CHEMICAL SOLUTION

BY

MAI ALMUBARAK
 Chemical solution
• Mixtures
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Any combination of substances that does
not have uniform composition and
properties, a mixture of physically distinct
substances with different properties .
Homogeneous Mixtures
Any combination of substances that has
uniform composition and properties.
Solution
A homogeneous mixture. Solutions
are made up of at least two parts
which means that the components
from single phase.
Solvent
The most abundant component of
solution
Solute
A dissolved substance
 solubility
Solubility is the relative ability of a solute (solid,
liquid or gas) to dissolve into a solvent.
• Several factor affect solubility of a given solute
in a given solvent. Nature of solvent effect in
solubility, and Temperature often plays the
largest role, although pressure can have a
significant effect for gas.
• To predict whether a compound will be soluble
in given solvent, remember the saying (like
dissolves like). Highly polar ionic compound
Characteristics

• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of

two or more substances.
• The particles of solute in a solution can
not be seen by the naked eye.
• A solution does not allow beams of light
to scatter.
• A solution is stable.
• The solute from a solution cannot be
separated by filtration (or mechanically).
• It is composed of only one phase
Types of Solutions
• Concentration

• Standard solution is a solution

containing precisely known
concentration of an element or a
substance.
• The amount of solute dissolved in a
certain amount of solution is called
concentration

concentration= amount of solute

amount of solution
• weight percent
weight percent (%w/w) of solution is
weight of solute divided by weight of
solution
weight % (w/w)= weight of solute * 100
weight of solution

weight of solution= weight of solute +

•
•
• weight/volume percent
weight/volume (%w/v) of solution is
weight of solute divided by the volume
of solution

%(w/v) = weight of solute * 100

volume of solution
• Example
1- What is weight %(w/w) of solution prepared by dissolving
30.0 g of NaoH in 120 g of water
weight of solution = weight of solute + weight of solvent
30 g + 120 g = 150 g
weight %(w/w) = weight of NaoH * 100
weight of solution
30 * 100 = 20% w/w
150
2- What is the % (w/v) of solution prepared by dissolving 5.0 g
of KI to given a final volume of 250 ml
weight% (w/v) = weight of KI * 100
volume of solution

= 5 g * 100 = 2%
250 ml
• Convert the following concentration to %w/v
I. 0.1g/100ml
= 0.1/100 *100 = 0.1% w/v
2. 1mg/ml
= 0.001g/ml = 0.001*100 = 0.1% w/v
3. 100µg/ml
= 100*10-6 g/ml = 100*10-6 *100 = 0.01% w/v
• In determining impurities in a drug , 1
g of drug might be dissolved in 100
ml of solvent . If an analysis was
carried out solution was found to
contain 3mg/100 ml of an impurity
then the %w/w referring back to
original weight of drug substance

0.003g/100ml
 problem 1
How many grams of solute are needed to
prepare 10 g of water to prepare 10%
solution of NaCl .
Convert the following concentration to %
w/v
1. 100mg/l
2. 20µg/µl
3. 0.025 g/ml
50 g of Avoquin cream contain 1.9 % w/w
hydroquinone , calculate the weight of
Molarity

• The most common unit of concentration used

in the laboratory is molarity (M). Molarity is
defined as mol/liter

Grams per liter ( g/l)

Grams of solute dissolve in liter of solution
Concentration ( g/l) = Molarity * Molecular
weigh
Definitions
Molar * molecular weight = g/l (mg/ml)
mMolar * molecular weight = mg/l (µg/ml)
µMolar * molecular weight = µg/l ( ng/ml)
PPm Concentration : part per million. PPm is
term used in chemistry denote a very low
concentration
PPm = mg/l
PPm = µg/ml
ppm = µg/kg
•
• What is the molarity of a solution
prepared by dissolving 60.0 g of NaOH in
0.250 L of solution?
Molecular weigh of NaoH 40 g/mol
No of moles = weigh g/ molecular weigh = 60/40 = 1.5 mol NaoH
M = 1.5/0.250 = 6 M
• How many moles of sodium chloride in
325 mL of 16 M NaCl solution?

M = mol of solute/ liter of solution

mol of NaCl = 0.325*16 = 2.5 mol NaCl
• How many grams of KCl would you
need to prepare 0.250 L of 2.00 M
KCl solution?

W/Mwt = M* L of solution
W = Mwt*M*L of solution
W = 74.5*2*0.250 = 37.25 g
 Problem 2
• What volume (L) of 1.5 M HCl
solution contains 6.0 moles of HCl?
• What volume (mL) of 2.0 M NaOH
solution contains 20.0 g of NaOH?
• Calculate the concentration in mg/
ml and µg/µl of 10 µM solution of
hydroquinone (molecular weight =
484.5)
• How do you prepare 250 ml of 3 g/l solution
of NaCl
3g 1L
X 0.250 L

X = 3*0.250 = 0.75 g
▪ Weight 0.75g of NaCL
▪ Dissolve in beaker containing less than the
desired 250 ml of water
▪ Transfer to 250 ml volumetric flask
▪ Dilute to the mark with water and mix
• Dilution

• Solutions are often prepared from

more concentrated ones by adding
water. This process is called dilution.

• When more water is added to a

solution, the volume increases,
causing a decrease in
• C1 x V1 = C2 x V2
• Examples:
• 1. What is the molarity of the final solution when 75 mL of
6.0 M KCl solution is diluted to 150 mL?

V1= 75ml M1= 6M V2 = 150 ml M2= ??

V1* M1 =V2* M2
M2= 75*6 = 3 M
150
• Example
Oral Suspension contain 0.95% w/v NaCl was diluted
so that its Na content could be determined by flame
photometry . The following dilutions were carried out:
I. 10 ml of the sample was diluted to 250 ml with
water
II. 10 ml of the diluted sample was diluted to 200ml
with water
calculate :-
The % w/v of NaCl present in the oral suspension
The % stated content of NaCl
The sample was found to contain 0.74mg/100ml of Na

• Mwt Na= 23 Cl = 35.5

NaCl Na + Cl
58.5 23
x 0.74
x = 85.5*0.74 = 1.88mg/100ml NaCl
23
• M₁C₁=M₂C₂
1.88mg/100ml * 200 = C* 10
C = 37.6mg/100ml
37.6mg/100 * 250 = C*10
C = 940 mg/100ml
=0.94 g/100ml
To convert w/v%
0.94 * 100 = 0.94%
100
% of stated content = ( 0.94/0.95)*100 =99%
• Or
Dilution factor = 10 to 250(x 25)
10 to 200 ( x 20)
Total dilution = 20*25 = 500
Na = 0.74* 500 mg/100ml = 370mg/100ml
NaCl = 370*(58.5/23) = 940mg/100ml =0.94g/100ml
=0.94% w/v
% of stated content = (0.94/0.95)*100 = 99%
• Example
A 5 ml sample of an injection of a steroid was diluted
to 100 ml . Then 10 ml of the diluted injection was
diluted to 100 ml and this dilution was further diluted
10 to 100 ml . From measurement by UV the diluted
sample was found contain 0.249mg/100ml of steroid .
What was the original concentration of the injection in
w/v and in mg/ml
Dilution factor = 5 to 100(x 20)
10 to 100 ( x 10)
10 to 100 (x 10)
Total dilution = 20*10*10 = 2000
Steroid in diluted sample = 0.249mg/100ml
The original concentration = 2000*0.249 mg/100ml
= 498mg/100ml = 0.498g/100ml= 0.498% w/v
= 4.94 mg/ml
• Example
A solution containing diclofenac sodium (molecular
weight = 318.1) at concentration of 79.5 mg/100ml
was prepared . What volume of this solution was
required in order to carry out containing a 25µM
concentration of the drug in 1 ml.
Convert 79.5 mg/100ml to µg/l
= 79.5*1000 µg = 795000 µg/l
100/1000 L
Then convert a 25 µM to µg/l
= 25*318.1 = 7952.5 µg/l
1ml = 0.001 l
the volume was required =
V₁C₁ = V₂C₂
0.001 * 7952.5 = V * 795000
V = 1.0003*10-5 L

V = 1.0003*10-5 *106 = 10µL

• Problem 3
1- A 2ml volume of eyedrops containing prednisolone
was diluted to 100 ml then 5 ml of dilution is diluted to
200 ml.the diluted sample was measured by UV
spectrophotometry, and was found to contain
0.512mg/100ml of the prednisolone. Calculate the
ingredient material in the eyedrop by %w/v.
Oral Suspension containing 0.5000% w/v KCl was diluted so that
its K content could be determined by flame photometry. The
following dilution were carrid out:
• 10ml of the sample was diluted to 200ml with water
• 10ml of diluted sample was diluted to 200ml with water.
The sample was found contain 0.6670mg/100ml of K
Mwt of K = 39.1, Cl= 35.5
calculate
the % w/v of KCl present in the sample