 Introduction to drilling vibrations

 Importance of vibration analysis

 Methods of investigating drilling
vibrations
Agenda  Experimental vibration setup
 Machine learning in vibration severity
prediction
 Data aliasing in field operations
 Introduction to drilling vibrations

 Axial Vibrations - Bit Bounce

• Bit contact to bottom hole first lost then

dropped down

 Torsional Vibrations - Stick/Slip

• Results in non-constant rotation speeds

 Lateral Vibration - Bending

• Displacement of drill string from center axis

Courtesy of Schlumberger

4
 Background to the topic

 Drillstring experiences more torsional/stick–slip vibrations compared

to other modes of vibrations in hard rock drilling

 Primary cause of PDC bit damage in today’s drilling industry is due to

torsional vibrations

 Most common in hard formation with PDC bit is stick–slip

8¾” section of 4 wells 12¼” section of 5 wells

SPE 134488
What is stick–slip while drilling?

 Irregular downhole bit rotation

 Bit stops at a certain point in time and starts spinning again with maximum speed

18000 Bit torque

Torque [Nm]

14000

10000

6000
Speed [RPM]

Speed MotorSpeed DrillstringSpeed Bit

300

150

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time [s] Stick Slip
Patil, PhD Thesis, 2013
What torsional/stick–slip vibrations result in?
 Low rate of penetration (ROP)
 Failure to acquire accurate formation data
 Excessive torque and drag creating large impact forces
 Directional control
 Fatigue, increased tripping times, etc.

Hayes, M. SPE AberdeenSec.

Chowdhury , BHI, IDEC 2011

Slb, Drill. Dyn. Sensors and Optimization, 2010

Importance of vibration analysis

 Understanding the onset of vibrations

 Protection of downhole tools

 Smooth drilling with higher ROP

 Avoid completion and production issues

9
When vibrations are working together
10.00

8.00
Lateral Displacement (in)

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2.00

-4.00

-6.00

-8.00

-10.00
Time (sec)
All modes, base magnitudes All modes, half the torque Only lateral mode

All modes, quarter of torque All modes, half the WOB

Marquez et al. SPE 184420-MS • Mitigating Downhole Vibrations in Bottom Hole Assemblies Using Finite Element Analysis
Methods of investigating drilling vibrations
Srivastava, S., Teodoriu, C. 2019. An extensive review of laboratory scaled experimental setups for studying
drill string vibrations and the way forward, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering.

Experimental Evaluation
Drillstring Modeling Data Driven Analysis

 Physical models such as  Needs large amounts of

 Can be downscaled and
pendulum spring model field or experimental data
studied in different realistic
 Assumes perfect /
conditions for analysis
near-perfect
 Appropriate for  Limited in its
conditions
validation of physical applications
models

11
Drillstring Modeling

Why 2 Degree of Freedom in the

torsional pendulum model?

 Saves on computation time for

quick analysis of drilling application
without using FEA
 Matches well with the
experimental and drilling data
2 DOF – Torsional and
Axial Pendulum Spring
Model

12
Experimental vibration setup

3. Testing and
Data
1. Experimental Collection
Setup

2. Instrumentation 4. Vibration
and GUI Analysis

13
Experimental Stiffness Determination
for Steel test string for Aluminum test string
500
500
y = 537.43x + 15.688 R² = 0.9987
400
400 y = 2736.1x + 24.667 R² = 0.9978

Torque[mNm]
Torque [mNm]

300
300

200
200
for Aluminium- OD 6 mm
for Steel - OD 7 mm Slope = Stiffness [Nm/rad]
Slope = Stiffness [Nm/rad] 100 = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
100 ... using the equation
= (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
... using trendline = 0.5374 Nm/rad
= 2.736 Nm/rad
0 0
0 0. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Angular displacement [rad]
2
50
0.055
0 y = 0.1753x + 17.723
40
0
0.1
R² = 0.8221

0.154
0
Angular
0
displacement [rad]
30
Torque [mNm]

300
20
fo
P
200 C
p
e
O
D
6
m
m
S
p
=
S
f
s
[
m
r
d
10
..
tr
=
0
3

0
0 20
for 100
PVC 40
60
test 80
100
string 120

ed at
0
P 0 80 100
a
t
i 20
l
a
n
40
d
60
T
e
o
d
o
r
i
u
,
2
0
1
3
,
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
 Experimental Stiffness Determination
1 2 0
Angular
displacement [rad]
Experimental Torsional Vibrations
using Steel ftoerstAslutrminignumtest string for PVC test string
100
120 Motor Speed - 10.5 RPM
m]]100 Motor Speed - 10 RPM
Nm100 Motor Speed - 10 RPM
Measured torque[mNm]

80
[mmN80 [ 80
60 0
que
q6r 060uetor 5 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 400
od 0 Time [s]
dre14 t40
4040
Motor Speed@10
Motor
200RPM
Speed@10 RPM
ue3012 Disc Speed
s ea 10 Disc Speed 160
20 ur
] 20
M]
asM20
P
Speed[RPM]

M
eP8 [R 120
M[R 20
eeddS060 0
pe 0 5020 10040 60150 80 200 100 250 120 300140 163500 180400
80
p10 0
4eS
2 Motor Speed@10.5
40 RPM
Disc Speed
00
00 20 505 40 0
100 60
100 15080
150 200100
200 12250
2500 140300
300 160 350 1800
350 40
400200 Time [s]
0

Patil and Teodoriu, 2013, presented at Celle Drilling

Stick–slip with Low Stiff String
80
Motor Speed - 20 RPM
Measured torque[mNm]

60

200
40 Motor Speed@20RPM
160 Disc Speed
20

Speed [RPM]
120
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 30080 350
Time [s]

40

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

0 Time [s]

80
Motor Speed - 30 RPM
Measured torque[mNm]

60
Stick phase Slip phase
40
200
20 Motor Speed@30RPM
Disc Speed
160
0
Speed [RPM]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 120

350 400
Time[s]
80

40

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

0 Time [s]

Patil and Teodoriu, 2013, presented at Celle Drilling

 Experimental Stick–slip Index Comparison
RPMmax imum  RPMmin imum10.0
Stick Slip Index  SSI  10.0 with Steelpipe
9.0
2 avera
with PVCpipe
8.0 with Aluminumpipe
with Aluminumpipe
RPM ge ] 8.0 1.2
1.2
7.0

Stick-Slip Index [SSI]

with Steel pipe
SSI7.0 with Steel pipe
[ 1.0 with Aluminum pipe

Where: 1 ≤ SSI is pure stick–slip, xe 6.0 1.0 with Aluminum pipe

6.0
dI 5.0 0.8
0.5 <SSI<1 is torsional oscillation, n 0.8
p 5.0 0.6
0.5 ≤ SSI ≤ 0 is weak torsional oscillations Sl 4.0
i 0.6
- 4.0
kic 0.4
t 3.0 0.4
S 3.0
0 50 100 150 200
0 50 100 150
2.0
2.0 200
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0 50 100 150
0 50
200 200
100 150
Average Rotary Speed[RPM]
Average Rotary Speed[RPM]

Patil and Teodoriu, 2013, presented at Celle Drilling

 1. Experimental Setup

 RPM generation: 10V hand drill

Top Assembly  Sensors : WOB, Torque and RPM
→

 Drill string – 1/8” OD PVC

 49 ft  Length : 49 ft
 Sensors: Laser positioning for
Drillstring → lateral vibrations

 Braking element for Torque at bit

 Sensors: RPM
Bottom Assembly →
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2. Instrumentation and GUI

 Integration of Torque, Displacement and Load

sensor with the DAQ system

 Calibration of all sensors

 Introduction of rotatory encoders for precise
angular measurements
a. Complete setup b. Laser addition
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Human Machine Interface

20
3. Testing and Data Collection

Test Matrix:

Dependent Variables
1. RPM
2. Weight on Bit
3. Stick-period
4. Slip-period
5. Sampling freq.
6. Torque at bit
7. Drillstring material

Lots of
test
variations!
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4. Vibration Analysis

Testing conditions:

• 100 RPM
• Stick period: 5 sec
• Slip period: 1 sec
• WOB: 0.5 Kg
• Sampling: 100Hz

22
4.1 Analyze Vibrations

Stick (5s)

Slip (1s)

23
Video Analysis

Effect of string material on vibrations

Slow motion of stick and

slip phase during
experimental analysis

24
 ML in vibration severity prediction
1. Analysis of field drilling data to
Step 1
identify severe vibration zones and
classify severity of vibrations

Step 2
Classification of vibration severity:
Level 0: Smooth, +ve ROP
Level 1: ∆ROP ≤ 5 ft/hr (No stick) Level 2:
∆ROP ≤ 10 ft/hr (No stick) Level 3: ∆ROP
> 10 ft/hr (Stick )

Result: 71%
classification accuracy
25
Saket and Teodoriu, 2020
2. Training an anomaly detection model on experimental data to
classify vibrations based on stick/slip period Work in progress…

No Anomaly Anomaly freq.

Fast Fourier Transform Fast Fourier Transform 26

Data aliasing in field operations
1000 Hz 100 Hz 10 Hz

Aliasing is the
phenomenon of data
being lost or miss-
reported due to poor
sampling rates.
Therefore, vibrations are
occurring faster/slower 1000 Hz
than information is being
sampled at. 100 Hz

Lateral vibration results 10 Hz

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Conclusions

 Drilling vibrations are complex and their understanding

needs in depth research

Combining vibration modes might help mittigating vibrations

 The novel OU drilling vibration setup allows to visualise vibration

and generate data sets that can be used for ML training and validation

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And NOW …
…the LIVE session inside of a LIVE session

The Drilling Vibrations Laboratory at OU

cteodoriu@ou.edu
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