THE SANSKRIT TEACHER CONTAINING 7 INTERESTING SENTENCES AND Y ROO) FROM SANSKRIT uireraTuition.. PY & (In Two Parts ) mR PART I (For Sranparps [V anp V) BY RAO BAHADUR KAMALASHANKAR PRANSHANKAR TRIVEDI, x. s., RETIRED PRINCIPAL, P. R. TRAINING COLLEGE, AHMEDABAD, AND EXAMINER IN SANSKRIT IN THE BOMBAY, ALLAHABAD, BENARES, AND PUNJAB UNIVERSITIES MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED, BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, MADRAS, AND LONDON 1926 Price Rs. 1-4-0FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE LHIRD EDITION ( REVISED §& ENLARGE FOURTH EDITION ( REVISED § ENLARG FIFTY EVITION ( REVISED § [ARGUED ) 1918 SIXTI EDITION ( REVISED §& UNLARGED ) IN 2 PARPS-1921 SEVENTH EDITION 1926 Printed by V. P. Pendherkar, at the Tutorial Press, 211, Girgaum Back Road, Bombay and Published by F, E. Francis, Manager, Macmillan & Co, Fort, Bombay,ae ty PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION" The study of the Sanskrit language which is a mine of invaluable ancient literature is beneficial to all nations from various standpoints, archeological, philological, and others, but to none more than to the Hindus whose life is permeated by religion. It is essential to them for the proper knowledge and cultivation of their vernaculars and the comprehension of their religious and philosophical literature which is the wonder of the civilized world and for which they must have a yearning when foreigners like the Germans, the Knglish, and the Americans are struck with admiration and devote their lives to its study. During my official career in High Schools and Colleges I have learnt that the study of Sanskrit suffers much for lack of interest in it on the part of students. Indeed, they are inspired with love for it, which ondures through life, if the subject is properly handled and the rich treasures of the literature placed before them. Itis with the object of facilitating this study by creating a taste in it that the “Sanskrit Teacher’ ig composed on somewhat new lines. The following are the special features of the work :— (a) The cream of Sanskrit literature is supplied to students in every lesson. Great care is bestowed upon the selection of sentences, passages, and verses. They are culled out from classical authors, the great epics, and the Upanishads. They embody proverbial expressions useful in every-day life and ordinary conversation (such as Tatgtdat eter a are: qreardie:, sea Tse cate, AeA Ge: arse AaB, att at qwamgels ata et cvfizarn, wea wee stad wer: ) and passages full of wisdom and usefulness. They are such as are sure to elevate the mind to a high plane of morality and devotion and inspire it with a spirit of respect4 and reverence forall that is great and good, respect for learning and wisdom, respect for power and authority, and reverence for God. (2) The book winds up with a large selection of prose and poetic passages. The prose passages are taken from the Paficha-tantra, the Dasakumdracharita, the Kidambart, and the works of Saikarichirya. They thus supply the student with different specimens of style. The poetic passages are selected from the works of Chinakya, Bhartrihari, Kalidasa, Bhavabhfiti, the Ramayana, the Mahdbhirata, and various other works. (©) A language is bost learnt by the study of its poetic literature which contains wise thoughts clothed in felicitous expression. The committing to memory such gems of literature ensures a command over the language and deepens ataste for it. The object of meeting this requirement is specially kept in view in the selection of verses in lessons and also at the end of the book, which has so many as about 200 of them. (d) The student is introduced to a knowledge of Sanskrit metres and figures of speech. The characteristics of the ganas are explained and the student supplied with definitions of a few leading metres such as Malini, Vasanta- tilaka, Harini, and Sikharini. The leading features of a few figures such as the Upamé, the Ripaka, the Arthantaranydsa, and the Anyokti are elucidated in lessons and notes at the end. (©) The student is directly taken to literature, grammar being made subordinate as it ought to be. This object is attained in the following way. Every lesson opens with a few sentences which are translated into English and in which new grammatical forms are printed black to draw the attention of students. Then follows a paradigm of forms ready made5 and lastly come the rules which are deduced from them. The method followed is thus analytic. It will be educative and interesting both to the school student and to the person of advanced years who has a mind to acquire a knowledge of it. The former should first learn to recognise the forms and then study them. For the latter it will doif he only learns to recognise them. (f) The book comprehends in a small compass all the salient points of Sanskrit grammar, the knowledge of which is essential for the study of Sanskrit literature. A1l out-of- the-way forms are studiously avoided. Experience as teacher and examiner has shown me that students cram irregular forms for examination purposes and forget them as soon as they are free from their examination. They fail to grasp the general rules which govern the formation of declensional and conjugational forms current in the language. To cure this evil théir attention is drawn to forms that are ordinarily met with in, literature. External rules of Sandhi which hold in the formation of a variety of forms are with this object carefully explained and illustrated. (9) What is easier and more current is given precedence to what is harder and less current. Compounds and past participles being of general occurrence in the Sanskrit literature are introduced at a very early stage; Futures are treated before the Perfect tense; and the 4th and 5th varieties of the Aorist before the remaining varioties. (h) The last lesson deals with Taddhita and Kyit suffixes generally met with in the language. (4) The beauty of Sanskrit grammatical terms lies in the fact that they are mostly significant. If this fact is properly explained to students, much of their work will be facilitated. I regret to remark, however, from my experience as University examiner, this fact is not properly brought to6 the notice of students. It is on this account that words like are found spelt in a variety of ways some of which like agit are simply ridiculous. To remedy this evil, this book explains every grammatical term and thus impresses it upon the minds of students. When a student learns that the word @gat€ is itself a Bahuvrihi compound and show its characteristics, when he knows that the word Tet by its twofold dissolution shows its twofold nature, when he knows that the words 3a and ‘Wat are themselves present and past participles respectively, and when he understands that definitions of metres are generally given in a quarter of the same metres that they are meant to define, his task of remembering them becomes extremely easy and interesting and his knowledge becomes sound and enduring. (7) No exercises for translation are given till the student has made some progress in the path of knowledge. He is then given exercises containing Sanskrit sentences for translation. The number of these sentcixcs increases as lessons advance, bat is never tediously large. A fow sentences only are given in English for translation into Sanskrit. (ik) To encourage the cultivation of the habit of self-help without which nothing great in life can be achieved, no glossary is given for selections in prose and poetry at the end. Notes are, however, supplied to explain difficult constructions, expressions, and context, where necessary. (2) An appendix is given for intelligent students. It is hoped that it will be useful to those who wish to be initiated into a study of the Sanskrit grammar of Panini and will also facilitate the work of good students at the time of the revision of the book. Ahmedabad, } K. P. TRIVEDt June, 1911.THE CONTENTS Lesson I—Letiers ... oe ae oo II—The Present Tense... o on I1—The Present Tense rh IV—The Present Tense on nee oe V—Prefixes (s7at) ae we oe VI—Words ending in & Vll—Words ending in # : ate Vill—Words ending in %, 3, and €. IX—Atmanepada Present ‘Tense and Words ending in St X—Pronouns XI—BFF and Ayey ‘Words, aaa in 3 and & a ae XI1—ageht and sehr; Words ending i in &; Past Participles eee ws XII—geaq;s Words ending in@, 4, and & XIV—Feminine Words ending in Zand 3 Imperative Forms ee tat XV—The Potential; #7 as XVI—The Imperfect; HH and FAT XVII—Words ending in ® fn ie XVIII—Neuter Words ending in % ¥ and ® XIX—Words ending in % XX—Passive and Impersonal Forms 40—47 48—54 54-63 63—70 1—78 18—84 84—89 89-97 97-105Lesson XXI—The Present Participle XXIJ—Words ending in T and aa XXIII—Numerals ( From 1 to 10 ) a XXIV—Irregular Nouns we 7 on XXV—Roots of the Fifth and the at Conjugations - XXVI—Roots of the Ninth Conjugation XXVII—Roots of the Second Conjugation XXVIII—Roots of the Second Conjugation XXIX—Roots of the Seventh and Second Conjugations oe see ave XXX—tThe Third Conjugation Exercises Notes on Exercises ... wee aoe SUGGESTION Pages 106-113 113-119 119-125 126-132 133-140 140-147 147-156 157-169 169-180 180-191 192-195 197-199 The course in the book may be divided as under :— St. IV. Les. 1-22, pp. 1-119 St. V. Les. 23-30, pp. 119-199 \ \THE SANSKRIT TEACHER LESSON T LETTERS The following are the letters in Sanskrit :-— @* %, &, % % 3, %, % BH GGG, gy, and ats Ot 88, 7,9,8,%, 8,8, 4, 4,2,8,2,%,0, 9,4, F408 9,4,44,0,9,F, 5,0, 8,8- Letters in (2) are called @® (vowels), because they are sounded or pronounced by themselves (@%=sound) without the help of other letters; while those in (6), gt (conso- nants), because they require the help of vowels for their pronunciation. ®, @, &c. cannot be pronounced unless some vowel is mixed with them. There must be a special mixing, that is, mixing of vowels (f&+ 3a to mix +) before they ean be pronounced ; €. g. B=R+A; BM=—K+AS B=F+3H. at, 4, Fy, and % are long forms of 4H, %, ¥, and *, respectively.! & has no long form. * The method of transliteration given below will show how these letters are written and pronounced. The method adopted is the one fixed for the Government Bombay Sanskrit Series: — Ha, Ma, Zi, Zi, Ta, KA, Keri, Trt, Sli, Te, F ai, a o, atau, > mth; TRk, kh, Tg, Lgh, Fn, Heh, Fchh, Rj, Rjh, TA, Et, Sth, Cd, Fdh, Tn, Lt, Ath, Ta, Ldh, Tn, Lp, F ph, and @ are called 4a (bard consonants); while ihe last three letters of each of the five classes, and 4, %, @, F, and & are called 88 (soft consonants). 4st, & and Lare called AACS or AAT (semi-vowels). WX, Y A, and F are called HAT (hecause they are pronounced by a sort of breath). sq+qaht seat ; sgtarta= A> &, or %, it is changed to both Waa and fren. 4. Visarga followed by Gor % is changed to Ws by Lor r% tos c.g Haale, Trea, TE + the rule:— 5. When the dual form of a noun or a verb ends in %, 5 or %, the vowel is not combined with the following vowel. , %, and @ which are not thus combined are called TYE. aq + ead =sgad. The rule :— 6. When @ or a letter of the await comes with ¥ or a letter of the zat, & is changed to % and a letter of the aa io the corresponding letter of the 2a. (Vide rule 7, Lesson VIII to which this rule is similar). The third letter { is changed to the third letter € in ayaa.ATMANEPADA PRESENT TENSE AND WORDS ENDING IN ST 27 ehteqe:—seqa: is an adjective. It agrees with ef, its freq, in gender, number, and case. araarttare frrrart AAT ATT AATAF | Bash gw a aah araws | zara abr wat a ade i au: warea fat axafea | AIHA TOT | ac So a TTS | BIIGAPRAST AAT | ae ara WTI afret gaat orang Renata | Ja TSAL | Ba ATT | aS HITT: | Nouns TR ( TATA: ) (m.)—Namne | zt ( f. )—Desire. of a sage. aati ( /. )——Bashfulness, awa (f. )—A woman. wat ( f. —Merey. AMS (m.)J—A bee. ga ( Fa: ) (m.J—A tree. TAT ( BAT: ) (m.)—Heat. | aeafet (.)—A king; a lord arara (saya) (2.)—An}| of men. umbrella. URE ( Gg: ) (n.)—Mud. &g (m.)—An arrow. rat ( GET ) (n.)—-A lotus. wat (f. )—A girl. aie (afr) Cm. JA wrae « (mFAS) = (m.)—A} traveller. blanket of wool. qreatret (7. )—A school. aeT ( THA ) (m.)—Smell. weg ( eq) (02.)—A flower. HRT (f. —A digit of the| ss (f )—Subjects. moon. afaqg (f.) The first day of a erat ( f. )—Shadow. Hindu month or fortnight.28 ware (stag:) (m.)—Favour. aret ( f. —A girl. arfmeat (f. )—A girl. feare (faete:) (m.)—A cat. writ (f. )—A wife. FC (AAT) (m.)—A_ peacock. wat (f. )—Lakshmi, wife of Vishnu. Bq ( SM ) (n.)—Beauty. aiarggt (f. —Name -Agastya’s wife. of THE SANSKRIT TEACHER arat (f. —A dear girl. aut (f.)—The rains (The word is used always in the Plu.). war ( wera) (n.)—A garment. tam ( fam:) (m.)—An obstacle. faa (f. )—Knowledge. farare (frare:) (m.)—Marriage. wart (/f. )—A garment ( amet Nom. Sing. ). afar (f. )—Sita. Adjectives ara —Great. eS —Lager. Indec] wa—To-day. ¥a—Like. Bre ( f. YAS )—White. inables ara—Verily. arqa—tIn the evening. Roots se (sree) (4th Par. )—Lo throw. wet et (agtsgaa) (ist Atm.)— To fly up. Rare ( Rael ) (10th Par.) — To think. R( ara) (ist Atm. )--To protect. faq aa, ( Frtsafe ) (1st Par.) To get out. arg (Tea) ( 1s¢ Atm. )--To | TAC waa) (Ast Atm. )—To ' sport. wr (waa) (1st Atm. )-—To obtain. faora, (famafa) (4th Par.)-- To take rest, aa (aaa) ( 1st Atn.)--To be or to become. qga( ata) (1st Atm)—To grow, to increase. BA (ataa ) (1st Atm. )—To speak. shine.PRONOUNS 29 LESSON X PRONOUNS | ae: ery antes = adeerh aiea—-All, their own interest, desire—All desire their own interest. aaa: Baer: am: = thay Bava aA:—To all gods, a bow--A bow to all gods. wag Fag AT TT Te: =calg Tete FAT TT are:—-In all arts, clever, this boy—This boy is clever in all arts. aa ua Ta: = Feary ga:--Whose, this, son ?-—— Whose son is this (boy) ? at arat Taa—What, news, is—What is the news ? wa a a om =aeg: Frseru——Another, some one, this—This (boy) is some other one. Ra aft oar aerefe = aretat werT—Something, this (woman ), says--This (woman ) says something. aqaa! cared ar Rerar= ae! Te arfitant-—-Oh king! this alone, that, ring--Oh king! surely this is that ring. & aa Het--Who, these two, girls--Who are these two girls? (The vowel of Rand G@is ser, hence no Sandhi of ® a). aan fer a faa=aat Ren a fraa—Of them, knowledge, not, is—They have no knowledge.THE SANSKRIT TEACHER aa Mas. wat Fem. Sing. Du. Plu. Sing. Du. Plu. Nom. we wit at at a wat Ace, aan ” wary ” ” Inst. an wateara, at: ata wate aan Dat. RT wae 4, | wae: Abl. ARTE, ” ater, » Gen. Wee aT at » aah wale Loc. WAR 5, WAY we ,, aalg aa New. Nom. and Ace. ada aa await The rest like those of the Mas. aa isa pronoun. Its feminine base is aa. Itis generally declined like (1, TH, and BS in th have no vocative forms. Only the are peculiar:— Mas. Fem. Nom. Plu. aa io : Dat. Sing. wast ater ont Gen. Plu. aaa, Loc. Sing, wafera, ade, ae, wera, FA—z (another), hree genders. Pronouns it S. following forms of @4 Neu. Like those of the Mas. qwaera, AAEM Gen. Sing. also 34 (another), and faa (all) are pronouns and declined like @4. aq Mas. aq Fem. Sing. Du. Pul. Sing. Du. Plu. Nom. & a a | Dat. wae aa art Ac. TH a ara, | Ab. Fea area, ana Int, tt arm Gen. : araTy &e. Loc. FATA 5, agNom. and Acc. WA-Z AT Nom. Ace. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loe. Ace. Inst, Gen, and Loc. Ace. PRONOUNS fea New. 31 Sing. Du. Plu. % aerfet 9 ” » &e, wet New. reef WaT as. Sing. Du. Pin, ur at at Tarr adit eT Q-tt | Cea, tae ” * oaat:—arat: % waE Kem. Sing. Du. ic CA, aa qaal-aarat wera: wag New. Wag wa Tae am wer = ary Plu. Tawa: warfare AK, AT, GAT, and fare all pronouns. They should be considered as 4, 4, Gt, and % and then declined like ad. Nom. Sing. of 7 Mas. is W and WaT Mas., Tt: Nom. Sing. of AX Vem. is At and of GAT Fem., Ta. New. Nom. and Ace. Sing. forms of these words are 4, 4, Gag, and fa. aap has WIG as Neu. Nom. Sing. and Ace. Siny. Ace. forms, Inst. Sing., Gen. Du., and Loc. ‘Du, of wag Mas., Fem., and Neu. are made up from Ft also,32 THE SANSKRIT ‘TEACHER a -feargq=ak aria or ateariq—the rale-— 1. Visarga followed by X, % or @, is retained or changed to &, {, or &, respectively. CEMA TITS, ATTA AT, Te + gE —UT GA The rule:— 2 and Gt drop their fa, when followed by any consonant, HALO = se, TAT a: (TATE!= flow) =aerE, TA teain=qeig, oo werteinr oor Sat: = wera: — The rule:— 3. wat+-T or B= and Hat+ 97 or ata. wat Saar aarftr | hg Fy areyg Agere | wrazag RAAT | arseat Rraar wat aa | HU AWS | (Ratt at: Gar Seat rer Aris: ST | vargeat aan: ada at Far aaa | waar | ara Hatt cae aerat er 1 aat FART TA: | | Rae afe azote arent caret Fara aA: | | etry agai mafaratt Tarr | waat yoda aierfer | eat arerikelt ate |e ote: TASB | wat ff at: wet Rao VOCABULARY PRONOUNS ‘aeq—Another. qW—Another, wag—This. Who or which (relative), fa— Who ? What ? All. aq—That.PRONOUNS 33 Nouns wage (ag) (m.)— Prosperity. wet (f) (Voc. Sing. & 9)- A mother. wfret (f.)—A ring. went (f.)—An art; 2. A digit. areat (BATA) (n.)—A forest. aE (($J—A limit (aerate = Extreme limit; excess). fr (m.)J—A mountain. wa (sa) (m )—Speed. ait (f)—A present Brahmins. aaat (f)—A goddess. ame (ATA) (n.)—A town. A (FH) (m.)—-A son. to (m.)—A relation. nA! (m )—An offering. aren «(een ) Cm. A Brahmin. atat (f.)—News. Ragan (eqn) (n.)—An ornament, er (f)—Time. are (RETR) (”.)—A_ branch of learning. af& (m.)—A horse. [pany. wana (want) (m.)—Com- aat (f.)—Service. Bie (He) (m.)—Affection. ward (ark) (m.)—One’s own interest, selfishness. Adjectives aat—Clever. @a—Equal (An Adj. ‘having frqa—Clever. this sense governs the W—Great. Inst. or the Gen, TA Aa qta—Great. or TAS WM), Indeclinables wa—Verily, certainly. | f€—Certainly, verily. Roots at [ase] (azafer) ( 1st Par. )—To give; with N—To give. ay ( aaNet ) ( 1st Par. )—To bow. faq ( Prat ) (4th Atm. )—To be. antag ( aaftet ) (1st Atm. —To desire.34 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER LESSON XI EF AND TNFET WORDS ENDING IN’g AND F water agqaéi—What ? this, Pafichavati~Is this Pafichavati ? aaa ateragt—What ? this Godavari—lIs this Godavari ? wataa array —What ? this, a penance-grove—Is this a penance-grove ? at f@ qeada: soMt:—She, verily, of the lord of the family, the soul—She is verily the soul of the lord of the family. aM and WY, both meaning ‘soul,’ are always used in the plural number. weftarraovat a—To Lakshmi and Narayana, a bow—A bow to Lakshmi and Narayana, freraita ata: ert a srara—Through the fear of obstacles, low men, a work, not, begin—Low men do not begin a work through the fear of obstacles. saat: HANI ae a aAafa—Best persons, ever, duty, not, abandon—Best persons never abandon duty. qans qareamet adta—In a Pajichapatra, materials of worship, is—Materials of worship are ina _ Pafichapatra ( A collection of five cases ). waa Ws WeEaceaan we wany—Of the Sarasvati, water, holy—-The water of the Sarasvati is holy. HAC: ATA a (A) SHrat Tafa—K ubera, in his ownBF AND AYLG WORDS ENDING IN $ AND & 35 . town, Alak4, dwells—Kubera dwells in his own town Alaka. qet Hrafe AreraH:—To the wife, becomes angry, ~ Manavaka—Manavaka becomes angry with his wife. #T governs the Dat.; so does @4 4h Par. having the same sense. Tea: a2*afrara: atraafa=awared? ara: sfterafi—Of the Saraya, on the bank, some, ascetic, dwells—Some ascetic dwells on the bank of the Sarayd. SRA AMTATAAS Ty? = AVA aT ATS T—OL the mother-in-law, order, follows, a daughter-in- law—A daughter-in-law follows an order of her mother-in-law. In this legson are illustrated the forms of Fem. words ending in = and &. adit Fem. aT Fen. Sing. Du Plu, Sing. Du. Plu. wo Agta aa: 7 | aeat aa feo adm, ag | a ” aE qo wm Agha ate | wat pT ay: wo ae a Ae: | ae | ER qo Ae ” ” area: » » Woy ae agi |g, Te aT qo WH wag ATT ” aag ao ow ovat am ag aeat aa * faq, 4a, and aff are added to the forms of faq m., f, n. in the sense of ‘indefinite, or ‘some one’—#frq, whnPaa, aiara; waft, RSH, &c.; Had, aiPag, BPI; ASH, TARY, FSH dc, ,36 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER The forms of #@t and 7 are similar. But TY retains fret in Nom. Sing., while 7ét drops it. Short forms of the words smn, Reta, acta, wall, vat, wet, aaa, and daha ( viz. Ho, fe, @o, &c.) are used in this lesson in place of Nom. Acc., &c. to teach these words. wairrrmag, get, THA, aang, fame, and FAAMAT are compounds (WaTa). Two or more words or padas combined form a compound. Case-terminations are generally dropped in all padas except’ the last. Words cannot be combined in any way we like and form a compound. Sanskrit grammarians have given minute rules on the subject. Compounds are principally of four kinds:—g*¥, Wey, » wera. The first two classes are illustrated in this lesson. TRB (TT and BAT ), THBAONATTAZAT: ( Wa, BAT, wea, and wy), vtarsat (ta and #8), waafrarrantt (wait and Anam), qdiegeat (qadt and We), TATA ( Sat and A®R ) are all examples of the FF compound— 1. A %*F compound is a compound of two or more words in which the sense of no member is subordinate to that of another member. When the compound is dissolved, members are connected by the copulative conjunction ‘@’ (and). If two members are compounded, the compound takes the dual number ; and if more are compounded, the compound takes the plural number. The gender of the last member is the gender of the compound. ¥*€ means a pair. In a FF compound, members form a pair—are on the same level, no one being subordinate to another. A smaller word is used before a longer word. Names of brothers are used in order of seniority.HPF AND AYRI: WORDS ENDING IN # AND K 37 geufe:—The lord of-a family; WHR aATeE—His man; Wa; Wa (AMAA =AT I A= TTA) — A grove of penance; a penance-grove; adtagey; fara Fear from (of) obstacles; Taaftacgea— 2. The compound in which the first member has the sense of any case except the Nom. and is thus connected with the next member by the sense of that case is called a TTT compound. The word WIR is itself a AYST compound. It means‘ his man.’ It thus shows the nature of a AYet compound. The word Jest has also the sense of ‘that person.’ Here the first member is an adjective and the second, a noun— 3. The compound of an adjective and a noun is alsoa kind of @gea. It is called TIANA and AST (that person ) are ahaa compounds. aT — at means action. Members in this compound are grammatically connected with the same verb. In TWAWaT ara and TBAT Was, the words TH and FW are both connected with the same verb, in the first instance, as subject and in the second, as object. Thus ina compound members are or in apposition. qHIAG—A collection of five vessels; THazt—A collection of five banian trees;—these are Ry compounds— 4, Ra is a sub-division of the SAaRa compound. If the first member is a numeral and the second, a noun, the com- ‘pound is Ry. It is generally used in the New. Sing. and has the sens¢ of ATER or collection. In some cases the # at the end of a Warerfey compound is changed to The word a sbows the nature of the compound; for in it the first member fis a numeral and the second J (at— 8 cow is changed to J) isa noun.38 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER 5, fase is dissolution of a compound to explain its meaning. Eas we TTT AIVI—TS TEs: ages: ; Berg wt Aaa SUT F STATA TAIT: fa—varat want carer: TaTPRL erate wer: | Gat ora are: | TARA TU GBF | sae cae Is this a forest ? A bow to Siva and Parvati. We water trees. Kings protect men. There is no friend ( arg ) cqual to learning. Nouns afai—m. A guest. (burden. | Fee m—(1) The head of a aftr (aeemt:) m.—A great | family; (2) A teacher who afte (af9:) m.—A lord. teachesand maintains 10,000 areept .—Kubera’s town. pupils (geet ofa: : arat f.— Order. aAt f£—The Ganges. eat /— Wish. aii £—A pregnant woman. ard (aq) n.—An action. Tiaraét f—The Godavari. gat (BA) m.—Kubera. Pea ( Req) n.—A picture. gard f—An unmarried lady. | Fé (Ae!—Aeq) m.,2.—A bank.SE AND AQeT WORDS ENDING IN ¢ AND & agraa (auraaa) 2.—-A penance- grove (aqat at atta). asit £—Tho fore-finger. arqa (aga?) m.—An ascetic. areq (@teq:—aa)m., n.—De- sire of a pregnant lady. amit /—A town. [avait ). aah m.—A King Gremt af: ART (ara) m.—Vishnu. aya (grrz) n.—Cleverness. THA (THAR) n.—A col- lection of five cases ; A pot for materials of worship with five cases. qaadi f—A part of the Dan- daka forest where there are five banian trees ( TaTat 39 srart ( seat: ) m.—Prayaga. RTT (ATT) m. ( Always used in the plural )—Life. FTE (ATA) m.—A Brabmin. - aR (AH) m.—Violation. wat ( Wat ) m.—Siva. wart f.—Parvati. [a man. amas (ATA) m.—Name of Wa (FAA) n.—1. The mouth; 2. The beginning. ay f—The Jamna. wat Night. eH (€H:) m.—Siva. eqvit f— Parvati. “watt £—Lakshmt. wie (BH) m.-People. [in-law. ay sl. A wife; 2. A daughter- aarti wares: THAT ). weZ_f—The river Sarayd. qt f—A wife. aX f—A mother-in-law. area ( gaa: ) m.—A tree. areadt f.-The river Sarasvati. tt f.— Worship. arasit /.-Materials of worship. sata ( aga) m.—Evening. | atat f—A limit. Adjectives g:fta—Pained; distressed. qaa—Holy; purifying. ata—Rase, low, a@ls—Young. W (af. )—Great; furthest | fte—Rare. (a atat=Furthest limit, | %8—The best. excess; ATM WT Atat—i. c.| aI—Able. affection has gone too far; very great affection). tt—(Pro.)—One’s own. * Nom. Sing. wef: Its other forms are like those of aa. t @ is a pronoun when it means ‘one’s own.’ It is not a pronoun when it means ‘relation’ or ‘wealth.’40 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER : Indeclinables afi—1. Even; 2. It is used in warfy—Ever. asking a question. JAt—Again. wet—Oh ! Roots “wa ( Beat ) (4th Par.)—To beangry (It governs the Dat.). T+ +Oq (mena ) (1st Atzm.)—To begin. wed ( rere) (10th Atm.)—To threaten. atm ( area )—aery (ist Atm. )—To meet, to unite. ae (weet ) (1st Atm. )—To bear. fal ferq ] ( Rrafe) (6th Par.)—To Water. @ ( aafet) (1st Par.)—To flow. LESSON XII agent anp weritara ; Worps ENDING IN & PAST PARTICIPLES Ten weta: WEsereh Ft wa:—RaAma, with Sita, with Lakshmana, to a forest, (was) gone--Rama went to a forest with Sita and Lakshmana. In Sanskrit the Past Participle is often used in place of a verb in the Imperfect tense. woararect Faga:--A horse, mounted, Devadatta— Devadatta mounted a horse. a Sra AE | Her anrarsft—Who, who, here, oh ! Whence, come, thou art—Oh! who is here? whence art thou come? sferiedt ereqraracia-—Every day, Sandhy4-adoration, he practises—He practises Sandhy4-adoration every day.age aueqatara; WORDS ENDING ING; PAST PARTICIPLES 41 agra aa wa wt aaraiet—Of ascetics ( those whose wealth is penance), penance alone, great, wealth, is—Penance alone is the great wealth of ascetics. sara fraxat frarara—Sages, those who have conquered senses, those who have conquered anger, and—Sages are those who have subdued their passions and anger. Wand @ are not used Letween two words and sentences asin the Vernacular. Mark their use— aa Baa or TA BRT; TAT aT SAV A or WA Ba a; 7 am ang gd a ama. qiagaemt asf atsat wafta--At the time of advising others, all, certainly, wise, are—Certain- ly all are wise at the time of advising others. aasft= All without-an exception. atugata, wvta: | gitar let giviater | ae qeaaaaarmy (tayo). Every compound, must be first dissolved in the Nom. and then its gender, number, and case shown by using A in its gender, number, and case. ait gearaer caoftaat--Oh ! of the house, of this, beauty !—Oh ! the beauty of this house ! aga dredtai arrai--The moon, of medicinal plants, a lord—The moon is a lord of medicinal plants. qatar Taft ada—Clouds, water, rain—Clouds rain water. SqRSA wat Aafe w weay—By curiosity, of. them, in the mind, a place, obtained—Curiosity42 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER obtained a place in their mind—Their mind was occupied by curiosity. ‘This lesson illustrates two compounds, agate and aeqanira. agaife:—It the word be taken as wg aftf&: (much rice ), itisa aaret compound; because it is made up of an adjective and a noun in apposition. But if the compound means ‘one who has got much rice’ ( ag: afife: wer), it is itself a @getf€ compound. Thus the very word agate shows us the nature of a 4a compound. frersht:—One who has conquered anger. RraPxaT—One who has conquered his senses. Grareaz:—One whose cloth is yellow; Vishnu. All these are instances of agente. 1. The compound of an adjective and a noun is agai, if it qualifies another word. In explaining the sense of the compound, or giving its fanz as it is called, it is necessary to use the relative 4, in any case that suits it except the Nom. Rra@za xft:—Here Fra is an adjective, gx4 a noun, and. the whole compound isan adjective qualifying Ree. It is dissolved thus—frearft ghar at a; drerreat wer a: Fraveaz: - ACV: and Fata: are also Aga compounds— 2. A compound of which the firsi member is @® is also + @€ is optionally changed to @. ete: tar—aten aE ada ge aata— 3. If the last member of a age compound is a feminine word ending in 4 and the whole compound is masculine or neuter, the ending 4 is shortened into #. nfaftaq—mf is an a74, fA is not an HEI; but the com- pound ffir is an were, fe fea afer afaheerg (Every day)-age & MeTAATA; WORDS ENDING IN @jPAST PARTICIPLES 43 4. If the first member ofa compound is an. indeclinable and if the whole compound also becomes indeclinable, the compound is Seqatara. i The word #eqatwa means that what is not an indeclinable becomes an indeclinable. faz is a noun; but in afar, it is an indeclinable. 5. The form of an se7atata compound is mostly like that of Neu. Acc. Sing. wa 2nd Par. is conjugated as under in the Present Tense:— HA 2nd Par.—To be Sing. Du. Plu. Ast pers. afer = ae and ,, of ar aI ard, afet a afta Forms of Mas. and New. words ending in @ are also given in this lesson. arqua Mas. qe Neu. Sing. Du. Plu. | Sing. Du. Plu. Nom. Wea WAG AAR | Ta qaet Tae Acc, WHAT Inst. cere er we qaet qatar, wae Dat. WAR oy 2] ae ” Abl, WHA 5 ” Ta ” ” Gen. 5, WEA eA! wat FART Lo, WHA 5 wang, |e T41g, aa cle Vo. wa waa waa! | aaet The forms of words ending in @are made up by adding terminations to them according to rules of Sandhi. In tho Mas. Nom. Sing., the penultimate is lengthened. ¢ and & are respectively Dual and Plural terminations of New: nouns in the Nom., Acc., and Voc. cases. Mark the form qaiie.Ad THE SANSKRIT THACHER 6. When words end in any consonant except a nasal or a semivowel, is inserted before the final consonantin the Nom., Acc., and Voc. Plu. of Neu. touns. This Lis changed to Anusvira when followed by &, {> %, or ¥ and to the nagal of the class to which the following letter belongs when followed by any other consonant. The vowel before this nasal is lengthened in words ending in @ and Wea, (rq--qerrg ES rig+E=rta+g= THe). Forms of past and potential participles are also illustrated in this lesson. Past participles are very freely used in Sanskrit. They often take the place of the Imperfect Tense. wyaHTrA—The word Wa is in itself a YAREA or past parti- ciple and shows how a past participle is made up from a root. 7. Y+a=Wa—t is the termination of the Past Participle. Ruots oad Roots fae & & os z | In these roots the final @ is at eta m ut J dropped. Bi gq) All these formsare similar. FA+a=gaqt HL wa | a=ga+a=ger—The termination A is wy ea) changed to Y, when preceded by the fourth : Bt BAT! letter of a class; and the preceding fourth gt @a | letter is changed to the third letter. +a TT FS | Het a= HTH HTT HST (Ta dentul, is ey BE | changed to the corresponding cerebral % aE I ) being compounded with &, a cerebral; € is dropped and the preceding vowel lengthened); but in 4, *® is not lengthened—The final ¥ of a root is changed to @, when followed by any consonant except a nasal or a semi- vowel. % followed by < is dropped and the preceding vowel except ®, if short, is lengthened. Note how Tavira is derived.wget esreqatara; woRDS ENDING IN G5 PAST PARTICIPLES 45 8. Teed, TAT, TT ( Fit to be approached ) ; T— HEA, TI, ZA (Hit to sport in, pleasing)—aet, wata, and 4% are potential ( fert ) terminations. 9. Before watt and a4, the ending vowel and the penultimate short vowel take their Guna substitute and before 4 the ending vowel generally takes Vriddhi. 10. tavita-charming, Tavitqat-charmingness—at and @& are abstract terminations. They convert adjectives into. abstract nouns. aa aa: | TT Ta | setter aqaer Zerte | aa a teria! af wotatag az | wat Brats: gare: | aft afiizdtsa gece: | aa Rae | at cer aaett Pred: | aeer eat arlrareane | ae aaa He Ts A Tala! ane vaife cea ga ereatit ezarhe & arent oftete aga: aftzat: afer | aver | at qereqat ware | WaT AMAA: HOTT | wre Tear wwe aarat: | qu aa ate: Gea ae afta46 THR SANSKRIT TEACHER We bathe in the Ganges every day. Whence have these boys come ? Many learned men live in this city. Wise men conquer organs of sense. These houses are charming. Nouns art (a!) m.—Desire. ana (ART) m.—-The coming; acquisition. (of sense. abaya (GAT) n.—An organ waeT (TIM?) m.—Advice. RR m.—A sage. ava m.—A medicinal plant. BIS (SACL) n.-Curiosity. SAN (BAR) m.—A boy. sehr (ANT) m.—Anger. ay (At) m.—A merit. ‘aqua m.—The moon. aa n.—The mind. ‘Wat (Hi) m.—A person. ava n.—Penance; austerity. gage (faqu:) m.—Name of a man. .. [ queen. 2atf—l. A goddess; 2.°A AAA (AMAT) n.—A constel- lation. ras (ATH) m.— A lord. Feet (Rreat:)—Essence; substance. [man. aftea (afsa:) m.—A learned Wg (TE) n.—A place. Tae 2.—Water. wale (walg:) 27.—A cloud. J-—An assembly of the aay m.—A beast. learned. gles (gfe) n.—A bank. wutizat f—Beauty; the state of being charming. AT (AA) m.—Rama’s @aqn.—Speech. [brother. are (AEE) m.—A friend. m.—1. God Brahman; 2. ae f.—Time. [ Fate. WZ m.—An enemy. aty m.—God Siva. [gives pain. area (RreTH) n.-A thorn; what aecat f.—Adoration to be per- formed by a Brahmin at morning, mid-day, and afiaf—a river. [evening. ava n.—A lake. ata f.—Rama’s wife. ‘@lag n.—A current of water. waa ( €qaH) n.—The heart.ageife corerdna WORDS ENDING ING; PAST PARTICIPLES 47 Adjectives wfaeq—Incomprehensible. wre (p.p. of at+aTZ)-Come. BTEC (p.p.0f AT+8K)- Mounted. wa-Tall, high. Tet (p. p. of TH)-Gone. Bra (p. p. of &)-Conquered. wa-Humble. WF (pro. )-Another. (@%e)-Of lovely form zanita-Charming: way (p. p. of WY )-Obtained. wa-Empty; (qe = Absent-minded) ( at eq TE EE )- aradta—Fit to be mourned. aaa (p. p. of Bat f+at) Near. [ duced. aya (p.p. of AL+A)-Pro- (Bet aatt ver a: Berea: ). | aaTA-Kqual. Indeclinables ayAI-Now. | ¥ut-Formerly. earq-How ! | sfaftaa-Every day. ¥a-Whence ? ata" (at) On! Bg-Verily. + wa-Where. a-And. ; | at-Or. wa-There. ‘ Roots at are ( antrarafer )-( 1st Par.)-To approve; to praise. we (MRA) (2nd Par.)-To be. atbag (araeft) (1st Par.)- To act. we ( aeafet ) (10¢h Par. “To form; To fulfil. & (wale (1st Par.)-To melt. Faet+ i (wera) (1st Atm.)- To defeat. ay (aa) (1st Par.)-To rain. * 4 of 4 is dropped, when followed by a vowel op-a!xbft consonant. t The root f% with f& or %I is Atm.; Pear, Ia.48 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER LESSON XIII qq; WORDS ENDING IN 4, FZ, AND TH a ray afigare: = atsaafieearc—Who, this, an ascetic-boy—Who is this ascetic-boy ? HAY ATT antareatn = aenaatatedta—Enough, with this, with great length—Enough with this great length—Do not say at great length. TSA AA AG TH AGM = Ferd ATTA TEI — Enough, this, wrestler, to that wrestler—This wrestler is equal to (a proper match for ) that wrestler. We in the sense of ‘enough’ governs the Jnst., while in the sense of ‘equal to’ or ‘a match for’ it governs the Dat. wef: weg wa fiewa: ater: = wegen Rem: adea:—By the great, towards the great, alone, valour, should be made—The great should show valour to the great alone. Aer oer ( aerrer ) eaatat frara:—Great, of this, of a poet, of words, power—Great is the power of this poet’s words. qarat wtate aaa (after) weet sery—Of the learned, in the assembly, by this man, great, fame obtained—This man obtained great fame in the assembly of the learned. Raa graf ater areant ( aerarnat) gmt vaTq—Great, miseries, borne, by these two princes—Great miseries are borne by these two princes,TH; WORDS ENDING IN @, GZ, AND TL 49 feqeer got wrq—Of one who has no desire, grass, the world—The world is grass ( of no worth ) to him who has given up desire. aft: GB: FR «eitwaq¥—By these fruits, what object ?—What is the use of these fruits ? ay atta = gaafta—This I am—Hcre I am. afer wa oat asf aerate: ate at asf] azaetatata:—In this, alone, in time, some, forest-elephant, there, came—At this very time there came some forest-elephant there. qq Jas. azq Kem. Sing, Du. Plu Sing. Du. Plu. Nom. WT wt a | SR cia gar Ace. 7 S- GAM | SAT a gr wt gar | can at war Inst. sae oer Ce a-CaaT ATM ATT: Dat. FH |, ae » TT Abl. WATE ys ret ” ” Gen. we ATE ITAL aera TET waa orale Lo, WR gg RY RTA ” ay way New, WT Nets Nom wy TA ga [sta waTett aaa Acc. 9 ” ” ” ” ” ard, ut . waar The rest like those of faug. The rest like those of the Mas. * a:, wh, saiaay, fq, and a word of similar sense are mostly used with the Inst. 84 at tq:-atst:-fh sala and ana fq have all the same sense. 450 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER aaagq, Mas. { wee Mas. Nom, ara, wredt wre rer wer were: Acc, WATE 5 wre «| aeraR ,, | Aa Inst, wat waar aT: | weet ARaeaTy AehH: Dat, wraet - wragen: | wet | Wea Abl, aT » ” Ree RETA AEDT: Gen. wired: oo wtaarg | 4, 90 AeA EAT Lo. watts, weg jae ,, Reg Vo. way owraett ower lage wert aera ara, Fem. qs Mas. and Lem. Nom, areq art are: — ges: ace, AAT ” ” Inst, ar ae af: | gest lle ae Dat, ave » wen | gaan ” qe: Abl. at » » | Gea ” ” Gen. RE a |g, | ae: gee Lo. WR ag igen ,, qa Vo. Wen amt are lqawen gest gen: wed, Neu. gear Neu. Nom.,Acc., Voc. FEAT WEA wena | Gare Feats Fels wedi is tht Fem. of Ata. 1, Wrag+AaR= WIaAgeaTG—In the body of a pada any consonant éxcept a nasal or a semi-vowel is changed to the third letter of its class when followed by the third or the fourth letter. 9, RHETT FRI = AMAL, ATL} A=aTL= ATT — A. letter of Wt ( palatal class) is changed to the corre- sponding letter of await (guttural class), when followed by any consonant except @ nagal, or a semi-vowel, or by nothing.* * Followed by nothing= When it is at the end of a pada.@XA; WORDS ENDING IN @, FZ, AND T 51 3, @R-E—At the end ofa grammatical form, any @® letter except a nasal is changed to the first or the third letter of the same class. For the forms G@anerand weet Vide rv. 6., p. 44 (qeare+ F= FAIA A+ = Fara + g= gay). In agen. (water) the nasal is not inserted; because { is a semi-vowel. @T{7.~ at—ani—att Nom., Acc., Voe. ag = art + = ae+g= aE +g; and=1+a=43K+g; ACY = FAG ( One who speaks of a lotus )+q=FAR+G; wag =cat+aq=wat+g=Ta+g; agig=adt+gq=Aat+g; aq =ay+g=94+9; but wrg=ta+a— 4. @ of an S18 (a substitute) or a termination is changed to {, when preceded by any vowel except & or 4, or by a letter of #4, or by % or @ (In qara-aata, @ is preceeded by & and is not therefore changed to &). afta + a= arta; sere + aren = sereetamt (The individual soul); @My+er=_aronte: (The lord who thinks well )— 5. @, W, or H, at the end ofa W%, preceded by a short vowel and followed by any vowel, is doubled. aeat+wa=qeaa, (Ais not doubled, being preceded by the long vowel & ). ~ afte ert er “awh wat | arafiaar aftr: 1 Jaan efter! Sey, ere Th . TRRTAT arab wale | |” caret arte52 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER oat MCAS Haat TAA | BY TATA SATS: | a ag tact afrefraatr ara aaa dtarer adit arrara | ot a aaa first ge | aftquert afefxt draat ae ca fia | armas ft arat f& sear acéra oat frrarcea vanter sroreratt wer | erat ata weg Se feet azarafe | +818 JS a arflret AH a a a araat aft ads ae a aa aa Here we are. E leaves ? i Why are you absent-minded? What is the use of these j Verily, great is his misery in Fie upon this fool. | this world. Nouns aera (afar) m-| scope; what cannot be Great length. understood (@ fraatsfaa:). a ( ad: ) m.—An object. BSA (VTSFAT:) m.—Pomp. Mas ( TAS ) m.—Fire. Seat (BPM) mA region; a wey ( ATT) .—-A forest. place. ( HerMATS )-No ! ast ( TH ) m—An elephant. ae * When a word is repeated it has the sense of ‘every’, e.g., 22 2= On every hill. tA ara compound in which 4% or is the first member is called FRAG; e, g.. ANT (7 TARA Yi bot sre celle alleFH; WORDS ENDING IN 4, A, AND H waa (ara) n-A sandal wa n.-The world. [tree. art (fry) n-A means, a channel, a way. afta f-Poverty. qatar ( arity) n. ~ Sights Appearance. [a king. god ( {eA ) m.-Name of Qe (Ren) m-A demon. ava (Ata?) m.—Name ofa sage. qari (qard:) m.-A substance. aftaz fi-An assembly of the learned. Luse. watt (Tar) 2.—Obicct, | sare (ae) mm. (Tapeh atet:)— Good wind. [Rala; Indra. aafitz m-The Destroyer of We (AR) m.-A wrestler. 53 antter (artery) 2.-A ruby. | fira (Rrmm) nA friend. atts (atta) n.-A pearl. MRT n.—Glory. wat f.-A erceper. art (HN) m.—Avarice. ava f.-Speech. ard f-A well. argza (argza:) m.—Krishna, son of Vasudeva. fare (faamt:) m.-Valour. fara (fara:) m.—Power. Fra nthe sky. | AR (AR) m.-Exertion, Way (AA) .-Time. Veit (fatht) v.-Heaven. Adjectives eeH ( Pro.)-This. wa (p. p. of A)-Dwelt. -Fit to be done. faq-Some. -Some. *dtt-Intelligent. fvare (age)-That from which essence is gone, worthless (Brite: at cer a Prat ). rere (@™o)-That from which - desire is gone; without desire (Rater eet ae & Reese: ). qeata-Another’s. wiraq-Fortunate. WayT-Sweet; pleasant. AeA-Great. [forest. aaq-Wild; belonging to a aatta-(p. p. of WRF 1st @Tg-Good. [Atm.)-Desired. AAT-Charming. [Borne. aie-(p. p. of BE ist Atm. )- * ais a possessive termination, meaning ‘having’. It is changed to 4 when added to a word having 4, ™, or 4 as54 THE SANSKRIT THACHER Indeclinables aeez-(1) Enough (It governs; beginning of a sentence ). the Inst. in this sense );| Rrg-Fie upon (It usually (2) Equal (It-governs the} governs the Acc. and some- Dat. in this sense ). times the Nom. or the Voc.) #fa-It is used at the end of a| sta-Generally ( Inst. Sing. direct speech. of aT ). ‘For a long time. aaa-In all places. ¥a-It (It is never used in the Roots setaz (Saata) (tst Par.)-To without obstacles. be produced. ara ( arate ) ( 10th Par. )~ wa (aaa) (1st Atm. )-Lo} To accomplish. grow; To prosper; To be LESSON XIV FEMININE WORDS ENDING IN € AND 3% IMPERATIVE FORMS ama eft wt—For salvation, Hari, worship— Worship Hari for salvation. WHAT waterat At ai Waeq—By nature, Lakshmi, fickle, not, her, serve--Goddess of Wealth is fickle by nature; do not serve her. In the Imperative HT is used instead of 4 aat Beat wet aaa®—This, pain, how, can we bear-- How can we bear this pain ! final or penultimate letters; e. g., WH, Wed, Tad, Sefay; but 449d and Weare exceptions. Words ending in *% are declined like WAq.FEMININE WORDS ENDING IN ¢ & 3; IMPERATIVE FORMS 55. wa! sveftg ! recrara aea—Oh Lord! be pleased, faults, pardon—Oh Lord! be pleased; pardon faults. aa gait ace vant az aET_G—A man, difficulties, may cross, blessings, and, may see—May a man cross difficulties and see blessings ! areal anitcdtrameam—Venerable, the. Ganges, let him bathe—Let him bathe in the venerable Ganges. apeafrargaergy—Teachers, salute—Salute teachers. warasg at at AeTzI—Through wrong knowledge ( delusion ), a thread, a serpent, not, think—Do not think a thread a serpent through delusion. gatadafaiagafa—From bad statesmanship, a king, is ruined—A king is ruined through bad statesmanship. aftaa aicseoy et TarA—In this terrible forest, how, can. I live—How can I live in this terrible forest ! we Ten ra wafradat wara—Home, having gone, quickly, let (him) return, your honour—Having gone home, let your honour return quickly. TAT Seas ( Tree) STITT BT TATA HN qradtar a arerta—In the morning, having got up, the washing of the teeth, having made, should bathe, Sandhyd, should be adored, and, by a Brahmin—Having got up in the morning and washed his teeth, a Brahmin should bathe and adore Sandhyd.56 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER ararat ara geraraery ( Nom.) ag qrraany ( Acc.) afrarat sremrata saa oa (stare) ares Te Of the Kshatriyas, a weapon, the distressed, to protect, only, not, towards an innocent person, to strike—A weapon of the Kshatriyas is only to protect the distressed, not to strike an innocent person. arena wer SisarenteaearTTTTT | erat waa: stray georfe (stg feans)—Order, your honour’s, to hear, I wish—I wish to hear your honour’s order. Forms of the Imperative are illustrated in this lesson. They are as under:— Wist Par. aaist Aim. Sing. Du. Plu. Sing. Du. Plu. Ist pers. wake ware ward | at aaa aalat end 4 Wa cam set aetarey aaa ord, WA HAA ag | ada ada adrang From these forms, the terminations will be found to be as under:— Ist pers. A TAT | aad arat and , None WT a a qa aa ard, & THR He aT aT eA The preceding & is dropped before WM and AFAR as before Ha and Wa. Forms of the Imperative are made up like those of the Present Tense after adding the conjugational sign. we 4th Par. faz sth Atm. ord pers. TA ea RA RoEFEMININE WORDS ENDING IN & & 3; IMPERATIVE FORMS 57 Compare the sense of ZS (Come here), WAH WT ( May you be long-lived !), @a! sz (Oh lord! I pray you, be pleased ). The rule:— The Imperative is not used only in the sense of command. It has also the set of wish, prayer, and blessing. Brat at WaaATI-—In the sense of blessing ATH is optionally the termination of 2nd and the 37d pers. sing. 2nd pers. TI—TATT, CAL Tat 3rd, RI» CAAT, rT Forms of feminine words ending in Zand Fare also illustrated in this lesson. ae Fem. aa Fem. Sing. Du. Plus | Sing. Du. Plu Noma. dt wae | ara: Ace. : Inst. Dat. Abl. Fa Gen. oa weit: attany wi em aed: Lo, FI, ay | aaa, aay Voc. Wa adt waa | oat a aaa: Compare the forms of as. words ending in ¥ and ‘with those of #'em. words ending in % and Yard note the following points of difference:— 1. In Ace. Plu. Fem. words have Visarga in place of {as in Mas, words—Mas. Rt4, WAS Fem. aL, TT. Sing. forms of Fen, words ending in % and ¥ in the Dat, Abl., Gen., and Loe. cages are optionally like those of Fem. words ending in é and &, that is, like those of at and Ty, 3. AT and @aT are made up regularly by adding the :termination Ht.58 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER ft—steat ( Having led ). amq—ieat ( Having gone ). @q—aett ( Having heard ). wa—weM ( Having bowed ). S—seat ( Having done). Tat ( Having played ). Gis dropped. 4, An indeclinable past participle is made up by adding tT to the root. SAAT TSS Ta Faq —Devadatta having bathed, went to school. Here there are two actions, bathing and going, both done by the same person. The action of bathing takes place before that of going. Thus the participle ending in eat is used when there are two actions done by the same agent, This form is indeclinable and signifies the previous action ( TaTearse ). a AT & &—-Ate ay fag—aafiet *3q BN--TONT 5. Tf an Ta precedes a root, AT is changed to @ and if the root ends in a short vowel, €T is changed to @. ai—Aaa (To lead ). MrT (To go ). a—*atay ( To hear ). wWa-Arag ( To bow ). SFA ( To do). WERTH ( To play ). is changed to 4. 6. Tho Infinitive of Purpose ( #ade HART) is formed by adding G7 toa root. This form is also indeclinable. 7. The ending vowel and the penultimate short vowel take Guna before TH — aa aa garfate ar | sebrcraaacet fratta | ee iil * In combining 3% with @7 and WAL, 4 is dropped, e. g., TH, TIAA.FEMININE WORDS ENDING IN % & 3; IMPERATIVE FORMS 59 a & ararat aca | & St assg wari oraret Fas wg: * oerg ha wer: * Eco wetrstar | we wat ga fiat fare | at qeecfera: | anftratatt atraat at gy HRT | arent afeat Qaea | afeatarr aera | Teseaal gaaatara tf Paras | anarer aeaay | are Prrgahire war Wa | tert | eqareaa saferg wart! panrer sofeyarat ee at Ta: | fart qemidsereararc: wy sarc | wegur fant aa. daprearte — \ facet ge: oe fat ata aa ae | aka ac atta ar rrsseat ] aa) arrtreettnt wet afterer Pade: tt * Mark that in such sense, either the genitive or the locative is used ( BrITMTa—ory ). + The vowel at the end ofa Vocative form is optionally not combined with the following vowel. t A polite way of bidding good-bye. {tn ig scr; Vide Les. VI; but it is here used in the Loc. The Dat. is generally used in such a case.60 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER I wish to go to a forest. Let me bow to the teacher. King ! enough with fatigue. I accomplish ( my ) object by this channel. Give cows tu Brahmins. Let the lord be pleased and pardon his faults. Nouns MAA (MARAT) m. (AMS) — | ATT (ATH) n.—Knowledge. Non-commencement ( @ | @f& f—Satisfaction. SSAA ). qeaarat (Aeqe) 2.-The clean- AIT (ATT) m.-A fault. ing of teeth. aay f-A respectable lady. ‘ara (arta) n.-Gift; charity. area (81a) n.-A seat. f-A maid-servant. [ty. atrea (sitraaz) n.-Medicine. ist (gae-gieQm..n.-A difficul- aR (HINT) n.-A bracelet. | Tale f-Bad_statesmanship, ara (TAR) m.-A. desire. (gar atfagatifa: ). ateta (aed: ) m—-Son of | fat (BI) m1. One of the Kunti, Yudhishthira. | twice-born classes, the Braéh- anlar (ena) m.—A Kshatriya. | mins, the Kshatriyas, and the Wa (aA) n.-Ghee. | Vaidyas. They are said to be WEN (FHT) m.-A bird (said | twice-born; because wearing to feed on the rays of the | the sacred thread is their moon). second birth. 2. A Brahmin. saftyat f—Moon-light. j TAA m.-A king. THAT /-~The female TRA | TH m—A hand. (The bird is described by ‘anf (qrfra:) m.-A king. poets as separated from its | SAgata (Gagatay) 1. (GAL Ind. mate at night ). | again, Tat n.)-A second BA (Bra) m.—A pupil. iaeit f-Nature. — [meeting. ara (f. Stat) (p. p. of Sq [Sm] | seitere (settee?) m.-( 4th Atm.)-Dear child. | __m. also )-A remedy.FEMININE WORDS ENDING IN wi® Devotion. antivdi f.-The Ganges. Wa (SR) m.—Delusion. afa f-Intellect. aft £-A crowned queen. afte £-Salvation. wat f.-Hunting. % & 3; IMPERATIVE FORMS 61 3a (Bet) m.-Name of a man. TAH SHA thread. Prane (feat) m-A disease; a change in the natural state. azar f-Pain. reat (TL) n.-A weapon. ae (a: ) m.-A serpent. Adjectives warwra (AFe )-One who has no fault; innocent. ware (yp. of wa+fre)- Left, remaining. wage ( ATAATS, A—not and az, vp. p. of FETET)-Not satisfied. "amd (T+, p. p. oe ‘ Distressed. ; gaz-Wealthy. (p. a of 34+RT )- Come. TNA (Pol. p. of TIAMAT )— Fit to be worshipped. +feaq-How much. alt-Torrible. a@-Fickle. ws-Dull. aftz—Poor. we (p. ” of 4X )-Ruined. atest (age, r= Freee gone away, ®f€ f. disease )-One whose disease is gone; healthy ( Raa | g-Clever. [ areg ). qeq-Wholesome. aTa-Wise. waag-Venerable. waa ( Pro. )-Your Honour ae used in the 3rd pers. ) | @@-Fickle. laa (yp. p. of FL)-Become. (from Banh m. disease)- Diseased. wae (py. pv. Satisfied. a@eat—Moving together ; keeping company. earaet ( Pot. p. of FAT )-Fit to bathe. of Wt+aT)- * Here &T +5 is equal to HE, not HX, The Sandhi is thus irregular. + Adis added to some pronouns in the sense of measure;e.g.,62 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER Roots anltitarg ( afrargad ) ( 10th Atm, )-To salute. wa -bamg (arama) (1st Atm.)- To bathe. at aeq (omer) ( 10dh Atm. )-To bid farewell. sath (safraft) (6th Par. )-To sit. at (wer) Cast Atm. It governs the Dat. )-To be able; To be able to produce; To conduce to ( a@atart 7 ). aney ( ererat-erreae ) (1st Atm., 4th Par. )-To bear. ge ( gee) (4th Par. )-'To Indeeli aaa ( a+ ITA Ind. p. p. of 1)-Without having known. wera (Ind. p. p. of K+ BAN)- Having got up. wey ( Inf. of B® )-To do. a@@-Then. at-In that manner. @4G-1. So long; 2. Firstly; nourish. sfert fra (afafrada) ( ist Atm. )-Yo return. a+at [ag] or w+ [arg] (sree) (1st Par.)-To give. shag [ ate] ( setrafe ) ( rs¢ Par. )-"To be pleased. aH (A) ( 1st Ubh. Yo worship. az (are) (1st Par. To fill. wa (aera) (4th Atm.)-To think. fata ( fra ) ( rst Par. )- To give. wr ( saa) (1st Atm. -To shine. aq Baa) (1st Atm.)-To serve. linables 3. It is used as an orna- mental word. [protect. mae Unf. of % ist Atm.)-To k-From reality; really (wa* has generally the sense of the Ad/. and sometimes of the Loc.). atat<-In the morning. aad, Tad, BNA. It is-changed to 4 in the words ftaq and 244. These words are declined like WH. * arafrafmeaft:—a has the sense of all cases. Generally, however, it has the sense of the Abl. and sometimes of the Loe.THE POTENTIAL; WG 63 At-Not (It is a prohibitive | expletive (4. e a word particle used with the having no meaning ). Imperative 2nd pers. ) aftra-Quickly. zqt-In which manner. ataa-( Inf. of & )-To hear. a1. Verily; certainly. 2. It @wSlowly; gently; as one is sometimes used as an | likes, LESSON XV THE POTENTIAL; Wa svaatea vat o=ssaarertt stat:—Burn, those, fires = Those fires burn. a: aat (arsét) are a aete—Who, that, thief, he, caught (@rs@r a: = That well-known )=That well-known thief is caught. When %Za ‘is used immediately after 4@, it has the sense of ‘ well-known.” ( ats@t=That well-known person; AsAt= Those well-known persons ). wa amt (wasdh) at aftsantraet—All, those, this, learned man, honour=All those honour this learned man. aia srt ee fe a eraftaaf: (aahraat:)- Of these souls, for the sake of, what, not determined, by these = What is not determined by these men for the sake of this life ? aft ararged at eta—Would that (sft ant= How I wish that ), proper, husband, I may obtain = Would that I may obtain a proper husband !64 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER aft ara expresses the sense of wish or probability. Here it has the sense of ‘ wish.’ dae a eta Rat (gated) aa Petz sre — In prosperity, should not be pleased, in ad- versity, and, should not be sorry, a wise man=A wise man should neither be pleased in prosperity nor be sorry in adversity. qast ge dae TR ser” (gRravrtg)—A weak man, in fight, of areed, conduct, should resort to=A weak man should resort to the behaviour of a reed in fight (i.e. should bow down in fight). Mark the idiom-aaet gRam®=To bow down, to submit. area Raate etesn® ( Paaetetearf )—The science of logic, we two should learn, so, I wish =I wish that we two should learn the science of logic. sedtaart fala er (er) aeftet:—Sages, not ever, thou shouldst despise—Thou shouldst never despise sages. saranate a stad: ta aa ( ofaPradena- feata )—From a travel, quickly, not, thou shouldst return, if, 1 shall die=If thou shouldst not return quickly from travel, I shall die. In this lesson we have examples of ‘the’ forms of the Potential and 3a. 1 From the above sentences you will notice that the~ careneg, THE POTENTIAL; WE Potential conveys the sense of probability, order, wish, blessing, hope, and power. Most of its senses are like those of the Imperative. It is used in subordinate sentences also. Potential let Par. wa Ist Conj. Atm. Sing. Dow Plu. Sing. Du. Plu. lst pers. wa waa waa ada adate aaahe and, ae wa wat ad: = adurmg adeary, 3rd, WAL wm wag: ada | ada ade 44th Par. 6th Atm. 3rd, TA gaa gag faa Bey Rae FE LO Par. . Sing. Du. Plu. Brd Ta aieaany, aeaig: afrare 10th Atm. ard, aferta = oaftrargioer afrargiee The terminations are as under:— Par. fim. Ist pers. faq! a i = daft Ind, & ta da | 3rd, fq tary oy: Both the forms #44 and @Wa, = and @at, | and ata, f4gaa and Cqwa:, and a afet and a Ezafet are em . When & or & is preceded by a vowel, the consonant which comes after or € is optionally doubled. In adare, {is preceded by a vowel; the consonant & which comes after {is therefore optionally doubled. wea Mas. aga Fem. Sing. Du. Plu. Sing. Du. Plu. Nom. wat yi wat mm RE Ac. WR » wT |. WAR ” ” 566 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER Inst, aA obi tl aa TE re ee aye, wet, RE AAT, ” Reet: ” ” Gen, yea agin aioe] aan RTL Lo. wat > wig | sara ,, wag wr Neu. Nom. and Acc, We aq nat The rest like those of the Mas. 3. (a) are ee anehe: 5 a TTS AGATA At the end ofa pada any consonant except a nasal is changed to the third letter of its class when followed by a vowel ora soft consonant. (0) Fa Reta = Age or Shere; aaa agaeTy or aAVTA—At the end of a pada any consonant excepta nasal, when followed by a nasal, is optionally changed to the nasal of its class. (°) aa --ara=aarry (only that); Paar ( Consisting of knowledge ); @t&-++- Aa arena (Consisting of speech; literature )—art and Aa are terminations. At the end of a yada any consonant except a nasal is necessarily changed to the nasal of its class when followed by a nasal belonging to terminations. Note that the forms of H7@ can be made up as under: — The Nom. Sing. ( Mas. and Fem.) is wat. To make up the other forms, consider the word as Hf and decline it like aa. Change % to Hand the vowel following % to F if it is short and to Sif itislong. In the Mas. Plu. é takes the place of % except in the Acc. Plu. In the Mas. Inst. Sing. Tis substituted for the vowel following {and not H. 4, sit oer; ait da —E of oft is TPM, that is, it is not combined with the following vowel.THE POTENTIAL; AG 67 Baer arr: | Rett aT: | eT ae: | arash a | fat site | srafeat Parga: | ant spareqa arate | aeiaat wate agit araeraate | aren | Prenrenfterergreceare | anit ara creme ger Seer: | ara at off sae 1 at quakes weqT | Fal AT: AAT H FZ GE WAT: | aed gauh aaa aa tara Tara | carat fe are | a aaciecdy aa wi cada! aera ergata arate sia | wad HaArasA TARTS WAL | fencagd afg wag at faaibatesat tare: aorta fread a arate farerney ett fren frame eat TAI * Desires go everywhere. There isno place where they do not go. tT A speech addressed by #4 to UgraSt when she requests that her two female friendsshould accompany her to her husband’s house. ¢ Construe: gore ua fast areas ag va 3 od area68 Welcome to the great Rishi. THE SANSKRIT THACHER You should carry out orders of ( your ) teacher. Desist from improper acts. You should tell me what happened then. It would be good if you do not tell a lie. The well-known thieves are caught. We should never follow a bad course. Nouns arafaf.-Want of scope or room. apqe (et: )m.—An improper act. [of @ 6th Atm.)-Nectar wae (TEAL) n. (A+ DAD. wat m. (WH )-Money. wages m,n. (AY, moneyt+#s m., n. iy culty)—Pecuniary difficulty. wren ( seat )m.—An order. BIT ( SITE ) m.-A work. EMTS. (AG, THT m.God+ #*aT f. wish )-God’s wish. weaa ( TeTT: ) m.—Festivity. STH (TTT) m.-Obligation. aot (Bt: ) m.-An ear. Bae ( +) m-A quarrel. aire ( 3) m.~Name of a family. aita (ata) 2.-A family. itz (Att) m-A thief. wa (3) m.-Victory. gota (qaer) m. (age, *stftae, $X prep. bad )-A bad man. aa (FAL) n.—An eye. arrest (array) 2. (ATO, mara om. ATA n, )-The science of logic. qala f.~Way, course. m.| TTF ( WAHT: ) 2.—Defeat. SITET (ATTETE:) om. (AE against -+ STY#Ie_ om. )-An evil done in return. wate (ware: ) m.—A travel. ST (ATs) m.-A wise man. water (wate) mA desire aaa — A place where desires cannot go ). qe (ASA) n.-A fight. wey ( MATAR: ) m.—-Rama. at (@&) m.-A husband. F-Adversity. fq ( fag) n.-A poison. ar f.-Behaviour. aati f-A female friend. dara (dara: ) m.-A fight. aula f.—-Prosperity. * a heads the list of Upasargas 5, ®, &c. UpasargasTHE POTENTIAL; 4G@ 69 Adjectives waza (Pro.)-1. That; 2. This. cH p. of alana oii ‘az—Weak. arate (orq-+ feat p. p. of B11)- Broce age, rec me n, Britt Done; exectued. [ point.| WS FAT AL)—(That) From wm7ega—-What is not to the} which fruitisgone; fruitless. *M-One-eyed. wre-Just. [given i in marriage. feet (@ge)—To whom a grain maa ( pot. p.of T-+EN—-To be is of no value (@ @UN wer @ | AA (TTT p. p. of D— feer:—-To whom what isa| What is to. the point; the grain ?—To whom a grain is j ahre—Dea. (subject in hand. valueless). weitere CF, aeitwat)—Dirty; sin- feat (ago )-To whom a ge (p. vee )-Fit. (ful. moment is of no value eae )-Of a reed. aon wer a feaT:-To whom ore p.of f&+aa-+at)*- what is a, moment ?—To, | ag-Powerfal. (Determined. whom a moment is of no “RTA —-Good (atert wag It ag-Lame. . [value).} would be a good thing). Roots : TITRE [re] (aParate ) | a+ fr (areraft-a)(Lst Ubh.)= (6th Par.)~To wish. To resort to. arabe ( erentizaht) (10th) sa-poert (sama) (1st Atm.)- Par.)—To despise. To begin. a+ are (sraerAa) (1s¢ Atm.)- | site tafe) (19¢ Par.)-To live. To depend upon; to adopt. | f-+-aa (Prada) (Ise Atm.)- abs [ rq] (onfeat) ( 622] To return. Atm.)——To honour. are therefore called af%’s, If the first member of a #4R4 compound is a if, the compound is called sftaara, get Fa: or geanat saz gia, * saqzaff—Roots of the’ 4th Conj. ending in # drop a before the conjugational sign 4; ¢. g. a...eafa; Q-afa,70 Qie-teas (GhterafS)(1s¢ Par.)- To abandon. a ray (TeaBH) (1st Par.)- To burn. we waft) (4th Par.)-To faint. a [fra] (Bra) (6th Atm.)- To die. fa-bag’ (Rea) (1st Par.)- Indecli aft ataI—-1. Would that; How I wish that (It shows wish); 2. It may be (It shows probabality ). *uIe—By grains; by gathering every grain. ®a-For the sake of. Where. . wir—Ever. @rt—By moments; by using every moment well. gieft—Quickly. 3-1. It is used in asking a question; 2. It signifies THE SANSKRIT TEACHER To stop; To desist from. Fataq [aig] (fantefa) (1st Par.)-To be sad. Bre ( rae) (1st Atm. )-To learn. aaterfac (aareeft) (1st Par.)—To practise, Bx (graff) (4th Par.)-To be glad. inables conjecture. JAL-1. Again; 2. But (It shows opposition); 3. Expletive(It merely adorns a sentence, is used for ATRRTUT ). ada:(@a+ag having the sense of the Ad/.)-From all. waMTeTH- Welcome. (f= Well + TA p.p. of A-+- MZ, come) (It governs the Dat. and sometimes the Gen. tantd or 24@ ). €SI-A vocative particle used in calling a female friend. * wis ‘lst Atm, but it is Par., when preceded by fa, a, a, or ThTHE IMPERFECT; 48Q AND Quaq 7 LESSON XVI THE IMPERFECT; HAG AND GAT away, weg anmdtsia = agnearratsfta—This, I, come, am= Here Iam come. Here I am (Mark the idiom). aa a: (at) Ger—These (this), our, houses (house) = This is our house. aan 8 an faca—To that, thee, a bow, to God=A bow to thee, that Lord. at aay se (7) Arai sat—These, we, to Ayodhya, gone—Here we have reached Ayodhya (Mark the idiom). Rr taalt ira gesarqeRrrea BS rt assata— Siva, to thee, to me, even, welfare, may give = May Siva give welfarc to thee and to me! da: cat wag at aft ge=tarecarag arte—The Lord, thee, may protect, me, even, here=May the Lord protect thee and me here ! wa ata 3—All, similar, to mine, thine = Every thing thine is similar to mine. ag ef gtt—inferior to Hari, gods=Gods are inferior to Hari. gang feataa faga--Indicating a tree, shines, lightning = Lightning flashes, indicating a tree. SF governs the Acc. we wT ART aaa at (A) eaTAT | area FR TaI— To-day, in the morning, my left eye throbbed. Verily, that is an evil omen.72 THE SANSKRIT THAOHER adi seay, a (a) weq—The Sun, to setting, went = The Sun set. stat ara at (A) wata—A she-goat, to a village, we took = We took a she-goat to a village. Sareranray a (a) aaa-The world, without essence, he thought=He thought the world without essence (worthless). ante Ot Fer SSATTTTATT | areea sartra Prete gitar fretsre: ora ( Preasrars waa )—Of a child, by the light, at midnight, lamps, without lustre, became—Lamps became without lustre (pale) at midnight by the light of a child. faite ast tered Prete: 1 The forms of HA, AAT, and the Imperfect Tense are illustrated in this lesson. WE and YtAE have the same forms in all genders. wT IU. FN. ane M., F., N. Sing. Du. Plu. | Sing. Du. Plu. Nom, WE WARE WA | AT qa Gay Acc, AR MARE ART) ATT yan AT at at a | aT art a Inst. TU eT wee ae ga asa: x a a | 3 are, a Abl. FA AAA AS, | aT, gray aA Gen, WA Writ. TRA) Ta ari qe 2 : t | ang 7 Loc, aft mrad: oremg | fr gate gag aay 8 aa SaerI—Here & is used; because ae shows that God is mentioned once—: THE IMPERFECT; WAZ AND GAT 3 1, The optional forms of HAZ and JME, viz., At, aN, at, 2 and @f, am, %, a, are used necessarily when there is and optionally in other cases. BraTAT means the repetition of what is once mentioned ( #fYTeT FA! BITAFATN: ). giteai at 3 tatq—Hero aa, and At cannot be used; because they are connected by a— 2. The optional forms of HX and AAT are neither used in the beginning of a sentence, nor when connecied by the particle @, a, or Ga. ara saregot aad areagufea—Grammar is learnt by him. Teach him poetry— 3. Similarly Tay and other optional forms of TZ are used necessarily, when there is AFaTew. Imperfect |lst Par. waist Atm. Sing. Du. Plu. Sing. Du. Plu. Ist pers, TTT Ta aa ad araclafe sraataft and ,, wae say eT wade: sad sedeay ard 5, STR saa waay ada wader, wader FH 4th Par. 6th Atm. ard, Way age afar afta ae 4, On an examination of these forms it will be noticed that the augment (317A) H is placed before roots. BE 6th Par. R (RB) Ist Par. Istpers. toy eer ta | oa ela sea &e. &e 5. In the case of roots beginning witha vowel, the augment ‘aT is used instead of 4. This Mt combines with the following vowel into a Vyiddhi substitute instead of Guna.’ Thus a+e or $=8, wT+e or =A, A+R or WAN, and a+e= ae.14 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER "6. The terminations of the Imperfect will be found to be as under:— 7 Par. Atm. Sing. Du. Plu. Sing. Du. Plu. Ast pers. a a z ” aft aft and, & mm a Te PT a 3rd ,, aq a ay a may wa ort ort | ery ars | eas TAT! at ad Sea waar | fara fra ast ang Garant | aan | camer Ba ath ay TEA | rat weakest | ad Bast aa ata | fea f8% gare aattan) gar aitearitrrd | arate Sars VAST | eq waraied gaya a arate | aa RTT dai a waa | aithrarettaraancart | aaa tare Reiter crorensra | fra ae ca ce: aftaat aren | *engat wearer scarnteaacat TUTE | aa !a a agen dager! TH TH | * aaaiat HAM = Your order will be respectfully obeyed.THE IMPERFECT; WEG AND ASAE ig afaf Faftra qsrarftr | sirrearag arte | errata: 7 | aac: daasena gor: waarag | frat wean arg a oirefe | da | gase 8 arai wacerreat gat | anaa* aeaqraran: Haat aaa | waa coat a varied scree | orga at area, Tare farircre wa! ada wt aera anya Bae wa Nt Words of good men never change ( 4). A man should not give up (use ag) duty even in adversity. Jackals entered a forest. Miseries resulted ( 3¢+%) from his sins. You did not salute ( #%+aTE ) your teacher. A bow to the teacher. When did you return ( sft+ft+aa ) from your travel ? Would that (aff amt) we might bathe in the Ganges ! Nouns ara f. (f. of AHA)-A she-goat. | Hot (Hen:) m.—Krishna. [gait. areas ( TTT RAT) 2.-An ill | WA L-A mode of walking; wate f-Ayodhya. [omen. | a€ (get) m. ( Used in the du (de) m—The Lord. Plu. )-A. house. rat f.-A beloved woman. | BTA (AM) m.—A village. @TS (HTS:) m.—Time. [lotus, | Pat f-—The constellation eat (Ha) n-A moon-! Chitra. * As we say in English—There are poets and poets, i. @» all are not alike.76 TS (ME) m.-Conjecture. @rq (ra) m.-A lamp. Praftr (Refi) m.-Midnight. warts (gartera) n, (Tart mi. += An abstract affix)-The state of being a substance. 7a (WH) n-A lotus; a sun-lotus. STAT mm. (ato ATA ATA TANY:; WA-Great, AY m. an’ atom)-The minutest atom. TET (TTT) m. (AGo, WE m. a foot+9 from 4 to drink)- One that drinks water with the foot; a tree (uaa Feaehtfe ). SeTT (THM) m.—Light. samt (sara) n.—-A means of correct knowledge; an authority. aye (aweq) n-An aus- picioua thing. Adje aay (age, ane set aai ss- aur: )-That in which there is no remainder; All. MAR (AZo, Ao not +a m. essence }-That which has no essence; without essence. weng ( Pro, HI. ara—Rich. THE SANSKRIT TEACHER wey (AeA ) m.—Name of a mountain. aa ( ama ) . n.—Indra’s thunderbolt. ‘area. (art) n.— A sentence. ara (att) m.—The wind. faqa /—Lightning. Fat (feat) m.—Separation. IPMS (FMS: ) m.—A_ jackal. Rrra (fira:) m.—God Siva. oy ( Rreg) n.—Welfare. fare (ARTEL) m..n.—-Cold. ate (athe) m.—Griet. sara ( ago, wtf. Goddess of Wealth +#a m. )-Lord of Lakshmi, Vishnu. at f. Consciousness. dar (dare) m.—The world; the worldly existence. WH (FE ) m-A God. qa (aa) m.—The Sun. ta ( €a ) m—A swan. ctives wRA-Fit. saferrara (ago erate m+ amt Adj. oe with Kalidasa. amet tat & pian ) &a (Pot. p. of WW-Fit to be destroyed. — [conquered. 3a ( Pot. p. of F)-Fit to beTHE IMPERFECT; Rrtsa (age, Aaq+aaegn.)- (That) From which lustre is gone; without lustre; pale: qg—Sinful. afafta ( aft-+-fera, py. p. of & )-Settled. sau (p.p. of stag [aig] ist Conj. Par. )-Pure; free from fault; correct. [gone to. sa (p.p. of ¥+-2TL)—Reached; BRE AND FAT gas ( Pro. )-Thon. aTa—Left. aaa € Pot. p. of a- faz )- What can be known properly, * a@ty—Good. *qaa-True and agreeable Carafe ). teas. eat) (p. py. of & Ist Par, )—Taken away. Roots me (8f& ) ( 1st Par, }-To deserve ( & aigg=It becomes thee to bear; thou shouldst bear ). aa (staf) (ist Par. )-To protect. (To open. satay (sate) (1st Par.)- aa (wate, went ) (1st, 4th Par.)~To fear. fa+ate (Rataf) (1st Par.)- To close. afte (after) (4th Atm.)- To obtain. | e+e Cateft) (1st Par.)- To grow. | +ea (Reta) (13t Atm.)- To shine, fa are(faraf-2) (1st Ubh,) To shine. wqtaalar] (deat) (40 Atm.)}-To be produced. ary (aerate) (10th Par.)~ To appease. ere (ergt) (rst Atm. )- To throb. Indeclinables ay (It governs the Ace. -It feriority; 3. Nearness; In- signifies 1. Similarity; 2.In- dicating. * Any adjective i is turned into an adverb by using itin the Neu. Acc. Sing. + Hi-Hat; Waaq-saadl-Past Participles form their feminine base by adding 1 and adjectives ending in ™% by adding %.78 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER weTa—-Elsewhere. we-Here. wf&i—A vocative particle. seat (Ind. p. p. of TL)— wet (Used with 4 and | *qt-When ? [ Having said. roots of a similar sense )| Waqw (Inf. of @)—Lo cry. wet TH-To set. fAT—Without (It governs the ga-Like. (It shows similarity. Ace., the Inst., or the Abl.) Words denoting objects com- CInf. of 4& )-To bear. pared have the same case), (—Always. LESSON XVII WORDS ENDING IN aEat Rat wy:—A doer of debt, a father, an enemy=The father incurring debt is an enemy, fiat arat & qsa—Father, mother, and, worship = Worship ( your ) father and mother. faava: pat—To the manes, an offering=An offer- ing to the manes ( €@at governs the Dat). ‘arg: 1% (get) eae gen—From the mother, lies concealed, Krishna—Krishna lies concealed from (his ) mother. MIN AATIT:—Sages, seers of the Mantras—Sages are seers of the Mantras ( Vedic hymns ). we wy: at ( yet) at @B:—Water, of the Creator, the first, creation=Water is the first creation of the Creator. fren wat wert a ard qsqadt wat—Sitd, with the husband, with Lakshmana, and, with, to Paficha- vati, gone=Sita went to Pafichavati with (her ) husband and with Lakshmana.WORDS ENDING IN ® 79 and fara affg are:—Reality, think, that, this, oh friend ! = Oh friend ! think of that reality. we VaAg: Te:—Rama, to his mothers, bowed = Rama bowed to his mothers, Forms of Mas. and Fem. words ending in ® are illustrated in this lesson. wd Mas. att Fem. Sing. Du. Plu. Nom, wat await wale: wat is declined Ace. BA : ada like 7t. The Fem. Inst. wat BIA ag: of an adj. ending Dat. *4 is ape in * formed by Adbl wd ” ” aflixing 2. Gen. wat: a Loc. *ate ”. I's Vow ae await arate: Ra Mas. arg Fem. Sing. ¢ Du. Plu. Sing. Du. Plu. Nom, tat frat faae: ara arent AT Ac. Tam faa AR, ag Inst. Wat Rear Rah ara argvara argh: Dat, FR » fer am ARR Abl. fg » ” arg: ” » Gen. fer Rom, ara ATE, fag Loc. rafts, ” Note the following points about these forms:— 1. & is changed to 1g in the first five forms and the Z of wt is dropped in Nom. Sing. along with & (Termination). 2. Words showing relationship like fag, amg, &. and ¥ change ® to HE instead of to HX (see the forms of J below).80 THE. SANSKRIT THACHER ware Fem. wy Mas. Nom. wat want BAG &e. ANT AMT ARTE he. wd Mas. Nom, wat wat wate: &. 3. BAS. -(A sister), AY m. (A grandson ), and WE m. (A husband) change their ® to aim, though they show relationship. @Z Mas. Sing. Du. Plu. Nom. at at ae Acc, AR ” a Inst. 3 yas ahr Dat. % ” rod Ab. & » ” Gen.» ott: POAT Loc. AR 23 a Vou ae wT 4. Z is declined like f¥q. Its Gen. Plu. is FARE or FU 5. gate; atite—The forms #&, fa, &e. should be considered as ending in & for purposes of Sandhi. saat aren far aa: | aa: Tat arent arta ari era: Ts: eqella: VASAT aT aggart aarait a fener! ag: ara fae! mrad afearEc | Setar ey Bees te eee: get arr cal |WORDS ENDING IN %& 81 aa Fat wqufakasa a a Racine a mrceitrater | ANAT AAMAS TIETST | amafe aqrat | orai eftacraecs araren! eA THAVATATTTEAT | ater a yeqeq gar tat a Tsar | aratarert aft quit wade Garrat: | ara: fig: erg: gar Arawig? SE TAT | aranigqeyars fagar araaera: | arate Ret teste any! aata a qatat fat sete aT Il ag ad ad art A saqrT | aeu aa qarcers Are PR stern aTIgMATEAt sat TITATATA | Srantas sat ya wat TATE! aa aa ae HEA GA: Tae saadta fafa: | RI SA Ha arataeaea fers ales ara | The Brahmins recite (¥&) the Vedas in the morning. Generally, Sarasvati does not reside where Lakshmi resides, Sakuntala’s two friends loved her. He suffered (@) many miseries for the sake of his brother. A good lady (@t4t) always wishes the welfare of her husband. Mothers of Rama went to the hermitage of their son-in-law. * Sons of the sister of the mother’s father. 682 THE SANSKRIT TEACHER Do not despise (srafiz) enemies and diseases. The rich should be protectors of the miserable. The servant said, “Oh lord! Your order is authority (WaTeRy)” Would that I might bathe in the river Narmada ! Nouns ary f-Adversity. area(s) m. A hermitage. aot (RINT) 2.-Debt. SVE (HVR:) m.—A quarrel. alee (ate) m.-A cuckoo. wean (Hs) m. (Ae, Weq m. Ago, That which yives water, a cloud +3arrm m. coming)~The coming of clouds. witei f—Daughter of Janaka: Sita. wrary m A son-in-law. wea (aay) n—-The reality. (aq Pro. +e). wat (age) mA frog. da (2%) mol. AGod; 2A — a lord. @Z m—A younger brother of the husband. wag f--A husband’s sister. weg m.—A grandson. Wat f.-Sleep. Ae man. (favs:) m.—A ball of rice. faq m.-A father. wy m—A relative. Wao m.-A husband. WIT m.-A brother. WIE (ATIF) m.-A brother's son; a nephew (from 319). wri (arata:) m.-A brother’s son: anephew (from WT). wea (AEA) m-A mantra; A Vedic hymn. age (args) m.-A maternal uncle. alg f—A mother; 2. A divine mother (used.in the plw.). argaey m. (Plu.)-A class of relatives on the mother’s ara (array) 2.-Silence. [side. zante (age, wat ae) m— The lord of the Raghus or descendants of Raghu; Raima. wars f—-The earth. faate (fata:) o.—Pleasure. Zard (TAA) m.-An account. sae (Sta) n.- An evil habit. areas (TAA )n.-A command. ret ( are) n.-An authori- tative work; 2, A branch of learning.WORDS ENDING IN ®& aria f. (Ge, A m.—a good person+dafet f, company)- Company of the good. (atftaet:) m.-Proximity; a (Ga?) m.-A son. [nearness. 83 aft £—-Creation. eaalta (eat) m. (from &e)- A sister’s son; a nephew. era (e4aa:) m. (from e44)- A sister’s son; a nephew. Adjectives ARAR—Not familiar with. wqeg-( That) which takes away; remover. [agreeable. afta (rae)—Not dear; not afitera—Charming. ‘webarey (ao )—What can- not be thought of; incom- prehensible. ANI—First. g—Adviser. %3—Doer. : aseq (ayo, Wm. an ele- phant + from Sat [fara] to stani)-An elphant-rider. ala—Giver. géu—Difficult to obtain. a8Z—Seer. wita—Intelligent. wa (p. p. of T+AQ)-Bowed. aq—Auspicious. aeg—Controller. w&a—Protector. a—Speaker. faRra—Strange. [be known. Fada (pot. p. of &+3N-Fit to Wate —Rare. wtq—Hearer. 38T4q—Praiseworthy. (os Rereettfet asrea:). @a—Equal. vae—Elder. @gy—Creator. Roots wi +oa afiqafa) (Ist Par.)- | A+ (Peta) (402 Atm.) — To oppose. To hide one’s self from ara +ten (wera) (1s¢ Atm.)-To | (Used with the AdI.). take care of; To look after. [Waa Mt (Gat 1st Par. fefa)- aq} ag (weRVEA) (ist Atm.)- | To obey. To be eager for. wa+eE (saERa) (1st Par.)— To give. z fea (Rerafa) ( 40h Par. )-To love; To show affection to- wards (It governs the Loc.).84. THE SANSKRIT TEACHER Indeclinables wate (aft-+qa)-Very much. | aI—A word used in giving Wa: Fa:—F requently. offerings to the manes (It anday-With (It governs the governs the Dat.). Inst. like a ). LESSON XVIII NEUTER WORDS ENDING IN %, 3, AND & avg aad tht qaafa—Pale, face, disease, suggests= A pale face suggests (bespeaks) disease. cara ae eary—Of x, aa, a, and q, the palate, a place = The palate is an organ of pro- nunciation of ¢, wat, Y, and ea ga (wats) aa aa gage | gat maNsGTa—Bees, for honey, longed for = Bees longed for honey. ararsufir qsafa aaamangZ—A child, tears, sheds, from two eyes=A child sheds tears from its two eyes. agar arti farf:--A sca, of waters, a store=A sea is a store of waters. aired ortu steare ca ( wetorearaa ) care Ra aw ae zea Wa—Medicine, generally, of bad taste, certainly, tasteful, wholesome, and, that, difficult to get, verily=Medicine is generally of bad taste, certainly. Tasteful and wholesome medicine is verily hard to get. This lesson illustrates forms of neuter words ending jn & 3, and ®. The forms are as under:—NEUTER WORDS ENDING IN %, 3, AND ®& 85 air Nev. wa Neu. Sing. Du. Plu. | Sing. Du. Plu. Nom. aft afta = arerfin_ | arg wget araft Ace. ” ” 1 Inet. after aubtearay aT: wt apa age Dat. a, after: ” It AbL arf: ,, ” = ” a Gen. yy atfeoit: vy | Tt waa aaa Loc. ati ,, aftg jaa Voc. ae-are arto ardtfr | argent erat ae ay Neu. wg Neu. Nom. : aut | weir ba — Ace. Inst. aa eee of wee ee oom age: Dat. ” ” aya Abl. — ” Gen. = sitet) aarti Loe. wnat a, waited ” sag Voo. wag | afeh aged eg agtr You will find from the above forms that in the case of New. words ending in ¥, 3, and & the Nom., the Voc., and the Acc. Sing. terminations are dropped, that {is prefixed to vowel terminations beginning with the Inst. Sing., and that the ending vowel is optionally gunated in the Voc. Sing. The Fem. base of JS is J¥ or Fat and of BY, BY or Brgi— 1. Adjectives ending in 3 form their feminine base optionally by adding &. USS, FBS, and such other words are declined like gy; while wat, wet, and such other words, like wat. See the forms of @Y x. and ®F n.~New. forms of adjectives ending in %, 3, and ® are like those of similar nouns; but the