BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND

EVALUATION OF A WIRELESS LOCAL AREA

NETWORK IMPLEMENTATION

A DEPARTMENTAL SEMINAR

PRESENTED BY

Kadiri Kamoru Oluwatoyin

Electrical and Electronics Department

Federal Polytechnic Offa

kadiritoyin2007@yahoo.com

1
Abstract
This seminar paper extensively discusses Wireless Local Area Network as an alternative to
Cabled Local Area network (LAN). The paper classifies networking into three major parts (i.e
Local Area Network-LAN, Metropolitan Area Network-MAN, Wide Area Network-WAN). It
also presents Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN),
Personal Area Network (PAN), Home Area Network (HAN), Storage Area Network (SAN),
Enterprise Area Network (EAN), Virtual Private Network (VPN) and lastly, Campus Area
Network (CAN) as further classification of networks based on the initial three major
classifications. It also describes the implementation of WLAN by using one of the computer
laboratories of Dr. Olagunju’s Computer Centre of Federal Polytechnic Offa as a case study. The
standard WLAN is carried out using 15 personal computers and other network devices. The
circuitry structure and cost analysis are also presented.
Keywords: Computer, Network, Access Point, PC Cards, IEEE 802.11.

2
Introduction

This seminar paper is on Wireless Local Area Network, it starts by looking at the basics of

networking since WLAN is an extension of, or alternative to, LAN which is one of the major

categories of network classifications. There is also Wireless Wide Area Network which is an

extension of or alternative to WAN but this paper limits its discussion to WLAN.

Initially, Computer was manufactured to be a single operating machine but as researches

advanced, the issue of networking came into existence. The Engineers later thought of

connecting two or more computers together to share resources which gave birth to networking.

The Computer Engineers brought in computer network which makes it easier for two or more

computers to be connected together and communicate with a view to sharing resources such as

printers, telephone lines, fax machine, scanner, drives etc. So, Network is interconnectivity of

two or more network devices to share resources. [1] [2]

Computer Network
Computer network is a connection of two or more computer systems together in order to share

resources such as printers, drives, internet, telephone lines, fax machine, applications etc

Major Categories of Network

Local Area network
This is a connection of two or more computers or workstations within a small geographical area

such as home, buildings, closed group of buildings, offices, schools etc.

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Metropolitan Area Network

This is a connection of two or more computers or workstations within a metropolis. It could be a

connection of two or more LANs within the metropolis. . MAN can be wired, wireless or both

like LAN.

Wide Area Network

This is a connection of two or more computers within a large geographical area such as country

to country, city to city, state to state etc. e.g. Nigeria to Ghana, and Nigeria to India etc. WAN

can be wired, wireless or both Like MAN and LAN.

Other Categories of Network

i. Personal Area Network (PAN)

ii. Home Area Network (HAN)

iii. Storage Area Network (SAN)
iv. Enterprise Private Network (EPN)
v. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
vi. Backbone Network (BN)
vii. Campus Area Network (CAN)

Wireless LAN Networking Media/Hardware

Access Point

The access point is a device that links a wireless network to a wired LAN. It increases the

effective range of a wireless network and provides additional network management and security

features. Wireless networks of three or fewer PCs do not require an access point for ad-hoc

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networking. Access points are useful for larger networks, and they are particularly well-suited

for adding wireless capability to an existing wired network.

Router

A router is a device used for sharing a single Internet connection across multiple computers. This

is ideal in the home or office where multiple computers and devices can be online at the same

time with only a single Internet connection.

PC Card

A wireless PC card enables laptop users to connect wirelessly to the LAN.

Objectives of the paper

The main objective of this paper is to equip IT support staff, students, instructors, network users

of any establishment, and anybody who is interested in WLAN with the first hand information on

wireless LAN, and what it takes to implement a standard wireless LAN environment. Also, it is

to enhance learning and teaching on Wireless LAN Networking with a view to providing a

conducive environment for teaching, learning and research. This paper will be useful to both

students and instructors of computer science who want to know more about wireless LAN

because the paper has been prepared to be a source of knowledge for IT managers, Engineers,

staff, students and network users, and anyone who is interested in knowing the technologies

behind wireless LAN and how it can be used to enhance performance. The readers will not only

have ideas of technical issues involved in implementing a standard WLAN, but they will also

appreciate the ways in which a wireless LAN can enhance educational process for students, staff

and any interested party.

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Wireless LAN Technology

Wired LAN is implemented using networking cables to connect two or more computers and

other networking devices together to share resources such as internet, printers, telephone,

scanner etc. This is achieved by using cables as a networking media; Wireless LAN is easy way

of extending or replacing a wired Local Area Network simply called LAN. Wireless LAN

enables users to connect wireless devices without using cables. This seminar paper, therefore,

focuses on wireless LAN.

Method of Research

Wireless LAN standard

Technical Standards

Technical standards are one of the main concerns of users of wireless LAN products. Users

would like to buy wireless products from different manufacturers and be able to use them on one

network. The IEEE Project 802.11 has set up universal standards for wireless LAN. Some of

these standards will be considered [7].

Requirements

In March 1992, the IEEE Project 802.11 established a set of requirements for wireless LAN. The

minimum bandwidth needed for operations such as file transfer and program loading is 1Mbps.

Operations which need real-time data transmission such as digital voice and process control,

need support from time bounded services [7].

Types of Wireless LAN

The Project 802.11 committee distinguished between two types of wireless LAN :

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"ad-hoc" and "infrastructred" networks [4] [7].

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Figure 2 : (a) Infrastructred Wireless LAN; (b) Ad-hoc Wireless LAN. [4] [7]

8
Ad-hoc Networks

Figure 2b shows an ad-hoc network. This network can be set up by a number of mobile users

meeting in a small room. It does not need any support from a wired/wireless backbone. There are

two ways to implement this network.

Broadcasting/Flooding

This aspect explains a situation in which a mobile user A wants to send data to another user B in

the same area. When the packets containing the data are ready, user A broadcasts the packets. On

receiving the packets, the receiver checks the identification on the packet. If that receiver is not

the correct destination, then it rebroadcasts the packets. This process is repeated until user B gets

the data. In this method, the mobile users set up a temporary infrastructure. But this method is

complicated and it introduces overheads. It is useful only when there is small number of mobile

users.

Infrastructure Networks

Figure 2a shows an infrastructure-based network. This type of network allows users to move in a

building while they are connected to computer resources. The IEEE Project 802.11 specified the

components in a wireless LAN architecture

Temporary Infrastructure

In infrastructure network, a cell is also known as a Basic Service Area (BSA). It contains a

number of wireless stations. The size of a BSA depends on the power of the transmitter and

receiver units, it also depends on the environment. A number of BSAs are connected to each

other and to a distribution system by Access Points (APs). A group of stations belonging to an

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AP is called a Basic Service Set (BSS). Figure 3 shows the basic architecture for wireless LANs.

Figure 3 : Architecture for Wireless LANs [4] [6]

WLAN topologies

IEEE 802.11 supports three basic topologies for WLANs [2][3]: the Independent Basic Service

Set (IBSS), the Basic Service Set (BSS), and the Extended Service Set (ESS). All three

configurations are supported by the MAC layer implementation. The 802.11 standard defines

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two modes: ad-hoc/IBSS and infrastructure mode. Logically, an ad-hoc configuration is

analogous to a peer-to-peer office network in which no single node is required to function as a

server [2]. IBSS WLANs include a number of nodes or wireless stations that communicate

directly with one another on an ad-hoc, peer-to-peer basis, building a full-mesh or partial-mesh

topology. Generally, ad-hoc implementations cover a limited area and are not connected to any

larger network.

Using infrastructure mode, the wireless network consists of at least one access point connected to

the wired network infrastructure and a set of wireless end stations. This configuration is called a

Basic Service Set (BSS). Since most corporate WLANs require access to the wired LAN for

services (file servers, printers, Internet links), they will operate in infrastructure mode and rely

on an Access Point (AP) that acts as the logical server for a single WLAN cell or channel.

Communications between two nodes, A and B, actually flow from node A to the AP and then

from the AP to node B. The AP is necessary to perform a bridging function and connect multiple

WLAN cells or channels, and to connect WLAN cells to a wired enterprise LAN.

Implementation of a Standard Wireless LAN

This section discusses design and implementation of a standard wireless LAN using Dr.

Olagunju Computer centre of Federal Polytechnic Offa as a case study.

List of Equipment with the Cost of Implementation

The Table 1 through 5 below show the list of equipment used in designing Wireless LAN in

LAB 1 of Dr. Olagunju Computer Centre, Federal Polytechnic Offa, Kwara State.

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 TABLE 1 COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND ACCESSORIES

S/N ITEMS QTY UNIT COST AMOUNT

HP PROLIANT Server: ML370 GB,
INTELXEON PROCESSOR, ULTRA 320SCSI N250, 000 N250, 000
1 ADAPTOR, SMART ARRAY 641 1
CONTROLLER, 1GB RAM, 146GB X2 (RAID),
MOUSE, K/B and 17 TFT
WINDOWS SERVER 2003 (ENT. EDITION)
1
OD HIGHER VERSION N23, 000 N23, 000
MICROSOFT OFFICE 2003 OR HIGHER
1
VERSION N18, 000 N18, 000
ENTERPRISES ANTIVIRUS 2012 VERSION
16
N3, 000 N48, 000
2
ENCARTA ENCYLOPEDIA 2008
1
N3, 000 N3, 000
WINDOWS XP PROFESSIONAL
1 N18, 000 N18, 000

CORELDRAW 12 OR HIGHER VERSION 1 N15, 000 N15, 000

BRANDDED COMPUTER WORK STATION:-
CORE 2 DUO 2.0GHZ PROCESSOR, IGB
3 RAM, 100-250GB CDRW/DVD MINI-TOWER, 15 N90, 000 N1, 350, 000
802.11 B/G/N/GIGABIT-ETHERNET, PS/2
MOUSE, PS/2 K/B AND 17” TFT

TABLE 2 PRINTER, SCANNER AND OTHERS

S/N ITEMS QTY
HP LASERJET 4015n(B/W N60,000 N60,000
4 1
NETWORK PRINTER)
HP COLOUR LASERJET N65,000 N65,000
5 1
CP1515N PRINTER
SHARP AR 5127 N95,000 N95,000
6 1
PHOTOCOPIER
MUSTER A3 SCANNER or N18,000 N18,000
7 1
HIGHER VERSION
8 BINDING MACHINE 1 N10,000 N10,000
TABLES & CHAIRS N15,000 N255,000
9 17
(BRANDED)
AIR CONDITIONAL (1.5HP N80,000 N240,000
10 3
SPLIT)
13 STANDING FAN (OX) 2 N15,000 N30,000

TABLE 3 WLAN ESTIMATE AND POWER SUPPLY ACCESSORIES

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S/N ITEMS QTY
WIRELESS ROUTER/AP:
IEEE802.11 B/G/N DRAFT 2.0, N10,000 N10,000
14 1
2T3R MODES, SUPPORT
64/128-BIT WEP
2.4GHZ (IEEE 802.11G/B) N2,000 N32,000
15 WIRELESS, 108MBPS PCI 16
CARD
16HP/7.5KVA ELECTRIC N120,000 N120,000
16 GENERATOR (FIREMAN OR 1
SANDY BRAND)
APC SOCKETS EXTENSION N2,000 N20,000
17 10
WITH SURGE ARREST

TABLE 4 VSAT SOLUTION

S/N ITEM QTY
VSAT CIVIL WORKS,
INTALLATION, TESTING, N40,000 N40,000
1 LOT
ALIGNMENT AND
ACTIVATION
EQUIPMENT: 1.8M ANTENNA,
5W BUC, LNB, 1 DIRECT N300,000 N300,000
2 MODEM, PROPERLY LOT
EARTHED THUNDER
ARRESTOR AND 4U RACK
512/256KBPS DEDICATED N120,000 N1, 080,000
3 12
BANDWIDTH
N20,000

TABLE 5 POWER SUPPLY/ELECTRICAL/BACKUP

S/N ITEM QTY
CHANGE OVER SWITCH 1 N1,200 N1,200
13A SOCKET (MEM) 15 N5 00 N7,5 00
15A SOCKET (MEM) 3
1 PVC WIRE LOT
HARVEL D6 DISTRIBUTION N7,000 N7,000
1
BOARD
LOW VOLTAGE LIGHTING N600 N3,600
6
POINTS
15KVA SERVO AUTOMATIC N25,000 N25,000
2 1
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
10/KVA/180VDC ONLINE UPS N30,000 N30,000
3 1
(SINGLE PHASE)

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 100AH DEEP CYCLE N15,000 N225,000
4 15
BATTERIES
STEEL BATTERY RACK AND N5,000 N5,000
5 LOT
ACCESSORIES
STEEL FRAME AND SUNDRY N4,500 N4,500
6 1
ITEMS
CHARGE CONTROLLER N5,500 N5,500
7 LOT
(MINIMUM OF 30A/180V/5KW)

COST

The overall estimation of the implementation is N2, 681,800 (Two million, six hundred and

eighty one thousand, eight hundred naira).

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Discussion

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Figure 4: The Design of a Standard WLAN for LAB1 of Dr. Olagunju Computer Centre Fed
Poly Offa

Figure 4 demonstrates the design of a standard Wireless LAN in Lab 1 of Dr. Olagunju

Computer Centre Fed Poly Offa, Kwara state. The centre has four(4 ) laboratories with wired

LAN structure. It is a storey building with 2 laboratories downstairs and two upstairs. Laboratory

1 is by the left hand side while entering the centre and with this new design, it is the only

Laboratory that is having complete wireless LAN deployment and above is the simulated design

diagram. The network was simulated using Packet Tracer 4.11; the design was later printed to

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jpeg file and pasted within this paper for demonstration. The laboratory1 is partitioned into three

rows apart from the server room, each part consists of 5 personal computers with wireless

capacity. A wireless router is placed in the server room which is connected to an i-direct modem

that gives access to the cloud through a satellite dish connected to the cloud. There are: a server,

2 Printers (1 colour and 1 black laser Jet printer connected to the wireless through their

individual wireless cards), one photocopy machine, 1.5 horse power Air Conditioned, and one

ceiling fan. Outside the server room, there are 2 pieces of 1.5 horse power Air Conditioned, 2

industrial standing fans. The key beside the diagram shows the descriptions.

Recommendation
Corporations and businesses are now moving towards wireless technology which is now gaining

more popularity than the wired LAN. Technology is advancing and due to many of its

advantages that are more than the disadvantages. It is strongly recommended that the network

user should deploy wireless LAN instead of wired LAN in order to give room for mobility,

convenience, easy set up, wiring cost reduction, productivity and scalability.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the initial cost of installation of a wireless LAN might be expensive than a wired

LAN, but as time goes on, the benefits of wireless LAN would show up. For example, a

company with wired network that want to relocate to another business area would spend higher

than a company running a wireless LAN. Most especially, when there is need for constant

relocation.

REFERENCES

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[1] Cox D. (1994) ‘Wireless Personal Communications : What is it?’ IEEE Personal

Communications. (1994) Vol. 1( 1) 20-31.

[2] Plamen Nedeltchev (2001) Wireless Local Area Networks and the 802.11 Standard.

[3] Hayes Vic, Tutorial on 802.11 to 802, http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Tutorial/

MAC.pdf

[4] http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_95/journal/vol2/mjf/article2.html

[5] Anderson D. and J. Molyneaux ‘Three Technical Hurdles on the Road to a Wireless office-
integration, integration, integration’. 1992 IEEE International Conference on Selected Topics
in Wireless Communications. 387-390.

[6] Links C. , W. Diepstraten W. and V.Hayes (1994) ‘Universal Wireless LANs’. Byte. 19 (5):
99-108.

[7] Chen K. (1994) ‘Medium Access Control of Wireless LANs for Mobile Computing’. IEEE
Network. 50-63.

[8 ] Government of Alberta (2011) ‘Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Best Practices

Guide’.

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