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Procedia Structural
Structural IntegrityIntegrity
Procedia5 (2017) 1097–1101
00 (2016) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

2nd International Conference on Structural Integrity, ICSI 2017, 4-7 September 2017, Funchal,
2nd International Conference on Structural Integrity,
Madeira, ICSI 2017, 4-7 September 2017, Funchal,
Portugal
Madeira, Portugal
Mechanical Properties of Wood Construction Materials from a
XVMechanical Properties
Portuguese Conference of Wood
on Fracture, Construction
PCF 2016, 10-12 Materials from a
th February 2016, Paço de Arcos, Portugal
Building
Building fromfrom thethe 1919th Century
Century
Thermo-mechanical modeling of a high pressure turbine blade of an
Patrícia C. Raposoa,*, José A.F.O. Correiaa,b, Dinis Sousacc, Maria E. Salavessacc, Cristina
a, a,b
Patrícia C. Raposo *, José airplane
A.F.O.
Reisb,c gas ,turbine
Correia Dinis
b,d engine
Sousa , Maria
a,bE. Salavessa , Cristina
b,c, Carlos Oliveirab,d, Abílio de Jesusa,b
Reis , Carlos Oliveira , Abílio de Jesus
a
INEGI, Faculty of Engineering, University a of Porto, Rua Dr.bRoberto Frias, 4200-465c Porto, Portugal
a
INEGI,
b Faculty
Faculty
P. Brandão , V. Infante , A.M. Deus *
of Engineering,
of Engineering, University
University of Porto,
of Porto, RuaRuaDr. Dr. Roberto
Roberto Frias,
Frias, 4200-465
4200-465 Porto,
Porto, Portugal
Portugal
c bFaculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
a University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, apartado 1013 Quinta de Prados 5001-801
Department ofcdMechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Vila Real1, 1049-001 Lisboa,
University
PolytechnicofInstitute
Trás-os-Montes
of Vianaedo
Alto Douro,Atlantic
Castelo, apartado 1013 4900-348
Avenue Quinta de Viana
Pradosdo5001-801 Vila Real
Castelo, Portugal
Portugal
b
IDMEC, Department
d
Polytechnic Institute
of Mechanical of Viana do
Engineering, Castelo,
Instituto Atlantic
Superior AvenueUniversidade
Técnico, 4900-348 Viana do Castelo,
de Lisboa, PortugalPais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Av. Rovisco
Portugal
c
CeFEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Abstract Portugal
Abstract
Historic buildings are very important for the cultural identity of the humanity, so it’s important to preserve it. In order to better
Abstract
Historic
understandbuildings are veryofimportant
the behaviour the woods, foristhe cultural to
necessary identity
perform of experimental
the humanity,testsso it’s
to important to preserve properties.
obtain its mechanical it. In order With
to better
the
understand the
mechanical behaviour
properties of the woods,
is possible is necessary
to develop numericalto perform
models that experimental
can predicttests
the to obtain itsofmechanical
behaviour properties.
the structure, With the
if well calibrated
mechanical
andDuring
verified,properties
their
which areis apossible
operation, modern
viable to aircraft
develop
base numerical
engine
for structural models
components
design. The that can
are predict
work the
subjected
present to behaviour
increasingly
presents of the
the tests andstructure,
demanding if well calibrated
results operating
obtained conditions,
from an
and verified,the
especially
experimental which
highare
campaign ina specimens
pressureviable baseof
turbine for
(HPT) structural design.
blades.wood
eucalyptus Such The
conditions
from present
a roof causework
these
structural presents
partsoftoa the
beam 19 thtests
undergo and masonry
results
different
century obtained
types from an
of time-dependent
building, located
experimental
in degradation, campaign
the Felgueiras, in specimens
onePortugal.
of which is creep.
Were of
A eucalyptus
model
performed ofwood
using
tests from
the finite
density andaelement
roof
waterstructural
method beam
content, tensileofwas
(FEM) and
th century masonry building, located
a 19compression
developed, instrengths
order to be able to
parallel topredict
the
in the Felgueiras,
the
fibers. Portugal.
creep behaviour Were blades.
of HPT performed testsdata
Flight of density
recordsand waterfor
(FDR) content, tensileaircraft,
a specific and compression
provided by strengths parallel toaviation
a commercial the
fibers.
company, were used to obtain thermal and mechanical data for three different flight cycles. In order to create the 3D model
© needed
2017 The forAuthors.
the FEM analysis,byaElsevier
Published HPT blade B.V. scrap was scanned, and its chemical composition and material properties were
©
© 2017
2017TheTheAuthors.
obtained. The Published
data
Authors. that wasbygathered
Published Elsevier
by B.V.
was B.V.
Elsevier fed into the FEMofmodel and different simulations were run, first with a simplified 3D
Peer-review
Peer-review under
under responsibility
responsibility of the Scientific Committee ICSI 2017.
rectangular
Peer-review block
under shape, in of
responsibility
the Scientific
order
of to
thebetter
Committee
establish
Scientific
of ICSI
the
Committeemodel,2017and then
of ICSI 2017.with the real 3D mesh obtained from the blade scrap. The
overall expected
Keywords: behaviour
Wood mechanical in termsHistoric
properties; of displacement was observed,
buildings; Wood structures; in particular
Masonry at the trailing edge of the blade. Therefore such a
buildings.
model can
Keywords: Woodbe mechanical
useful in the goal of predicting
properties; turbineWood
Historic buildings; bladestructures;
life, givenMasonry
a set ofbuildings.
FDR data.

© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016.

Keywords: High Pressure Turbine Blade; Creep; Finite Element Method; 3D Model; Simulation.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 225082151; fax: +351 229537352.

* Corresponding
E-mail address:author. Tel.: +351 225082151; fax: +351 229537352.
praposo@inegi.up.pt
E-mail address: praposo@inegi.up.pt
2452-3216 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
2452-3216 © 2017
Peer-review underThe Authors. Published
responsibility of theby Elsevier B.V.
Scientific Committee of ICSI 2017.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of ICSI 2017.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 218419991.

E-mail address: amd@tecnico.ulisboa.pt

2452-3216 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016.
2452-3216  2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of ICSI 2017
10.1016/j.prostr.2017.07.087
1098 Patrícia C. Raposo et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 5 (2017) 1097–1101
2 Patrícia C. Raposo et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

1. Introduction

Construction has a high environmental impact so it’s important to use natural resources and re-use existing ones
[1]. There’s a lack of studies of the properties of antique woods [2] so is necessary to study it’s mechanical properties
in order to develop adequate rehabilitation measures and techniques to ensure the security and reliability of these
structures. Wood is a complex material, due to its heterogeneity and anisotropy (fibers orientation, rings, presence of
nodes, deficiencies, etc.) [3]. The behaviour of old eucalyptus wood was studied through an experimental campaign
is specimens from a structural beam from the roof of a masonry building, made in the 19th century, existing in
Felgueiras, Portugal [4], and representative of the construction of that century. The building is composed by two floors
and the roof, being the ground floor composed by exterior and interior structural masonry walls, the first floor by
exterior masonry structural walls and interior wood partition walls and the second floor limited outwardly by the roof
and with interior wood partition walls. The roofs are made with wood beams and wooden slats with wood of cone or
pine. The experimental campaign includes density and water content tests, parallel to the fibers tensile test and parallel
to the fibers compressive tests.

Nomenclature

ρH density (kg/m3)
mH specimen mass (kg)
VH specimen volume (m3)
H water content (%)
mh specimen humid mass (kg)
ms specimen dry mass (kg)

2. Experimental tests

This chapter presents the experimental campaign carried out to obtain some mechanical characteristics of the wood
of the structural beam from the roof. Was determined the density, water content, tensile and compression strengths
parallel to the fibers.

2.1. Density and water content

2.1.1. Procedure and equipment

Using the Portuguese standard NP-616 (1973) [5] is possible to obtain the density of the wood. The specimens of
this test had dimensions of 20 × 20 × 20 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3 as it is showed in Fig. 1. The density can be obtain using equation (1).
According to the followed standard the water content in this test should be 12% [5]. Were teste 4 specimens.
The water content of the eucalyptus wood was obtained according to Portuguese standard NP-614 (1973) [6] using
the specimens with the same dimensions of the ones used density test (Fig. 1). The water or humidity content, 𝐻𝐻, is
the percentage of the coefficient between the specimen with water weight and the dry specimen weight, after drying
it in a stove at 100 ℃. The water content is obtained using the equation (2). Were also tested 4 specimens.

Fig. 1. Specimen dimensions (images from: [3]).

𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻
𝜌𝜌𝐻𝐻 = (𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾/𝑚𝑚3 ) (1)
𝑉𝑉𝐻𝐻
 Patrícia
Patrícia C. Raposo
C. Raposo et al.et/ Structural
al. / Procedia Structural
Integrity Integrity
Procedia 5 (2017)
00 (2017) 1097–1101
000–000 10993

𝑚𝑚ℎ − 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠
𝐻𝐻 = 100 × (%) (2)
𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠

2.1.2. Results

The values of density, 𝜌𝜌𝐻𝐻 , obtained are presented in Table 1, being the mean value of 732.0 Kg/m3 with an
associated coefficient of variation (COV) of 1 %, showing the results between specimens are similar. The water
content results are presented in Table 2, being the mean value of 9.05 % with a COV of 1.1 %, showing also the
similarity of these results.

Table 1. Density results.

Dimensions (mm) Volume Humid mass × 10−3 Density COV

Specimen
a b c × 10−6 (m3 ) (Kg) (Kg/m3) (%)
1 20.11 20.02 19.98 8.08 5.8223 720.6
2 19.61 20.06 19.54 7.68 5.6313 733.2
1.0
3 19.57 19.87 19.56 7.61 5.6313 740.0
4 19.69 19.63 19.63 7.69 5.6457 734.2
Mean 732.0

Table 2. Water content results.

Specimen Humid mass (g) Dry mass (g) H (%) COV (%)
1 5.8223 5.3396 9.04
2 5.6313 5.1581 9.17
1.1
3 5.6313 5.1630 9.07
4 5.6457 5.1842 8.90
Mean 9.05

2.2. Tensile strength test

2.2.1. Procedure and equipment

The test to obtain the tensile strength parallel to the fibers, was done by applying tensile strength in the specimen
until it reached the rupture, in a direction parallel to the fibers, in prismatic specimens with the dimensions of 5 ×
20 × 200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3 (height x depth x length) as shows Fig. 2. The specimens were reinforced by gluing to the extremities
"wafers" of Cambala wood, as tensile anchors, with 55 mm of length and 2 mm thick, using white glue (Fig. 2). Were
tested six wood specimens, using an INSTRON 1125 equipment (Fig. 3) with a load cell of 100 kN, and subjecting
each specimen to ten load and unload cycles, in a linear regime, with a velocity of 5 mm/min, to remove any buckling
system clearances. In Fig. 4 is presented the aspect of the specimens before and after the test.

Fig. 2. Specimen dimensions (image from: [4]).

Fig. 3. Setup of the test (image from: [4]).

1100 Patrícia C. Raposo et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 5 (2017) 1097–1101
4 Patrícia C. Raposo et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

(a) (b)

Fig. 4. Specimens: (a) before the test; (b) after the test (images from: [4]).

2.2.2. Results

In Fig. 5 are shown the strength versus displacement results from the tensile tests, being possible to conclude that
the eucalyptus wood has a, nearly, linear behaviour between 0.4 MPa and 30 MPa. The rupture of the majority of
specimens occurred with a displacement of, approximately, 5mm with the exception of the specimen 3. Table 3
presents the rupture strength results, with a mean value of 65.5 MPa and an associated COV of 6.5%, showing the
proximity of the results of the specimens.
100
Specimen 1
90 Specimen 2 Table 3. Obtained tensile rupture strength.
80 Specimen 3

70
Specimen 4
Specimen Rupture strength (MPa) Mean COV (%)
Specimen 5
1 65.44
Strength (σ) (MPa)

60
Specimen 6
2 63.13
50
3 57.08
65.5 6.5
40 4 58.30
30 5 61.89
20 6 69.14
10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Displacement (δ) (mm)

Fig. 5. Tensile strength VS displacement curve.

2.3. Compressive strength test

2.3.1. Procedure and equipment

The compression test parallel to the fibers was carried out according to the Portuguese standard NP-618 (1973) [7]
using specimens with 20 × 20 × 60 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3 (height x depth x length) as shows Fig. 6. Were tested 6 specimens. The
tests consisted in the application of compressive load, with a velocity of 5 mm/s, in a direction parallel to the fibers,
until it broke (Fig. 6 (c)). It was used the same equipment referred in 2.2.1. changing only the setup.

(a)
(b) (c)

Fig. 6. (a) Dimensions of the specimens (all dimensions in mm); (b) Specimens before the test; Test setup (images from: [3]).
 Patrícia C. Raposo et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 5 (2017) 1097–1101 1101
Patrícia C. Raposo et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 5

2.3.2. Results

Fig. 7 presents the obtained stress-displacement curves, which show some dispersion of the breaking strength
values of the four specimens. In Table 4 is shown the rupture strength of the specimens that have a mean value
compression strength parallel to the fibers of 59.1 MPa, with an associated COV of 25.2 %, which validates the high
dispersion observed in the graphic results (Fig. 7). Due to control system failure, the results of two specimens were
considered infeasible.

90
Specimen 3
80 Specimen 4 Table 4. Obtained compressive rupture strength.
Specimen 5
70
Specimen 6
60 Specimen Rupture strength (MPa) Mean (MPa) COV (%)
Strength (σ) (MPa)

50
3 82.20
40
4 62.17
30 59.1 25.2
5 45.77
20
6 46.26
10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Displacement (δ) (mm)

Fig. 7. Compressive strength VS displacement curve.

3. Conclusions

In the current work’s experimental campaign, the specimens weren’t all made with the direction perfectly parallel
to the fibers due to deficiencies of the beam. The wood water content influences the behaviour and properties of wood,
due to changes such as retraction or expansion of wood, and consequent distortions and warping, respectively,
inducing the variation of the strength and the elastic modulus, although when the water changes occur above the fibers
saturation point, the properties remain practically unchanged [8]. The wood rupture under tensile strength, in a
direction parallel to the fibers, has a linear behaviour between near 1/10 and 1/3 of the breaking resistance (Fig. 5).
The parallel to the fibers tensile strength (Table 3) is superior to the parallel to the fibers compressive strength (Table
4), for specimens made without defects, thanks to the buckling of the fibers under compression.

Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to Mr. Antero de Sousa for allowing the visit and use of material from the case-
study building, to UTAD for providing the test facilities, to Mr. Armindo, for helping in the preparation of the wood
specimens, and to Mr. Augusto Oliveira for the replacement of the wood beam used in experimental campaign.

References

[1] D. A. L. d. Silva, F. A. R. Lahr, O. B. d. Faria, and E. Chahud, "Influence of wood moisture content on the modulus of elasticity in
compression parallel to the grain," Materials Research, vol. 15, no. 2, 2012.
[2] W. Sonderegger, K. Kránitz, C.-T. Blues, and P. Niemz, "Agging effects on physical and mechanical properties of spruce, fir and oak
wood," Journal of Cultural Heritage, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 883-889, 2015.
[3] T. Nilsson and R. Rowell, "Historical wood - structure and properties," Journal of Cultural Heritage, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. S5-S9, 2012.
[4] D. Sousa, "Reabilitação de uma casa do século XIX, de Felgueiras/Caracterização, diagnóstico das anomalias construtivas e bases para
o projeto de restauro e reabilitação," Escola de Ciências e Tecnologias, UTAD, Vila Real, 2013.
[5] NP-616 Madeiras. Determinação da massa volúmica, 1973.
[6] NP-614 Determinação do teor de água. Madeiras, 1973.
[7] NP-618 Ensaio de compressão axial. Madeiras, 1973.
[8] M. Nocetti, M. Brunetti, and M. Bacher, "Effect of moisture content on the flexural properties and dynamic modulus of elasticity of
dimension chestnut timber," European Journal of Wood and Wood Properties, vol. 73, no. 1, p. 9, 2015.
[9] P. B. Cachim, 2ª, Ed. Construção em madeira. 2014.