completely or
by a trough enclosure sides and top or
sides and bottom of shafting as location
requires.
 Pulleys
 When located 7 feet or less from floor or
working platform shall be guarded.
Subpart O Machinery and Machine Guarding
 Belt, Rope and Chain Drives
 When located 7 feet or less above from
floor or working platform shall be
guarded.
 Gears, Sprockets and Chains
 All shall be guarded.
 Keys, Setscrews, and Other Projections
 All projections in revolving parts shall be
removed or made flush or guarded by
metal cover.
 Bearings and Facilities for Oiling
 All drip cups and pans shall be securely
fastened.
 Guarding Clutches, Cutoff Couplings and
Clutch Pulleys
 When located 7 feet or less above the
floor or work platform they shall be
enclosed by a stationary guard.
 Belt Shifters, Clutches, Shippers, Poles,
Perches and Fasteners
 These shall be rounded and be located as
far as possible from danger of accidental
contact, but within easy reach of the
operator.
 Care of Equipment
 All power-transmission equipment shall
be inspected at intervals not exceeding 60
days and be kept in good working
condition at all times.
 29 CFR Part 1910
Subpart P Hand and Portable Powered Tools and Other Hand-Hel d Equipment
 Hand and Portable Powered Tools and Equipment,
General (1910.242)
 General
 Each employer shall be responsible for
the safe condition of tools and equipment
used by employees, including tools and
equipment which may be furnished by
employees.
 Compressed Air Used For Cleaning
 Compressed air shall not be used for
cleaning purposes except where reduced
to less than 30 psi and then only with
effective chip guarding and ppe.
 Guarding of Portable Powered Tools (1910.243)
 Portable Powered Tools
 Portable Circular Says; all saws having a
blade diameter greater than 2 inch shall
be equipped with guards above and below
the base plate or shoe.
 Switches and controls; all hand held
powered circular saws having a blade
diameter greater than 2 inches, electric,
hydraulic or pneumatic chain saws, and
percussion tools without positive
accessory holding means shall be
equipped with a constant pressure switch
or control that will shut off the power
when the pressure is released.
 All hand held powered drills, tappers,
fastener drives, horizontal, vertical, and
angle grinders with wheels greater than 2
inches in diameter, disc sanders with
discs greater than 2 inches in diameter,
belt sanders, reciprocating saws, saber,
scroll, and jig saws with blade shanks
greater than a nominal one-fourth inch,
and other similarly operating powered
tools shall be equipped with a constant
pressure switch or control, and may have
a lock-on control provided that turnoff
can be accomplished by a single motion
of the same finger or fingers that turn it
on.
 All other hand held powered tools such as
but not limited to, platen sanders,
grinders with wheels 2 inches in diameter
or less, disc sanders with discs 2 inches in
diameter or less, routers, planers,
laminate trimmers, nibblers, shears,
saber, scroll, and jig saws with blade
shanks a nominal one-fourth of an inch
Subpart P Hand and Portable Powered Tools and Other Hand -Held Equipment
wide or less, may be equipped with either
a positive “on-off” control, or other
controls.
 Portable belt sanding machines; belt
sanding machines shall be provided with
guards at each nip point where the
sanding belt runs onto a pulley.
 Pneumatic Powered Tools and Hose
 Tool Retainer; a tool retainer shall be
installed on each piece of utilization
equipment which, without such a retainer,
may eject the tool.
 Airhose; hose and hose connections used
for conducting compressed air to
utilization equipment shall be designed
for pressure and service to which they are
subjected.
 Portable Abrasive Wheels
 Abrasive wheels shall be used only on
machine provided with safety guards.
 Explosive Actuated Fastening Tools
 Operators and assistants using tools shall
be safeguarded by means of eye
protection. Head and face protection
shall be used, as required.
 Power Lawnmowers
 All power-driven chains, belts, and gears
shall be so positioned or otherwise
guarded to prevent the operator’s
accidental contact therewith, during
normal starting, mounting and operation
of the machine.
 A shutoff device shall be provided to stop
operation of the motor or engine.
 All positions of the operating controls
shall be clearly identified.
 Other Portable Tools and Equipment (1910.244)
 Jacks
 The operator shall make sure that the jack
used has a rating sufficient to lift and
sustain the load.
 Each jack shall be thoroughly inspected
at times which depend upon the service
conditions. Inspections shall be not less
frequent than once every 6 months or
whenever a misuse is suspected.
 Abrasive Blast Cleaning Nozzles
 The blast cleaning nozzles shall be
equipped with an operating valve which
must be held open manually.
 29 CFR Part 1910
Subpart Q - Welding, Cutting and Brazing
 General Requirements (1910.252)
 Fire Prevention and Protection
 Basic Precautions;
- Fire Hazards; if the object to be
welded or cut cannot readily be
moved, all movable fire hazards in
the vicinity shall be taken to a safe
place.
- Guards; if the object to be welded or
cut cannot be moved and if all the
fire hazards cannot be removed, then
guards shall be used to confine the
heat, sparks, and slag, and to protect
the immovable fire hazards.
- Fire Extinguishers; suitable fire
extinguishing equipment shall be
maintained in a state of readiness for
instant use.
- Fire Watch; fire watchers shall be
required whenever welding or
cutting is performed in locations
where other than a minor fire might
develop. Fire watchers shall have
fire extinguishing equipment readily
available and be trained in its use.
They shall be familiar with facilities
for sounding an alarm in the event of
a fire. A fire watch shall be
maintained for at least a 30 minutes
after completion of welding or
cutting operations to detect and
extinguish possible smoldering fires.
 Protection of Personnel
 General
- Railing; a welder or helper working
on platforms, scaffold, or runways
shall be protected against falling.
- Welding Cables; welders shall place
welding cable and other equipment
so that it is clear of passageways,
ladders, and stairways.
- Welder and helper shall use
appropriate ppe.
 Health Protection and Ventilation
 Screens; when welding must be
performed in a space entirely screened on
all sides, the screens shall be so arranged
that no serious restriction of ventilation
exists.
 Maximum allowable concentrations;
local exhaust or general ventilation
systems shall be provided and arranged to
keep the amount of toxic fumes, gases or
dusts below the maximu m allowable
Subpart Q Welding, Cutting and Brazing
concentration as specified in 1910.1000
(air contaminants).
 Precautionary labels; a number of
potentially hazardous materials are
employed in fluxes, coatings, coverings
and filler metals used in welding and
cutting are released to the atmosphere
during welding and cutting.
 Oxygen-Fuel Gas Welding and Cutting (1910.253)
 General
 Flammable Mixture; mixtures of fuel
gases and air or oxygen may be explosive
and shall be guarded against. No device
or attachment facilitating or permitting
mixtures of air or oxygen with flammable
gases prior to consumption shall be
allowed unless approved for the purpose.
 Maximum Pressure; under no condition
shall acetylene be generated, piped or
utilized at a pressure in excess of 15 psig,
except in approved cylinder manifolds.
 Apparatus; only approved apparatus such
as torches, regulators or pressure-
reducing valves, acetylene generators,
and manifolds shall be used.
 Personnel; workmen in charge of oxygen
or fuel-gas supply equipment, including
generators and oxygen or fuel-gas
distribution piping systems shall be
instructed and judged competent by their
employer. Rules and instructions
covering the operation and maintenance
of oxygen or fuel-gas supply equipment
shall be readily available.
 Cylinders and Containers
 Approval and Marking; all portable
cylinders used for the storage and
shipment of compressed gases shall be
constructed and maintained in accordance
with 49 CFR Parts 171-179. Compressed
gas cylinders shall be legibly marked, for
the purpose of identifying the gas
content.
 Storage of Cylinders; cylinders shall be
kept away from radiators and other
sources of heat.
- Inside of buildings, cylinders shall be
stored in a well-protected, well-
ventilated, dry location, at least 20
feet from highly combustible
materials such as oil or excelsior.
- Empty cylinders shall have their
valves closed.
 29 CFR Part 1910
- Valve protection caps, where
cylinder is designed to accept a cap,
shall always be in place, hand-tight,
except when cylinders are in use or
connected for use.
- Fuel-gas cylinder storage inside
buildings, shall be limited to a total
gas capacity of 2,000 cubic feet or
300 pounds of liquefied petroleum
gas.
- Acetylene cylinders shall be stored
valve end up.
- Oxygen storage, cylinders shall not
be stored near highly combustible
materials, especially oil and grease;
or near reserve stocks of carbide and
acetylene or other fuel-gas cylinders,
or near any other substance likely to
cause or accelerate fire; or in an
acetylene generator compartment.
 Operating procedures, cylinders, cylinder
valves, couplings, regulators, hose and
apparatus shall be kept free from oily or
greasy substances.
- Cylinders shall not be dropped or
struck or permitted to strike each
other violently.
- Valve-protection caps shall not be
used for lifting cylinders from one
vertical position to another.
- Cylinder valves shall be closed
before moving cylinders.
- Cylinder valves shall be closed when
work is finished.
- Cylinders shall be kept far enough
away from the actual welding or
cutting operation so that sparks, hot
slag, or flame will not reach them, or
fire-resistant shields shall be
provided.
- Cylinders shall never be used as
rollers or supports, where full or
empty.
- Cylinders shall not be dropped or
otherwise roughly handled.
- A hammer or wrench shall not be
used to open cylinder valves.
 Arc Welding and Cutting (1910.254)
 General
 Equipment Selection; welding equipment
shall be chosen for safe application to the
work to be done.
 Workmen designated to operate arc
welding equipment shall have been
Subpart Q Welding, Cutting and Brazing
properly instructed and qualified to
operate such equipment.
 Terminals for welding leads should be
protected from accidental electrical
contact by personnel or by metal objects.
 Grounding
 Chains, wire ropes, cranes, hoists, and
elevators shall not be used to carry
welding current.
 All ground connections shall be checked
to determine that they are mechanical
strong and electrically adequate for the
required current.
 Operation and Maintenance
 Before starting operations all connections
to the machine shall be checked to make
certain they are properly made.
 Grounding of the welding machine frame
shall be checked.
 It shall be determined that proper
switching equipment for shutting down
the machine is provided.
 Printed rules and instructions covering
operation of equipment supplied by the
manufacturers shall be strictly followed.
 Electrode holders when not in use shall
be so placed that they cannot make
electrical contact with person, conducting
objects, fuel or compressed gas tanks.
 Cables with splices within 10 feet of the
holder shall not be used. The welder
should not coil or loop welding electrode
cable around parts of his body.
 The operator should report any
equipment defect or safety hazards to his
supervisor and the use of the equipment
shall be discontinued until its safety has
been assured.
 Machines which have become wet shall
be thoroughly dried and tested before
being used.
 Cables with damaged insulation or
exposed bare conductors shall be
replaced.
 Resistance Welding (1910.255)
 Workmen designated to operate resistance
welding equipment shall have been properly
instructed and judged competent to operate
such equipment.
 Periodic inspections shall be made by
qualified maintenance personnel, and a
certification record maintained.
 29 CFR Part 1910
Subpart R - Special Industries
 Pulp, Paper and Paperboard mills (1910.261)
This standard applies to establishments where
pulp, paper, and paperboard are manufactured
and converted.
 Textiles (1910.262)
The requirements of this standard apply to the
design, installation, processes, operation, and
maintenance of textile machinery, equipment
and other plant facilities in all plants engaged
in the manufacture and processing of textiles.
 Bakery Equipment (1910.263)
The requirements of this standard shall apply
to the design, installation, operation and
maintenance of machinery and equipment
used within a bakery.
 Laundry Machinery and Operations (1910.264)
This standard applies to moving parts of
equipment used in laundries and to conditions
peculiar to this industry.
 Point of Operation Guards
 Washing machine; shall be provided with
means for holding open the doors or
covers of inner and outer cylinders or
shells while being loaded or unloaded.
 Drying tumbler; shall be provided with
means for holding open the doors or
covers of inner and outer cylinders or
shells while being loaded or unloaded.
 Operating Rules
 Employees shall be properly instructed as
to the hazards of their work and be
instructed in safe practices, by bulletins,
printed rules, and verbal instructions.
 Sawmills (1910.265)
This standard includes safety requirements for
sawmill operations including, but not limited
to, log and lumber handling, sawing,
trimming, and planing, waste disposal,
operations of dry kilns, finishing, shipping,
storage, yard and yard equipment and for
power tools and affiliated equipment used in
connection with such operations.
Subpart R Special Industries
 Logging Operations (1910.266)
This standard establishes safety practices,
means, methods and operations for all types
of logging, regardless of the end use of the
wood. These types of logging include, but are
not limited to, pulpwood and timer harvesting
and the logging of sawlogs, veneer bolts,
poles, pilings and other forest products.
 Telecommunications (1910.268)
This standard sets forth safety and health
standards that apply to the work conditions,
practices, means, methods, operations,
installations and processes perfor4med at
telecommunications centers and at
telecommunications field installs, which are
located outdoors or in building spaces used
for such filed installations.
 Electric Power Generation, Transmission and
Distribution (1910.269)
This standard covers the operation and
maintenance of electric power generation,
control, transformation, transmission, and
distribution lines and equipment.
 Grain Handling Facilities (1910.272)
This standard applies to grain elevators, feed
mills, flour mills, rice mills, dust pelletizing
plants, dry corn mills, soybean flaking
operations and the dry grinding operations of
soycake.
 29 CFR Part 1910
Subpart S - Electrical
 General Requirements (1910.303)
 Examination, Installation, and Use of
Equipment
 Electrical equipment shall be fee
from recognized hazards that are
likely to cause death or serious
physical harm to employees
 Splices
 Conductors shall be spliced or joined
with splicing devices suitable for the
use or by brazing, welding, or
soldering with a fusible metal or
alloy.
 Arcing Parts
 Parts of electric equipment which in
ordinary operation produce arcs,
sparks, flames, or molten metal shall
be enclosed or separated and isolated
from all combustible material.
 Marking
 Electrical equipment may not be used
unless the manufacturer’s name,
trademark, or other descriptive
marking by which the organization
responsible for the product may be
identified is place on the equipment.
 Identification of Disconnecting
 Each disconnecting means required
for motors and appliances shall be
legibly marked to indicate its
purpose, unless located and arranged
so the purpose is evident.
 600 Volts, Nominal, or Less
 Sufficient access and working space
shall be provided and maintained
about all electric equipment to permit
ready and safe operation and
maintenance of such equipment.
 Over 600 Volts, Nominal
 Sufficient access and working space
shall be provided and maintained
about all electric equipment to permit
ready and safe operation and
maintenance of such equipment.
Where energized parts are exposed,
the minimum clear workspace may
not be less than 6 feet 6 inches high
or less than 3 feet wide.
 Adequate illumination shall be
provided for all working spaces
about electric equipment.
Subpart S Electrical
 Hazardous Locations (1910.307)
 Class I, Division 1
 A location in which hazardous
concentrations of flammable gases or
vapors may exist under normal
operating conditions.
 Class I, Division 2
 A location in which volatile
flammable liquids or flammable
gases are handled, processed, or
used, but in which the hazardous
liquids, vapors or gases will normally
be confined within closed containers
or closed systems from which they
can escape only incase or accidental
rupture or breakdown of such
containers or systems, or in case of
abnormal operation of equipment.
 Class II, Division 1
 A location in which combustible dust
is or may be in suspension in the air
under normal operating conditions, in
quantities sufficient to produce
explosive or ignitable mixtures.
 Class II, Division 2
 A location which combustible dust
will not normally be in suspension in
the air in quantities sufficient to
produce explosive or ignitable
mixtures, and dust accumulations are
normally insufficient to interfere with
the normal operation of electrical
equipment or other apparatus.
 Class III, Division 1
 A location in which easily ignitable
fibers or materials producing
combustible fibers or materials
producing combustible flyings are
handled, manufactured, or used.
 Class III, Division 2
 A location in which easily ignitable
fibers are stored or handled, except in
process of manufacture.
 29 CFR Part 1910
 Training (1910.332)
 Content of Training
 Employees shall be trained in and
familiar with the safety-related work
practices.
 Qualified persons shall, at a minimum, be
trained in and familiar with the following:
- Skills and techniques necessary to
distinguish exposed live parts form
other parts of electric equipment;
- Skills and techniques necessary to
determine the nominal voltage of
exposed live parts; and
- Clearance distance for voltages to
which the qualified person will be
exposed
 Type of Training
 Training required shall be of the
classroom or on-the-job type. The degree
of training provided shall be determined
by the risk to the employee
 Selection and Use of Work Practices
(1910.333)
 General
 Safety-related work practices shall be
employed to prevent electric shock or
other injuries resulting form either
direct or indirect electrical contacts,
when work is performed near or on
equipment or circuits which are or
may be energized.
 Live parts to which an employee may
be exposed shall be deenergized
before the employee works on or
near then, unless the employer can
demonstrate that deenergizing
introduces additional or increased
hazards or is infeasible due to
equipment design or operational
limitations.
 Working On or Near Exposed
Deenergized Parts
 While any employee is exposed to
contact with parts of fixed electric
equipment or circuits which have
been deenergized, the circuits
energizing the parts shall be locked
out or tagged or both.
 Working On or Near Exposed Energized
Parts
 Only qualified persons may work on
electric circuit parts or equipment
that have not been deenergized.
 If work is to be performed near
overhead lines, the lines shall be
Subpart S Electrical
deenergized and grounded, or other
protective measures shall be
provided, before work starts.
 Employees may not enter spaces
containing exposed energized parts,
unless illumination is provided that
enables the employees to perform the
work safely.
 When an employee works in a
confined or enclosed space that
contains exposed energized parts, the
employer shall provide, and the
employee shall use, protective
shields, protective barriers, or
insulating materials as necessary to
avoid inadvertent contact.
 Conductive materials and equipment
that are in contact with any part of an
employee’s body shall be handled in
a manner that will prevent them from
contacting exposed energized
conductors or circuit parts.
 Portable ladders shall have
nonconductive siderails if they are
used where the employee or the
ladder could contact exposed
energized parts.
 Conductive articles of jewelry and
clothing may not be worn if they
might contact exposed energized
parts.
 Where live parts present an electrical
contact hazard, employees may not
perform housekeeping duties at such
close distances to the parts that there
is a possibility of contact, unless
adequate safeguards are provided.
 Use of Equipment (1910.334)
 Portable Electric Equipment
 Handling; portable equipment shall
be handled in a manner which will
not cause damage. Flexible electric
cords may not be used for raising or
lowering the equipment.
 Visual inspection; portable cord and
plug connected equipment and
flexible cord sets shall be visually
inspected before use on any shift for
external defects and for evidence of
possible internal damage.
 Adapters which interrupt the
continuity of the equipment
grounding connection may not be
used.
 29 CFR Part 1910
 Electric Power and Lighting Circuits
 Routine opening and closing of
circuits; load rated switches, circuit
breakers, or other devices
specifically designed as
disconnecting means shall be used
for the opening, reversing, or closing
of circuits under load conditions.
 Test Instruments and Equipment
 Use; only qualified persons may
perform testing work on electric
circuits or equipment.
 Visual inspections; test instruments
and equipment and all associated test
leads, cables, power cords, probes,
and connectors shall be visually
inspected for external defects and
damage before the equipment is used.
 Rating; test instruments and
equipment and their accessories shall
be rated for the circuits and
equipment to which they will be
connected.
 Occasional Use of Flammable or
Ignitable Materials
 Where flammable materials are
present only occasionally, electric
equipment capable of igniting them
shall not be used, unless measures
are taken to prevent hazardous
conditions from developing.
Subpart S Electrical
 Safeguards for Personnel Protection
(1910.335)
 Use of Protective Equipment
 PPE shall be provided employees
working in areas where there are
potential electrical hazards,
appropriate for the specific parts of
the body to be protected and from the
work to be performed.
 Insulated tools or handling
equipment shall be used when
working near exposed energized
conductors or circuit parts .
 Alerting Techniques
 The following alerting techniques
shall be used to warn and protect
employees from hazards which could
cause injury due to electric shock,
burns, or failure of electric
equipment parts:
- Safety signs and tags;
- Barricades; or
- Attendants.
 29 CFR Part 1910

Subpart Z - Toxic and Hazardous Substances

 Access to Employee Exposure and Medical

Records (1910.1020)
To provide employees and their designated
representatives a right of access to relevant
exposure and medical records; and to provide
representatives of the Assistant Secretary a
right of access to these records.
 Preservation of Records
 Medical records must be maintained for
the duration of employment, plus 30
years; unless employee worked less than
one year and his/her records were
provided upon termination.
 First Aid records need not be maintained.
 Exposure records must be maintained for
30 years.
 Access to Records
 Records shall be provided in a reasonable
time (15 working days).
Health
Nurse

Subpart Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances

 29 CFR Part 1910
 Bloodborne Pathogens (1910.1030)
This standard applies to all occupational
exposure to blood or other potentially
infectious materials.
 Exposure Control Plan
 Each employer having an employee(s)
with occupational exposure shall
establish a written Exposure Control Plan
designed to eliminate or minimize
employee exposure, this plan shall be
available to employees.
- The exposure control plan shall
contain:
 Exposure determination;
 Schedule and method of
implementation;
 Procedure for the evaluation of
circumstances surrounding
exposure incidents;
- Exposure control plan shall be
reviewed and updated annually.
 Methods of Compliance
 General; universal precautions shall be
observed to prevent contact with blood or
other potentially infectious materials.
 Engineering and Work Practice Controls
- Engineering and work practices shall
be used to eliminate or minimize
employee exposure.
- Engineering controls shall be
examined and maintained or replaced
on a regular schedule.
- Employers shall provide
handwashing facilities, which are
readily accessible.
 Personal Protective Equipment
- When there is occupational exposure,
the employer shall provide, at no cost
to the employee, appropriate ppe
such as, but not limited to, gloves,
gowns, laboratory coasts, face
shields or masks and eye protection
and mouthpieces, resuscitation bags,
pocket masks, or other ventilation
devices.
- The employer shall ensure that
employees use ppe when it is
necessary.
Subpart Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances
 Housekeeping
- Employers shall ensure that the
worksite is maintained in a clean and
sanitary condition.
- The employer shall determine and
implement an appropriate written
schedule for cleaning and method of
decontamination based upon the
location within the facility, type of
surface to be cleaned, type of soil
present, and tasks or procedures
being performed in the area.
 HIV and HBV Research Laboratories and
Production Facilities
 Research laboratories and production
facilities shall comply with the criteria set
forth by the Standard Microbiological
Practices.
 Hepatitis B Vaccination and Post-Exposure
Evaluation and Follow-up
 Vaccination; the employer shall make
available the hepatitis B vaccine and
vaccination series to all employees who
have occupational exposure potential.
- Vaccination shall be at no cost to the
employee;
- Available at reasonable times; after
bloodborne pathogen training and
within 10 working days.
- If employee initially declines the
vaccine, but at a later date while still
covered under the standard decides
to accept the vaccination, the
employer shall provide it at that time.
 Post-Exposure Evaluation
- Following a report of an exposure
incident the employer shall make
immediately available to the exposed
employee a confidential medical
evaluation and follow-up, including:
 Documentation of the route(s) of
exposure and the circumstances
under which the exposure
incident occurred;
 Identification and
documentation of the source
individual, unless prohibited by
State law;
 Collection and testing of blood ;
 Post-exposure prophylaxis,
when medically indicated.
 Counseling; and evaluation of
reported illnesses.
- Must be at no cost to the employee
and made available at a reasonable
time.
 29 CFR Part 1910
 Communication of Hazards to Employees
 Labels
- Warning labels shall be affixed to
containers of regulated waste,
refrigerators and freezers containing
blood or other potentially infectious
material; and other containers used to
store, transport or ship blood or other
potentially infectious material.
- Labels shall be fluorescent orange or
orange-red or predominantly so, with
lettering or symbols in a contrasting
color.
- Labels shall be affixed as close as
feasible to the container by string,
wire, adhesive, or other method that
prevents their loss or unintentional
removal.
- Red bags or red containers may be
substituted for labels.
 Signs
- Employer shall post signs at the
entrance to HIV and HBV Research
Laboratory and Production Facilities
work areas.
- Signs shall be fluorescent orange-red
or predominantly so, with lettering or
symbols in a contrasting color.
 Information and Training shall be
provided:
- To all employees with occupational
exposure participate in a training
program which must be provided at
no cost to the employee and during
working hours;
- At the time of initial assignment to
tasks where occupational exposure
may take place; and
- At least annually thereafter.
- Training shall include:
 Explanation and availability of
the bloodborne pathogens
standard; epidemiology and
symptoms of bloodborne
diseases; modes of transmission
of bloodborne pathogens;
 Employer’s exposure control
plan and the means by which the
employee can obtain a copy of
the plan;
 Methods for recognizing tasks
and other activities that may
involve exposure to blood and
other potentially infectious
materials; use and limitations of
methods that will prevent or
Subpart Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances
reduce exposure including:
engineering, work practices and
ppe. information on the types,
proper use, location, removal,
handling, decontamination and
disposal of ppe;
 Basis for selection of ppe;
 Hepatitis B vaccination;
 Actions to take and persons to
contact in an emergency
involving blood or other
potentially infectious materials;
 Procedure to follow if an
exposure incident occurs;
 Post-exposure evaluation and
follow-up to an exposure
incident; signs and labels and/or
color coding for blood or other
potentially infectious materials;
and
 Opportunity for interactive
questions and answers with the
person conducting the training.
 Recordkeeping
 Medical Records, shall be maintained for
each employee exposed and include:
- Name and social security number of
the employee;
- Copy of the employee’s hepatitis B
vaccination status and dates of
inoculation; copy of all results of
examinations, medical testing and
follow-up procedures;
- Employer’s copy of the health care
professional’s written opinion; and
confidentiality of the medical
records.
- Medical records shall be maintained
for the duration of employment plus
30 years.
 Training Records, shall be maintained for
3 years and include:
- Dates of training sessions; contents
or a summary of the training;
- Names and qualifications of persons
conducting the training; and
- Names and job titles of all persons
attending the training.
 Availability of Records
- The employer shall ensure that all
records required to be maintained
shall be made available upon request
to the Assistant Secretary and the
Director for examination and
copying.
 29 CFR Part 1910
 Hazard Communication (1910.1200)
The purpose of this standard is to ensure that
the hazards of all chemicals produced or
imported are evaluated, and that information
concerning their hazards is transmitted to
employers and employees. This transmittal of
information is to be accomplished by means
of comprehensive hazard communication
programs, which are to include container
labeling and other forms of warning, material
safety data sheets and employee training.
 Hazard Determination
 Chemical manufacturers and importers
shall evaluate chemicals produced in their
workplaces or imported by them to
determine if they are hazardous.
 Written hazard communication program
 Employers shall develop, implement, and
maintain at each workplace, a written
hazard communication program which at
least describes how the criteria of
labeling, material safety data sheets, and
employee information and training will
be met, and which also includes:
- A list of hazardous chemicals known
to be present using an identify that is
referenced on the appropriate
material safety data sheet; and
- The methods the employer will use
to inform employees of the hazards
of non-routine tasks, and the hazards
associated with chemicals contained
in unlabeled pipes in their work area.
 Multi-Employer workplaces, each
employer shall provide:
- On-site access to material safety data
sheets and availability of written
hazard communication program.
- Precautionary measures that need to
be taken to protect employees.
- Information on the labeling system
utilized.
 Labels and Other Forms of Warning
 Chemical manufacturer, importer, or
distributor shall ensure that each
container of hazardous chemicals leaving
the workplace is labeled, tagged or
marked with the following information:
- Identity of the hazardous chemical;
- Appropriate hazard warnings; and
- Name and address of the chemical
manufacturer, importer, or other
responsible party.
 For solid metal, solid wood, or plastic
items that are not exempted as articles
due to their downstream use, the required
Subpart Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances
label may be transmitted to the customer
at the time of the initial shipment, and
need not be included with subsequent
shipments to the same employer.
 Material Safety Data Sheet
 Chemical manufacturers and importers
shall obtain or develop a material safety
data sheet for each hazardous chemical
they produce or import. Employers shall
have a material safety data sheet in the
workplace for each hazardous chemical
which they use.
 Each material safety data sheet shall be in
English and shall contain at least the
following:
- Identity used on the label;
- Physical and chemical characteristics
of the hazardous chemical;
- Physical hazards of the hazardous
chemical, including the potential for
fire, explosion and reactivity;
- Health hazards of the hazardous
chemical, including signs and
symptoms of exposure, and any
medical conditions which are
generally recognized as being
aggravated by exposure to the
chemical;
- Primary route(s) of entry; OSHA
permissible exposure limit;
- Whether the hazardous chemical is
listed in the National Toxicology
Program Annual Report on
Carcinogens or has been found to be
a potential carcinogen;
- Any generally applicable precautions
for safe handling and use, including
appropriate hygienic practices,
protective measures during repair
and maintenance of contaminated
equipment, and procedures for clean-
up of spills and leaks;
- Any generally applicable control
measures: engineering, work practice
or ppe; emergency and first aid
procedures;
- Date of preparation of the material
safety data sheet; and
- Name, address and telephone number
of the chemical manufacturer,
importer, employer or other
responsible party.
 29 CFR Part 1910
 Employee Information and Training
 Employers shall provide employees with
effective information and training on
hazardous chemicals in their work area at
the time of their initial assignment, and
whenever a new physical or health hazard
the employees have not previously been
trained about is introduced into their
work area.
 Employees shall be informed of:
- Requirements of the hazard
communication standard;
- Any operations in their work area
where hazardous chemicals are
present; and
- The location and availability of the
written hazard communication
program, including the required lists
of hazardous chemicals and material
safety data sheets.
 Employee training shall include:
- Methods and observations that may
be used to detect the presence or
release of a hazardous chemical in
the work area;
- Physical and health hazards of the
chemicals in the work area;
- Measures employees can take to
protect themselves from these
hazards;
- Details of the hazard communication
program developed by the employer,
including explanation of the labeling
system and the material safety data
sheet, and how employees can obtain
and use the appropriate hazard
information.
 Trade Secrets
 Chemical manufacturer, importer, or
employer may withhold the specific
chemical identity, including the chemical
name and other specific identification of
a hazardous chemical, from the material
safety data sheet, provided:
- The claim that the information
withheld is a trade secret can be
supported;
- The specific chemical identity is
made available to health
professionals and employees in the
event of a medical emergency.
Subpart Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances
 Retention of DOT Markings, Placards and Labels
(1910.1201);
 Any employer who receives a package of
hazardous material which is required to be
marked, label or placard in accordance with
49 CFR 171, shall retain those markings,
labels and placards on the package until the
package is sufficiently cleaned of residue and
purged of vapors to remove any potential
hazards.
 Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in
Laboratories (1910.1450)
This section shall apply to all employers
engaged in the laboratory use of hazardous
chemicals.
 Chemical Hygiene Plan;
 A written Chemical Hygiene Plan shall
be developed and implemented, which is
capable of protecting employees from
health hazards and keeping exposures
below the specified limits.
- Standard operating procedures;
- Control measures, to include fume
hoods;
- Employee information and training;
- Circumstances under which a
particular laboratory operation,
procedure or activity shall require
prior approval.
- Provision for medical consultation.
- Designated person responsible for
the Chemical Hygiene Plan.
 Employee Information and Training;
 Information; on the contents of this
standard, location and availability of the
Chemical Hygiene Plan, permissible
exposure limits, signs and symptoms
associated with the hazardous chemicals,
and location of MSDS.
 Training; on methods and observations to
detect the presence of a hazardous
chemical, physical and health hazards
associated with the hazardous chemical,
and applicable details of the employer’s
written Chemical Hygiene Plan.