1. Derive the relation between the particle momentum p, the magnetic field B and radius of curvature p, (GEV /ec) = 0.3B(T)p(m). For the particle to stay in orbit, the centripetal acceleration must equal the force exerted by the magnetic field, (om p a Since p= ymv, and q =e (usually particles to be accelerated have charge +e) p=eBp. At this point, the units are kgm 5 s So, we need to calculate the conversion from §& to GeV/c: TeV/c? 78-10" ke 1GeV/e =10° - 3. 105m/s- 1.78. 10 kg = 5.34 10-9 SE s and include e = 1.602-10-C giving 1.602 - 10-1 5.34 10-9 BITIob pIGeV/¢ 0.3B(T]p{m}2. Knowing that dE/dx is function of velocity only, show that the ratio of the ranges in a material of charged particles of the same initial velocity equals the ratio of their masses. Flv) 6 dE = f(vjdx While the particle penetrates into the material, its energy decreases from Ey tom in distance 1 ; | sat ey fe) Jo ‘The energy of the particle can be expressed as E(v) = 9(v)m, and so the integration can be switched to be done in terms of the particle velocity v, ™ d(ym) [ ay, 1 ie l modu =m | dv BE, F(e) my Ov Fu) im We are interested in the ratio of ranges of two particles with the same initial velocity and different masses, m, and mg. jy Br by _ mi fe, dors SE b o 1 oy 1 a [8 dog 3. dE/dur is used for particle identification, Using the simplified form of Bethe-Bloch formula, dE 1 eX Rm alculate the ratio of energy loss for p= 5 GeV/c pions and kaons. This is rather straightforward. welts _ Inge arin Bela P P BO Unt +p E_ Perm m m (m2 +p?) n VEE fags wn ERR (md +p?) in EEE whe me and and thus R= Plugging in the mimbers, my = 0.140 GeV /e?, my = 0.490 GeV/c? and p = 5 GeV _ (25.0196) In-FEEPS gg .4 (25.2401) In YGB3IOL 58.7! R4. a) Two particles of masses am, and m2, both with momenta p, travel between two scintillation counters, which are a distance L apart. Show that the difference in their flight times decreases like p~? for large momenta. b) Calculate the minimum flight path necessary to distinguish pions from kaons if they have a momentum of 3 GeV/c and the time-of-flight, can be measured with an accuracy of 200 ps. a) The velocity can be expressed in terms of particle mass and momentum as v=se /pP +e The time it takes a particle to traverse distnace L is and so At=L( - Fa frm — fp" mal) = ey :: “ - ye Since we are looking at large momentum case, p > m, and we can expand y/1 + as a power series, Therefore ee b) Solving from a), (p > m,, mx) 2c Atp? _ 2-3- 108 m/s -200-10-!25.9GeV? mz — mG (0.49? — 0.14%) Gev? ~ hom5 What is the threshold momentum for Cherenkov radiation for pions, kaons and protons in a) PbWOy (1=2.20) b) CsFiz gas (n=1.0018)? The angle @ of Cherenkov radiation is where » is the refractive index of the medium. ‘The limiting case is when the opening angle @ = 0, or cos@ = 1, in which case On the other hand, Incorporating the numbers, 7 |e P mass 0.140 | 0.490 | 0.940 0.071 | 0.250 | 0.480 2332 | 8.163 | 15.660 PbWO; GF