Chem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts Ch. 17 Additional Aqueous Equilibria [Answers + Chapter 16 situations basically only involved one solute: strong ot weak acid; strong o weak base; or ionic salt * Real solutions often have >1 solute =smore complex equilibria, pH calculations extra solute impacts degree to which first chemical dissociates neral solute situations: 1. buffe ‘weak acid and weak base mixture, to which strong acid or base may be added 2 titration: mixing acid and base, at least one of which is normally strong 3, partially soluble solids: impact of pH or other salts on solubility 17.1 Buffer solutions: _resist change in pH when er acid or base added Crucial in nature: blood pH, lake pH, etc. must be tightly controlled. * Blood: pH =7.40 + 0.05 o pH <7.35 > acidosis pH > 7.45 > alkalosis * The body needs a system for keeping the blood at the target pH, and protecting it from the extreme pH disruption that could result from addition of acid or base * Many cellular processes likewise depend on precise control of pH. [= Buffers provide protection against the addition of H’ or HO" zi Swall adertien ot showy, acid cv best U huge Plage 1, Unbuffered: Find pH a. 1.01 pure water pits 2.0 b-LOL water+0.tmolHcl {PH % ul > Laie" ptt=@ 40 € 1L0L water +0.1 mol NaoH LOH? Gal pott= Ke _ 13,0 Point: In an unbuffered, unprotected solution, a small addition of strong acid or base can cause a massive and dangerous shift in pH. While it reacts only slightly with water, a weak acid reacts almost completely with strong base While it reacts only slightly with water, a weak base reacts almost completely with strong acid NH; + H20 —=NH, © +HO© K= 160 NHs + HCl = NH, © + c1© Ke Dent Lei" Way lawe K HF +H,0 —=1,0© +FO K=68x 10* HE + NaOH H,0 + NaF K=68x 10"" Way lage K 1. Key: Strong acid H ® can be consumed by weak base. ‘© Strong acid is replaced by weak acid HCl in, NHs® out Strong base HO © can be consumed by weak acid + The strong base is replaced by weak base NaOH in, NaF outB. Chem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts 2 Buffer Action: A buffer system contains both a weak acid (to neutralize any added OH! ) ‘and a weak base (to neutralize any added H®) (Fig 17.2 Buffer Action) + normally the weak acid and weak base are conjugates + normally they are present in approximately equal quantities, but not always 1 HA Since a strong acid reacts with a weak base to produce a weak acid, addition of strong acid results in a weak increase in acidity rather than a strong increase Since a strong base reacts with a weak acid to produce a weak base, addition of strong base results in a weak inerease in basicity rather than a strong inerease '. The pH of buffer solutions: Ka, pKa, H’, pH. Formula H®+A9 K, HHA) {HA} [acid] rearrange’ i pK. + log 2°) 7 “Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation” Practical note: the base/acid ratio can be entered in moles/moles or in molarity/molarity, whichever is easier and more accessible jince the volume is common to both base and acid, Some Practical Simple Stuff ‘A buffer pH depends on: 1. pK, which depends on Ka (weak acid strength) 2. Base/acid ratio Ifyou have a target pH that you want for a solution, choose an acid with the appropriate Ky If the base/acid ratio = 1, then pH = pKy is a helpful reference: basically the pH = pK, adjusted to the basic or acidic side of pK, depending on whether you have mote of the base or of the acid a. More base than acid: > pH number is higher (more basic) than pK, b. Less base than acid: -> pH number is lower (more acidic) than pK, 1g base increases the weak base/weak acid ratio, and makes the pH more basic ‘Adding acid decreases the weak base/weak acid ratio, and makes the pH more acidic Buffer Capacity: determined by the quantity of weak acid/base -dictates how much strong acid/base is consumed before buffer exhausted ‘more strong acid(base) is added than there is weak base(acid), the capacity is exceeded.Chem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts 3 the following solutions. The K, for HF = 6.8 x10" cr 1.0 L water. Determine the pH’s 1. A solution with 0.5 moles of F ‘Scenario HES Wage fin x= bm NGSE |, pane? WA eK x Geps x ¥ 2. A solution with 0.5 moles of NaF? Sexo Fo: Jy fas) - a wi y= hat pots 5.57 pA RD 3. A solution with 0.5 moles of HF and 0.5 moles of NaF? 2 WA Sento ar ate FO ke LHL 3 ° oc x - 5 bush aos (AR otic 4 buthe = ee pd te Tae OEIO Oe [ PRET 4A solution with 0.5 moles of HF and 0.5 moles of NaF, to which 0.1 mOTeS Of HCI is added? paca Keys Winte seaction wading qd ACL & ect (aod uCi+ ae ——> HF + Aaci “f. wal t us af 2S cS TS Laxie? ~ = ok ic afer Cmte tcl ple 3st i 22 oe © x ow 5. A solution with 0.5 moles of HF and 0.5 moles of NaF, to which U- Sof NaOH is added? G ha 3,7 Scenario ar+ou—> Hor FE wat veal’ _ 4 =3,1 =, arr 5 peat nary Zz 4 ' wh us =7 buffer ‘Tips: 1. Diagnose the scenario 2. Fora buffer, use Henderson-Hasselbalch equation 3. When strong acid or base is added to a buffer, write out the reaction ‘that would occur with the strong acid or base on the left side, and then work out the ICE change.Chem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts 4 D. Creating/Recognizing a Buffer -must end with weak acid/weak base pair 1. Mix some weak acid with it’s conjugate weak base HEP, NaF H3PQs,NaH,PO, NaHSO,,Na:SO, CHsCOOH, CHyCOONa NHC, NH 2, Start with one of conjugate pair, and add less than an equivalent amount of strong acid or strong base to create the other Begin __Add(1/2 as much) Result Weak Acid Strong Base weak acid + conj base Weak Base Strong Acid weak acid + conj base ee + NaOH bas H,O + NaF I 0.4 moles 0.20 moles i} c 470 - 30 4.90 At Wi 5 70 ws, b Email x) bulky Ex: NH; + HCl NH, Cr 7 0.6 mol 0.3 mol 0 a on -3 3 : ioe WAs Wh os ~0 3 butey (seat x) Note: doesn’t work if you add too much strong acid/base: Ex: NH; + HCL = NH.‘cr T 06mol 0.6 mol 0 Co! = a7 Ew. 70. UNO (small) (wait x) (.G-snall x)Chem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts 5 Buffer Recognition 1. Which combos would make a buffer solution? eHNs, Nac? wWA+ Aeatal Me LKENF UUgius — Mo HCI (0.2 M), NaN; (0.4 M) gKF,NaOH wiht Sb he v ( Od Uk + 0,2 Hal huRHC! wAtsa = 40 4. HCI (0.2 mol), NaN (0.1 M) iNEKF wp WS Oo No uv or (0.2 mol), NaOH (0.1 mol) GA RCLE ON HY, a SAE WA Ol WF 404 FE wd ud Key: a) two acids don’t work —_b) two bases don’t work ¢) an acid and a base is required __d) tricky: strong and weak mixtures react, sometimes resulting in a buffer combination (both weak acid and weak base, examples ¢ and j), but sometimes not, depending on ratios (example d) 2. Which could be added to 0.4 mol Na"CN’ to give a buffer? (ex (202 moter > 0.2 CAP 4 GR NEY ¢.0.2molNaOH JA/o S64 WAH 4.osmolHcl Ap —a O.4 HEA 4 of HCl wa SA ve a buffer? 3. Which could be added to 0.4 mol HsPOs to, Canter 0s cL con wa (G2 m0 NOH > 2 Cj fy+ OA wt? 22 ¢.04molNa0H 2 O-4 Co? Special cate® pet really w wAfug 4.02moiHcl Lo wa @& cA bulky condp, bal since ; Ay PCy” Fes both wrale excl Wo WA + peatval edboetaad properHies, so ders hax baller functor.Chem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts 6 E, Simple Buffer Cales a. find pH Logic: Ky > pK. > pH b. find Ky Logic: pH > pKa > Ks solve for quantity of acid or base needed for target pH Logic: pH and pK, > base/acid ratio > needed quantity to achieve that ratio pa pK, + log. mT | “Hlenderson-Hasselbalch Equation” > remember: mole/mole ration works as well as molarity/molarity ratio for base/acid 1. Finding pH] Find pH for buffer 0.12 M HNO, O.16MNaNO, —_K,(HNO,) = 4.5 x 104 i pla> 3.35 prs) BT Note: wort baw than aad, So pi is cw te hye i. 2. [Hinding pK,] (HA}=0.[1M — [NaA]=0.13M. eee pe. pet pe +t 2 poe Sill a= io fried pte pA ey (i) 2 8)b- (09 (28 54) 3. (Finding quantity of acid or base) How many grams of NaF (42 g/mol) should be added to 612 mL solution of 0.4 M HF (K, = 6.8 x 10“) to produce a buffer solution in which pH = 3.102 Losi US HH, kunews ptt, krowable play sdue tev base rahe, ee acd mies iS kycwalle, solve tev base welt ‘hen wide —> quaus 6.4 wil ereles acid= pat nla IPL. pla IT Bil = BIT +| ) : ( . fou" aci | . ky [bs = 0.945 wiles ac? au haw - 001 hae meld baw = 10,65 ods base [24st a LULrmrrC—C—™=S— Ted ac aud. base> O55 acl - a vals dave 14 ih ws tal Oa TE y UAEChem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts 7 F._pH Changes after Strong Acid or Strong Base is added to a Buffer Soh (note: the following is written in terms of adding strong acid. Use analogous strat addition of strong base) 1. Write out the reaction of the added strong acid with the buffer's weak base 2, Make out an ICE-type table to show how the quantities of weak base and weak acid change as a result of the reaction a. Remember that a strong acid basically reacts completely with the weak base b. It’s often best to do the ICE in terms of moles rather than molarity ¢. The “E” at the end is really the “End” of the acid-base reaction. It may not represent equilibrium [Assess the situation at the end of the ICE analysis a. Are both weak acid and weak base present? + buffer situation > Use HH equation. base] H1= pK, + logL*l] PK + 108 cid] b. Is only weak acid left? (the strong acid exhausted the weak base?) + weak acid situation > use Ch. 16 procedure. * Be sure your weak acid is in terms of molarity, and factors in the combined volumes [H® ]=,/K, xIweak acid] c. Is strong acid as well as weak acid lieft? (The strong acid exhausted the buffer’s weak base, and you still have some strong acid left over?) + Strong acid situation + Be sure your strong acid is in terms of molarity, and factors in the combined volumes [© }= [strong acid] Note: Scenario “a” is when the buffer capacity is not exhausted, and you still have a buffer situation at the end. Scenario’s “b” and “c” both represent cases where the buffer capacity is, exhausted, and you do not have a butfer scenario at the end of the reaction Problems Given a 1.0 L solution that is initially 0.2 M in both HF and KF, assess the save | and find the pl after the following acids or bases are added. Ke= Gfx (ot sheald_Lpve n_Givel eS chy L, a. 0.1 mol HCl added Assess: war ub [Boife] prebiew, oo td Reaction: UCL FP —y HEC ECO te hae all iv 1 On Od on males ov dandy : je : es ee ee pot hg Base pla 37 7 Ba 03 HE 3M AlefGl\= 24 x © Cal tf) AdChem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts 8 b. 0.1 mol NaOH added Assess: | bellov ea Ns Oe te i TEM EF lq fev HEE GSO ARGH + WE > ae Bg ry Pear tT 1 Od Od 1 sgechees) ce el EB nel al rick ee . jo DE wafus bathe pits 307 vtoq/22) be (+H equuaticn. a Nats pit = 30S | basic sdb of phar c. 1.0L of 0.20-M HCI added Assess: UA situah'en _ Reaction: Hcl 64 AF - - onc oa ie yd wel Bis oe Kaz bf ,Rool Orne A wel ace _ _ $64 wel Le CICE A] wede acd a a es och hast caver poles G4 wel, 4 We woedle Al Alp “Assess AMdarity (QQM) bi sé com syle ving ceabind dune ee Oe |strenf. | 1 dad crane Gad be ws bat ¢ - 2 a tid A ‘il +, in volume! [L (ba waioe ial “0 Yd — Cowbind u a lee fad al Ase LG Logic KES ey a seaport pott= We LsChem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts 9 17.2 Acid-Base Titration 1. An acid and a base are mixed, at least one being strong 2. “equivalence point” or “end point:” equal moles of acid/base 3, Indicator often used to turn color, or pH meter used to give “titration curve” 4. Unlike buffer, pH changes fast near endpoints A. Endpoint Situations: Qualitative, Non-Math Version Conjugate | Conjugate | Endpoint | Endpoint Acidin | Baseln | Acid Out | Base Out | Outcome pH | Example ‘Strong Acid | Strong Base | Non-acid | Non-base | Neutral | pH=7.0 T ‘Strong Acid | Weak Base | Weak acid | Non-base | Weakly acidic ) pH <7.0 7 Weak Acid | Strong Base | Non-acid | Weak base | Weakly basic | pH> 7.0 Endpoint Example pi 1 Hel + NaOH > HOF ACL — Keubal a SA sb 2 wa + wh? > ie]. aAact facia puel aa wh wAL reutal + 5 ty? ene) bed s 1. Would the pH at endpoint be acidic, basic, or neutral when titrated with NaQH? aHCN + yy —7 cr wa ack cK py 77 b, HNOs — woe S cA 7 MOS pH=T Aewbast ©. HF Fe pit? wa ws 2. Would pH at endpoint be acidic, basic, or neutral when: titrated with HCI? aN Oo no + HE CE —a tO aqracie? neue b. NaF? ae weak aad ace’‘Chem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts 10 B. Calculation of pH at the Endpoint for a Titration = Review: at endpoint equal moles of acid and base have been added. At least one of them was a strong acid or base, and possibly both. _+ Three Possible Scenarios - ‘Acid In Base In | Endpoint Outcome | EndpointpH [pH Stratesy Strong Acid | Strong Base Neutral pH=7.0 | None needed, pH=7 Strong Acid | Weak Base ‘Weak acid’ pH<7.0 K, > [H'] > pH Weak Acid | Strong Base ‘Weak base pH>7.0 | Ka>Ky>[OH]> pOH > pH Problem: What is the pH after 40 mL of 0.10-M NaOH is added to 20 mL of 0.20-M HCIO? (The K, for HCO = 3.0 x 10%) Ma0H4 HCO —7 MAClO + HO — ce weak buse tia vod mel GOH mel oO — Sa ey=3s3Ki6" E Oo ~O wood ad = [061M bp 33ax0 Coubind veluw? 4Oul4 20nt> G0uL=0000L — ford: VBame Wood wu TCE wh = LY not Ll DIRE Ry xf Tes For ws, Lom> SRG fou= 3.3 [pi (eu a plot of how pH changes as strong acid is added to a solution of base, C. Titration Curves 100 sa ™ sal aa 7 ‘Number of milliliters 0.20 M HCL Sonora ‘added to 500 mL 010 Saad oo 2 0 @ ‘Number of mliiters 0.10 MNSOH. |Chem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts i 2 Ke agnostic features: 1. Initial pH * Acidic or basic? Strong or weak? + This reflects what you started with, before you titrate it with the strong acid or base. 2. The endpointlequivalence point pH * Acidic, neutral, or basic? + As we saw before, this reflects what kind of acid and base were involved 27 strony, wege A0'/ Base orgs Stony Shiny Boe J} Strong aeidl Conveely Strery gue Converds eyed bax wri ave fe Odds n ends conjugatt wealeaciil conwyate tel bre Endpoint pH is where pH changes most steeply, rapidly 4 1 2. When a weak acid is titrated by a strong base, the titration involves an extended “buffer zone” prior to the end-point, during which the pH change is rather gradual ‘a, Prior to the endpoint, some of the weak acid is converted to weak base, so a conjugate weak acid/weak base buffer situation exists. b. The analogous situation happens when a weak base is titrated by a strong acid 3. When a weak acid “HA” is titrated by a strong base, at the half-way point (half-way to the end-point), half of the original weak acid HA is converted to its weak conjugate base A” + Atthis point, the pH = pK, (see HH-equation when [base)/[acid] = 1) + The analogous situation happens when a weak base is titrated by a strong acid Sey Problems de vd 1. An initial pH = 1.3 and an equivalence point of 7 corresponds to a titration curve in which a__ _ Story ba sé is added toa _stvony acid. 7 bos 2. An initial pH = 9.3 and an equivalence point of 4.7 corresponds to a titration curve in which a Strong _aesidl _isaesios weak haseChem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts 12 D, Titration Calculations Involving Endpoin/Equivalence Point (Key: At equivalence point, oles base] ‘© know one => know other Applications 1. Find volume required 2, Determine unknown concentrations 3. Determine unknown grams Problems 1, What volume of 0.12 M NaOH is needed to titrate 36 mL of 0.14 M HCI to its endpoint? Lait (MaoH + | Hci —7 HO+ Agcl Legit , ond x wel MAOH x mol fel = Qu wok nel)/,0961. = ,00seu wal HCL = wudes acid euch = 00564 ml Mack tase ; xL= ,00scdud Maat | tL non Ord rook Gud nal aoc O1OHL > av drt. When 42 ml. of aqueous HCl is titrated by 0.10 M NaOH, it takes 25 mL of the NaOH dunt Solution to reach the endpoint. What is the {HCl ofthe original solution? Laie o Find nde ae > ady acd G md ard volume =7 ridarity rides acid> mde base = 20954 Onto £0095 yel ABOH = .0075 wel HCI Bn - Ht = owiginl [ect eis wel NO a 0.059 M Notes are moles acigl= O86 L eae = 0,108 ma seg tw CoH SeChem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts B E. General pH Strategy: Finding the pH after Acid or Base is added to a solution «| Whether it be to a buffer solution, a strong acid solution, a weak acid solution, a strong base solution of a weak base solution prior to the new addition +The strategy is similar to when we added acid or base to a buffer T. Write out the acid-base reaction + Ithelps to recognize which species are acidic or basic or neutral, and weak or strong Calculate the initial moles + Number of moles = molarity x volume (in Liters) 3. Use ICE to determine post-reaction (“E”) moles 4, Assess the post-reaction situation, based on what's left at the end 5. Solve the pH problem from there Post-Reaction Situation 1 | Strong acid only (A) = [SA] 2 | Strong acid plus weak acid [H']=[SA] Tgnore WA, which makes insignificant contribution 3 | Strong base only [HOT =1SB) 4 | Strong base plus weak base {HO} = [SB] Tgnore WB, which makes insignificant contribution 3 | Weak acid only (')= yKewB] | Quek p<7 6 | Weak base only [HO}= /K.x[WwB] Qual: pH>7 May need to find Ky from Ky 7 | Weak acid plus weak base ‘base Buffer solution pH = pK, + log a 8 | No acid or base; pH=7.0 only neutral salts ‘+ For many of these, it will be necessary to calculate molarities * To do this, make sure that you factor in the total, combined volume ey: Recognizing the Final Situation!‘Chem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts 14 Strong base added to weak acid. (Strong acid/weak base combinations would be analogous.) |A. 20 mL of 0.10 M NaOH is added to 20 mL. of 0.10 MHCIO2 (Ka = 3.0 x 10°) Nadu + HCO —7 HOt ABO CI —_ Fev Wea Base: LD 1002 md ,co2nel o Lo8> Sy G3 C GOR =.00, +002. : Ee nO + 002 = Masao N50) Access: Wend (ase at eit = Rone” pom 330 eae a [r= toat fet | Ved ondarily of L102 Cnet wiley cowbind volume concitlnd @ Ky From Ka by aout tAQwL= G004L (LicB= ped . OM Were 3334107 B, 20 mL of 0.10 M NaOH is added to 10 mL of 0.10 M HCIO? St + HO le t+ 2CO2mel — COL mol ool CT aeL mol = 001 wol__ 1.008, i : E ~oolml ~2 wool me’ — CONbina volume! AOwe+ OwL=a, ox0C. Assess Grey bne+ yutole bse ak nel ghey Stroy lose dominates Fors syg'y fous? or = ORM ye . be er ape, | potak uF i [pr] C. 20 mL of 0.10 M NaOH is added to 30 mL of 0.10 M HC1O? (Ka = 3.0 * 10°) ier HCO 7 A pert 52 200, 7 : aes ore ae Access: wA+ wt buffer Oo ol von SA. Ue Henderien- Hessel balla Weed phaChem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts 15 F. Addition of strong acid to @ weak acid solution. (Analog would be strong base to weak base) Find the pH and [CH:COO] 1. Asolution has 1 L of 0.40 M acetic acid (K, = 1-80 x 10°) Ex: HA + + a : «40 ° c a 7 a7 Sdn > dO x fe: Jao Va qd) = bee? 2, Suppose 0.10 moles of HCI is added to the above solution (assume no change in volume). Find the pH and [CH;COO7], a= hex? a Ex: HA + — Aa A I 340 ol 6 c = cae CRE et kes E ot0-X al tx x Assume x iL spall proces A EO ol x tion a lenoun 4: dleminated by hel benes= i Qycoed 4,c08) CH= Ged = ol [pk= 102 | te hotles LAR A (Cuco® [erycaoh= 94 Notice: (Acela is way bee tan The strong acid poe ee when no HCl wal adele? ‘When a weak acid is in water by itself, then [H"] = [A] But when strong acid was added (as an audio source of (H")) [H']>> [4] ‘The equilibrium constant still applies. With [1'] up, [A] goes down, ala LeChatelier’s principle‘Chem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts 16 174 Solubility Equilibria for Tonic Compounds: Kap +The solubility of ionic compounds isa big deal, from kidney stones to drinking water to stalagtites and stalagmites A. Ky “Solubility Product Constant” + Tira “saturated solution,” insoluble solid is in equilibrium with aqueous ions + Easy to write K expressions Qe POCh(s) = Pia) 2Cl() Ke pyle 3 ° 2 =x Qn ce MOL, diols +X 412X eon E (doesn't matter, Fe OK a not in K!!) B. Various Key setups, depending on Formulas and Number of Cations/Anions Produced: LaCie) —= Ag’ (ag) + cog) AES Hh) =x x= Molar aa 7 2 Zn(OH)As) — ot + Zon” x- Pr tOou? = x (ay x aX = 4y3 xe woloy lability 3. secwiom= So7F 4 3 «OIE? x 3x vs x OxPeFTxt x= wea celubility 4. ALGO) —= DAM +3 Sy Ko [APR Gogh KX = Gx}? (33 x= mola solubility = ee me RE ORS Points: ae oripne diudvs per Liky ot wher Tei Mnipuling xuntions wih x’ orig eommont 2 dlisornd ger & 2. While the solid itself doesn’t appear in the K expression, the value of “x” does tell how many moles/L. of the original solid can dissolve. + Ifyou know how many moles/Liter of product solute is present, you know how many moles/Liter of parent solid actually dissolvesChem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts 7 Technical note: often Ky problems end up with x° or x*type terms. What docs this mean and how do Lsolve them? ~ + Ex lix'=100 meaning: xtimes times x= 100. Or, x= 100" (x= 4.64) 6 Calculator: find your calculator's 4f¥ key, enter 100 for “y” and 3 for “x’ © Inother words, solve as x = ¥100 © Onmy Texas Instruments Calculator (yours may differ enter 100 first click the y key second + enter 3 third © Ex2:0.26=x meaning: 0,26 times 0.26 times 0.2 (x= 0.0176) ‘© Calculator: find your calculator's y° key, enter 0.26 for “y” and 3 for “x” © Onmy Texas Instruments Calculator (yours may differ, x” for Casio?) + enter 0.26 first click the y* key second 1 eater 3 third xequals. 4 17x18 * enter 125 * enter 12 + click the 4fy key + click the y* key + enter3 * enter 3 2 e200 SRY six x10? 3. x12.7 [PY 6 32x 33,8 D. Definitions 1. “Solubility”: g/L of solid that dissolves 2. “Molar solubility”: mol/L of solid that dissolves ferconvel i ‘Working from Kep to solubi Ky moles/L of ions — moles/L of solid — (iL) that alissddl ae 2. Working from solubility to Key diccdued Solubility of <== Molar solubility == Molar concentration Ky ‘compound ‘of compound of ions (wl) (moV/L)‘Chem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts 18 Working from K., to solubility Ky === moles/Lofions == moles/L of solid == (g/L) of solid 32 LPOCLERemod POChO—= fH + BCC «= [*RlC13 Kyp=1.6 x 10 tL 0 oO lowes= x Qn? 48 Calculate (PU) and Cx dies x _ae ’ [crforasauraed x OK x32 40x10" solution of PbCl. X= On o* (GniC2M ant bb x(O2 Drolet of MCh ditsdur v_ [Mev b, Calculate molar solubility (mol/L) for PoC, c, Calculate mass giummo@litor <9. (Gro% wel BO), MG - Trg Bd POCh el -H e c(t wa Pb 7 d. What mass of PbCl, " d fe Q78 g/mol) would x4 140 | dissolve in 140 mL? Working from solubility o K. Solubility of <= Molar solubility == Molar concentration —= Kp compound of compound of ions @L) (mol/L) 1. Find Ky, for CaF2 whose molar solubility is 2.1 x 10% mol/L. CRIN Ca*lag)+ 2F (ag) ip a SOP ar oy C2 -B.tno“nl aauiet «4ane! a me plxio i M Wal0 mM Molar solubility plus stoichiometry tli us what on be (eo MF 3? (ane) (4anety concentrations are, from which K can bbe foundChem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts, 19 2. BaCO3 (197g/mol) has a solubility of 0.014 g/L. Find Ky for BaCOs. ba C013 <> the 4 1 COM ie [ha COP} o ieee = Al Dune lav 7 dqjl - oe wily = oe a Wh OF al =x Laie: G = mel LF dire Mdare 4 z TO diel oo Meter mE 17.5 Factors that affect Solubility of Ionic Compounds (LeChatelier’s Principle) 1 2. Many basic anions: OH, 3. Few non-basie anions: CI, Br, I, NOs, ClOs, HSOs Example | Cu(OH)(s) — Cu*(aq) + 20H (aq) aac fl By selective removal of (OH), Vv ud Q Aq" a bY xf 90 33noP = 9, What would AgBr solubility be without NaBr present? gh = ve + sr B3u1oP= xr ] 10, Determine molar solubility for Mg(OH)2 (Kqi=1.5 x 107") atthe following pHs: yor), = Cae (niet) Equation: mney oo OH = Ino* o.plt=6.00 ' 7 =P OH ale" Pee ae Ik = as n08 wl (L pit often can define the concentrion (orother basic ani is known) C, Complex Ion Formation (not for test, but lab relevant) ‘many Lewis bases can increase the solubility of a solid by irreversible removal of a product cation + NH, CN common CuBr(s) == Cu'(aq) + Br(aq) K=53x 10° |e Cu(NH + Selective, imeversible removal of the copper ion via ammonia complexation drives the equilibrium in the right direction. ‘©. Thus, the solubility of the original solid increases.ral pH Fi a Chem 210 Jasperse Ch 17 Handouts fter Acid or B: dd x B "Whether it be to a buffer solution, a strong acid solution, a weak acid solution, a strong base solution or a weak base solution prior to the new addition ‘The strategy is similar to when we added acid or base to a buffer ©. Write out the acid-base reaction + Ithelps to recognize which species are acidic or basic or neutral, and weak or strong 7. Calculate the initial moles + Number of moles = molarity x volume (in Liters) 8. Use ICE to determine post-reaction (“E”) moles 9, Assess the post-reaction situation, based on what's left at the end 10. Solve the pH problem from there tua T | Strong acid only THT= ISAT 7 | Strong acid plus weak acid TH T= 1A) Tgnore WA, which makes insignificant contribution 3 | Strong base only THO}= 1S} 7 | Strong base plus weak base [HOT= 188) Tgnore WB, which makes insignificant contribution | Weak acid only fH= Kawa] [Wek PRE? & | Weak base only THOT= yea{wo] | Qual pH>7 May need to find Ky from Ky 7 | Weak acid plus weak base a fel Buffer sofution| B | No acid or base: pH=70 only neutral salts + Formany of these, it will be necessary to calculate molarities + Todo this, make sure that you factor in the total, combined volume [Keg Recognizing the Final Situation!