‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻼﻥ‬
‫¦‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎت آﻣﻮزش‬

‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮی‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫‪3‬ــ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭی ﺭﻭی ﭘﻼﻥ ﺳـــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬ــ ﭘﻼﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺭﺳﻢ ﳕﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬ـ ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬ـ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‪)1‬ﺩﺗﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺷﻴﻮﺓ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬ـ‪1‬ـ‪ 12‬ﭘﻼﻥﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻼﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﺵ ﻓﺮﺿﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻓﻘــﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪1‬ـ‪.(12‬‬
‫ﺏ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪1‬ـ‪12‬‬
‫‪2‬ـ‪1‬ـ‪ 12‬ﺑﺮﺵﻫﺎﻯ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺵ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﺵ ﻓﺮﺿﻰ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳــﻌﻰ ﻣﻰﺷــﻮﺩ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺮﺵ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺵ ﻃﻮﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺸــﺎﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﻯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫)ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎﻯ ‪2‬ـ‪3 ،12‬ـ‪.(12‬‬
‫‪ Details‬ـ‪1‬‬
‫‪١٠٩‬‬
‫ﻫﺎی ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭی‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑﻫ‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻨﺮﺟﻮ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬ــ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬ــ ﻋﻼﱘ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬ـ‪ 12‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﺔ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻰ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻰ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻰﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻰ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬ـ ﭘﻼﻥﻫﺎ )ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊﻫﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬ـ ﺑﺮﺵﻫﺎﻯ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻰ ﭘﻼﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪ 1 , 1‬ﻭ ‪...‬‬
‫‪100 50‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻫﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﻼﻥ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﻼﻥ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺸــﺎﺑﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﻼﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻼﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ )ﺗﻴﭗ( ﻣﻰﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺵ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻓﺮﺿﻰ ‪B‬ـ‪) B‬ﻋﺮﺿﻰ(‬

‫ﺑﺮﺵ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪3‬ـ‪12‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪2‬ـ‪12‬‬

‫‪3‬ـ‪1‬ـ‪12‬ـ ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻯ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﺓ ﺷــﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻯ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻯ ﺷــﻤﺎﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻰ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻗﻰ ﻭ‬
‫ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎﻯ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺷﻨﺎﺳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﻧﻤﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪4‬ـ‪.(12‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ًﻻ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑــﺮﺵ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺨــﺎﺏ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻤ ًﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑــﺮﺵ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺵ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺳــﻘﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻖ ﻓﻮﻧﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ 1‬ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪4‬ـ‪12‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﻯ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑــﺮﺍﻯ ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻯ ﻳﻚ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻳــﺪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗ ًﺎ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻰﺍﻓﺘﺪ )ﺳﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﻰﺯﻧﻨﺪ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛــﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻤﺎ ﺍﻳﺴــﺘﺎﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻯ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻰﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺗﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫‪ Foundation‬ـ ‪1‬‬

‫‪١١٠‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺷــﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻗﻴﻘ ًﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻳﻰ‬ ‫‪4‬ـ‪1‬ـ‪ 12‬ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎﺕ )ﺩﺗﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎ(‪:‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪ 1‬ﻳــﺎ ‪ 1‬ﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪1‬‬ ‫ﻛــﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ً‬ ‫ﭼﻮﻥ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻰ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﭼﻪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻘﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺗﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻰﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎﻯ‪5‬ـ‪6 ،12‬ـ‪.(12‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪5‬ـ‪12‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪6‬ـ‪12‬‬

‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻰﻛﺸﻴﻢ ﺩﺗﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻰﻧﺎﻣﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜ ً‬

‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻒﺳﺎﺯﻯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﺩﻗﻴﻘ ًﺎ ﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻰ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮﺩﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻒﺳــﺎﺯﻯ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺯﺍﻳﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻣﻼﺕ ﺳــﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺘﻮﻥ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻴﺮﺁﻫﻦﻫــﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻳــﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﺗﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﮓ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻼﺕ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺯﺍﻳﻴﻚ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 3‬ﺳــﺎﻧﺘﻰﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳــﺖ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪ 1‬ﻛﺸﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪ 1‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻰ‬

‫‪2‬ـ‪ 12‬ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻼﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺵ‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫ﺷــﻜﻞﻫﺎﻯ ‪ 5‬ـ‪ 6 ،12‬ـ‪ 12‬ﻣﺮﺑــﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻼﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺵﻫﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪﺍﻯ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ‬

‫‪١١١‬‬
 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴــﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻜﺸــﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ‬ ‫)‪A‬ـ‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪B‬ـ‪ (B‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻴﻮﺳﻚ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﺷﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﺑﺮﺵﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺵﻫﺎﻯ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻥﭼﻪ ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻫﺎﺷﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﺑﺮﺵ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩﺍﻳﻢ )‪7‬ـ‪.(12‬‬ ‫ﺍﻓﻘﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺸــﻴﺪﻩﺍﻳﻢ )ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫‪5‬ـ‪.(12‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪4‬ـ‪12‬‬

‫ﺷــﻜﻞﻫﺎﻯ ‪ 8‬ـ‪12‬ﻭ ‪9‬ـ‪ 12‬ﺭﺍ ﻋﻴﻨ ًﺎ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ »‪ «DIN A4‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺭﺍ ﻃﻮﺭﻯ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻛﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺒ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻂ ﻛﻤﻜﻰ ﺑﻜﺸﻴﺪ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﻮﻁ‬
‫ﲤﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻓﻘﻰ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻜﺸﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﻛﻤﻜﻰ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﺧﻂ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﭼﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻛﺸــﻴﺪﻩﺍﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻜﺸﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺎﺷﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻇﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪١١٢‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﲤﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 8‬ـ‪12‬‬

‫‪١١٣‬‬
 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻧﺸﻴﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻧﺎﻫﺎﺭﺧﻮﺭﻯ‬

‫ﲤﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺣﻤﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪9‬ـ‪12‬‬

‫‪١١٤‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻣﺸــﻜﻞ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻰﻧﻮﻳﺴــﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﺔ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﺍﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻜﻞ ‪11‬ـ‪ 12‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺷــﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ )‪ (2/5m‬ﻭ ﻧﻴــﺰ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻧــﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻭﺩﻛﺶ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﻛﻒ ﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﺗﺮﺍﺱ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﻣﺮﻛـﺐ ‪ :‬ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺧﻂ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻣﻰﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻥﭼــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﻰﺑﻴﻨﻴــﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﻋــﺮﺽ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺁﺷــﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ‪ 2/28m‬ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﻥ ‪ 1/40m‬ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﻨﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ‪36/3 m‬ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ 1/50m‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺷــﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻯ ﻧﻴﺰ ‪ 100‬ﻧﻮﺷــﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻰ‬
‫‪220‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴــﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ‪.2/2m‬‬
‫‪1‬ـ‪3‬ـ‪ 12‬ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺳــﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻛــﻒ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻒ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺗﺎ ﺯﻳﺮ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺳــﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫‪ O.K.B‬ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴــﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻫﺮ ﭘﻨﺠــﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻭﺍژﺓ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻰﺩﺍﻧﻴــﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺳــﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻤــﺎﻡ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﺴــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻳﻴﻼﻗﻰ ﺳﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺗﺎﻗﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻰ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ‪،70cm‬‬
‫ﺩﺳــﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﺓ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ‪ 80cm‬ﻭ ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﺓ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﺖ‬
‫‪ 130cm‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﻯ ﺑﺰﺭگﺗــﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ‬
‫‪١١٥‬‬
‫‪3‬ـ‪ 12‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﭘﻼﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ ﭘﻼﻥ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻰ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻯ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ‬
‫ﭘﻼﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻰﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺷــﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔــﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﻳــﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔــﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻯ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﺑﻪﺭﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ »ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫ﺍﻧــﺪﺍﺯﻩﺍﻯ ﻧﺒﺎﻳــﺪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺟــﺮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﻭ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ«‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﭘﻼﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬ـ ﺳــﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻗﻄــﺮ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻫــﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺴــﻜﻮﻧﻰ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻼﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬ـ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺟﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺟﺮﺯﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬ـ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺸﺖ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻰ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﭼﻨﺎﻥﭼﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺻﺮﻑﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺴــﻦ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔــﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﻫﺮ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﭼﻨﺎﻥﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳــﺒﺔ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺷــﺘﺒﺎﻫﻰ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺳــﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬
 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬

‫ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺴــﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺒﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻯ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭼﻪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻼﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺷــﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻰ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺸــﺔ ﺑﺮﺵ – ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻂ ﺑﺮﺵ‬
‫ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺟﺎﻕ ﮔﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻇﺮﻑﺷﻮﻳﻰ‪ ،‬ﻳﺨﭽﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ – ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻭﺳــﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺁﺷــﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻰ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳــﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻳﻚ‬
‫)ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻤﺘﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭﺩﻛﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ(‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺵ ﻣﻰﻛﺸــﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺵﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻰ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜــﺮ ‪ 2‬ﻳﺎ ‪ 3‬ﭘﻨﺠــﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﻢ؛ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺳــﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺁﺷــﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺑﻴــﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 10‬ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳــﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﻏﻠﻂ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﺷــﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﻳﻢ ﻣﻰﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﮕﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‪3‬ـ‪ 12‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻊ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻰ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﻼﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ‬
‫ﺷــﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺪﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﺩﺍﻧﻴــﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴــﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻰ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻢﻛﺸــﻰ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺴــﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻧﺪﻫﻴﻢ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴــﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺳﻴﻢﻛﺸﻰ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺍﺷــﻜﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻰ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻃﻰ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﻕ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﻯ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺸﻮﻳﻰﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ ﻓﻀﺎﻯ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷــﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪ ﺑﻜﺸــﻴﻢ ﺩﻗﻴﻘ ًﺎ ﻗﻮﺳﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪10‬ـ‪12‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷــﺪﻥ ﺍﻳﺠــﺎﺩ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻰ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷــﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺩﺳﺖﺷــﻮﻳﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻃﻮﺭﻯ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﺸــﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺳﺖ ﮔﻴﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻜﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫‪5‬ـ‪3‬ـ‪ 12‬ﭘﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻼﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻰ ﻧﻴﺴــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺳﺖﮔﻴﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣــﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻼﻥ ﭘﻠﻪ ﻣﻰﻛﺸــﻴﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛــﻒ ﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷــﺨﺺ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷــﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺁﻥ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﭘﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻼﻥ ـ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺳــﺖ ﺩﺳــﺖﮔﻴﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻠﻪ ـ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺘﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳــﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺳﺨﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﭘﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺠﺎ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﭗ ﻳﺎ ﺭﺍﺳــﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺩﺳــﺖﮔﻴﺮﻩ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺴــﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﭼﻨــﺪ ﭘﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺳــﻂ ﻋﺮﺽ ﭘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﻜﺎﺗﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻰﻛﺸــﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻰﻧﺎﻣﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‪3‬ـ‪ 12‬ﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻼﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﭘﻠﻪ ﺷــﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﻠﻪ ﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻰﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻥﭼــﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳــﻴﻠﺔ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺗﻮﭘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻓﻠﺶ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﭘﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﻫﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺧﻂ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﭘﻠﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻯ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﻫﻢ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺘﺎﻡ ﭘﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺧﻂ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﻣﻰﻛﺸﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪4‬ـ‪3‬ـ‪ 12‬ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻼﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﭼﻪ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫ﻳــﻚ ﺧﻂ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻴــﺎﺱ ‪ 1‬ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻰﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﻄﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﻟﺒﺔ ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻂ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﻣﻰﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪ 1‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﻰﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪20‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪12‬ـ‪12‬‬

‫‪6‬ـ‪3‬ـ‪ 12‬ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻼﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺷــﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺷــﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪11‬ـ‪12‬‬

‫‪١١٧‬‬
 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬

‫ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ًﻻ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﻌﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻛﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻭ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺳﻄﺢﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻼﻥﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎﻯ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻰ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳــﺎ ﺑﺮﺵﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ًﻻ ﻛﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻫﻢ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺯﻣﻴــﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻰ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ – ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺷــﻤﺎﻝ – ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺩﻫﻨــﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ »‪ «+0.00‬ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﻣﻰﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﻼﻥ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ‪ +‬ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ – ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﺍﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ ﺑﺎ ‪ +‬ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ – ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻰﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪8‬ـ‪12‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻒ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﺖ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪. -۰/۰2 :‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪13‬ـ‪12‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﺓ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺳﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫‪7‬ـ‪3‬ـ‪ 12‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻼﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺴــﺎﻭﻯ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻰ ﺩﻭ ﻧــﻮﻉ ﺍﺧﺘــﻼﻑ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺳﻔﻴﺪ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻰﺷﻨﺎﺳﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﮔــﺮ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻼﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻼﻣــﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻰ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪1‬ـ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﻭ‬ ‫‪2‬ـ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻴﻔﻜﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻼﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷــﺪﺓ ﻛﻒ ﺁﺷــﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻞﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 7mm‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺁﺏ ﺳــﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ )ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ‪ 2‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻰﻣﺘﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻰﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻒ ﻫﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻰ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ(‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻥﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻼﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻒ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ‪ 43cm‬ﺍﺯ ﻛﻒ ﺗﺮﺍﺱ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﭼﻨﺎﻥﭼﻪ ﺯﻳــﺎﺩ ﺩﻳﺪﻩﺍﻳﺪ ﻛﻒ ﻣﺜ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻧﺎﻫﺎﺭﺧﻮﺭﻯ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﭘﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻒ ﺳــﺎﻟﻦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺍﻳﻰ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺳــﻄﺢﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺳــﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪،‬‬

‫‪١١٨‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ 5‬ـ‪ 12‬ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺵ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ‬ ‫‪4‬ـ‪ 12‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﭼﻨﺎﻥﭼــﻪ ﻣﻰﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑــﺮﺵ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭژﺓ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻳﻴﻼﻗﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺵ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻓﺮﺿﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻠﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻣﺘﺮﻯ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﺳــﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻳﻴﻼﻗﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍً ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺵ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎﻳــﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﭘــﻼﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻔﺼ ً‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺳﻘﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﭘﻼﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺵ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎﻯ ﺷــﻤﺎﻟﻰ ﻭ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻰ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺗﺎﻳﻞ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻳﺮﺁﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﺸﺔ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻭژﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫ﺁﻥﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺵ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪15‬ـ‪.(12‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﺴــﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﺵ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺸﺔ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤــﻞ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﻢ؛ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰﺭﻳﺰﻳــﻢ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﻮﺭ )ﺑــﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞﻫــﺎﻯ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ(‬
‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰﺭﻳﺰﻳﻢ؛ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪14‬ـ‪12‬‬
‫ﺗﻤــﺎﻡ ﭘﻰﻫﺎﻯ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞﺍﻧــﺪ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭژﺓ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞﻫﺎﻯ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﻰ ﻣﻰﺭﻳﺰﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷــﺮﻁ ﭘﻰﻛﻨﻰ ﻭ ﭘﻰﺭﻳﺰﻯ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﻰ‬
‫‪1‬ـ ﭘﻼﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻫﻢ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪ 1‬ﺭﻭﻯ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻳــﻚ ﺟﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺤﻞ ﭘﻰ ﺷــﺪﻳﻢ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺗﻤــﺎﻡ ﻃﻮﻝ ﭘﻰﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻏﺬ »‪.«DIN A3‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﺍ ﻃﻰ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ؛ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎ ﭘﻰ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫‪2‬ـ ﺑــﺮﺵ ﻭ ﺩﺗﺎﻳﻞ )ﺑﺮﺵ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪ 1‬ﻭ ﺩﺗﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺵ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪ 1‬ﺭﻭﻯ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ »‪.«DIN A3‬‬ ‫ﲤﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻧﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬ـ ﻧﻤﺎﻫــﺎﻯ ﺷــﻤﺎﻟﻰ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺑــﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻳــﻚ ﻭﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷــﺖ ﻛــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻫﻤــﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫»‪ «DIN A3‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪1‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺤﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷــﺪﺓ ﻓﻮﻧﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﺓ‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫ﻛﻒ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳــﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻳــﺪ ﺑﭙﺬﻳﺮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘــﻼﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻭژﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳــﺎﺩﮔﻰ ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ‬
‫ﭘــﻼﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﻮﺭ )ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ( ﺗﺎ ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﻗﻴﻘ ًﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻒﺳﺎﺯﻯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺱﻫﺎﻯ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩﺍﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻥ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺗﺎﺯﮔﻰ‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺵ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪١١٩‬‬
 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬

‫ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻛﻒ ﺳﺎﺯﻯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺸﺔ ﺑﺮﺵ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻰﺑﻴﻨﻴﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺑﺮﺵ ‪A‬ـ‪A‬‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻰﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻡﺷــﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺵ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﺳﺎﺯﻯ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﻨــﻰ ﻗﻄــﻊ ﻣﻰﮔــﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺳــﭙﺲ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻓﻘﻰ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪15‬ـ‪.(12‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻳــﻖﻛﺎﺭﻯ ﻣﻰﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺭﺝ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﻮﺭ ﺑﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺝ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ‬

‫ﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺍﺱ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪15‬ـ‪12‬‬

‫ﻛﻒﺳــﺎﺯﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺑــﺮﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻭﻝ )ﻃﺒﻘــﺔ ﻫﻤﻜﻒ( ﺑﻪ ﺩﺗﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺵ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﻛــﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ًﻻﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮﻯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺗﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺣــﺮﻑ ﻻﺗﻴﻦ ﺩﺗﺎﻳﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫‪ 20‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 25‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻰﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺸــﺔ ﺑﺮﺵ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ‪ A‬ﺩﺗﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫‪1‬ـ ‪ 5‬ـ‪ 12‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻒﺳﺎﺯﻯ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪ ﻣﻰﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎﻯ ‪16‬ـ‪ 12‬ﻭ ‪17‬ـ‪.(12‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺩﺗﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻰﻛﺸﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻞ‬

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 ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪16‬ـ‪12‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪17‬ـ‪12‬‬

‫ﻳﻜﻰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻳﻤﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺵ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻰﺭﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨــ ًﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘــﻼﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪ 1‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺱﻫﺎﻯ ﮔﺬﺷــﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻜﺮ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﻴﺴــﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻃﻮﻝ‬
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‫ﻧﻘﺸــﺔ ﺑﺮﺵ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﺪﻩﺍﻳﻢ )ﺷــﻜﻞ ‪8‬ـ‪ (12‬ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺮﻋﻰ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻗﻴﻘ ًﺎ ﺑﺮﺭﺳــﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌــﻰ )ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻜﺮ( ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻨﻚ ﻛﻪ ﺷــﻤﺎ ﻣﻰﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﺮﻯ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻴﭻﮔﺎﻩ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳــﺒﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺵ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻳﻚ ﺧﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸــﺎﻧﺔ ﻛﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷــﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻣﻰﻛﺸــﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺳــﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﻫــﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻋﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺴــﻤﺖﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻛــﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﻂ ﺑﺮﺵ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺷــﺖﺗﺮ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻫﺎﺷــﻮﺭ ﻣﻰﺯﻧﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬

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 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻰﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺻﺮﻑﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪18‬ـ‪12‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪19‬ـ‪12‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺫﻭﻕ ﻭ ﺳــﻠﻴﻘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎﻯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺷــﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺳــﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺰﺍﻳﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻯ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﺳــﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﻧﻴﺴــﺖ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺷــﻴﻮﻩ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ـ ﺣﺘﻰﺍﻻﻣﻜﺎﻥ ـ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺳــﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺗﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺷــﻞ ﻧﻤﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﻳﻰ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﻳﺎ‬
‫‪ 6‬ـ‪ 12‬ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺁﺩﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﺗﺮ ﻣﻰﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻥﭼﻪ ﻗﺒ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﺓ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪7‬ـ‪ 12‬ﭘﻼﻥ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻗﻰ‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻂﻛﺶ ﺍﺷــﻞ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻼﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺗﻬﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗﻰ )ﺑﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻰ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪20‬ـ‪.(12‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻳﺮﺁﻥ( ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪ 1‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻼﻥﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷــﺪﻥ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺍﺱ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺍﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺣﻤﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻟﺖ‬
‫ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖﺷﻮﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪20‬ـ‪12‬ـ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗﻰ ﻳﻚ ﺁﭘﺎﺭﺗﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧﻰ‬

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 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﻠﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻛﻮﺭﺍﺳــﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﻔﺴــﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺰ‬ ‫‪ 8‬ـ‪ 12‬ﭘﻼﻥ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ )ﭼﻴﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ(‬
‫ﻧﺎﻫﺎﺭﺧــﻮﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺳــﻴﻨﻚ ﻇﺮﻑﺷــﻮﻳﻰ‪ ،‬ﻳﺨﭽﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺷــﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ًﻻ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴــﺎﺗﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳــﻰ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﭘﻼﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺒﺎﺱﺷﻮﻳﻰ ﻭ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪21‬ـ‪.(12‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴــﺰﺍﺕ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺁﻣــﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ؛ ﺑــﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻯ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺵ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ‪1‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻟﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ‪1‬‬

‫ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻴﺰ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻰ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ‪2‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ‪2‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖ ﺷﻮﻳﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻳﺰﺭ)ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝ(‬
‫ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻴﺰ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺒﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻴﺰ ﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺭﻯ‬

‫ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺍﻳﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺨﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ‬

‫ﺗﺨﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ‪3‬‬
‫ﻳﺨﭽﺎﻝ‬
‫‪TV‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﻞ‬

‫ﺍﺟﺎﻕ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺷﻮﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪21‬ـ‪12‬ـ ﭘﻼﻥ ﭼﻴﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻳﻚ ﺁﭘﺎﺭﺗﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧﻰ‬

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 ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻼﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪9‬ـ‪ 12‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻯ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺎﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺸــﻴﺪﻩ ﺷــﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗــﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴــﻞ ﻋﻨــﻮﺍﻥ ﭘــﺮﻭژﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧــﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﺭﻓﺮﻣﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﻴــﺶ ﻣﻰﺁﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷــﺮﺡ ﺁﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﺸــﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻀﺎﻯ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻠﻮﻙ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻰ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺝ ﻣﻰﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻯ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺭﺩﻳﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻰ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪22‬ـ‪ 12‬ﻳﻚ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﻼﺳﻰ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪22‬ـ‪12‬ـ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﺔ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﭘﻼﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﺴــﻜﻮﻧﻰ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻯ ﻫﻨﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻫﻨﺮﺁﻣﻮﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﲤﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻳﺎ ‪ 1‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺳﺘﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

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