‫تقرير الحلقة السابعة‬

‫سيمنار شباب الباحثين‬

‫" قواعد البيانات‪ :‬النشأه والتطور"‬
‫إدارة الحلقة‪:‬‬

‫أ ‪ .‬مي مصطفي عوض‬

‫المدرس المساعد بمركز التخطٌط والتنمٌة الصناعٌة‬

‫المتحدثتان‪:‬‬

‫أ‪ .‬هديل السيد الشربيني‬

‫المعٌدة بمركز التخطٌط والتنمٌة البٌئٌة‬

‫أ‪ .‬ريهام عفيفي عبد العزيز‬

‫المعٌدة بمركز األسالٌب التخطٌطٌة‬

‫‪2029/4/24‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫عقدت الحلقة السابعة من سٌمٌنار شباب الباحثٌن ضمن الفاعلٌات العلمٌة لمعهد التخطٌط القومً للعام‬
‫األكادٌمً ‪ٌ 2029/2022‬وم االربعا الموافق ‪ 2029/4/24‬بمقر المعهد – قاعة ا‪.‬د إبراهٌم حلمً عبد‬
‫الرحمن الدور السابع الساعة العاشرة صباحً ا‪ ،‬بحضور عدد من أساتذة معهد التخطٌط القومً وأعضا‬
‫الهٌئة العلمٌة المعاونة‪ .‬حٌث تناول المتحدثتان وهن األستاذة‪ /‬هدٌل السٌد الشربٌنً – المعٌدة بمركز‬
‫التخطٌط والتنمٌة البٌئٌة واألستاذة‪ /‬رٌهام عفٌفً عبد العزٌز – المعٌدة بمركز األسالٌب التخطٌطٌة ‪،‬‬
‫موضوع قواعد البٌانات‪ :‬النشأه والتطور كما فى العرض التقدٌمى المرفق‪.‬‬

‫وينقسم هذا التقرير إلى قسمين‪:‬‬

‫القسم األول‪ :‬المحتوى العلمً للحلقة والذى تم استعراضه من خالل المتحدثتان‪.‬‬

‫القسم الثانً‪ :‬أهم المداخالت والمناقشات‬

‫القسم األول‪ :‬المحتوى العلمي للحلقة‪:‬‬

‫مقدمة‬
‫قٕاػذ انبٍاَاث ًْ انقاػذة انًستٍُزة نكم أيت فً ظم انًجتًغ انًؼهٕياتً ٔانًستقبم انزقًً‬
‫انذي تؼٍشّ جًٍغ انذٔل فً انؼصز انحانً‪ٌٔ .‬تًثم انسبب انزئٍسً فً َشأة قٕاػذ انبٍاَاث فً‬
‫انبحث ػٍ طزٌقت يُطقٍت ٔػهًٍت تًكٍ انباحثٌٕ ٔيتخذٔ انقزار يٍ انٕصٕل انً يؼهٕياث‬
‫ً‬
‫فضل ػٍ اتصافٓا بانذقت‪.‬‬ ‫يحذدة بطزٌقت سٓهت ٔسزٌؼت نتٕظٍفٓا فً إَتاج انًؼزفت‬
‫ٔتكًٍ انحاجت انًهحت نضزٔرة استخذاو قٕاػذ انبٍاَاث فً انتؼقذ ٔانتشبٍك بٍٍ انؼهٕو ٔانبٍاَاث‬
‫انًختهفت ٔاتساع انفجِٕ بٍٍ يُتجاث انؼهٕو ٔانثقافت ٔانتكُٕنٕجٍا‪ٔ ،‬اٌضا ً بٍٍ طزٌقت انحصٕل‬
‫ػهً انبٍاَاث ٔاستخذايٓا‪.‬‬
‫فقذ ظٓزث يفاٍْى ٔ تكُٕنٕجٍاث ػذٌذة َتٍجت انثٕرة انٓائهت فى انبٍاَاث يزٔرًا بًستٕدػاث‬
‫ً‬
‫ٔصٕال‬ ‫انبٍاَاث ٔ انتُقٍب فى انبٍاَاث ٔ َظى قٕاػذ انبٍاَاث انقائًت ػهى انسحابت االنكتزٍَٔت‪،‬‬
‫إنى انبٍاَاث انضخًت‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
The meaning of the word “Data”
The word „data‟ is driven from the Latin word “datum” which means “to give”
Data is a representation of a fact, figure, and idea; it can be a number, word, or
image. Data in itself does not really mean anything, Characterization of the data is
known as the metadata - data about the data.

Types of Data

The origin of databases

Once people realized they needed to have the means to store data and maintain the
data files for later retrieval, they were trying to find ways to store, index, and
retrieve data.

The origins of the database go back to libraries, business and medical records
before the computers were invented.

With the emergence of computers, the world of the database changed rapidly,
making it:

 an easy,
 cost effective,
 less space-consuming task to collect and maintain the database.

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Database Definition
A database is a self-describing collection of integrated records. A record is a
representation of some physical or conceptual object. The database is integrated in
that it includes the relationships among data items, as well as including the data
items themselves. Simply, database is a container of data.

The Evolution of Database Models

1- Flat File database
Flat file database is basically a giant collection of data in which the tables and
records have no relation between any other tables.

In fact, one could have a single table (e.g., My Small Business Data) with
everything stored in it, from customers to sales to orders to invoices.

Advantages of Flat file DB

• Flat file database is best for small databases.

• It is easy to understand and implement. Fewer skills are required to handle a
flat file database.
• Less hardware and software skills are required to maintain a flat file
database.
Disadvantages of Flat files DB

• A flat file may contain fields which duplicate the data as there is no
automation in flat files.
• If one record is to be deleted from the flat file database, then all the relevant
information in different fields has to be deleted manually making the data
manipulation inefficient.
• Information retrieving is very time consuming in a large database.
2- Hierarchical database
• Hierarchical databases are some of the oldest and simplest kinds of database.

4
 • They arrange data in a "tree" structure, which is similar to folders and files
on a computer.
• Hierarchically arranged data is often described as having only parent/child
relationships.
Problems with Hierarchical database

• Each "child" can only have one "parent”.

• It doesn‟t describe “many to one” or “many to many” relationships.
3- Relational database

• The most common model.

• It includes one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many relationships.

There are two types of users: Operational users and Decision-Maker users
Operational users use local data while decision-makers use historical data ,Database
design is changed if data is used for take decision.

Two types of systems:

Operational systems: Support day-to-day operations of an organization, also
referred to as on-line transaction processing (OLTP).
Main tasks: processing of a huge number of concurrent transactions, and insuring
data integrity.
Analytical systems: support knowledge workers (e.g., manager, executive,
analyst) in decision making, also referred to as on-line analytical processing
(OLAP), Database systems of a write-once-read-many-times type.
Main tasks: effective processing of multidimensional queries concerning huge
volumes of data.

Data Warehousing
Data warehouse – A subject oriented, collection of data used to support
decision making inorganizations (Anderson et al., 2008).

Data warehousing - A systematic approach to collecting relevant business in

order to organize and validate the data so that it can be analyzed to support
5
business decision making (Cody et al., 2002).

A Data Warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-varying, non-volatile

collection of data that is used primarily in organizational decision making.”

-- W.H. Inmon, Building the Data Warehouse, 1992.

Subject oriented: oriented to the major subject areas of the corporation that have
been defined in the data model.

_ Integrated: there is no consistency in encoding, naming conventions, etc., among

different data sources that are heterogeneous data sources (when data is moved to
the warehouse, it is converted).

_ Non-volatile: warehouse data is loaded and accessed; update of data does not
occur in the data warehouse environment.

_ Time-variant: the time horizon for the data warehouse is significantly longer than
that of operational systems.

Data Warehouse characteristics:

• Data warehouses captures data different operational sources.
• Data warehouses contain historical data.
• Data Warehousing is used for take decisions.
• Data warehouses used for evaluating future strategy.
ETL = Extraction, Transformation, and Load
Extraction of data from source systems, Transformation and integration of
data into a useful format for analysis, Load of data into the warehouse and
build of additional structures. Refreshment of data warehouse is closely
related to ETL process.
The ETL process is described by metadata stored in data warehouse.

Architecture of data warehousing:

• Data sources (Data staging area) Data warehouse

6
Data Cube in Data Warehouse:
• A data warehouse is based on a multidimensional data model which views
data in the form of a data cube.
• A data cube, such as sales, allows data to be modeled and viewed in multiple
dimensions
Data Mining:
discovering interesting patterns from large amounts of data.

Knowledge discovery using a blend of statistical, AI, and computer graphics

techniques.

Data mining plays an essential role in the knowledge discovery process.

Goals: Explain observed events or conditions, confirm hypotheses and Explore

data for new or unexpected relationships.

7
Data Mining techniques:
1. Tracking patterns. One of the most basic techniques in data mining is learning to
recognize patterns in your data sets. This is usually a recognition of some aberration in
your data happening at regular intervals, or an ebb and flow of a certain variable over
time. For example, you might see that your sales of a certain product seem to spike just
before the holidays, or notice that warmer weather drives more people to your website.
2. Classification. Classification is a more complex data mining technique that forces you
to collect various attributes together into discernable categories, which you can then use
to draw further conclusions, or serve some function. For example, if you‟re evaluating
data on individual customers‟ financial backgrounds and purchase histories, you might be
able to classify them as “low,” “medium,” or “high” credit risks. You could then use
these classifications to learn even more about those customers.
3. Association. Association is related to tracking patterns, but is more specific to
dependently linked variables. In this case, you‟ll look for specific events or attributes that
are highly correlated with another event or attribute; for example, you might notice that
when your customers buy a specific item, they also often buy a second, related item. This
is usually what‟s used to populate “people also bought” sections of online stores.
4. Outlier detection. In many cases, simply recognizing the overarching pattern can‟t
give you a clear understanding of your data set. You also need to be able to identify
anomalies, or outliers in your data. For example, if your purchasers are almost
8
exclusively male, but during one strange week in July, there‟s a huge spike in female
purchasers, you‟ll want to investigate the spike and see what drove it, so you can either
replicate it or better understand your audience in the process.
5. Clustering. Clustering is very similar to classification, but involves grouping chunks
of data together based on their similarities. For example, you might choose to cluster
different demographics of your audience into different packets based on how much
disposable income they have, or how often they tend to shop at your store.
6. Regression. Regression, used primarily as a form of planning and modeling, is used to
identify the likelihood of a certain variable, given the presence of other variables. For
example, you could use it to project a certain price, based on other factors like
availability, consumer demand, and competition. More specifically, regression‟s main
focus is to help you uncover the exact relationship between two (or more) variables in a
given data set.
7. Prediction. Prediction is one of the most valuable data mining techniques, since it‟s
used to project the types of data you‟ll see in the future. In many cases, just recognizing
and understanding historical trends is enough to chart a somewhat accurate prediction of
what will happen in the future. For example, you might review consumers‟ credit
histories and past purchases to predict whether they‟ll be a credit risk in the future.
Applications of Data Mining
Data analysis and decision support

• Market analysis and management

• Target marketing, customer relationship management (CRM), market
basket analysis, market segmentation
• Risk analysis and management
• Forecasting, customer retention, quality control, competitive analysis
• Fraud detection and detection of unusual patterns (outliers)
• Other Applications
• Text mining (news group, email, documents) and Web mining
• Stream data mining
9
 • Bioinformatics and bio-data analysis

Cloud databases:
Hosting of databases, scalable data management solutions (Amazon RDS, Microsoft Azure)

Big Data:
Big Data = databases whose volume, velocity, and variety strain the ability of relational
DBMSs to capture, manage, and process data in a timely fashion.

Issue of Big Data

• huge volume
• often unstructured (text, images, RFID, etc.)

Volume: the quantity of generated and stored data.

_ Variety: the type and nature of the data.
_ Velocity: the speed at which the data is generated and processed.
_ value: from data analysis
_ Veracity: the quality of captured data.

Concluding remarks
• Egyptian government: Standard database project
• INP currently develop systems depend on databases like d-space (digital repository),
open journal system, open conference system and library management systems.
10
 ‫انقسى انثاًَ‪ :‬أْى انًذاخلث ٔانًُاقشاث‬

‫اتسمت مداخالت السادة الحضور بالتنوع بٌن األسئلة واالستفسارات اضافة الى بعض التعلٌقات التطوٌرٌة‬
‫حٌث ٌمكن عرضها باٌجاز فى النقاط التالٌة‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ضرورة معرفة ان العلم هو النظرٌة وارتباط البٌانات بجو عام ثقافً ومعرفة مسبقة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ضرورة الوعً بتطور العمل علً البٌانات من بٌانات الً معلومات ثم معرفة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ضرورة إجرا التوازنات بٌن منافع البٌانات ومخاوف سو استخدامها؛ حٌث ان قواعد البٌانات‬
‫فً الدول النامٌة تعانً من اإلختراق وعدم التركٌز علً الهوٌة الشخصٌة‪ ،‬فالبد من صٌاغة‬
‫المؤشرات والنماذج الخاصة بنا ولٌس استخدام وتطبٌق ما ٌرد الٌنا كما هو‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬أهمٌة التركٌز علً دراسة العلوم والتشابكات بٌن العلوم المختلفة ثم إستخدام قواعد البٌانات‬
‫حٌث انها بمثابه ادوات للباحث تساعدة فً رحلة الوصول للمعرفة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬التوصٌة بدمج التخصص التقنً بعلمً التخطٌط والتنمٌة؛ وعدم االقتصار علً عرض الجانب‬
‫الفنً للموضوع فقط‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬أهمٌة استعراض ما ٌحدث من تطورات فً مصر مرتبطة بقواعد البٌانات فعلً سبٌل المثال‬
‫المشروع القومً للبنٌة المعلوماتٌة؛ وتنفٌذ مشروع قاعدة بٌانات للرقم القومً وربطها بقواعد‬
‫بٌانات اخري خاصة بالجمارك والضرائب والدعم‪ ،‬مما ٌساعد فً اتخاذ القرارات علً المستوي‬
‫القومً‪.‬‬
‫‪ٌ -‬مكن العمل علً استعادة اهمٌة وثقل اللغة العربٌة عن طرٌق التركٌز علً انتاج وتصدٌر‬
‫المعرفة للدول االخري‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬أهمٌة البحث عن كٌفٌة تحدٌد االولوٌات علً المستوي القومً واستخدام جمٌع االدوات المتاحة‬
‫وتشجٌع االبتكار لتحقٌق هذه االولوٌات‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬قواعد البٌانات تساعد علً فك التعقٌد فً العلم من خالل التشبٌك بٌن العلوم المختلفة‪ ،‬حتً ال‬
‫ننجرف الً دورة جدٌدة من العبودٌة‪ ،‬فال غنى عن االستجابة والتعامل مع تغٌرات العلم دون‬
‫خوف أو تردد‪.‬‬

‫‪11‬‬