| OXFORD Contra Univerlty Prey, Inc, publishes works that frtber (Onurd Univers’ jive of excellent ‘a scarc ehlareip, and eaten. ‘Aand Cope Town Dee ‘ale Maid Metnuroe” Wi Cy Nash Teepe Shngiat Tope Tos ‘wih otiern Argetnn Acsia ast Chbe Coch Rp Prange Grosse Sec near ty apn Poland Prog Sixers SSE, "SNaad and Tanker Uerse ie Compt © 208 Oxford Univers Pros 58 din Ava New York, BY 10036 nnd natn tama of Os avr Pree avg sere, No pat of hi pbeation may be epee eo ee tel yy tamed ony OC “Sie mechani peotnying netting 0 herwiy “Sate pr pean Oxford Unvesty Pos ‘Toc titer Coser Cotpnen Patton Dats ‘the Oxtnd eat the meen wes Peer ar, trim chi Ince iblogepl ferns a ins. ght geo doe7a29 Gk alk pepe etry, Meter Eoeconade 2a tr “Reoin Prin in he Ui Sater Ameri ‘ire paarcosto etavine lite mf nao nd Shred Sopan topo nates Th Koran War aid worries a 19 pas cata rye coening ens eras {Bsn cnet soy ary fan’ oar tbe elie epeond snmonie naan ae fn thew 100 saps pon a omen ons Gin slog with ean copsn wih eo Sie Rehr xonaglcciany npn tw ey Tah mt Ne fnaond ny ema Sod sod dct ere peal some se ‘eres dcr ld ember the hd seth Sennen atin op cea "ac Rc snd in tert end ee seinnnn yl som od tery ay ‘i Gav, ech bee the i lee ch ctmed te ete oe promt oa Stren oe Of! Seth Tovar tai seston en Cottle Keren Steines Inte Mis pai hing at nd parr seth hf doi in tia hts ne twa The cree Commons in hee sed Senn nl tte cmerplens ef ena ay Sete citrate ew Ch ‘ol oh undoped el Notas fc ‘enon of ual ea har rma, eng Fens nn enh in 9 Te ‘Se vw tanta ety coeds Ta Gin nny, ath i he Poles Reps sn “ean sane tii ben Shp mye iret man he ‘ntl hia htc aren sod ‘enschede yf aa le Seo matecnee’ tonal, Bi tno, ‘esse et Chines nnn ‘finn sng ln Sinan Cn troy Spee nt th num of Heng one nr od es in sae 10 tho eal oping uous sin npr in el in eh ton Toe ts Onan, Domi oth a the ‘ed ta sot nun anne Ent Aan tn ‘ee omping oon cr est ‘popes teers Sth Rae, Ta and ‘uc ln thy ant Japs ea sn, 4 cane Setar td tee ns ‘£CSinoee, North Korean, and Japanese nationalisms — tet matnr Gti penn "Raven, Neth Ket tet ape NATIONALISM: Latin America 555, demands er ein of Japa pai costittion —ve ‘increased ropioal tensions, In Japanther ae len wide spread call fr tho dvaopmen of "orl" nationals, hat would alo, for example, Japanese partspation in incarationa penckeeping operations [See also Boror Ratelizn; Japanese In China: May Fourth Movement; Pacifom, tubertry Japs; Pan Asimism, RaseoJapanese. Was; Sino-dJapaneae, Wars ‘Three Priniles of the People; Twentyone, Demande «and "Unequal Treaties] Dike, Frank, od Te Cinco of Hoi dete Chin an Japn: Heal and Contperay Pepe, ops Utes imal re 1 Marron Herma. China” Tenn. the Dain, Landon: Sl oe ree Ba pis, 699. NewYork ‘hin, Woo tic Naot in Kee: Oreo, as, nd Zar. Stars, alt Str Unveny Pcs 208 ‘iio, Saree Maton ond Nodnalon tn span: Landon oatdgeCern 2002 Yeshina oa, Cull Nationa in Contemtoray Jan “ Solo! Bnguy. Landen Howie 108 [atonal tives on mths, tha is, clletively hal Dis about w sbeod pat iscading metres of war, ‘oloiztion or migeatin, a the ely German socal the ist Max Weber (1864-1920) remarkod. Nationalism in Latin America i no exeption. One of the pclae of he region is, however, the ealy eof sovereign natonl sates andthe lative sai oftheir boundaries. Teed, while duzing the fist decade ofthe nintoet century ‘Burope lived in a ystm ofpricipaitie and monarchies, America Witneod the emergence of the Bt national ‘tats ofthe moder ea ax Benaict Anderson rominded usin Imagined Commis The langevty ofthe national Iundarie of Latin Amerie’ countries ia duet a lott two factors. Ones thelarting lnacy oh administative Sundae established by tho Spniah and Portuguese in ‘the calnil period, fortis on he basi of uch boundaries ‘that the indepandent states mars shaped. Theater factor ‘in that the region had not enperiencd tho kind of tine nationalisms that have elt tans aati ther parts of the won ‘One of the most widespreed forms of nationalism ie ‘fica! natonliam,natonalin, sponsored bythe state ‘through ceo! curs, ble monuments and aiieary354 NATIONALISM: Latin America commenotstios.Ofisl nationalisms in Latin America lve largely shaped rund he wars lindependonc, which i mainland Spanish Ariricaorased between 1800 and 186, During he ery pstsdapendenco prion this b- etion, ruling elite ad frventy an Spanish retrie ‘hat sought eymbotaly to dnt th now nations with a oman ingens ee Calbia pst This rena is tla known ae Cree natalia boeuze rug tas in Spanish Areron wore fr the most part Crosley tha ‘American-born indivi of Spanish dacent. This war Inet ironic boca lite Coles wor elsrally attached to Spsin and socially ditant frm descendents of native hcety, eel indians, whos they wally reat with Contempt rele sim tosaniats the now ations with an ‘cnt ingens past wel epitomino in he ionore ‘hy ofthe nana ymin Tae eg, the serpent an the {atasin the Mec atinal ag, or examele, fine the mpfbial funding ofthe Ate epi, ad the wun at ‘he conta ofthe Argentinean flag evakes the main Ioan tty, actwithtanding Argent’ peripheral place inthe Ince Empire f indopendence from the colonial powers provides the funding lander for ofBeial national ehetorc iis ‘oy no means the only one Two ohor important sources tf nationale tations are conte between Doreen pecially in the nineteenth century, and US. Inarvention inthe wont canary. Conca berwoasburering natioashavedfan ben ore Aeciie in shaping both Bia and popular enss of ni tonto than war independence ve. pine example isthe War ofthe Pai between Cl, Par, ond Halivia (0879-185), ia which triumphant Cie acquired large teal of tevritry frm Per and Bolivia depriving the Tatar of ts Lora! provines. Henceforth, "th ott 10 the se” bcame a national slogan in Boivin, while tho tension between Chile and Pera natant resurface in iplomatie relatos, the madi, shoal taxtouks, and op ok Thnthe Carta, Dominicana nana identity isbeavily shaped by contrat wit hei poorer an backer Haitian eighbors Merinjstiv great postndapendence ware—-the {U:Mevcan wero UMB-184, in woh Mesizo loot alt of ite teritory to an expanding United Stats, and the fuleequent fight to expel the Frond invasion in the 18EDe—have tzonely markod this country's natonalist sstades othe poset. ‘uring the iss decals of the wesc entry, 8 US. Inerventon in atin America bene moe Watt, ation ssh ani. rupmate dro inereasng suppor. Ciba i ‘bln in hi regpet Peau oe succes ite 1969, ———— 30st Masel (1852-1885) & Cubes moet revered an, Ing father and national hero A post, dpm rear fant revdutonary, he died in an armed ‘neuron ig Saved tho fin! stage of Cubes fight for ndependost ftom Spain 1805, Mar ounded th Cuban Revaatiet try Party, which advected the armed pth fr indnpgs, hoe and on which Fidel Casto later drew intintny, Mars alan made popular the notion af “acless natn ‘iy which sree the equality of ll oom in Cab ng ‘the bonds of sodarity forged between blk and wie, turing Cubes protracted esupele fo inlpenden trhich ck aod whites fag side by ede The ae tg “hoslas nationality was rovlutionary a tine whe a, ‘tific ram waa os Poa when the United te ‘expoened deep racial sogrgation under the Jn, Cow laws: Marti spent mich of bis Mf in ele in New Yo, Spain, Merion, and many othor parte af Lata Amst, srher ee wallow and wellrogarded both as ry Sed polite fre rovoltion, The Cuban Ravaltion was at 20 mth te Suesee of «communist movement, eloogh twas per ‘ved os such during the Cld War, athe amg {ervey ntl seaton, which puta nde istry cf U.S intarwonsin in the inna ARs ty ‘were not nary a suc e Cuba with Piel Cas ‘Cena Amerie contro san bred ealtonar atin tat heres, sachs Uo eres Angst César Seno fn Niaragua and Perbundo Mardin Bl Salvador, baht ‘thom odin the ary 1990 afer a lng ht gaint US. ‘eupation and Stacked ditetrhiein thereon. lrever uke whit happened in Cabaand Ms whit nationalist yraatons ine wert etary cde, in Contr Amerie, ave forthe chart ra ofthe Sani ‘aa in Nicaragu, ovluianery ational newer bse fn ofl htelogy. The same Se true fe mot of Ltt “Amerie This dee no ean hat ant peraom ora US. usient was embraced onl by axed gone sal pei. Ufc, npr peaked in atin ‘Ameria Intec cvs inthe 18ie and 1830 a4 ‘managed once government plc. From he 1286 through the 1960s, far example, populist and nats fverareuts lo over several Latin Amin cn Dinar tendency Sv te rie in the nly test entry, as eempied by pesients of Venenul sé B livin, Hugo Chivers Bro Morale, reply, ath syeken opponents of US. poise. ‘AKhogh national ba ben a powrtl diving in thobistry of Latin America, oly since the 10088 —soles started to renoareh it epic ald nguiy. {hn isdn in pat tothe Intng inuence of Marsiat fink, since Marsism hardly recognized any sort of avonalam among ether he elites orth oman peop {niocl Mart istellocaals and dependency theorts tive tsitionally questioned efi veto of nations) sity, slang, for example, that independence owed ort ertrnl fairs than totaal wil wie ndit- fn elites for their loge lack of ationaitlndersip. ‘Ps naonlist expressions roniaind either wnneiont te were aubromed into questions such a¢ revolution and fie crugela, But now that Mlrsst heoie of ler and ovo are waning and sears have bacomeineoas- inl sesnsic abot the ible of oii, he study Craton a 2 phenomenon that tensconds idol ‘ess ope unprecedented tars. eth begining af the twenty fet eonbry, nationalism ‘esbungoing fel of eed i Latin Americ, wat ‘eis concentrating, aot surprisingly, onthe ninetoenth ‘wy, tb omy ofthe birth of nations, The vandeny Intoseknowldge some form of site nationalism 5 wal as pepe nani es are no longer seen a oto. "Ed historians have come to itngsish pride of at sconmi mationalism (nti, protectionist market Pion, waere in te past dependency hearse end Marita ener only “ies sling out pment, early prtindepandence period, Similar, indigenous | smi end poor Azan dncendnts, who wre coon by Msciaa end bral like a8 mnre cannon fer and “eauploted mines” are now acknowledged tobias beet, ‘ee amare ofan to have patispatd rei, national Petit he pont where the study af popula forms of | otsm and nationatan in the nineteenth century Se f fevning fd in tele adtion, race and tity | S20 seen as factors chayng the sense of national Setoeng (and excuson, ae well ag reposentations of ‘i isn, Ezoomicorented debates on nationod se Shoe way to studies that empsizoextare end national Benodict. Imagined Commartize: Reflections on the RE an Na oP Sign Ning. Anne, Macho ad Karin Ajandra srt ein oh Carne BS Sin chores oma et Pb Oaterty Pee he NATIONALISTPARTY 355 Fert, Ale ung Cate: Race, Nain, and Resin Tig ie Cape sey of ai aan Pra onan, Pal ean Ster and aan: Commer Palicy “id th Sate im Pandagon Pow. Pasion, NS ‘nos Uniersy Prom 88 lon lenin Peet ond Nato: The ahing of tench ‘lenin and Poe Barkly Unie of arin Pre Menie Ca. “ot Idea No:Netr on Passe ‘Nason an le Cntanpoary Car” deora! of Latin ‘Aner Sade 28 Gar 1008-87-28 Rodrgna On aime. The Tndspndence of Spaxih Ani. ‘emiige Ui Cambie Unio Pra, 105. NATIONALIST PARTY. Tie Nationst Party, or ‘Guomindang (Koomintang), came int being as a oll partyin 1012 in the aftermath of tho rovluton hat overthrew the Qing dynasty. It evolved from the ant Manche and prozepuliean Revaltionry Albano thet ‘Sun Yateen (Sam Zhongehan) had formed in Tayo i 10905. Ip Nations) Asoambly elostions in tho winter of 1922-1012, theNetionait Party wen 8 rr foto (Speen over several palitcal yartiok and was primed totale kay legislative pact whon the asumbly eonvenal, ‘Song Jiaren, lated to become the primo minitr, was tcsessnated, however, sh n Shanghai train station in ‘March 1018tho reclt of « pt by President Yuan Shika, who practelly ignored the abs once i et Nationalist Party adhorents played oontal roles inthe rebelion that exploded against Yuan inthe summer of 1018 and that Yuan handy put down. After coercing the atonal Asemblyt aif hi lectin as preidant fora Sie-yor ean, hein Inte 1910 astlawed che Nationalist, Pry, in fom and obntive a pariamentarystyl pay, and then in nry 1814 abolished ll representative odie. ‘Cooperation with the Communist Party. In Octshor 1918, 5un renamed the party be ha organized in dapan in 1814 the Nationalist Party, Over the ext sovera years, Communist Intemational (Comintrn) agents helped feualish the Commonint Parey and pushed i to fom a tnited front with the Natonlist Party, the lrg urse” party, t ost warlords and imperialists, 8am grea to ompt Comintern aasitane i organizing wed ‘rengtening the Netnaliat Paty. Tho egont Nail arodin rebuilt the lowly seractured Nationalist Party fon = Leninot party modal that was based upon the Drinsple of domoeraie central’ and abeigned party 1 | 1 i