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7 Civil Liberties Union vs. Executive Secretary PDF
7 Civil Liberties Union vs. Executive Secretary PDF
*
G.R. No. 83896. Frbeuary 22, 1991.
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* EN BANC.
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the light of the history of the times, and the condition and
circumstances under which the Constitution was framed. The
object is to ascertain the reason which induced the framers of the
Constitution to enact the particular provision and the purpose
sought to be accomplished thereby, in order to construe the whole
as to make the words consonant to that reason and calculated to
effect that purpose.
Same; Same; Same; Same; The intent of the framers of the
Constitution was to impose a stricter prohibition on the President
and his official family in so far as holding other offices or
employment in the government or elsewhere is concerned.—
Evidently, from this move as well as in the different
phraseologies of the constitutional provisions in question, the
intent of the framers of the Constitution was to impose a stricter
prohibition on the President and his official family in so far as
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or assistant
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FERNAN, C.J.:
1
August 9, 1988 and are being resolved jointly as both seek
a declaration of the unconstitutionality of Executive Order
No. 284 issued by President Corazon C. Aquino on July 25,
1987. The pertinent provisions of the assailed Executive
Order are:
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any official hold more than two positions other than bis primary
position.
“SECTION 3. In order to fully protect the interest of the
government in government-owned or controlled corporations, at
least one-third (1/3) of the members of the boards of such
corporation should either be a secretary, or undersecretary, or
assistant secretary.”
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1 P. 71, Rollo in G.R. No. 83815 and p. 28, Rollo in G.R. No. 83896.
2 Italics supplied.
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“Sec. 7. xxx xxx xxx
“Unless otherwise allowed by law or by the primary functions
of his position, no appointive official shall hold any other office or
employment in the government or any subdivision, agency or
instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or
controlled corporations or their subsidiaries.”
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11 Maxwell vs. Dow, 176 U.S. 581, 20 Sup. Ct. 448,44 L. Ed. 597.
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12 R.B. No. 95, Monday, March 11, 1985, Record of the Batasan,
Volume IV, pp. 835-836.
327
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13 pp. 11-14.
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15 Sec. 3, Ibid.
16 Sec. 7, Article VII.
17 Old Wayne Mut. Life Asso. vs. McDonough, 204 U.S. 8, 51 L Ed 345,
27 S Ct 236; Wallace vs. Payne, 197 Cal 539, 241 P. 879.
18 Grantz vs. Grauman (Ky) 320 SW 2d 364; Runyon vs. Smith,
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21 Varney vs. Justice, 86 Ky 596; 6 S.W. 457; Hunt vs. State, 22 Tex.
App. 396, 3 S.W. 233.
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26
be avoided.
To reiterate, the prohibition under Section 13, Article
VII is not to be interpreted as covering positions held
without additional compensation in ex-officio capacities as
provided by law and as required by the primary functions
of the concerned official’s office. The term ex-officio means
“from office; by virtue of office.” It refers to an “authority
derived from official character merely, not expressly
conferred upon the individual character, but rather
annexed to the official position.” Ex-officio likewise denotes
an “act done in an official character, or as a consequence of
office, and without any other appointment
27
or authority
than that conferred by the office.” An ex-officio member of
a board is one who is a member by virtue of his title to a
certain office,
28
and without further warrant or
appointment. To illustrate, by express provision of law,
the Secretary of Transportation and Communications is
the ex-officio Chairman
29
of the Board of the Philippine30
Ports Authority, and the Light Rail Transit Authority.
The Court had occasion to explain the meaning of an ex-
officio position in Rafael vs. Embroidery and Apparel
Control and Inspection Board,31 thus: “An examination of
section 2 of the questioned statute (R.A. 3137) reveals that
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26 Hirabayashi vs. United States, 320 U.S. 81, 87 L.Ed. 1774, 63 S. Ct.
1375; Opp Cotton Mills, Inc. vs. Administrator of Wage and Hour Div.,
312 U.S. 126,85 L. Ed. 624,61 S. Ct. 524; Gage vs. Jordan, 23 Cal 2d 794,
174 P 2d, 287 cited in 16 Am Jur 2d, pp. 100, 464.
27 Black’s Law Dictionary, p. 516; 15A Words and Phrases, p. 392.
28 15A Words and Phrases, p. 392.
29 Sec. 7, E.O. 778.
30 Sec. 1, E.O. 210.
31 21 SCRA 336 (1967).
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32 Italics supplied.
33 33A Words and Phrases, p. 210, citing Collector of Revenue vs.
Louisiana Ready Mix Co., La. App., 197 S. 2d 141, 145.
34 Sec. 7, P.D. No. 474.
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adopting it than in the framers’s understanding thereof.
It being clear, as it was in fact one of its best selling
points, that the 1987 Constitution seeks to prohibit the
President, Vice-President, members of the Cabinet, their
deputies or assistants from holding during their tenure
multiple offices or employment in the government, except
in those cases specified in the Constitution itself and as
above clarified with respect to posts held without
additional compensation in an ex-officio capacity as
provided by law and as required by the primary functions
of their office, the citation of Cabinet members (then called
Minis-ters) as examples during the debate and
deliberation on the general rule laid down for all
appointive officials should be considered as mere personal
opinions which cannot override the constitution’s manifest
intent and the people’ understanding thereof.
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Petitions granted.
——o0o——
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