HANDOUTS IN P.E.

2 (FIRST AID)
EMERGENCY RESCUE TRANSFER

This part presents the emergency rescue techniques for different situations in consideration of the
injuries suffered by the victim. The different methods of emergency rescue transfer are also discussed in
this chapter. Demonstrations and return-demonstrations are imperative to effectively learn the skills of
emergency rescue transfer methods.

Definition of terms
1. Emergency Rescue – is the rapid movement of victim/s from an unsafe place to safe place.
2. Transfer – refers to the moving of a victim from one place to another after giving the first aid.
3. Dragging – refers to the act of rescuer of cautiously pulling a victim by the shoulders or feet on a
smooth ground. This is usually done if the rescuer is alone and is not strong enough to carry the victim.

Indications for Emergency Rescue

1. Danger of fire or explosion.
2. Danger of toxic gases or asphyxia due to lack of oxygen.
3. Serious traffic hazards.
4. Risk of drowning.
5. Danger of electrocution.
6. Danger of collapsing walls.

Factors to be considered in the Selection of Transfer Method

1. Nature and severity of injury.
2. Size and weight of the victim.
3. Physical capabilities of the first aider.
4. Number of personnel and equipment available.
5. Nature of the evacuation route.
6. Distance to be covered.
7. Sex of the victim/s (last consideration).

Pointers to be Observed During Transfer

1. Victim/s airway must be kept open.
2. Prevent hemorrhage to avoid shock.
3. Victim should be safely maintained in the correct position.
4. Regularly check the victim’s condition.
5. Supporting bandages and dressing should be effectively applied.
6. The method of transfer is safe, comfortable and as speedy as circumstances permit.
7. The patient’s body should be moved as one unit to avoid injury at the joints and extremities.
8. The taller first aiders should stay at the head of the victim.
9. First aiders must observe ergonomics in lifting and moving the patient.

METHODS OF EMERGENCY RESCUE TRANSFER

A. One-man Carry Methods

1. Lover’s carry or Carry-in-arms – is commonly used by any person in carrying or transporting

another.
2. Fireman’s Carry – is used when there is no injury at or there is near the abdomen.

3. Pack Strap Carry – is usually used to carry victim for a short distance.

4. Piggy Back Carry – is used to transport victims for longer distances.

B. One-man Assist / Drag Methods

1. Assist to Walk – is usually done to assist a person who cannot walk by himself or herself due to injury
or illness.

2. Cloth Drag – is used when cloth us available. The surface of the ground should be smooth when
performing this drag to avoid further injury to the victim.

3. Feet Drag – is used when the ground is smooth by fixing the hands and dragging the victim by the feet.

4. Armpit/Shoulder Drag – is also used to drag a victim by the armpits away from unsafe place.

5. Blanket Drag – is used when the victim is lying on a blanket. This is done by holding the ends of the
blanket and gently dragging the blanket carrying the victim.

6. Fireman’s Drag – is done in a building that is burning and that the victims are confirmed to be still
inside. The rescuer crawls at estimated one foot on the floor and look for victims to rescue. This is also
used to avoid smoke inhalation injuries while rescuing during fire.

7. Inclined Drag – is used when transporting a victim, especially on stairways. Always remember to
elevate the head of victim while walking to prevent him or her from losing consciousness.

C. Two-man Assist / Carry Methods

1. Four-hand Seat – is used when the victim is conscious.

2. Hands as a Litter – is applied when the victim is nor conscious.

3. Carry by Extremities – is applied when injuries of victim are at the body parts except the hands and
feet.

4. Assist to Walk – is applied when a person cannot walk alone, especially for persons under the
influence of liquor or drugs.

5. Chair Carry – is a method of carrying the victim by letting him or her set on a strong chair and letting
at least two individuals carry the chair with the victim on it.

6. Fireman’s Carry with Assistance – is used when there are a lot of victims who need immediate
transfer from an unsafe to a safe place.

D. Three-man Carry Methods

1. Hammock Carry – is used to carry a victim who cannot be carried by a single rescuer because of heavy
weight, nature of injury, and nature of terrain. This method of transporting a victim is ideal for wide
alleys.

2. Bearers Alongside – is usually used in narrow alleys. The rescuers carry the victim along one side of
the victim. The victim is clipped against the chests of the rescuers to avoid falling and further injury.

E. Improvised Stretcher Using two Poles

Materials:
1. Blanket
2. Empty sacks
3. Shirts or coats
4. Triangular bandages

F. Four/Six/Eight-man Carry – can be done when the weight of the victim/patient cannot be carried by
1-3 persons. The procedure is the same with three-man carry.

G. Blanket Carry – is different from the stretcher and that it uses a blanket with poles. This is done by
proper insertion of blanket under the victim, testing the blanket and lifting.

H. Commercial Stretcher – is a ready-made stretcher designed for the purpose of carrying a

victim/patient.

I. Ambulance/Rescue Van – most ambulances are designed with stretchers inside that can be folded to
serve as a bed for patients/victims. Others may also be used as rescue vehicles for the purpose of
transferring victims.

Initial Triage and Tagging

Triage and tagging are done to prioritize victims in a mass disaster such as plane crash, vehicular
accident, earthquake, massive landslide, flood, fire and other natural or man-made disasters. It also refers
to the method of sorting patients into categories of priority for care and transport based on the severity
of injuries and medical emergencies.
The S. T. A. R. T. System refers to Simple Triage And Rapid Treatment. It is one method of triage
that has been proven to be
effective.

Tagging of Victim/Patients
1. Red Tag (1st Priority). The victim has a life threatening or serious injury that needs immediate
first aid and rescue.
2. Yellow Tag (2nd Priority). The victim has a less threatening injury and acre can be delayed within
one hour.
3. Green Tag (3rd Priority). The victim can walk on his/her own; rescue/assistance of victim maybe
delayed.
4. Black Tag (4th Priority). No care is required. The victim is dead or close to death. All victims
tagged with Black shall be the last priority during rescue operations.

Specific Body Injuries

1. Blows to the eye. This may include chemical burns, or trauma due to foreign objects.
2. Nosebleed
3. Knocked-out teeth
4. Impaled by objects
5. Amputations
6. Sucking chest wound
7. Abdominal injuries. This may include protruding organs.

Essentials of Fieldcraft Survival

Fieldcraft is the basic military skill to operate stealthily and the methods used to do so, differ
during day or night and depending on weather or terrain. These skills include camouflage, land and water
navigation, understanding the difference between concealment from view and cover from small arms’
fire, using the terrain and its features to mask ground movement, obstacle crossing, selecting good firing
positions, lying up positions, camping positions, effective observation, camouflage penetration, counter
surveillance, detecting enemy-fire directionality and range, survival, evasion, and escape techniques.
Good fieldcraft is important especially for the effectiveness and survival of infantry soldiers, snipers,
special forces, reconnaissance and sabotage teams. Efficient fieldcraft is only possible by spending time,
effort, and attention to memorize battlefield details, infiltration and escape routes, construction and
employment of hiding positions, enemy force doctrines and equipment.

Components of Fieldcraft

1. Survival skills are techniques a person may use in a dangerous situation (e.g. natural disasters) to
save themselves or others. These techniques are meant to provide basic necessities for human life:
water, food, shelter, habitat, the ability to think straight, to signal for help, to navigate safely, to
avoid unpleasant interactions with animals and plants, and cure any present injuries. Moreover,
survival skills are often basic ideas and abilities that ancient humans used for thousands of years.
Hiking, backpacking, horseback riding, fishing, hunting and many other outdoor activities al
require basic wilderness survival skills to handle an emergency situation. Bushcraft and primitive
living are most often self-implemented, but require many of the same skills.

Survival is the act of living into a new state of things, but adapted to an environment as a
result of natural selection.

2. Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration or illumination for

concealment, either by making animals or object hard to see (crypsis), or by disguising them as
something else (mimesis). Examples include the lepard’s spotted coat, the battledress of a modern
soldier, and the leaf-mimickatydid’s wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer
with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The
majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the
background, high contrast, disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the
open oceans, where there is no background, the principal methods of camouflage are
transparency, silvering and countershading, while the ability to produce light is among other
things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some
animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin patterns
and colours, whether for camouflage or for signaling.

Military Camouflage was spurred by the increasing range and accuracy of firearms in the
th
19 century. In a particular, the replacement of the inaccurate musket with the rifle made
personal concealment in battle a survival skill. In the 20 th century, military camouflage developed
rapidly, especially during the First World War. On land, artists such as Andrè Mare designed
camouflage schemes and observation posts disguised as trees. At sea, warships and troop carriers
were painted in dazzle pattern that were highly visible, but designed to confuse enemy gunners as
to the target’s speed, range, and heading. During and after the Second World War, a variety of
camouflage schemes were used for aircraft and for ground vehicles in different theaters of war.
The use of radar in the Cold War period largely made camouflage for fixed-wing military aircraft
obsolete.

Non-military Use of Camouflage includes making cell telephone towers less obtrusive
and helping hunters to approach wary game animals. Patterns derived from military camouflage
are frequently used in fashion clothing, exploiting their strong desighns and sometimes their
symbolism. Camouflage themes recur in modern art, and both figuratively and literally in science
fiction and works of literature.

3. Navigation is the field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the
 movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. The field of navigation includes four
general categories: land navigation, marine navigation, acronautic navigation, and space
navigation. It also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge as applied by navigators to
perform navigation tasks. All navigational techniques involve locating the navigator’s position
compared to know locations or patterns.

Navigation, in a broader sense, can also refer to any skill or study that involves the
determination of position and direction. In this sense, navigation includes orienteering and
pedestrian navigation.

4. Cover and Concealment. In military combat, the concept of cover refers to anything which is
capable of physically protecting an individual from enemy fire. This differentiates it from the
similar concept of concealment, in that an object or area of concealment only affords the benefit of
stealth, not actual protection from small arms fire or artillery fragments. An example of “cover vs.
concealment” would be sandbags vs. tall grass.
5. Obstacle (also called a barrier or a stumbling block) is an object, thing, action or situation that
causes an obstruction. There are different types of obstacles, and these can physical, economic,
biopsychosocial, cultural, political, technological or even military.
6. Observation is an activity of a living being, such as a human, which is necessary in order to
receive knowledge of the world or about the environment through the senses, which often later
involves the recording of data through the use of scientific instruments. The term may also refer to
any data collected during this activity.
7. Counter Surveillance refers to measure undertaken to prevent surveillance. Counter surveillance
may include electronic methods such as bug sweeping, the process of detecting surveillance
devices, incliuding covert listening devices and visual surveillance devices. More often than not,
counter surveillance will employ a set of actions (countermeasures) that, when followed, reduce
the risk of surveillance. Counter surveillance should not be confused with surveillance (inverse
surveillance) as the latter does not necessarily aim to prevent or reduce surveillance.
8. Escapology is the practice of escaping from restraints or other traps. Escapologists (also classified
as escape artists) escape from handcuffs, straitjackets, cages, coffins, steel boxes, barrels, bags,
burning buildings. Fish-tanks and other perils. Often in combination.

Situations that Necessitate Survival

1. Air crashes
2. Crash landings
3. Ship wrecks
4. Lost patrols
5. Units cut-off from main body

Psychological Conditions to Overcome

1. Fear of the Unknown

2. Fear of discomfort
3. Fear of people
4. Fear of own weaknesses

Deciding Factors for Survival

1. Determination to leave
2. Ability to make nature work
Survival Rules on Edibility

1. Anything that swims, flies, creeps and crawls are edible.

2. All four-legged animals are edible.
3. Anything that birds and monkeys eat are edible.
4. All legs are edible.
5. All larvae are edible.
6. Almost all sea leaves are edible.
7. All reptiles are edible.
8. All crustaceans and mollusks are edible.
9. Most fish you can catch in an open sea or sight of land are good to eat.
10. Eels are good to eat
11. All snakes except sea snakes are edible
12. Cook animals right after killing, if possible.
13. Frogs, turtles, lizards, alligators and crocodiles are edible. Toads are not edible.
14. Always remove entrails (intestines) and sex glands before cooking.

Common Medicinal Plants

1. Avocado. Fresh leaves are used in treating diarrhea. Boil for 30 minutes. Take a glass 3 times a
day.
2. Ampalaya. Leaves are used as antiseptic for wounds and cure for malaria. Boiled seeds ar stems
are used for stomach trouble and reducing constipation.
3. Atis. Leaves, bark, and unripe fruits are good for diarrhea. It may be usedfor sprain by wrapping
its leaves.
4. Balingbing. This is used for gonorrhea. Rub and squeeze in opening of penis. Rub around penis.
5. Banaba. Leaves and bark are boiled for kidney trouble. It increases urine flow.
6. Garlic. The bulb is aa cue for high blood or inflammation of the stomach due to peptic ulcer.
7. Guava. Leaves are used as a cure for diarrhea and antiseptic for wounds.
8. Cacao. Boiled fruits are for kidney trouble.
9. Chico. The bark cures diarrhea.
10. Duhat. The bark when boiled is good for diabetes, hemorrhage and anemia.
11. Granada. The fruit and bark area used to cure hemorrhage.
12. Gumamela. The flowers are good for boils.
13. Squash. The seeds when boiled are good for eradicating parasites.
14. Calamansi. These are good for colds.
15. Camias. These are used as treatment for gonorrhea.
16. Kawayan. Its roots, leaves and shoots are good for curing kidney troubles.
17. Kaimito. The bark or fruit are for diarrhea.
18. Radish. This helps cure peptic ulcer.
19.Jackfruit. The milky sap helps cure wounds.

Hunting grounds for survival

1. Along sea coast between high and low watermark

2. Areas between beaches and coral reefs
3. Marshes and mud flats
4. Best time is in early morning or dusk
5. In travels, keep alert for animal signs such as tracks., trampled underbrush or droppings.
6. On narrow trails, watch for game crossing.
7. In hallow trees, smoke out by fire at the base of the tree.