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Instrumentation:
Introduction
ER. FARUK BIN POYEN, Asst. Professor
DEPT. OF AEIE, UIT, BU, BURDWAN, WB, INDIA
faruk.poyen@gmail.com
Contents 2
Introduction
Definition
Selecting an Analytical Method
Understanding the Measurement Process
Uses of microcomputer in Analytical Instrumentation
Beer Lambert Law
Spectroscopy
Radiation Sources
Optical Fibres
Monochromators
Detectors
Introduction: 3
Analytical instruments provide information on the composition of a
sample of matter.
They are employed to obtain qualitative and quantitative information
about the presence or absence of one or more components of a given
sample.
It comprises the four basic elements viz. chemical information source,
transducers, signal conditioners and display system.
The first two elements constitute the characteristic module whereas the
last two constitute the processing module.
4
Molecules possess three types of internal energy – electronic, vibrational
and rotational.
Electronic transitions correspond to the UV and visible regions,
vibrational transitions to the near IR and IR regions and rotational
transitions to the IR , far IR or even microwave regions.
When a beam of radiant energy strikes a surface, the radiation interacts
with the atoms and molecules of the substance.
The radiation may be then transmitted, absorbed, scattered, deflected,
refracted or reflected or it may excite fluorescence depending on the
property of the substance.
Definition: 5
Pretreat sample
% Transmittance, % T = 100 T
Absorbance 𝐴 = log10 𝐼0 𝐼, 𝐴 = log10 1 𝑇 = log10 100 %𝑇
Prerequisite of Beer Law 16
Prerequisites: There are at least six conditions that need to be fulfilled for Beer's law to
be valid. These are:
1. The absorbers must act independently to each other;
2. The absorbing medium must be homogeneous in the interaction volume
3. The absorbing medium must not scatter the radiation – no turbidity
4. The incident radiation should preferably be monochromatic or have at least a width that
is narrower than that of the absorbing transition
5. The incident radiation must consist of parallel rays, each traversing the same length in
the absorbing medium.
6. The incident flux must not influence the atoms or molecules; it should only act as a non
– invasive probe of the species under study. In particular, this implies that the light
should not cause optical saturation or optical pumping, since such effects will deplete
the lower level and possibly give rise to stimulated emission.
If any of these conditions is not fulfilled, there will be deviations from the Beer's law.
Beer Lambert Law 17