NG SDH Slides e PDF

Migration to Next Generation SDH
by José M. Caballero jose.caballero@trendcomms.com
Presentation extracted from the book:

“Migration to Next Generation SDH”
ISBN 84-609-4420-4
see at wwww.trendcomms.com
SDH classic
Section
Reasons to define SDH
• The Antitrust law in the US followed by

Bell being broken into smaller companies
• It was necessary to interconnect new
PTTs: SONET definition
• B-ISDN specification to integrate any traf-
fic: SDH and ATM standardisation
• Advanced management needs: comput-
ers and telecom must work together
• Requirement for having new infrastruc-
tures manage any type traffic: data,
voice, multimedia
3 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

/58
bytes vs. bits
frame 1 frame 2
125 µs 125 µs
0 1 byte n 0
8 bits
rate = = 64Kbit/s
125·10-6seg.
Standardised since 1988 when the G707, G708, G709 CCITT recommendations appeared
• SDH is byte oriented, it means that a byte is the unit for mapping and multiplexing
• STM-N is the name for the transport frames. They have always a period of 125µs
• An important consequence is that in SDH 1 byte represents a 64 Kbit/s channel

/58
SDH is a flexible architecture
• direct internet working between equipment
• scalability up to 10 Gbit/s
• direct add & drop for low speed tributaries
• Rich in OAM functions
• Support to fit any application
• remote and centralised management
• Fault tolerance: fast traffic routing in case of
faults
• SDH is highly compatible with SONET
• very efficient in managing circuits
• fast circuit definition from a centralised point
• advanced facilities for quality monitoring

/58
Classic SDH: Circuit provisioning
services Internet Frame Relay POTS ATM GSM
multiplexing, transport, routing, management, reliability

transport network
SDH
transmission media cable/fibre/radio
SDH provides efficient, reliable and flexible transport for circuits

/58
Classic SDH Network elements
STM-N
STM-M
SDH
STM-N STM-N
REG MUX M >N
STM-N
Regenerators Multiplexers
STM-N STM-N
West East
STM-M STM-M
STM-N STM-N
STM-N, PDH
Add & Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Digital Cross-Connect (DXC)

/58
Transport design
National Backbone
STM-16
Primary Network
STM-4
Access Network
STM-1 or PDH

/58
Nothing compares with SDH resilience
protection ring
ADM
service ring
MUX 1+1 MUX service &
ADM
ADM
protection
ADM
ADM
rings
ADM
high priority
low priority
MUX 1:1 MUX
ADM
ADM
ADM
MUX 1:N MUX

/58
The SDH multiplexing map

/58
The STM-1 frame
HP POH
VC4
J1 ptr ptr
11 TU pointers
B3 LP POH
RSOH C2 Lower Order Path Overhead
G1 V5 V5
AU4 ptr F2 J2 MUX
N2 STS-1
H4 V5 K4 STS-1 STM-1
F3 STS-1 3:1
125 µs
MSOH K3 VCn VCn 250 µs
N1 375 µs
9 10 270 500 µs
1 9 10 270
STM-1
• STM-1 = AUG + RSOH + MSOH
• RSOH and MSOH sections allow the traffic management
• The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1: VC4 is asynchronous STM1 is synchronous
• The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluc-
tuations

/58
OAM: Detected events at the end of a RS
LOW ORDER
PATH
HIGH ORDER
PATH
MULTIPLEXER
SECTION
REGENERATOR REGENERATOR
SECTION SECTION
2M 2M
STM-1 STM-N STM-1
H O- PT E LO- PT E
34M 34M
140M 140M
L O-P TE H O-P TE MUX REG MUX H O-P TE L O-P TE
L OS MS-AIS AU-AIS TU-AIS PDH AIS

(A1, A2 OK; (All 1s) (All 1s) (All 1s)
L OF the rest all 1s)
MS-RDI
(K2=xxxxx110)
HO-RDI
(G1=xxxx1xxx)
LO-RDI
(V5=xxxxxxx1)
B1 w it h errors

/58
Next Generation SDH
NG SDH = classic SDH + [GFP+VCAT+LCAS]

Section
Streaming forces
FRL Mobile VoD

Gaming
Triple 3G VPLS
MPLS
VoIP
Play ISDN VPN
xDSL
Tele
VoIP Internet
phone TV
VoD
ISDN Circuit
New services and applications based on internet, mobile, multimedia, DVB, SAN, Ethernet or
VPN, are demanding long hault transport. State of the art:
1. Ethernet, are in an early stage of development for efficient optical transport
2. Most have their transport infrastructure entirely based on SDH/SONET.
3. There is a lot of experience in managing SDH/SONET.
No other technology than SDH/SONET has this maturity grade at the optical physical layer.

/58
Next Generation SDH: Packet Friendly
FRL
Mobile VoD
3play
3G VPLS
MPLS
ISDN VPN
xDSL
Tele
Services phone VoIP Internet
Circuit TV
SAN
IP
DVB
PDH MPLS VLAN
ATM 10/100/1000 Ethernet Fibre Channel

ESCON
Transport Network
HDLC/PPP/LAPS FICON
GFP-F GFP-T
Contiguous Concatenation Virtual Concatenation

SDH/Sonet NG LCAS
Transmission Media WDM - Dark Fibre - Coax - Wireless - OTN
SDH/SONET has also evolved to more efficiently adapt statistical multiplexing traffic based on
data packets.

/58
Legacy and Next Generation SDH
The Next Generation of SDH/SONET is offering:

• data-packet interfaces
• TDM interfaces
• new functionalities
The objective is:

• to support efficiently any type of traffic (including of data packets)
• get the best of Legacy SDH including:
- resiliency,
- reliability,
- scalability,
- centralised management
- rerouting

/58
Key NG SDH/SONET
NG SDH/SONET GFP-F GFP-T
Contiguous Concatenation Virtual Concatenation

LCAS
GFP (Generic Framing Protocol)

is robust and standardized encapsulation procedure for the transport of packetised data on
SDH/SONET. In principal, GFP performs bit rate adaptation managing features such as
priorities, discard eligibility, transport channels selection, and submultiplexing.
VCAT (Virtual Concatenation)

is a mechanism which assigns granular bandwidth sizes rather than the exponential provision
of the Contiguous Concatenation. Therefore VCAT is more flexible and efficient.
LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme)

LCAS can modify dynamically the allocated VCAT bandwidth by adding/removing members of
a pipe in use. LCAS is being used also to implement diversity for traffic resilience.

/58
Next Gen. SDH Network elements
PDH
Ethernet
VPN
Client interfaces DVB
SAN
SDH SDH SDH
(classic ADM + packet interfaces)
Legacy NE: Reg, Mux, ADM, DXC Multiservice Provisioning Platform (MSPP)
PDH
Ethernet
VPN
DVB
SAN
DWDM DWDM
DWDM SDH
SDH SDH
(MSPP + DWDM) (DXC-like)

Multiservice Transport Platform (MSTP) Multiservice Switching Platform (MSSP)

/58
Multiservice Provisioning Platform (MSPP)
PDH
Ethernet
VPN
DVB
SAN
SDH
(classic ADM + packet interfaces)
A Multiservice Provisioning Platform (MSPP) is basically the result of the evolution of legacy
ADM and TDM interfaces and optical interfaces, to a type of access node that includes a set of:
• legacy TDM interfaces
• data interfaces, such as Ethernet, GigE, Fiber Channel, or DVB
• NG SDH/SONET functionalities such as GFP, VCAT and LCAS
• optical interfaces from STM-0/STS-1 to STM-64/OC-192

/58
Multiservice Transport Platform (MSTP)
PDH
Ethernet
VPN
DVB
SAN
DWDM
SDH
(MSPP + DWDM)
A Multiservice Transport Platform (MSTP) bassically is a MSPP with DWDM functions to drop
selected wavelengths at a site that will provide higher aggregated capacity to multiplex and to
transport client signals.
MSTP allows to integrate SDH/SONET, TDM and data services, with efficient WDM transport
and wavelength switching.
Typically, MSTPs are installed in the metro core network.

/58
Multiservice Switching Platform
DWDM DWDM
SDH SDH
(DXC-like)
A Multiservice Switching Platform (MSSP) is the NG equivalent for cross-connect, performing

efficient traffic grooming and switching at STM-N/OC-M levels but also at VC level.
MSSPs should support more than just data service mapping, namely true data services
multiplexing and switching.
MSSP is still emerging as a NG Network element, while MSPP and MSTP are quite mature.

/58
Generic Framing Protocol (GFP)
Ethernet MSPP SDH/Sonet MSPP Ethernet
Packets
Source Sink
Port 1 Port 1
Port 2 Port 2
.
. STM-n/OC-m .
. .
.
Port n Port n
Rx Tx
queues GFP GFP
mapper demapper Queues
Encapsulating De-encapsulating
Mapping Demapping
Multiplexing Demultiplexing
T r a n s m i s s i o n
• GFP, defined in ITU-T G.7041, provides data rate adaption and frame delineation
• There are two mapping service for data protocols:
1. GFP-T (Transparent) is a layer 1 encapsulation in constant sized frames. Optimised for traf-
fic based on 8B/10B codification such as 1000BASE-T, Fibre Channel, and ESCON.
2. GFP-F (Framed) is a layer 2 encapsulation in variable sized frames. Optimised for data
packet protocols such as DVD, PPP and Ethernet.

/58
Frame-Mapped GFP (GFP-F)
Source Sink
GFP-F
GFP-F
SAN, Fiber Channel
SAN, Fiber Channel

.. .. ..
. STM-n/OC-m ..
. . .
Packets Rx 4 1 3
queues mapper demapper
Sink
Submultiplexing CID
Encapsulation Mapping Multiplexing Demultiplexing Demapping Dencapsulation
• The entire client packet is dropped into a GFP frame

• Data Client signals such as Ethernet, PPP and DVB are queued waiting to be mapped
• Some codes can be removed to minimize the transmission size
• GFP-F supports submultiplexing onto a single channel for low-rate sources
GFP-F results in a more efficient transport, however, the encapsulation processes described
above increase latency, making GFP-F inappropriate for time-sensitive protocols.

/58
Transparent GFP (GFP-T)
Source Sink
GFP-T
GFP-T
Ethernet, PPP, DVB

Ethernet, PPP, DVB
.. .. STM-n/OC-m .. ..
. . . .
8B/10B mapper demapper

Reassembly
Independent Streams
Encapsulation Mapping Multiplexing Demultiplexing Demapping Dencapsulation
• GFP-T client signals are mapped into fixed-length GFP framesand transmitted immediately
without waiting for the entire client data packet to be received.
• GFP-T encapsulates any protocol as long as they are based on 8B/10B line coding, which
is why it is often called protocol-agnostic.
• ALL the client characters, without exception, are transported to the far end.
• GF-T is very good for isocronic protocols and SAN, such as ESCON or FICON. This is be-
cause it is not necessary to process client frames or to wait for arrival of the complete frame

/58
GFP mapping of client signals
Flag
Address
Control
GFP
Type
HDSLC/PPPP Payload Core Header
Pad
FCS
Flag Payload Header
LLC/SNAP
BBW Pad G
FP
SoF -F Extension Header
Fiber Channel Header
Data GFP-
F
CRC Preamble Payload
EOF SoF F
Dest Add F P-
G
Source Add Check Sum
Length
Ethernet LLC Data thrown away
Pad transported
FCS
Extension
Depending on the type of GFP in question, the mapping function can drop the whole signal (in
the case of GFP-T), or can throw away certain delineation fields (GFP-F).

/58
GFP frame formats and protocols
GFP frame
byte
1
PLI PLI: PDU Length Indicator
2
cHEC: Core HEC protection tHEC: Type HEC protection
3 PTI: Payload type Identifier EXI: Extension Header Identifier
cHEC (CRC-16) 000: client data
Null EXI
4 Type Type
Linear EXI type

s 100: client management
te
by PTI PFI EXI type 5 PFI: Payload FCS Indicator
4 tHEC tHEC
1: presence of FCS
Core Header UPI 6 0: absence CID
7 EXI type: Extension Header Identifier Spare
s 0000: Null
yte tHEC (CRC-16)
4b 8 0001: Linear
eHEC
scrambled bytes (optional)
Payload Header
9 0010: Ring tHEC: Type HEC protection
EXI UPI: User Payload Identifier (PTI=0) CID: Channel ID for submultiplex
Extention Header 66 01x: Ethernet (GFP-F)
(optional) 0-60 bytes
02x: PPP (GFP-F) eHEC: Extension HEC protection
+1
03x: Fiber Channel (GFP-T) Payload: Space for the framed PDU
eHEC (CRC-16) 04x: FICON (GFP-T) pFCS: Payload FCS
+2
Payload 05x: ESCON (GFP-T)
n
by 06x: Gigabit Ethernet (GFP-T)
te
s 08x: MAPOS (GFP-F)
Check Sum 09x: DVB (GFP-T)
(optional) 0Ax: RPR (GFP-F)
Payload 0Bx: Fiber Channel (GFP-F)
0-4
0Cx: Async Fiber Channel (GFP-T)

by
tes
+n
pFCS (CRC-32)
+n+4

/58
GFP-F vs. GFP-T
Feature GFP-F GFP-T

Protocol transparency low high
Efficiency high low
Isocronic protocols no yes
Encapsulation protocol level Layer 2 (Frames) Layer 1 (Physical)
Optimized for Ethernet SAN, DVB
LCAS protection likely poor
Statistical submultiplexing yes no
SAN transport no yes
Ethernet transport optimum possible

/58
Concatenation
STM-256 x1 AUG-256 x1 AU4-256c VC4-256c
40 Gbps STS-768c SPE C-4-256c
OC-768 STS-768 STS-768c
x4
x1 x1 AU4-64c VC4-64c
10 Gbps STM-64 AUG-64 C-4-64c
OC-192 STS-192 STS-192c STS-192c SPE
x4
2.5 Gbps STM-16 x1 AUG-16 x1 AU4-16c VC4-16c C-4-16c

OC-48 STS-48 STS-48c STS-48c SPE
x4
STM-4 x1 AUG-4 x1 AU4-4c VC4-4c C-4-4c
622 Mbps STS-12c SPE
OC-12 STS-12 STS-12c
x4
STM-1 x1 AUG-1 x1 AU-4 VC-4
155 Mbps STS-3c SPE C-4
OC-3/STS-3 STS-3 STS-3c
Concatenation is the process of summing the bandwidth of X containers of the same type into
a larger container.
There are two concatenation methods:

• Contiguous concatenation, which creates big containers that cannot split into smaller
pieces during transmission. For this, each NE must have a concatenation functionality.
• Virtual concatenation, which transports the individual VCs and aggregates them at the
end point of the transmission path. For this, concatenation functionality is only needed at
the path termination equipment.

/58
Contiguous and Virtual Concatenation
Contiguous concatenation Bandwidth requirement Virtual concatenation
VC4-4c VC4-3v or STS-9v

J1
J1B3
J1
B3
C2
1 J1B3C2
B3C2G1
C2G1F2
G1
F2 2 II G1F2H4
F2H4F3 One VCG
H4 H4F3K3
F3 F3K3N1
K3 K3N1
N1 N1
3 VC members
622 Mbps
One Path SDH Several paths
3 III (3 in SDH, or
3x
9 in SONET)
155 Mbps
J1
J1B3
J1
B3 Bandwidth delivery J1B3C2
B3C2G1
C2
G1 (430 Mbps) C2G1F2
G1F2H4
F2 F2H4F3
H4 H4F3K3
F3 F3K3N1
K3 K3N1
N1 N1
4 IV

/58
Contiguous Concatenation (VCAT)
STM / STS pointers
AU-3 ptr
1 3
H1 H2 H3 (STM-0/STS-1) Virtual VC Number Contiguous
Container type of VCs Concatenation
AU-4 ptr
1 3 6 9
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3 (STM-1/OC-3) VC-4-Xc / STS-3Xc SPE
AU-4-4c ptr 260X
1 12 24 36 1
261X
H1 Y ....... Y H2 1 ....... 1 H3 H3 ....... H3 (STM-4/OC-12) J1
B3
AU-4-16c ptr
1 48 96 144 C2
H1 Y ....... Y H2 1 ....... 1 H3 H3 ....... H3 (STM-16/OC-48) G1
C-4-Xc
F2 R
or SPE
AU-4-Xc ptr H4
1 3X 6X 9X
....... ....... ....... F3
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3 (STM-n/OC-m) K3
Y: 1001SS11 N1
Fixed columns
1: All 1s byte Justification unit = 3 X bytes size = X-1
Contiguous concatenation: Pointers and containers. A VC-4-Xc (X = 1, 4, 16, 64, 256)

structure, where X represents the level. The increment/decrement unit (justification) is 3 X, as
it depends on the level: AU-4=3 bytes, AU-4-256c=768 bytes.

/58
Virtual Concatenation (VCAT)
Virtual VC Number Virtual

Container type of VCs Concatenation
Packet-oriented, statistically multiplexed technologies, such as IP or Ethernet, do not match

well the bandwidth granularity provided by contiguous concatenation.
• VCAT is an inverse multiplexing technique that allows granular increments of bandwidth in
single VC-n units.
• At the source node VCAT creates a continuous payload equivalent to X times the VC-n
• The set of X containers is known as a Virtual Container Group (VCG), and each individual
VC is a member of the VCG.
• Lower-Order Virtual Concatenation (LO-VCAT) uses X times VC11, VC12, or VC2 contain-
ers (VC11/12/2-Xv, X = 1... 64).
• Higher-Order Virtual Concatenation (HO-VCAT) uses X times VC3 or VC4 containers (VC3/
4-Xv, X = 1... 256), providing a payload capacity of X times 48 384 or 149 760 kbit/s.

/58
Virtual Concatenation Operation
MSSP SDH/SONET MSSP

Source Sink node
SEQ=0 Delay adjust
Rate Adaption,
Reassembly
t0+125µs Mapping, VC3
Segmentation #0 t1-125µs
25% MFI=i
t0 A B SQ=0..3 t1
VC#0
3
5
55
VC#1
3
VC3-4v VC3
25% VC3-4v
VC3-4v VC3-4v
X G Y
VC#1
MFI=k+1 MFI=i-1
3
MFI=k 5
55 MFI=i
VC3
#2 3
VC
VC#3
E 50% F
SQ=0..3
3
VC3 VC3 VC Group Contiguous Payloads

Contiguous Payloads VC Group #2 #3
VC3 with SEQ=2 and SEQ=3
• MFI: Multiframe Indicator, VCG: Virtual Container group, SEQ: Sequence Number
• Virtual concatenation is required only at edge nodes
• Sink node must compensate for the different delays

/58
Virtual Concatenation Graphically
1 4·84 1 4·84 1 4·84
Contiguous payload
1 1 t 1
VC3-4v VC3-4v ...... VC3-4v
9 9 9
X -Segments X -Segments X -Segments
EOS EOS EOS

1 87 1 87 1 87
SEQ=3 J1 SEQ=3 J1 SEQ=3 J1
MFI=0
. B3 MFI=1
. B3 MFI=4095
. B3
C2 C2 ...... C2
VC-3 VC-3 VC-3
..
..
..
G1 G1 G1
.. .. ..
..
F2 F2 F2
..
..
H4 H4
SEQ=1 J1 F3 SEQ=1 J1 SEQ=1 J1
B3 K3 B3 B3
SEQ=0 J1C2 N1
SEQ=0 J1C2 VCG SEQ=0 J1C2
MFI=0 B3G1 MFI=1 B3G1 MFI=4095 B3G1
C2
VC-3
VC-3
C2 (VC-3-Xv) C2
..
VC-3
VC-3 VC-3
VC-3
..
..
G1F2 G1F2 G1F2
F2H4 F2H4 F2H4
..
..
..
H4F3 H4F3 H4F3
F3K3 F3K3 F3K3
K3N1 K3N1 K3N1
N1 N1 N1
X times VC3 X times VC3 X times VC3
1 n·270 2·n·270 3·n·270 4096·n·270

1
RSOH RSOH RSOH RSOH
AU3 ptrs AU3 ptrs AU3 ptrs AU3 ptrs
STM-n STM-n STM-n ... STM-n STM-n
MSOH MSOH MSOH MSOH
9 t
MFI=0 125 µs MFI=1 MFI=2 375 µs MFI=4095 512 ms MFI=0
SEQ=0...X SEQ=0...X SEQ=0...X SEQ=0...X SEQ=0...X

/58
Virtual vs. Contiguous Concatenation
SDH SONET X times Capacity Justification Transport

VC-4 STS3c-SPE 1 149,760 Kbps 3 bytes STM-1/OC-3
VC-4-4c STS12c-SPE 4 599,040 Kbps 12 bytes STM-4/OC-12
VC-4-16c STS48c-SPE 16 2,396,160 Kbps 48 bytes STM-16/OC-48
SDH SONET X times Capacity Virtual Capacity

VC-11-Xv VT.15-Xv 1 to 64 1,600 Kbps 1,600 to 102,400 Kbps
VC-12-Xv VT2-Xv 1 to 64 2,176 Kbps 2,176 to 139,264 Kbps
VC-2-Xv VT6-Xv 1 to 64 6,784 Kbps 6,784 to 434,176 Kbps
VC-3-Xv STS-1-Xv 1 to 256 48,384 Kbps 48,384 to 12,386 Kbps
VC-4-Xv STS-3c-Xv 1 to 256 149,760 Kbps 149,760 to 38,338,560 Kbps

/58
Virtual vs. Contiguous Concatenation
Service Bit Rate Contiguous Concat. Virtual Concatenation

Ethernet 10 Mbit/s VC-3 (20%) VC-11-7v (89%)
Fast Ethernet 100 Mbit/s VC-4 (67%) VC-3-2v (99%)
Gigabit Ethernet 1000 Mbit/s VC-4-16c (42%) VC-4-7v (95%)
Fiber Channel 1700 Mbit/s VC-4-16c (42%) VC-4-12v (90%)
ATM 25 Mbit/s VC-3 (50%) VC-11-16c (98%)
DVB 270 Mbit/s VC-4-4c (37%) VC-3-6v (93%)
ESCON 160 Mbit/s VC-4-4c (26%) VC-3-4v (83%)

/58
K4 multiframe (VCAT & LCAS codification)
125 µs
V5 250 µs
J2 375 µs
Lower Order Path Overhead N2 500 µs K4 bit2
K4 (1bit per .5ms)
K4 multiframe
frame 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
RS-Ack
CTRL
MFI SQ CTRL 0000 MST CRC-3
bit2
0 16ms
k4 superframe 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 8 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
00001
00010
00101
01000
10001
10100
00000
01001
01010
10000
10010
00100
10101
01100
10011
11001
00011
00110
01011
01101
10110
11000
11010
00111
01110
11100
10111
11011
11101
01111
11110
11111
MFI
SQ: Sequence Indicator int he VCG [0...
SQ MFI: Multiframe Count Indicator [0...31]
CTRL
...
CRC-3
0 512ms
• K4 is part of the LO-PO overhead and is repeated every 500 ms

• 32 bits are sent in a complete multiframe which takes 16ms to repeat. (500 x 32=16 ms)
• The bit-2 superframe is made up of 32 multiframes and takes 512 ms to repeat.

/58
H4 multiframe (VCAT & LCAS codification)
J1 multiframe multiframe
1 2 256
Higer Order Path Overhead
B3
frame 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 4096
C2
0000
0001
CTRL 0010
0 0 0 0 0100
0 0 0 0 0101
1000
1001
0 0 0 RSAck 1010
0000
0001
CTRL 0010
0 0 0 GID 0011
0110
0 0 0 0 1011
0 0 0 0 1100
0 0 0 0 1101
0 0 0 GID 0011
0 0 0 0 0011
0111
1110
1110
1111
1111
MFI1
4
G1 5-8bits
F2
CRC8
MFI1
MFI2
MST
SQ
SQ
H4 1-4bits
F3
K3
time 0ms 2ms 512ms
N1 MFI1: Multiframe indicator part 1 [0...255]
MFI2: Multiframe indicator part 2 [0...255] MFI: Combination of MFI2-MFI1 [0...4095]
SQ: Sequence Indicator int he VCG [0...255]
• H4 is part of the HO-PO overhead

• H4 is repeated every 125 ms
• 16-byte multiframes takes 16 ms
• A complete multiframe of 4096 bytes takes 512 ms to repeat (125x4096=512 ms)

/58
Ethernet service provided by VCAT/LCAS
Ethernet service
NG SDH
Access MSSP - A MSSP - B Access
Legacy SDH
Ethernet frame
Payload VCAT member
Segregation
S T Payload
Traffic Traffic Aggregation CP2
Adaption Control
CP1 LCAS
T LCAS
GFP VCA a a Ethernet
b R W Z b
Ethernet c-d c-d
Node Z
Node R Flow
Flow X Y Control
Control
The link between node A and node Z transports Ethernet frames using a Virtual Concatenation
Group of three members. Three separate LCAS protocols constantly monitor each peer
connection: LCAS-a of node R talks with LCAS-a of node Z, LCAS-b(R) with LCAS-b(Z), ...
LCAS-n (R) with LCAS-n (Z)

/58
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)
ITU-T as G.7042, designed to manage the bandwidth allocation of a VCAT path. LCAS can
add and remove members of a VCG that control a VCAT channel. LCAS cannot adapt the size
of the VCAT channel according to the traffic pattern.
Source to Sink messages:

• Multi-Frame Indicator (MFI) keeps the multiframe sequence.
• Sequence Indicator (SQ) indicates member’s sequence to reassemble correctly the client
signal that was split and sent through several paths.
• Control (CTRL) protocol messages which can be fixed, add, norm, eos, idle, and dnu.
• Group Identification (GID) is a constant value for all members of a VCG.
Sink to Source include:

• Member Status (MST), which indicates to source each member status: fail or OK.
• Re-Sequence Acknowledge (RS-Ack) is an ack of renumbering after a new eos member.

/58
LCAS protocol
fixed, add, norm, eos, idle, dnu

Source So Sk Sink
ok, fail, ack
fixed: Indicates fixed bandwidth and no LCAS support

add: Member to be added to the VCG
norm: Normal transmission
Source to Sink
eos: End of sequence, the member has the highest VCG seq number, Normal transmission
(CNTRL message)
idle: Member is part of the VCG or to be removed
dnu: Do Not Use, receive side reported MST FAIL status
ok: active member, no failure condition detected (MST msg)

Sink to Source fail: failure condition detected in member (MST msg)
(MST & RS messages) ack: Re-Sequence Acknoledge after eos msg (RS-Ack msg)

/58
Simplified LCAS Source and Sink State Machine
Source dnu Sink
Start dnu, idle
Start
fai
MREMOVE l
IDLE ac DNU IDLE
k, e
MADD fa
il idl MADD
MADD,
add
MADD,
MREMOVE So Sk MREMOVE MREMOVE
REMOVE ok
fail
idle
fail
l
fa i
MREMOVE idle, fixed, fail
ADD idle NORM FAIL OK
add
ok
states in transition norm, eos, ack others eos, norm,

ok, dnu, ack
Source States Sink States

IDLE: Not provisioned member
IDLE: Not provisioned member
ADD: In process of being added to the VCG MADD: add one or more members of the VCG OK: Provisioned and active member
NORM: Active and provisioned member, good path
MREMOVE: remove one member of the VCG FAIL: Provisioned member, failed path
DNU (Do Not Use): Provisioned but its path has failed
REMOVE: In process of being removed of the VCG

/58
VCAT Channel managed with LCAS
MREMOVE
MADD
VCAT channel MREMOVE
MADD
NMS NMS
fixed, add, norm, eos, idle, dnu
Source LCAS ok, fail, ack LCAS Sink
a
Node A b
Node B
c
d
Tx Rx
VCG
Rx Tx
h
i
j
k
Sink LCAS fixed, add, norm, eos, idle, dnu

LCAS Source
ok, fail, ack
NMS MADD MADD NMS
MREMOVE Member States
MREMOVE
IDLE IDLE
NMS: Network Management System
ADD FAIL
Source NORM OK Sink
DNU FAIL
REMOVE OK
LCAS helps network operators to efficiently control NG SDH connections established at VCAT
sites. The use of LCAS is not compulsory, but improves VCAT management

/58
LCAS protocol: MADD and Path error
Member States
IDLE IDLE
ADD FAIL
Source NORM OK Sink
DNU FAIL
REMOVE OK
Source Member States Sink Member States
a b c d a b c d
LCAS sample
MADD (b)
MADD (b)
add (b)
ok
eos (b)
norm (d)
ack
.
.
. path error in (b)
fail (b)
dnu (b)
eos (d)
no error
ack
ok (b)
eos (b)
norm (d)
ack

/58
LCAS protocol: MREMOVE
Member States
IDLE IDLE
ADD FAIL
Source NORM OK Sink
DNU FAIL
REMOVE OK
LCAS sample
Source Member States Sink Member States
a b c d a b c d
MREMOVE (d)
idle (d)
fail (d)
.
.
. MREMOVE (b)
fail (b)
idle (b)
eos (a)
ack
LCAS is a two-way handshake protocol resident in H4 and K4 and executed permanently

between source and sink as many times as VCAT members.

/58
Sink messages are fault tolerant
So-A to Si-A Ctrl. messages
Source-A Si-B to So-B messages Sink-A

VCG
1a 1a
2a 2a
3a 3a
Rx Rx
LCAS
Tx 1b 1b Tx
2b 2b
3b 3b
Sink-B Si-A to So-A messages Source-B

So-B to Si-B Ctrl. messages
Sink to Source messages (MST, RS-Ack) are redundant while Source to Sink are specific to
each member. This means that Sink messages are repeated as many times as members in
the group. It also means that the origin of sink messages is irrelevant, because all the
members are sending the same information in a multiframe.

/58
H4 multiframe sequence
512ms
4096 bytes
256 multiframes
256
- me
mbe
r M
32 m ST
ulti sta
us fra tus
er stat member status (0-7 64 m m es
mb ok / fa il ) s
me o o 0 1
ok / fa l
2 3 4 5 6 7
o k / fa i
ok
k / fa i l
ok ok / k / / fa il MST
MST MST
/ fa fai fail il T
il l MS
T
MS ...
5) multiframe (0)
..
e (22 MS 255
am SQ 0 8 9 T 1 0
ultifr MFI 0 0 A
16
mu
ltifr
MS 2 3
m C8
RS S T am T
M e(
CR 31
0 0 D L
8 )
GI TR FI 8 9 2 ms
9
es
C byt
16 2 ms
M
1
0
255
22
2 5
22 24 31 2
3 3
H4
4095
0
..... 255 0 1 2 3
MST MST
by
tes
192 3072 63
191 MFI 1024 64
2048
0 9
16 59
1 96 5
128
127

/58
LCAS applications
Normal operation After breakdown
Path1 = 25% Path1= 35%
A B A B
VCAT
VCAT VCAT VCAT
X Path2 G Y X Path2 G Y
25% 0%
MSSP MSSP
LCAS LCAS
E F E F
Path3 = 50% Path3 = 65%
• VCAT bandwidth allocation, LCAS enables the resizing of the VCAT pipe in use when it
receives an order from the NMS to increase or decrease the size.
• Network Resilience, In the case of a partial failure of one path, LCAS reconfigures the con-
nection using the members still up and able to continue carrying traffic.
• Asymmetric Configurations, LCAS is a unidirectional protocol allowing the provision of
asymmetric bandwidth between two MSSP nodes to configure asymmetric links
• Cross-Domain Operation, because LCAS resides only at edge nodes it is not necessary
to coordinate more than one configuration centre

/58
Conclusions
Section
SDH is future proof
• SDH cannot be considered anymore as a “legacy technology”

• The evolution to Next Generation SDH is the future
• Future proof at least for the next 10 years
• NG SDH can deliver packet and TDM services
• Carriers are already migration from static, circuit-oriented SDH to
multiservice packet-friendly NG SDH

/58
Migration to Next Generation
PDH PDH
Ethernet MSSP SDH
SDHclassic
NG MSSP Ethernet
VPN VPN
DVB DVB
SAN SAN
Mapping in Frames
GFC GFC
Layers
VCAT Virtual Containers Transport VCAT

LCAS Bandwidth management LCAS
SDH Paths, Sections SDH Paths, Sections SDH
SDH
Clients Existing SDH/Sonet Clients

Next Generation SDH
It is only necessary to migrate the edges to get a full Next Generation SDH network
IT IS TODAY’S BEST COMBINATION FOR DATA AND CIRCUIT TRANSPORT

/58
NG SDH means unification and standardisation
SDH
Frame Relay
Telephone
STM-NG
MSSP
SDH
Frame Relay
ATM
SDH
node
UMTS
Next Generation SDH unifies and standardises transport infrastructure for any type of client
network packet or circuit oriented network such as Ethernet, PDH, Frame Relay, UMTS,
SAN...

/58
Old and New services as well
VoIP Host
IWU Services
SAN
Frame
Relay Telephony
UMTS
Frame Relay
GSM
ATM access
Infrastructures
SDH DWDM
Ethernet Wireless
Superserver
• NG SDH helps to provide the right SLA to Ethernet services

• Transport for high definition audio and video
• High speed data for Internet or other networks
• Fast bandwidth management to satisfy requirements
• Integration under the same architecture circuit and packet networks

/58
Cost effective
Next Gen SDH network
Ethernet access
SDH access
SDH ring
2,5 Gbit/s Data storage
PDH access
• Universal standard: multivendor

• Unifies infrastructures under a central architecture avoiding a new overlap network
• Reduces the number of network elements needed to provide advanced services
• New technologies are making NG SDH more competitive and cheaper
• With just a few network elements is possible to configure a network
• Simplifies the management because of centralised configurations

/58
Telecom basis in the next 10 years?
• “SDH will be the dominant technology in the next 10 years” Pioneers Optical Edge Net-
works Boston (MA) June 2000
• “SDH is being used in wireless, we think there is a market at least for the next 10 years”
Eli Lotan Global Telephony March 01
• “Ethernet demand lights up but SDH will remain at the core network” Ken Weiland Tele-
communications International April 03
• “Ethernet and Optic networks have to match SDH resilience and management to chal-
lenge SDH at the metro and core network” JM Caballero Mundo Electr. April 04
• “Installed base is huge to simply walk away from” S. Clavena Heaving Reading Nov. 03
• “Ethernet, of course, but over SDH” Network Planning and Operations US

/58
Ethernet challenge or SDH complement?
• Just a few carriers and operators around the world are setting up Core Networks removing
SDH and relying only on Ethernet and/or DWDM
• It has always been difficult to justify in economic, technical and management terms a com-
pletely new separate network. And that is still the case.
• Ethernet reduces leased access costs while NG SDH enhances QoS
• Native Ethernet services, and best effort technologies in general, do not scale well
• SDH resilience is critical to deliver 24/365 Ethernet services
• Ethernet is by nature a best effort technology, carrier-class is already under way
• Ethernet does not match today the OEM functions provided by SDH
• A pure packet network, i.e. Ethernet + MPLS, has to emulate circuits: it’s a risky solution!

/58
All-optical challenge or SDH complement?
• DWDM alone does not have the diversity or management functions of NG SDH
• The new MSTP nodes combines reconfigurable OADM with NG SDH features
• Provides new interfaces (packet + circuit oriented) while offering wider managing services
• Automate wavelength provisioning and lower wavelength delivery costs
• Ability to reduce network elements in the circuit path
Conclusion: Optical layer integration is a must for NG SDH using MSPP that will provide higher
flexibility and Lower Capital Expense (Capex) operational expense (Opex)

/58
New data services
GigE, Circuit, ATM

Client
Service FRL, SAN, DVB
MSPP
ADM
Transport MSSP
MSTP
CXC
Physical
ROADM
CPE Access Metro Core

/58
NG SDH is S·T·R·A·T·E·G·I·C
• Is being adopted not only by incumbent operators and carriers but also by new ones.
• It is interesting to consider the adoption of RPR and/or MPLS to enhance the feature of the
Ethernet + NG SDH tandem to layer 2 protection, QoS and multipoint access.
• Video transport and Storage over NG SDH is just starting to impact in today’s networking
• Automatic layer 1 reconfiguration complements Layer 2 RPR reconfiguration
• High reliability equivalent similar in core and metro
• Centralised management of events, bandwidth provisioning
• Next Generation network (such as MSPP, MSSP) elements will be as fundamental to tele-
com networks in the coming decade as routers were to the Internet of the 90s

/58

NG SDH Slides e PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

NG SDH Slides e PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Migration to Next Generation SDH

by José M. Caballero jose.caballero@trendcomms.com

Presentation extracted from the book:

• The Antitrust law in the US followed by

3 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

4 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

5 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

services Internet Frame Relay POTS ATM GSM

multiplexing, transport, routing, management, reliability

transmission media cable/fibre/radio

SDH provides efficient, reliable and flexible transport for circuits

6 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

Add & Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Digital Cross-Connect (DXC)

7 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

8 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

MUX 1+1 MUX service &

9 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

10 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

11 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

L OS MS-AIS AU-AIS TU-AIS PDH AIS

12 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

NG SDH = classic SDH + [GFP+VCAT+LCAS]

FRL Mobile VoD

14 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

ATM 10/100/1000 Ethernet Fibre Channel

Contiguous Concatenation Virtual Concatenation

Transmission Media WDM - Dark Fibre - Coax - Wireless - OTN

15 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

The Next Generation of SDH/SONET is offering:

The objective is:

16 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

NG SDH/SONET GFP-F GFP-T

Contiguous Concatenation Virtual Concatenation

GFP (Generic Framing Protocol)

VCAT (Virtual Concatenation)

LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme)

17 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

(classic ADM + packet interfaces)

(MSPP + DWDM) (DXC-like)

18 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

(classic ADM + packet interfaces)

19 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

Typically, MSTPs are installed in the metro core network.

20 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

A Multiservice Switching Platform (MSSP) is the NG equivalent for cross-connect, performing

21 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

22 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

SAN, Fiber Channel

Encapsulation Mapping Multiplexing Demultiplexing Demapping Dencapsulation

• The entire client packet is dropped into a GFP frame

23 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

Ethernet, PPP, DVB

8B/10B mapper demapper

Encapsulation Mapping Multiplexing Demultiplexing Demapping Dencapsulation

24 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

25 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

Linear EXI type

0Cx: Async Fiber Channel (GFP-T)

26 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

Feature GFP-F GFP-T

27 © 2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

2.5 Gbps STM-16 x1 AUG-16 x1 AU4-16c VC4-16c C-4-16c

There are two concatenation methods: