PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 1 Magnetic Field 4) Magnets where the re familiar objects. The word magnetism is derived from the province of Magnes ancient Greek mine magnetite, also known as lodestone, a mineral composed of iron oxide which attracts iron, If you ask the average person what "magnetism" is, you will probably be told about the magnets those areused to hold notes on refrigerator door, or keeping paper clips in a holder or may be about lead stone (naturally occurring magnet). Scholars ill dispute about the origin of magnetis Itis believed that magnetism was originally used, not fornavigation, but for geomancy ("foresight by earth” )and fortune-telling by the Chinese, Chinese fortune tellers used lodestones to construct their fortune telling boards, From Chinese text, itis known that magnetic compass (used for navigational purpose) is an old Chinese invention . An old Indian literature dates ito as back as 4th century. The compass was wed in India was knownas the matsya yantra, because of the placement ofa metallic fish in a cup of ol Earth's magnetic field: Itisunderstood thata compass needle points along the horizontal component of Earth's magnetic field (a property called declination). y (MS) Magnetic South Earth's North Pole Magnetic North y ¥ parth's South Pole (ny Earth's Geomagnetic North acts asa south pole of a magnet, while its Geomagnetic South acts as a North Pole ofamagnet. Asshown in thediagram, the axis of the dipole makesan angle of about 11 5° with earth's rotational axis. ‘The axis of dipole makes an angle of about 11.5° with the earth's rotational axis. And Earth's rotational axis makesan angle of 23.5° with the normal to the plane of earth's orbit about the sun.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars Elements of earth's magnetic field The earth's magnetic field is characterized by three quantities: (a) Declination 4) (>) Inclination ordip (©) Horizontal component of the field. declination ‘Angle of dip By Earth's Magnetic field Geographical Meridian Magnetic Meridian Magnetism due to electricity Hans Christian Oersted wasa professor of seience at Copenhagen University. In 1819 he arranged in his home a science demonstration to friends and students. He planned to demonstrate the heating of a wire byan electric current, and also to carry out demonstrations of magnetism, for which he provided a compass needle mounted on a wooden stand While performing his electric demonstration, Oersted noted to his surprise that every time the electric current wasswitched on, the compass needle moved.. He kept quiet and fi butin the months that followed worked hard trying to make sense out of the new phenomenon. And this is what we are going to study now. We have seen that currents (fundamentally moving charges canbe readily demonstrated by placi shed the demonstrations, are the source of magnetism. This compass needles near a wire. As shown in Figure, all compass needles point in the same direction in theabsence of current (in the direction of earth’s magnetic field). However, whena strong current passes through (so that earth’s magnetic field becomes negligible), the needles willbe deflected along the tangential direction of the circular path (Figure). Figure: Deflection of compassneedlesneara current-carrying wirePRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 3 Biot-Savart Law Currents which arise due to the motion of chargesare the source of magnetic fields. When charges move in aconducting wire and produce a current /, the magnetic field atany point Pdue to the current can be rt ) calculated by adding up the magnetic field contributions, gi. from small segments of the wire d& (Figure) Figure : Magnetic field dB at point P due to a current-carrying element |ds ‘These segments can be thought of asa vector quantity havinga magnitude of the length of the segment and pointing inthe direction ofthe current flow. The infinitesimal current source can then be written as as Letr denote as the distance form the current source to the field point P and # the comesponding unit vector. The Biot Savart law givesan expression forthe magnetic field contribution, qi. from the curent source, 1d3, where 1, isa constant called the permeability of free space: Ho = 4 107 Lam/A here Tesla (T) is SI unit of Notice thatthe expression is remarkably similar to the Coulomb’s law for the electric field due toa charge elementdg Adding up these contributions to find the magnetic field at the point P requires integrating over the currentsource, pdix? fag tol ap" ‘The integral is 2 vector integral, which means that the expression for Bis really three integrals, one for each component of § . The vector nature of this integral appears in the cross product, Understanding how to evaluate this cross product and then perform the integral will be the key to leaming how to use the Biot-Savart law.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars ‘ Magnetic Field due to a Finite Straight Wire. A thin, straight wire carrying a current /is placed along the x-axis, as shown in Figure. Evaluate the magnetic field at point Pdueto the segment shown in figure. rt ) Ph ° te Figure 9.1.3.A thin straight wire canying a current / ‘The contribution to the magnetic field due to 13 i _Hel dix? _ ol dxsind 4a 4n r di which shows that the magnetic field at Pwill point inthe , {¢ direction, oroutof the page. Simplify and cary out the integration The variables 0, x and rare not independent of each other. In order to complete the integration, let us rewrite the variables x and rin terms of @, From Figure, we have f |x =acoto = dx = -acosec? ado Jsin@ = acosecd Upon substituting the above expressions, the differential contribution to the magnetic field is obtained as tol (Cacosec? Adé)sind plo = Hol (acosec’ Od0)sind __ uel ing d0 4Be ge (acosecd} dna Integrating overall angles subtended from 0, to 0, (anegative sign is needed for 0, in order to take into consideration the portion of the length extended in the negative x-axis from the origin), we obtain ol al B= e fsinoao = Hel (c080, +086) a The first term involving, accounts for the contribution from the portion along the +x axis, whilethe second term involving @, contains the contribution fromthe portion along the x axis. The two tems add.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 5 Special cases : i) Magnetic field on the perpendicular bisector of a finite straight wire of length 2L In this case where , = 6,=6, the field point Pis located alot he perpendicular bisector. Ifthe of the rod is 22, then cos 0= L/ J and the magnetic fieldis wot = Hol ~ 2aa JU +a 2na B cos Magnetic field due to semiinfinite straight wire Here 0,=90°, 0,=0° or 0,-0°, 0;=90° Hol 4a (ii) Magnetic field due to infinite straight wire Here @ Hol Be ona Direction of magnetic field ofa straight wire Note that inthis limit, the as shown in Figure. stem possesses cylindrical symmetry, and the magnetic field lines are circular, In fact, the direction of the magnetic field due to a long straight wire can be determined by the right-hand rule (Figure). If you direct your right thumb along the direction of the current inthe wire, then the fingers of yourright hand curl in thedirection of the magnetic field, Mlustration : ‘Two long parallel wir 's carry equal current i flowing in the same direction are at a distance 2d apart. The magnetic field B at a point lying on the perpendicularline joining the wires and ata distance x fromthe ‘midpoint is Sol. The magnetic field due Mol 2a(d +x)PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 6 sai 2a(d x) Roth the magnetic fields.act in opposite direction Mlustration : y Tivo semi-infinitely long straight current carrying conductors are in form of an ‘L’ shape as shown in the figure. The common end is at the origin, Whatis the value of magnetic field at a point (a, b), if both the conductors carry the same current I? Sol. For the conductor along the X axis, the magnetic field = pip [208% + 6080] along the negative Z-axis (a,b)]_wlf(arb) , varab™ eabilb’a)} 4x| ab” ab Copied to clipboard.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 7 Mlustration : A current Lis established in a closed loop of an triangle ABC of side ¢. Find the magnetic field at the centroid 'O 4) Sol. From geometry ‘ Or= 38 Magnetic fields due to current in ail three sides are equal in magnitude and directed into the plane of the paper: 9u,t Illustration : Find the magnetic field due to the wire at point P if the wire islong Sol. 8-Bsindi+B8cos6j -B(-sin' sie re if 6 of, Mlustraation : An infinitely large sheet carries current with linear current density. Find the net magnetic field at 4a point which is at perpendicular distance r from the sheet. Sol. It has two components one parallel to the plane of the sheet and other perpendicular to it | Copied to clipboard.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars dB, =-dBcos0 and dB, =-dBsind a, 4) and 8,=é8,= — B= fab, Practice Exercise © Find the magnetic field 8 at the centre ofa rectangular loop of length and width b, carrying a current Q2 Along bisector of this angle situated at a distance x from the vertex. ‘carrying a current i isbent to forma plane angle «.. Find the magnetic field Bat apoint onthe Q3 A pair ofstationary and infinitely long bent wires are placed in the x-y plane as shown in figure. The wires carry currents of 10 ampere each as shown. ‘The segments Land M are along the x-axis. The segments P and Q are parallel to the y-axis such that OS= OR =0.02m., Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic induction atthe origin O. Q4 — Twolong straight parallel wires are 2 m apart, perpendicular to the plane ofthe paper. The wire A carries a current of 9.6 ampere, directed into the plane of the paper. The wire B carries a current such that the ‘magnetic field of induction at the point Pata distance (10/11) m from the wire B is zero. Find (a) the magnitude and direction of the current in B, (b) the magnitude of the magnetic field of induction atthe point,PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 9 QS Twolarge metal sheets carry surface currentsas shown in figure . The current through astrip of width d is Kdl where K is a constant. Find the magnetic field at the points P, Q and R. Ql 2a Q2 Q.3 Bis 104T and out ofthe page Q4 (@)-3Aand opposite to that inA(b) 1.3 <10°T QS O, 4, K towards right inthe figure, 0 Magretic Field due to a current carrying Arc at its centre dl = acd ap — be Hadd)sin0? _ wl gg ana Ara r B- fan Hol Fag 4ra Hl 4nR B) Mlustration : An infinitely long current-carrying wire is bent into a hairpin-like shape shown in Figure. Find the ‘magnetic field at the point P which lies at the center of the halfe-circle. Sol, The total magnitude of the magnetic field is 5-8, +B, +B, -23,+ Mol Hal (2 my 4r 0 dntPRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 10 Mustration : Find the magnetic induction at the point O if the wire carrying a current I A has the shape shown in Fig. The radius of the curved part of the wire is R , the linear parts of the wire are very long. P| ) 4) tl Hd (3) 4H aan! Sarr 2 (4)+ fhe Sol. Mlustration : A battery is connected between two points A and Bon the circumference of a uniform conducting ring ofadius rand resistance R. One of the arcs AB of the ring subtends an angle 0 at the centre, Magnetic field due to current at the center of ring is Sol. Fora current flowing into a circular arc, magnetic induction in the centre tal paver gol p2d8 _ fh) ani aet Laer) The total current is divided into two ares 1 \ BE E E__2nk ° © (Rian), (RI2nTVe6) RO Simitarty 10 =~ constant 7 L ~ (R/2n0)l; E __ OnE (R/2nryr2Qn—H)} RQn-6)PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 4 Practice Exercise Ql Q3 Q4 Q6 The wire loop PQRSP formed by joiningtwo semi-circular wires of radii R, and R carries a current as, P| ) shown in figure. What is the magnetic induction at the centre © and magnetic moment of the loop in cases (a) and (by? (a) (b) Accurrent I flows alonga thin wire shaped as shown in Fig. Theradius of a curved part of the wire is equal toR,,theangle29 . Find the magneticinduetion of the field atthe pointO. Find the magnetic induction of the field at the point O of loop with current I, whose shape is illustrated Find the magnetic induction of the field at the point O if a current-carrying wire has the shape shown in Fig. . The radius ofthe curved part of the wire is R, the linear parts are assumed to be very long. Ce 6 Two circular coils of radii 5°0.cmand 10.cm carry equal currents of 2A. The coils have $0 and 100 tums respectively and are placed in sucha way that their planes ‘magnitude of the ‘magnetic field B at the common centre of the coils ifthe currentsin the coils are (a) in the same sense (b) in the opposite s well as the centres coincide, Find the nse, If the outer coil of the previous problem is rotated through 90° about a diameter, what would be the ‘magnitude of the magnetic field B atthe centre?PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 12 Q7— Anon-conducting thin ring of radius R and charge q rotates about its axis with an angular velocit the magnetic induction at the centre of the ring. Q.8 circular disk of radius R with uniform charge density o rotates with an angular speed w, Find the magnetic field at the center of the disk . ‘Answers Bato gl 14 ot B=0,q) 41 4 . tir? —-R2 0 Ql @ ole i] ocinpapcand 2mRS RF] into the page into the page and M=2x1[R3 +R2] into the page pag BallRs +Ry pag 5 5. ol (27-9 , @) Q2 B= (R- 9+ tang) Hgl/2AR Q3 Bak a tI Q4 B= (uy / 42) (1+ 30/2) IR Q.5 (a) 81x 10*T (b) zero Hg 1 Qe 1L8mT ar ptt Q8 B= 5H, 00R Magnetic Field due to a Circular Current Loop at a point on its axis Consider a circular loop of radius a carryinga current i. We have to find the magnetic field at a Point Pon the axis oftthe loop at adistance d from its centre O. In figure Figure shows the geometry for calculating the magnetic fieldata point onthe axisof acircularcurrent loop a distance x from its center. We first consider the current element at the top of the loop. Here, as everywhere around the loop, ig7_ is tangent to the loop and perpendicular to the vector fromthe current clement o the field point P. The magnetic field gi due to this clement isin the direction shown in the figure, perpendicularto ¢ and also perpendicularto jg? The magnitude of i is \d¢sin90PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 413 When we sum around all the currentelements inthe loop, the components of f perpendicular tothe axis of the loop, such as dB, in Figure sum tozero, leaving only the components dB, that are parallel to theaxis, We thus compute only the x component of the field. P| From Figure , we have al wl Rn it) ~ Hol2AR*) 4m B, = JaDsind ~ f sino Har Bar sinofar— a using the facts that rex +R) weget ania? +7) Note: If loop has N close turns then field becomes N times the field due to one turn. Magnetic field lines due to a circular current Magnetic Field due to a Solenoid at a point on its axis A solenoidis a long cylindrical helix, which is obtained by winding closely a large number of turns of ent is passed throughit, a insulated copper wire over an in tube of insulating material, When electric magnetic field is produced around and within the solenois. (NTT ii WWD) DD) dimnt/ax Consider a solenoidof length Lonsisting of N turns of wi re earryinga current I. We choose the axis of the solenoid tobe along the x axis,with the left end.at x= -a and the right end at x =+b as shown in Figure Wewillcalculate the magnetic field at the origin, The figure showsan element ofthe solenoid of14 PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars length dx ata distance x from the origin. [fn = N/L is the number of tums per unit length, there are ndx tums of wire inthis element, witheach tum carrying a current The element is thus equivalent toa single loop carrying a current di=nldx.The magnetic field at a point on the x axis due to a loop at the origin bing wean ghenty Equa ley a 4) (nds dp = ee 2 4x7)? alongthe axis ‘Netmagnetic induction 2920000000009 B AE [cesar cos 5] Ampere's Law : Like Gauss’s law in electrostatics, this law provides us a simple method to find magnetic fields in cases. ofsymmetry Ampere's law gives another method to calculate the magnetic field due toa given current distribution. Statement: The circulation { B-d7 of the resultant magnetic field (ofa closed eireuit oran infinite wire containing steady current) along a closed path (called amperian path) is equal t0 4 timesthe total current crossing thearea bounded by the closed curve provided the electric field inside the loop remains constant, Thus, fB d? = Hpi. = 8h B i In figure , the positive side is going into the plane of the diagramso that i, and i, are positive and i, is negative. Thus, the total current crossing the area is i, + i, ~i, . Any current outside the area is not included in writing the right- hand side of equation . The magnetic field on the left -hand side is the resultant field due toall the currents existing anywhere,PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 18 Ampere's law may be derived fiom the Biot-Savart law and Bio- Ampere's law. Thus, the twoare equivalent in scientific content, However, Ampere’ law is useful under Savart law may be derived fromthe cera symmetrical conditions. Justification of Ampere's law Letus consider a long straight wire carrying a current! in upward direction, Now take a circular path of radius rsymmetric to the wire. Let us now divide a circular path of radius rinto a large number of small length vectors AS = Aso, where } point along the tangential direction with magnitude As (Figure). Figure : Amperian loop Inthe limit AS > 0, we obtain Bds= ol fas= (U2) com =n The result above is obtained by choosing a closed path, or an “Amperian loop” that follows one particular magnetic field line, Let’s considera slightly more complicated Amperian loop, as that shown in Figure Bi Figure: ‘The line integral of the magnetic 1n Amperian loop involving two field lines |d around thecontourabeda is fB.as B.ds + fB.ds-+ {B.ds + fB.ds - 0+ BY4,6) +0+B,[r,2n-6)] where the length ofare de isr,0,and r(2%~8) for are da. The first and the third integrals vanish since themagnetic field is perpendicular to the paths of integration. With B above expression becomes 1gl/2nr, and B, = pol/2nr,, the (1,0) + Ho! Hol 4, Hol + I 2ny, [2x O)] = 570+ 5 Ox 0) =H On Wesee thatthe same result is obtained whether the closed path involves one ortwo magnetic field lines. Asshown above Example, in polar coordinates (r, 9) with current flowing in the +-axis, the magnetic | Copied to clipboard.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 16 fieldis given by B = (jl /2xr)g.Anarbitrary length element inthe polar coordinates can be waitten as 3 =dri+rdo § which implies bol Qn)=n1 fB.as= f closed path closed path (tet) int fac 2 } \2ar closed path Inotherwords, the line integral of { B . ds around any closed Amperian loop is proportional to/,,.the current encircled by the loop. Figure : An Amperian loop of arbitrary shape, ‘The generalization to any closed loop of arbitrary shape (see for example, Figure) that involves many magnetic field lines is known as Ampere’s law: §B. d8=yloge Calculation of magnetic field by using Ampere’s Law : Calculation of magnetic field due to long straight wire. Figure shows along, straight currenti, We have to calculate the magnetic fieldat apoint P which isata distance r from the wire. Figure shows the situation inthe plane perpendicular to the wire and passing through P. The current is perpendicular tothe plane ofthe diagram and is coming out of it. Letus draw a circle passing through the point and with the axis as wire. We put an arrow to show the Copied to clipboard.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars a7 positive sense of the circle. The radius of the circle is r. The magnetic field due to the long, straight currentat any point on the circle is alongthe tangent as shown in the figure, Same is the direction of the length-clement dl there. By symmetry, all points of the circle are equivalent a themagnetic field should be the samet all th hence the magnitude of 4 points. The circulation of magnetic field along the circle 8 di= | Bal = Bfdl= B(2ar) The current crossing the area bounded by the cirele is Ye. Thus, fromAmpere’s law, BQnr) = pol I ol 2ar Magretic field due to a current carrying thin long pipe. Casel: ps R fbed =§B-dl=B {dl = BQnr) Dl = +t => BQar)=tol tl = 8-4 2ar Casell: eR §B-di=fBal = Bf dl = Bar) Yhy=0 => BOnr) = 1(0) => B=0 #4) \PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 18 Magretic field due to current carrying rod having uniform current density. Casel: p> R fB-di=§B- BOnr)= wl Bhd! = BQar) Lgl =o Case pc §B-di =} Bal = Bf dl = Bm) B Magnetic Field Due to non uniform current density Suppose that the current density in a wire of radius a varies with raccording to J=-Kr, where K is a constant and ris the distance from the axis of the wire, We have to find the magnetic field ata point distance r from the axis when (a) ra Chooses circular path centred on the axis of the conductor and apply Ampere’s law (a) To find the current passing through the area enclosed by the path integrate di =JdA = (Kr) (2xrdr) ar = te patejonrar ete ( ) 2 J NePRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 19 Since JB: cd = yg) akr* wk? > Bary a8. 4) (b) Ifr>a, then netcurrent through the Amperian loop is ficP2arér = Ke ukat a Practice Exercise =B8 QL Inside long straight uniform wire of round cross-section there isa long roundcylindrical cavity whose current of axis is parallel to the axis of the wire and displaced ftom the latter bya distance 7A di density j lowsalong the wire. Find the magnetic induction inside the caviy. Consider, in particular, the case 1=0, Answers Ql B=(12)h,C jx 7 ice. field inside the cavity is uniform. Magnetic Field due to long Solenoid : A solenoid isa long coil of wire tightly woundin the helical form. Figure shows the magnetic field lines of| a solenoid camying a steady current , We see that ifthe tums are closely spaced, the resulting magnetic field inside the solenoid becomes fairly uniform, provided that the length of the solenoid is much greater than its diameter. Foran “ideal” solenoid, which is infinitely long with tums tightly packed, the magnetic field inside the solenoid is uniform and parallel to the axis, and vanishes outside the solenoid. Figure : Magnetic field lines ofa solenoid Wecan use Ampere’s law to calculate the magnetic field strength inside an ideal solenoid. The cross- sectional view of an idea! solenoid is shown in Figure. To compute B, we considera rectangular path of length / and width w and traversethe path in acounterelockwise manner. The line integral of j alongthis loop isPRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars Figure : Amperian loop for calculating the magnetic field of an ideal solenoid, In the above, the contributions along sides 2 and 4 are zero because jj is perpendicular to dg . In addition, {= 6 along side | because the magnetic field is non-zero only inside the solenoid, Onthe other hand, the total current enclosed by the Amperian loop is I,.~ nll, where 7 isthe total number of ‘tums per unit length. Applying Ampere’s law yields f Bas = Be=pynél B= gyal Magnetic Field due to Toroid Considera toroid which consists of W tums, as shown in Figure. Find the magnetic field everywhere. Figure : A toroid with Ntums (One can think of a toroid asa solenoid wrapped around with its ends connected. Thus, the magnetic field is completely confined inside the toroid and the field points in the azimuthal direction (clockwise due to the way the current flows, as shown in Figure 9.4.5.) Applying Ampere’s law, we obtain §B.d8 =f Bds = Bp ds = B2nt) = NI or B= where ris the dit ince measured from the center of the toroid. Unlike the magnetic field of a solenoid, the magnetic field inside the toroid isnon-uniform and decreases as| /rPRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 24 Magretic Field thin sheet of infinite dimension carrying a current of uniform linear current density ‘i. +B =] B-cos0 dl+0+0+ | Bdl +00 Bl dl+ Bi dl = Dhow =i fB-di=w>,, => 2BI = yyil patel Practice Exercise Q.1_ Wehavea long eylindrical shell of non-conducting material which carries a surface charge fixedin place (glued down) of C/m2,as shown in Figure. The cylinder is suspended in a manner such that its free to revolveabout its axis, without friction. Initially itis atrest, We come alongand spin it up until the speed of the surface ofthecylinderis vp (a) Whatis thesurface current X on the walls ofthe cylinder, in A/m? (b) What is magnetic field inside the cylinder? () What is the magnetic field outside of the cylinder? Assume that the cylinder is infinitely long.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 22 .2 Sometimes we show an idealised magnetic field which is uniform in a given region and fallsto zero abruptly. One such fields represented in figure . Using Ampere’s law over the path PQRS, show that such a fieldis not possible. B Answers Ql {)OV» Oriented alongaxis right-handed with respect to spin © 0 Magnetic Field of a Moving Point Charge : Suppose we have aninfinitesimal current clement in the form of a cylinder of cross-scetional area A and length ds consisting of n charge carriers per unit volume, all moving ata common velocity ¥ along the axis of the cylinder. Let /be the current inthe element, which we define as the amount of charge passing through any cross-section ofthe cylinder per unit time. From Chapter 6, we see that the current Fan be written as nAq|¥ The total numberof charge carriers inthe current element is simply €N = nds, so that the magnetic field dB due to the dN charge carriers is given by _ Bo GAG] ¥)dSxF _ Hy (WAds)GVxF _ Ho (IN)qV x? ” 4n r 4 ? ~ 4m r ‘here ris the distance between the charge and the field point P at which the field isbeing measured, the unit vector j = #/r points from the source of the field (the charge) fo P. The differential length vector as is defined to be parallel to 7. Incase of a single charge, dN = 1, the above equation becomes gatowxt 4n 7 | Copied to clipboard.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 23 Practice Exercise Q.1 Anelectron carrying a charge e =-1.6 x 10! C moves ina straight line at a speed v= 3 = 10’ mis. What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field caused by the electron at a point P, 10 mm ahead of the electron and 20mm away from its line of motion, as illustrated in figure? Answers: QI 88x 10-4T24 PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars Force on a moving charge in magnetic field : @ Consider a particle of charge q and moving at avelocity ¥. Experimentally we have the following P observations: ‘The magnitude of the magnetic force J, exerted on the charged particle is proportional to both vand The magnitude and direction of f,, dependson ¥ and j. ‘The magnetic force Fy vanishes when ¥ is parallel to § . However, when ¥ makesan angle® with hg , the direction of F,, is perpendicularto the plane formed by and ¥ and j3 and the magnitude of F, is proportional to sin 0. irge of the particle is switched from positive to negative (or vice versa), the force also reverses. Figure: The direction of the magnetic force The above observations can be summarized with the following equation: Fy The above expression can be taken as the worki xB definition of the magnetic field at a point in space. The magnitude of f, is given by | vB sin ® ‘The SI unit of magnetic I tesla=1T=1 s*lan Another commonly used non-SI unit for j is the gauss (G), where 1T=10°G Note that Fis always perpendicular to ¥ and jj , and cannot change the particle's speed v} the kinetic energy). In other words, magnetic force cannot speed up or slow down a charged partiele. Consequently, Magnetic field does no work on charged particle dW = F, dS = q(x B)+ Vdt = q(7« ¥)+ Bat = ‘The direction of ¥ however, can be altered by the magnetic forcePRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 25 Mlustration : Tivo very long, straight, parallel wires carry stead between the wires is d. Ata certain instant of time, a point charge q is at a point equidistant from the two wires, in the plane of the wires.Find magnitude of the force due to the magnetic field acting on the charge currents I and -I respectively. The distance Sol. Since the currents are flowing in the opposite directions, the magnetic field ata point equidistant from the two wires will be zero. Hence, the force acting on the charge at this instant will be zero. Mlustration : Anelectron with mass m, velocity v and rina magnetic field B find the energy acquireed by electron. Sol. Asenergy can neither be created nor destroyed, therefore, its energy will remain constant and will acquire no extra energy. harge e describes halfa revolution in a circle of radius Practice Exercise Q.1 Acircular loop of radius 20 em carries a current of 10A. An election crosses the plane of the loop with aspeed of 2.0 x 106 ms. The direction of motion makes an angle of 30° with the axis of the cixcle and passes through its centre, Find the magnitude of the magnetic force on the electron at the instant it crosses the plane. Q2_— Twoprotons move parallel to each other with an equal velocity v: Find the ratio of forces of magnetic and electrical interaction of the protons. ‘Answers Ql Q2 (wie? Motion of charged particle in uniform magnetic field There are three possible paths in which a charged particle may move in presence of uniform magnetic field whichis uniform inspace. (a) Straightlinepath (b) — Cireularpath (©) Helical path Weshall see them one by one. Copied to clipboard. 4)PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 26 Straight line path When the charged particle projected in the direction of or oppositeto uniform magnetic field , magnetic 4) field exerts no force hence it will travel along straight line with fixed speed. Circular path Ifaparticleof mass m moves ina circle of radius rata constant speed v, what acts on the particle is a radial force of magnitude F = mv*/rthat always points toward the center and is perpendicular to the velocity of te particle. In previous section, we have also shown that the magnetic force f, always points in the direction perpendicular to the velocity + of the charged particle and the magnetic field jj . Since F, can donot work, itcan only change the direction of ¥ but not its magnitude. What would happen if'a charged particle moves through a uniform magnetic field § with its initial velocity y ata right angle to j 2 For simplicity et the chargebe +g and the direction of jj be into the page, It tums out that Fi, will playthe role of a centripetal force and the charged particle will movein acircular path ina counterclockwise direction, as shown in Figure Bi 4 my? vB= ‘ r theradius of the circle is found to be BR fe ' Ine 2n mv _ 2am The period 7 (ime required for one completerevoluton)is T= “= “Sp = “og B Similarly, the angular speed of the particle can beobtained as @= 2nf= ~ room Copied to clipboard.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 27 Mlustration : A uniform magnetic field of 30 mT exists in the +X direction. A particle of charge +e and mass 1.6710” Ag is projected into the field along the + Y direction with a speed of 4,8x10° m/s rt ) (a) Find the force on the charged particle in magnitude and direction (b) Find the force if the particle were negatively charged. (©) Deseribe the nature of path followed by the particle in the both the case Sol. (a) Force acting on a charge particle moving in the magnetic field F=q(vxB) Magnetic field B =30(mT)} Velocity of the charge particle j= 4,8%10° (mis) j B 6x10" [(4.8%10%}) «(3010 30.4 10*(—k)N (b) If the particle were negatively charged, the magnitude of the force will he the same but the direction will be along (+2) direction, (0) Ad vB, the path described is a circle aB 1.67 x1077)(4,8 10°) /(1.6%10""),(30%107) = 167 m. Mlustration : A positively charged particle of charge q and mass m first accelerated by a voltage v then injected into uniform magnetic field. Find radius of the circle traced by it. Sol. Kinetic energy of the particle is K=Qv linear momentum of the particle will be po my mk ~ y2mqv Mlustration : A positively particle having chrage q and mass m moving with velocity Vy i enters a region in which uniform magnetice field B=—Bgk exist. The magnetic field region extends upto x = 0 to x = d (figrue). Find the we time spent by the particle in magentic field if a L.Smv my oa 4B OB wo eed In second case also find the side ways deflection. Copied to clipboard.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 28 Sol. Since the velocity of the particle is perpendicular to the magnetic field hence motion inside ‘magenetic field will be circle or part of circle 1.Smy wo Since d= “B =>d>r x = particle has surfficient space to tum back. ~}. = particle will complete half circle (figure) hx Tam Te x time spent = > = op 3. my (i) sinced= 565 ad< This means particle will not get surficient space between the boundries to turn back. Hence particle will come out of the boundry From figure d (figure) mv d_%B _1 sing=" = => 4B 0-% > 6 distance travelled = r6 amv distance 6qB _ = time spent = =v. speed vy 6gB nv(,_s3) side way's deflection = PQ= r (I~ cos 8) = gy { 2 From geometry o=2+26 distance travelled = r § = 7, (+ 28) B lime = distance travelled _ m (+20) speed «B Mlustration : H+, He* and O** all having the same kinetic energy pass through a region in which there is a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to their velocity. The masses of H’, He’ and O™ are I amu, 4 amu and 16 amu respectively. Comment on their amount of deflectionPRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 29 my? Sol. Bav= = Bar=mv=momentum=V2mE Where E = Kinetic Energy v2mE Bq if rand r, and r, are the radius of circular track of H”, He” and 0 V2mE _(2(4meE _ /2(6m)E Bq B(2q) Hence O* will bedeflected most whereas He’ and O° will be deflected equally Mlustration : Tivo particles X and Y having equal charges, after being accelerated through the same potential difjerence, enter a region of uniform magnetic field and desribe circular paths of radii Rand R, respectivley. Find the ratio of the mass of X to that of Y Sol. Let the masses be m, and m, respectively of X and ¥. IfE is energy gained by charged particle in electric field. mv Bqv=™ > Rg =\2mE rPRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 30 Practice Exercise QI. Paricle with charge qandmass m, and particle B with charge 2y and:mass my, are accelerated from ) restby apotential difference AV, and subsequently deflected by a uniform magnetic field into semicircular paths, The radiiof the trajectories by particle A and B are R and 2R, respectively. The direction ofthe magnetic field is perpendicular to the velocity of the particle. What is their mass ratio? Q.2. Suppose the entire.x-y plane to the right ofthe origin Ois filled with a uniform magnetic field jj pointing out of the page, as shown in Figure. ‘Two charged particles travel along the x axis in the positive x direction, each with speed v, and enterthe ‘magnetic field at the origin O. The two particles have the same charge q, but have different masses, m, andm,. When in the magnetic field, their trajectories both curve in the same direction, but describe semi- circles with different radii. The radius of the semi-circle traced out by particle s exactly twice as big as the radius of the semi-circle traced out by particle 1 (a) Isthe charge q of these particles such that q> 0, or is q<0? (db) Whatistheratiom,/m,? Q.3 Aparticle of mass mand positive charge g. moving with a uniform velocity x: enters a magnetic field Bas shown in figure (a) Find the radius of the circular are it describes inthe magnetic field, (b) Find the angle subtended by the arc at the centre, (c) How long does the particle stay inside the magnetic field? (d) Solve the three parts of the above problem ifthe charge q on the particle is negative.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 34 Q4 A patideot chargeismovingwith velocity 7. Irthen enters midway betweentwo long plates (> <0 ) where there exists a uniform magnetic field pointing into the page, as shown in Figure. Assume the space to be electric field and gravity | —— o-. xt | (a) __Isthe trajectory of the particle deflected upward or downward? (6) Compute the distance between the left end of the plate and where the particle strikes Q.5 A proton accelerated bya potential difference V = 500 KV flies through a uniform transverse magnetic field with inductionB =0.51 T. The field occupies a region of space d= 10 cmin thickness (Fig.). Find theanglea through which the proton deviates from the initial direction of its motion. eB - __ FE a. d. Answers mood > > Ql on ts Q2_(a)—ve (b)2:1 my m my m 3 my - 7B (e-20) SY e+ 20, (1+ 20) 23 @ op (b)r-20 (©) pe" ) Op B ) (a) downward (b) dPRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 32 Helical Path: In this situation velocity of the particle can be resolved into two components. (1) v,) —>projection of velocity parallel to the magnetic fa 4) (2) vy, — projection of velocity perpendicular to the magnetic fu. Due to v, motion ofthe charged particle will be uniform circular in the plane perpendicular to the fd. whereas | remain unaffected as itis perpendicular to magnetic force, As awhole its motion is helical with constantpitch. radius of the helix will be my re qB pitch ofthe helix will be my Pe Mlustration : the origin with speed v A charged particle P let v,, at some inclination with the x-axis. There is uniform magnetic field B along the x-axis. P strikes a fixed target Ton the x-axis for a ‘minimum value of B = B,, Find the condition so that P will also strike if'you can change magnetic field and speed Sok Let d = distance of the tanget T from the point of projection. P will strike T if d an integral multiple of the pitch. Pitch Here Nis anatural number. Practice Exercise Q.1_ Anelectronaccelerated by a potential difference V = 1.0kV moves in a uniform magnetic field at an angle o:= 30° to the vector Bwhose modulusis B=29 mT. Find the pitch of the helical trajectory ofthe electron.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 33 Q2_— Cana charged particle be speed up through a uniform magnetic field? Q.3._Ifno work can be done on a charged particle by the magnetic field, how can the motion of the particle be influenced by the presence of afield? rt ) Answers Ql Al Q.3 Bychangingiits direction of motion Lorentz Force: Inthe presence of both electric field j and magnetic field j, the total force on a charged particleis, F=q(E+%xB) This is known as the Lorentz force Velocity Selector: By combining the two fields, particles which move with acertain velocity can be selected. This was the principle used by J.J. Thomson to measure the charge-to-mass ratio ofthe electrons. In Figure the schematic diagram of Thomson's apparatus is depicted. Figure : Thomson's apparatus The electrons with charge q =~e and mass m are emitted from the cathode C and then accelerated towardslit A. Let the potential difference between Aand C be V , ~ V,.=AV. The change in potential energy is equal to the external work done in ac ‘gt 7GAV= CAV. BY ined is AK ~-AU ~ my?/2. Thus, the speed of the electrons, rating the electrons: AU ‘energy conservation, the kineticenergy is givenby _ [2eAV “Vom Ifthe electrons further pass through a region where there exists a downward uniform electtic field, the electrons, being negatively charged, will be deflected upward, However, ifin addition to theelectric field, a magnetic field directed into the page is also applied, then the electrons will experience an additional downward magnetic force — ef. When the two forces exactly cancel, theelectrons will moveinaPRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 34 straight path, From Eq., we see that when the condition for the cancellation of the two forces is given by cE = evB, which implies Inotherwords, only those particles with speed v = £/B will be able to move in astraight line. Combining | ) e ER m 2(AV)B* the two equations, we obtain By measuring £, AV and B, the charge-to-mass ratio can be readily determined, The most precise measurement to date is e/m= 1,758820174(71) 10"! Cikg, Mass Spectrometer: Various methods can be used to measure the mass ofan atom. One possibility is through the use of a ‘mass spectrometer. The basic feature of a Bainbridge mass spectrometer is illustrated in Figure. A particle carrying a charge + is first sent through a velocity selector. Figure : A Bainbridge mass spectrometer ‘The applied electric and magnetic fields satisfy the relation £ = vBso that the trajectory of the particle is a straight line. Uponenteringa region where a second magnetic field B, pointing into the page has been applied, the particle will move in a circular path with radius r and eventually strike the photographic mv plate. Using Eq, wehave ara _ qBot _ B,Br Since v= FIB, the mass of the particle can be written as me ee Hall's Effec’ In 1879, Edwin H. Hall, then a 24-year-old graduate student at the Johns Hopkins University, showed thatthey can drift electrons in copper wirein presence of magnetic field. This Hell effect allows us to find " if charge carriers in a conductor are positively or negatively charged. the number of charge carriers per unit volume of the conductor. Consider a su of current carrying wire kept in external magnetic field. Let the wire has width d, Cross- sectional area A, and charge carviers perunit volume as n. Figure (a) shows a copper strip of width d, carrying a current i whose conventional direction is fromthe top of the figureto the bottom. The charge carriers are electrons and, as we know, they drift (with drift speed vd) in the opposite direction, from bottom to top. At the instant shown in figure, an externalPRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 35 ‘magnetic field B, pointing into the plane of the figure, has just been tured on, We see thata magnetic force will act on each drifting electron, pushing it towards therright edge of the strip. | | { (a) (i) Astime goes on, electrons move to the right, mostly piling up on the right edge of the strip, leaving ‘uncompensated positive chargesin fixed positions atthe left edge. The separation of positive charges on the left edge and negative charges on the right edge produces an electric field E within the strip, pointing from left toright in Fig. b. This field exerts anelectric force FE on each electron, tending to pushit tothe lef. Thus, this electric force on the electrons, which opposes the magnetic force on them, begins to build up. Equilibrium quickly develops in which the electric force on each electron has increased enough to match the magnetic force. When this happens, as Fig. b shows, the force due to B and the force due to Eare in balance. The drifting electrons then move along the strip toward the top of the page at velocity vd with 1no further collection of electrons on the rightedge of the strip and thusno further increase in the electric field E. () (2) ne ned A Hall potential difference V is associated with the electric field across stip width d V=Ed (3)PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 36 From (1), (2) and (3) E Voi B Bd neA _ idB iv ne PAV ®ve Dev = Ba By connecting a voltmeter across the width, we ce between the two edges of thestrip. Moreover, the voltmeter can tell us which edge is at higher potential, For the situation -an measure the potential diffe of Fig. b, we would find that the left edge is at higher potential, which is consistent with ourassumption thatthe charge carriers are n arged. Itisalso possible to use the Hall effect to measure directly the drift speed vdof the charge carriers, which youmay recall is ofthe order of centimeters per hout. In this cleverexperiment, the metal stip is moved mechanically through the magnetic field in « direction opposite that of the drift velocity of the charge carriers. The speed of the moving strip is then adjusted until the Hall potential difference vanishes. At this condition, with no Hall effect, the velocity of the charge carriers with respect to the laboratory frame mustbe the velocity of the negative charge carriers. Fora moment, let us make the opposite assumption, that the charge carriers in current i are positively charged (Fig. c). Convince yourself that as these charge carriers move from top to bottom in the strip, they are pushed to the right edge by F;, and thus that the right edge is at higher potential. Because that last statement is contradicted by our voltmeter reading, the charge carriers must be negatively charged. .80 the velocity of the strip must be equal in magnitude but opposite the direction of Mlustration : "e where there A non-relativistic proton beam passes without deviation through the region of spai are uniform transverse mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields with E ~ 120 K¥/m and B ~ 50mT. Then the beam strikes a grounded target. Find the force with which the beam acts on the target if the heam current is equal io T= 0.80 mA dp _ dm _,dmdg_Em, dt dt dg dt Bq Illustration : Sol: = 20 uN A particle of mass m and charge q is released from the origin ina region occupied by electric field E-and magnetic field B. Ba-Bj, B= Bi Find the speed of the particle. Sol. Since the magnetic field does not perpjorm any work, therfore, whatever has been gain in kinetic energy it is only becuase of the work done hy electric field. Applying work-energy theorem, 4)PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 37 Mlustration : Sol. A particle of charge +q and mass m moving under the influence ofa uniform electric field Ei and P a uniform magnetic field Bk follows a trajectory from P to Q as shown in figure. The velocities at Pand Oare vi and -2vi.Find (a) E (bjrate of work done by the electric field at P (©) rate of work done by each the fields at Increase in Kinetic energy of particle 1 1 3 = mQvy' — mv" => mv Work done by the uniform electric field, E, in going from P to Q = (qE) * 2a = 2gEa Hence, 2qEa or E= Rate of work done by the electric field at P,,P=Fv=qE.v =oBivi =gEv Qis P,,Q=qEi( At Q, rate of work done by both the fields is zero. Copied to clipboard.38 PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars Mlustration : Sol. A particle of mass 1x10*kg_ and charge 1,6x10'°C traveling with a velocity 12810" ms" in 4) the +x direction enters a region in which a uniform electric field E and uniform magnetic field of induction B are present such that E,=E,=0,E,=-1024kVm" and B,=B, B, =810° Wbm”, The particle enters this region at the origin at time t~0. Determine the location (x, y and z coorediantes) of the particle at ¢=5x10-s. If the electric field is switched off at this instant (with the magnetic field still present), what will be the position of the particle at ASx10%s? Let i,} and {be unit vector along the positive directions of x, y and z axes. Q ~ charge on the particle =1,6x10"C = velocity of the charged particle = (1.2810 ii - electric field intensity: 102.4 x10" Vm k B = magnetic induction of the magnetic field B = (8x10 Whm)j = electric force on the charge a =[1.6%10°"(—102.4 10° )NJk = 163.84% 10" N(-K) #, = magnetic force on the charge = qixB = [1.6% 10 "(1.28 10°)(8% 1 = (163.8410 NY) The two forces F, and F., are along z-axis and equal, opposite and collinear: The net force on the charge is zero and hence the particle does not get deflected and continues to travel along x-axis. (@)At time 1 =5x10"s 5 x10-°)(1,28 10") = 6.4m. Coordinates of the particle = (6.4 m, 0, 0) (b) When the electric field is switched off. the particle is in he uniform magnetic field perpendicu- Jar to its velocity only and has a uniform circular zplane (i.e, the plane of velocity rotion in the. and magnetic force), anticlockwise as seen along +y axis, Copied to clipboard.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 39 Now, “—=qvb where r is the radius of the circle. r QB (16x10 8x10") The length of the arc traced by the particle in ((745~5) 10's] = (W(t) = (1.28x10°V(2.45%10°) 1 m == circumference 5 cireumferen = 3.136m The particle has the coordinates (6.4, 0, 2m) as (xy, 2). Practice Exercise QA proton goes un-deflected in a crossed electric and magnetic field (the fields are perpendicularto each other) ata speed of 2.0.x 10° nvs. The velocity is perpendicular to both the fields, When the electric field is switched off, the proton moves along acircle of radius 4.0 em. Find the magnitudes of the electric and the magnetic fields. Take the mass of the proton 1.6 x 1027 kg. Answers Qi 1.0% 10 NIC, 0.0T Magretic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire : ‘We have just seen that a charged particle moving through a magnetic field experiences a magnetic force E, Since electric current consists of acollection of charged particles in motion, when placed in a magnetic field, a current-carrying wire will alo experience a magnetic force. Consider a long straight wire suspended in the region between the two magnetic poles. The magnetic field points outthe page and is represented with dots (+), Itcan be readily demonstrated that when a downward current passes through, the wire isdeflected tothe let. However, when the current is upward, thedeflection isrightward, as shown in Figure. ~ ‘f \PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 40 To calculate the force exerted on the wire, consider a segment of wire of length and cross-sectional area A, as shown in Figure. The magnetic field points into the page, and is represented with crosses (X). 4) b et og The charges move at an average drift velocity ¥, . Since the total amount of charge in this segment is Que = ANAC), Where 1 is the number of charges per unit volume, the total magnetic foree on the segment Fy = Qi: Vax B= qnAs(vy x B)= 17 xB) where [=ngv,A, and 7 is alength vector with amagnitude f and directed along the direction ofthe electric current. Special Case-1: Wire of arbitrary shape placed in: iform magnetic field Fora wire of arbitrary shape, the magnetic force can be obtained by summing overthe forces acting on the small segments that make up the wire. Let the differential segment be denoted as ¢ (Figure). ‘The magnetic force acting on the segment is: dy = 1d3 xB fas Thus, the total forceis : fs Where a and b represent the endpoints of the wire Asan example, consider a curved wire carrying a current Fin a uniform magnetic field 3 , as shown in Figure. Using the magnetic force on the wireis givenby | Copied to clipboard.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars a4 (ey By a1 fas) 8 =the a 4) Zis the length vector directed from a to b. However, ifthe wire forms a closed loop of arbitrary wher shape (Figure), then the foree on the loop becomes =i(fas)eB Special Case-2: Magnetic Force on a closed loop in uniform magnetic field i aN Figure : A closed loop carrying a current/in a uniform magnetic field. Since the set of differential length elements ¢g forma closed polygon, and their vector sum is zero, i. fas =0. The net magnetic force on a closed loop is Fy Mlustration : A conducting bar of length is placed on a frictionless inclined plane which is tilted at an angle @ from the horizontal, as shown in Figure. A uniform magnetic field is applied in the vertical direction. To prevent the bar from sliding down, a voltage source is connected to the ends of the bar with current flowing through. Determine the ‘magnitude and the direction of the current such that the bar will remain stationary Sol For equilibrium iB 1eBeoso sin 8 mgsin' mg 1-mesind Bcos0 8 Side viewPRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 42 Mlustration : Acurrent (I) Find the ter srying circular wire ofradius R is placed ina magnetic field B perpendicularto its plane. nT alongthe circumference ofthe wire P| ) Sol, Forsmall elemental portion 27 sindd =2R d0IB 27d =2R1Bd0 T=IRB Mlustration : A long horizontal wire AB, which is free to move in a vertical plane and carries a steady current 0f 20 A, is in equilibrium at a height of 0.01 m over another parallel long wire CD which is fixed ina horizontal plane and carries a steady current of 304, as shown in figure. Show that when AB is slightly depressed, it executes simple harmonic motion. Find the period of oscillation Sol. Letm be the mass per unit length of wire AB. Ata height x about the wire CD, magnetic force per unit length on wire AB will be given by Hoiis F, (upwards) @ 2Rx Fy 1-208 Wt. per unit of wire AB is Fe F, = mg(downwards) eo n Atx = d, wire is in equilibrium o> 2 Ho ist ie, Fy ok ooh ame ds Qu into the page e me 8 /4l¢Ba. 5 ry = 2ar O85 Sm Q4 F,=(Bsin@IQzr) Force Between Two Parallel Wires : Wehave already seen that a current-carrying wire produces a i magnetic field. In addition, when placedin amagnetic field, a > wire carrying a current will experience a net force. Thus, we . = expect two current-carrying wires to exert force on each other . > ‘Consider two parallel wires separated by a distance a and > ng currents J, and /,7in the +x-direction, as shown in Themagnetic force, F,, ,exertedon wire | by wire 2 may be computedas follows: Using the result fromPRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 45 theprevious example, the magn field lines due to /,2going in the +x-direction are circles concentric with wire 2, with the field 3, pointing inthe tangential direction. Thus, atan arbitrary point Pon wire 1, 4) wehave B, =-(j4p1, /2na)}, which points in the direction perpendicular to wire 1, as depicted in Figure, Therefore, FB, > R, wemay drop the R’term in the denominator. Thus af He WIA) B=2| + (4 le) Where A=nR® area of the loop ‘The expression is very similar to an expression obtained earlier for the electric field ofa dipole. The similarity may be seen if we we can define the magnetic dipole moment ji as ror | Copied to clipboard.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 47 The direction of ji is the same as the area vector & (perpendicular to the plane of the loop) and is determined by the right-hand rule (Figure). The SLunit for the magnetic dipole moment is ampere-meter (Am). Mlustration : Find the magnetic moment of an electron orbiting in a circular orbit of radius r with a speed v Sol. Magnetic moment =i 1 =current; Since the orbiting electron behaves as current loop of current i e_e weeanwrite i=£= 58-5 v A= area of the loop =r . ho) wv )\oo = 0 eaety = Ob) Practice Exercise Qu. Find the magnetic moment of a thin round loop with current if the radius of the loop is equal to R= 100 mm and the magnetic induction at its centre is equal to B= 6.0 iT. Q.2._ A thin insulated wire forms a plane spiral of N = 100 tight tums carrying a current =8 mA. The radii of inside and outside turns (Fig,) are equal to a= 50 mm and b= 100 mm. Find the magnetic moment of the spiral with a given current, 4)PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 48 2 We want to estimate the magnetic dipole momentassociated with the motion of an electronas it orbits a proton. We use a “semi-classical” model to do this. Assume that the electron has speed vand orbits a proton (assumed to be very massive) located at the origin. The electron is moving ina right-handed sense with respect to the z-axis ina circle of radius r= 0.53 A, as shown in Figure. Note that 1 4) A=101m. . ga A =x (a) The inward force m,\#/t required to make the electron move in this citeleis provided by the Coulomb aura mass ofthe electron), Using this fact, and the find the speed of the electron in oursemi-classical” ive force between the electron and proton (m, is th value of r we give above, (b) Given this speed, what isthe orbital period 7 of the electron? (©) What current is associated with this motion? Think of the electron as stretched out uniformly around the circumference of the circle, Ina time 7, the total amount of charge q that passesan observerat a point on the circle isjuste (@)_ Whatisthe magnetic dipole moment associated with this orbital motion? Give the magnitude and direction ‘The magnitude of this dipole moment is one Bohr magneton tty Q4 — Anon-condueting thin disc of radius R charged uniformly over one side with surface density o rotates about its axis with an angular velocity c, Find: (b) the magnetic moment of the dise. Answers QI p,,=2aR3B/y,=30 mA -m? Q.2 p= 1/3 mIN (a? + ab + b*) Q3_ (a) 2.18 x 10° mis ; (b) 1.52 x 10s (c) 1.05mA. Big! ; (d) 9.27 « 104 along the Q4 y= 1/4 zooR* Torque on a Current Loop : What happens when we place a rectangular loop carrying a current / in the xy plane and switch on a uniform magnetic field jj = pj which runs parallel to the pla 1¢ ofthe loop, as shown in Figure (a)? Figure : (a) Arectangular current loop placed in a uniform magnetic field. (b) The magnetic forces acting on sides 2 and 4.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars a9 From Eq., we see the magnetic forces acting on sides | and 3 vanish because the length vectors 7, =—bi and 7 | are parallel and anti-parallel to § and their cross products vanish. On the other hand, the (i) magnetic forces acting on segments 2 and 4 are no {F (aj) x(Bi) = laBk la = Taj) x (Bi) =-TaBk vanishing with F, pointing out of the page and F, intothe page. Thus, the net forceon the rectangular loop is as expected. Even though the net force on the loop vanishes, the forces E, and F, will producea torque which causes the loop to rotate about the y-axis (Figure), The torque with respect to the center of the loop is ; ( vise (> 23) (33) i} wn) (labB labB) . * = (SES) j= toon 1an} where A~ab represents the area of the loop and the positive sign indicates thatthe rotation is clockwise about the y-axis. It is convenient to introduce the area vector A — jj Where { is a unit vector inthe direction normal to the plane of the loop. The direction of the positive sense of 4 is set by the conventional right-hand rule. In our case, we have f — ,.. The above expression for torque can then berewritten as. t=IAxB Notice thatthe magnitude ofthetorque sata maximum when js paral tthe plane ofthe loop (or perpendicular to), ‘Consider now the more general situation where the loop (or the area vector 4 ) makes an angle @ with respectto the magnetic field F Figure : Rotation ofa rectangular current loopPRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 50 From Figure, the lever armsand can be expressed as % = (-sindi +c0s 6% }=-¥, 4) Fehxt 1-287 = 2.P (-sindi reosoK)s aD jlabB sin 0}=1AxB Fora loop consisting of V turns, the magnitude of the toque is NIAB sin 0 ‘The quantity NIA is called the magnetic dipole moment ji fi=NIA Using the expression for ji, the torque exerted on a current-carrying loop can be rewritten as t=fixB ‘The above equation is analogous to 7 = jix i in Eq., the torque exerted onan electric dipole moment 5 in the presence of an electric field j Configuratoin energy of current loop in uniform magnetic field. Recalling that the potential energy foran electric dipoleis U =~ + & [see Eq.],¢ similar forms expected for the magnetic case. The work done byan extemal agent to rotate the magnetic dipole from an angle 0 to Gis given by 0 Woy = J @Bsino)d0" = 1B(cos ®, — cos) =AU=U-U, Once again, W.,, =—W, where W isthe work done by the magnetic field, Choosing Uy =0 at = 1 2., the dipole in the presence ofan external field then has a potential energy os U=-uB cos 0= ‘The configuration isat a stable equilibrium when ji isaligned parallel to making U a minimum with Uyyq=-HB. On the other hand, when ji and jj are anti-parallel, U,,,,=+HB isa maximumand the system is unstable.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars $1 Mlustration : A unif field fis directed le of 45 < 4 A uniform, constant magnetic field jj is directed at an angle of 45° to A7\A\7 the x-axis in the xy-plane. PORS is a rigid, square wire frame car x 7 rying a steady current 1,, with its centre at the origin O. At time ¢ zileriyp =0, the frame is at rest in the position shown in the figure, with its F Fe sides parallel to the.x and y axes. Each side of the frame is of mass M and length L (a) — What is the torque ¢ about O acting on the frame due 10 the magnetic field? (6) Find the angle by which the frame rotates under the action of this torque in a short inter- val of time At , and the axis about which this rotation occurs. (At is so short that any variation in the torque during this interval may be neglected). Given moment of any variation in the torque during this interval may be neglected). Given moment of inertia of the frame about an axis through its centre perpendicular to its plate is (4/3) 2 (a) As magnetic field is in x-y plane and subtends an angle of 45° with x-axis sin45=B/V2 So in vector form And B, B=i(B/V2)+ (B/V2) and M=1,Sk=1,L% (Bs Bs vin Fis Fi] Be ie xis i.e,, torque has magnitude \,L2 B and is directed along line QS from Q 10 S. (b) As by theorem of perpendicular axis, moment of inertia of the frame about QS, 1, 1/4...) =MP |= 3d t_1UBx3_31,B 1 2M 2M As here a. is constant, equations of circular motion are valid and hence from 0 =o,PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 82 Practice Exercise QL Acurrent loop consists of a semicircle of radius R and two straight segments of length ( with anangle 0 between them. The loop is then placed in a uniform magnetic field pointing to the right, as shown in Figure. Ki (a) Find thenet force onthe current loop. (b) Find the net torque on the current loop. Q.2_ Figure shows a wooden cylinder with a mass m and al Lwith N turns of wire wrapped around it longitudinally, so that the plane of the wire loop contains the axis ofthe cylinder. What isthe least current through the loop that will prevent the cylinder from rolling down a plane inclined atan angle tothe horizonil, in the presence ofa vertical, uniform magnetic field B, ifthe plane of the windingsis parallel to the inclined plane? Q.3 Acopper wire of density p with cross-sectional area S bento make three sides of a square can tum about horizontal axis OO’ (Fig.). The wire is located in uniform vertical magnetic field, Find the magnetic induction ifon passing acurrent! through the wire the latter deflects by an angle 0 Copied to clipboard.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 53 Answers mg Qu Q2 ver Q3 B=(rgS/1tand 4) Moving coil Galvanometer : ‘The main parts of a moving- 2N, ie., we double the number of turns, then 6 tt 4) rr ‘Thus, the current sensitivity doubles. However, the resistance of the galvanometer is also likely todouble, since itis proportional to the length of the wire. Ineq. N->2N, and R > 2R, thus the voltage sensitivity, 66 vv remainsunchanged. Practice Exercise Q.1 Twomovingcoil meters, M, andM, have the following particulars R, = 102, N, =30 A, =3.6* 103m, B,= 0257 R, = 14, N, = 42 A)= 1.8 103m? B,= 0507 (The spring constants are identical for the two meters) Determine the ratio of (a) current sensitivity and (b) voltage sensitivity of M, and M, Answers QI @14(b)1 Copied to clipboard.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 85 Solved Examples QL Acurrent [lows ina long straight wire with cross-section having the form of athin half-ring of radius R P| (Fig.). Find the induction of the magnetic field atthe point O. Topview dB= boat 2aR dBcose ue B= JcBcos0 - Top view B= pl / eR Q.2._ Inthe figure shown the magnetic field at the point P. Sol. Considerthe figure B, -(B) (8), +(By), +(By)p +(By)p —}) (semi-infinite wire)PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars Q.3._ A thin insulated wire formsa plane spiral of N tight turns carrying a current I, The radii of inside and outside turns (Fig.) are equal toa and b . Find the magnetic induction at the centre of the spiral; Sol B ah ar aa) eefose ll For taNL aba)" 2-3)""aPRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 87 Q4 A disc ofradiusR rotates at an angular velocity « about the axis perpendicular to its surfaceand passing through its centre. If the dischasa uniform surface charge density c., find the magnetic induction on the axis of rotation at a distance x from the centre. P| ) Sol. Consider aring of radius rand width dr. Charge on the ring, dq = 2nr dr)or Current due to ringiis dl = 284 or dt an Magnetic field due to ring at point Pis or i) Putting ;° , x? =? and2r dr=2t dtand integrating (i) we get noo! R pa bo Q5_ Acircular loop of radius R is bent along a diameter and given a shape asshown in figure. One of the ssemi-circles (KNM) lies in the x-z plane and the other one (KLM) in the y-z plane with their centres at origin, Current lis flowing through each of the sen cles as shown in figure A particle of charge q is released at the origin with a velocity ¥ = —v,? Find the instantaneous force Fron the particle, Assuem that spaces gravity free. Sol, Magnetic field at the centre ofa circular wire of radius R cartyinga current Lis given by In this problem, currents are flowing in two semi-circles, KLM in the y-z plane and KNM in thex-z plane, The centres of th a - 1 {tol Baw ~3{ oR se semi-circles coincide with the origin of the Cartesian system of axes.58 PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars Q6 Sol Awl): Bram =5] 5p [(D alae ‘The total magnetic field at the origin is B =H Cis) aR It isgiven that a particle of charge q is released at the origin with a velocity V=- V, i. The instantancous force acting on this particle is given by f=q/VxB] Inthe figure a charged sphere of mass mand charge q starts sliding from rest ona vertical fixed circular track ofradius R from the position shown, There exists a uniform and constant horizontal magnetic field of induction B. The maximum force exerted by the track on the sphere, (vB ,aand directed radially outward, N-mgsino+qvB= = N=T+mgsin-qvB Hence at 9= 2/2 N +mg-qBY2eR -3me— qh eR Na = BE mg —qBV2ER —3me—aB/2ERPRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 59 Q.7 Astraight segment OC (of lengthL meter) of circuit carryinga current 1 amp is placed along the x-axis. Two infinitely long straight wire A and B, each extending ~~ to + are fixed at y=—ametre and y 'the Wires AandB each carry a current amp into the ceingansegnentOc Wha wittetetaewon 4) = +a metrerespectively, as shown in the figure. place of the paper, obtain the expression for the for OC if the current in the wire B is reversed?” (0.8.0) Sol, Magnetic field B, produced at P(x,0, 0) due to wire, B, =yl/2nR, By =141/2eR .Components of el, while those along y-axis add up to give total field, B, and B,, along x-axis. patel _xdx sin90°= n] « & sc ) -@ Nowas force on charged particle in a magnetic fieldsis givenbyQuo Sol. PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 61 a(i«B) F —qvBsin90° along PF 4) alongPF | along PF (b) As dP = tdi xB, so F=[ldlxB Ashere I and jj are constant Faiffat]eb-0 [asfat-0] Furtheras area of coil, ra’ ~+Jasin60°xacos60" |ie=a") = and hence a eft Siew cay A.coil of radius R carries current/, Another concentric coil of radius (r< Magnetic dipole moment of smaller coils ir?PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 62 Initially planes of two coils are mutually perpendicular, therfore @ is 99° or energy of the system is. U = (inr’)B(—cos90°) 4) lier u oR When coils are release, both the coils start to rotate about their common diameter energies are maximum when they become coplanar. Moment of inenia of larger coil about axis of rotationis 4, =i Los and that of smaller coil is J = 5," 1d that of smaller coil 3 Since, two coils rotate due to their mutual interaction only, therefore, if one coil rotates clockwise then the other rotatesanticlockwise. Letangular veloc oflarger and smaller coils be numerically equal to o, and «, respectively when they become coplaner, According to law of conservation of angular momentum, 10, = 10, andaccording to law of conservation of energy, Loyd Frey 2 1.03 =U From above equations, maximum kinetic energy of smaller coil, I eal Myr liMRr? 2(MR + mr?) Q.11 What isthe work done in transferring the wire from position (1) to position (2)? oO Oo Sol. The loop can be considered as the combination of teh number of elementary loops Thene are opposite in direction uurrent in the dotted wit esis (as current in theneighboring loops flowing through the same wire Copied to clipboard.PRIVATE LIMITED Ideal for Scholars 63 consider an elementary loop of width drat adistance r from thewire Ly LY LY LY Ly The ‘dy' magnetic moment of the elemental loop =Ildr ‘The B at that point due to straight wire 1, /2nr 7 Holy dU=—Bady=—"4 1) dr(cos) Me er \ [As dy is anti-parallel to B.] } it rs Bysymmetry, U, 1 => -aU work done -U HLL, b ‘The work done in transferring the wire from position | to 2 ne