Series

Let a1 , a2 , a3 ..be the sequence, then the

sum expressed a1 + a2 +a3 + ....... is called
series.
A series is called finite series if it has got
finite number of terms
A series is called infinite series if it has
got infinite terms
Series are often represented in compact
form, called sigma notation, using the
Greek letter σ (sigma)
so , a1 + a2 +a3 + .......an can be expressed
as

Example

Types of Sequences

Arithmetic Progression

An arithmetic progression is a sequence of

numbers such that the difference of any
two successive members is a constant
Examples
1.
2.
Important Notes about Arithmetic
Progression
1.The difference between any successive
members is a constant and it is called the
common difference of AP
2. If a1, a2,a3,a4,a5 are the terms in AP then
D=a2 -a1 =a3 - a2 =a4 – a3=a5 –a4
3. We can represent the general form of AP
in the form
a,a+d,a+2d,a+3d,a+4d..
Where a is first term and d is the common
difference
4. Nth term of Arithmetic Progression is
given by nthterm = a + (n - 1)d

5. Sum of nth item in Arithmetic

Progression is given by

Or

Arithmetic Mean
The arithmetic mean A of any two numbers
a and b is given by (a+b)/2 i.e. a, A, b are in
AP
A -a = b- A or
If we want to add n terms between A and B
so that result sequence is in AP
Let A1, A2 , A3 , A4 , A5 .... An be the terms
added between a and b
Then
b= a+ [(n+2) -1]d
or

So terms will be

Geometric Progressions

A sequence is said to be a geometric

progression or G.P., if the ratio of any term
to its preceding term is same throughout.
Examples
1.
2.
Important Notes about Geometric
Progressions
The ratio of any term to its preceding
term is same throughout. This constant
factor is called the common ratio.
 If a1, a2,a3,a4,a5 are the terms in AP then

We can represent the general form of G.P

in the form
a,ar,ar2 ,ar3 ......
Where a is first term and r is the common
ratio
Nth term of Geometric Progression is
given by nthterm = arn-1
Sum of nth item inGeometric Progression
is given by
Or

Geometric Means
The Geometric mean G of any two numbers
a and b is given by (ab)1/2 i.e. a, G, b are in
G.P

or
If we want to add n terms between A and B
so that result sequence is in GP
Let G1, G2 , G3 , G4 , G5 .... Gn be the terms
added between a and b
Then

or
So terms will be

Relationship Between A.P and G.P

Let A and G be A.M. and G.M. of two given
positive real numbers a and b, respectively.
Then
A≥ G
And

Sum of Special Series

Sum of first n natural numbers

sum of squares of the first n natural

numbers

Sum of cubes of the first n natural numbers

Rules for finding the sum of Series

a. Write the nth term Tnof the series

b. Write the Tn in the polynomial form of n

c. The sum of series can be written as

2^2 + 4^2 + 6^2 + .....(2n)^2}

Solution
Let nth term Tnof the series
Then

Now

Method of Difference

Many times , nth term of the series can be

determined. For example
5 + 11 + 19 + 29 + 41......
If the series is such that difference between
successive terms are either in A.P or G.P,
then we can the nth term using method of
difference

or
On subtraction, we get

Here 6,8,10 is in A.P,So

or
Now it is easy to find the Sum of the series

Related Topics

Notes
What is complex numbers |
Algebra Of complex Numbers |
Conjugate of Complex Numbers |
Modulus of complex numbers |
Argand Plane |
Polar Representation of the complex
number
| Rotation of Complex Number |
Identities for Complex Numbers |
Eulers formula and De moivre's
theorem
| Cube Root of unity
Complex roots of Quadratic equations

NCERT Solutions
Ncert Solution Exercise 5.1

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sequences-and-series.php">Sequences and
 Class 11 Maths

Class 11 Physics

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