kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

`mKw 1
JT 5-/SRF6FL- 09RO

tIc-f-k¿°m¿
hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ip∏v

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

2015
 tZio-b-Km\w
P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]©m-_k - n‘p KpP-dmØ admTm
{ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km,
hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,
D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK,
Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm
P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl
`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

{]Xn⁄
C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚
ktlm-Z-co- ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln- ° p∂p;
kºq¿Whpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚
]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥ A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.
Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw
apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-
sSbpw t£a- Ø n\pw sFiz- c y- Ø n- \ pw- th≠n
{]bXv\n°pw.

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in
e-mail : scertkerala@gmail.com
Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT
Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi
© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
 f,
{]nbs - ∏´ Ip´n-It -
I w . C Xn¬ Ncn-{Xh
pw
- mT - ] - k
p- vX
k m a q-ly-imk - v{X] v { S -aow-am-kbpw
-
f ps S h pw c m j
CXv \nß mº-Øn-I-im
-kv{X p- ∂ p.
qa n- i m - k v { X h pw k
- a m b n D ƒ t ® ¿ ∂ n- c n- °
` n- t i - j -fpsS
a q- l - i m - k v { X h pw k h n-° p∂ I psd hnh-c-ß
k _-‘ pw
y k vX h nj -b-ßsf kw ° p∂ P em-i-b-a-s√∂
hyX n \n¬ n-
m - c - a - √ nX v . Ncn{Xw sI´ ] pk vX I w \ nßsf Hm¿a
kam-l - ms - W∂pw Cu n-ep≈
] pg -
t ] m -
s eb
pw a \ p-jy\pw XΩ
HgpIp∂ - Xv {]I rX nb - n-
pw . ` qa imk
n- - v{Xs - a∂
v ] d -
™ p-Xc - pw. kmºØ
∏ n- ° - ms - W ∂
t
n- i j _ ‘ - ns‚ IYb
Ø a ql s Ø cq]s∏SpØ
p∂
kh S k
f pw N n¥I - fpw \Ωps K h ¨ s a‚ v Fßs
\
Imi - -
b -
ß Nøpw .
\ s b ∂ v h niIe\w s p≈ I m g v N - ∏ m - S p- I f pw
sXßs h - ∂ - X n- s \ - °
p- d n- ® kmaq-
h ¿ Ø n- ° p- ∂ p- s
m c y X b pw h niZam°pw.
{] A\nh - p-amb
nI P ohnXØns‚ B t c m- y]
K - q¿Wh
k m a ql - c
I - h pw
v{ X -
] m -
T -
] p-kvXIw KpW X v F ß - \s
s - b∂v Cu
lyi - m -
k - ya - mI - ∂
p-
-
\ n¿ a n- Xn°v A\n-h
mc
h ¿ Ø - ß
\ - f - n¬ CXv
Hcp k a q- l - n¿amW {]
h y‡ -
a m-
° pw. kaq-l\ \ D Ø a ] uc∑mcmbn
]pkvXI w . Aß s
p Z ni m -
t _ m[w \¬Ipw
\n߃° pw
ƒ°p Ignb
amdm≥ \nß
-k-I-tfmsS,
kvt\lm-iw
¿
ch {
o- μ≥ \mbvS¿
kv.
tUm. F Ub-d-I¿.Sn.
-C.-B
Fkv.-kn.
 ]mT-]p-kvXI cN\mkanXn
inev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿
AP-b-Ip-am¿, F≥.
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-‰n., C°-tWm-an-Ivkv,
Pn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. t_°q¿, Imk¿tKmUv
A_vZpƒ Ako-kv, hn.]n.
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-‰n., lnÃ-dn,
hn.]n.-sI.-Fw.-Fw.-F-®v.-F-kv.-Fkv., ]pØq¿]≈n-°¬,
ae∏pdw
Pam¬, sI.
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., lnÃ-dn,
B¿.-F.-kn.-F®- v.F
- k
- v.F
- k- v., IS-ta-cn, tImgn-t°mSv
hn.Sn. Pbdmw
eIvN-d¿, Ub-‰v,
Xriq¿
{]Zo-]≥, ‰n.
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., lnÃ-dn,
Pn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., I√m-®n , tImgn°mSv
{]Zo-]vIpam¿.-Sn.hn.,
F®v.-F-kv.-F., Zp¿§ F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., Im™-ßm-Sv,
Imk-d-tKmUv
]n.F≥. apc-fo-[-c≥ \mb¿
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv
F≥.-F-kv.-F-kv. F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv, B\n-°m-Sv, tIm´bw
hnZ-Kv[¿
Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v lnÃ-dn,
tUm. A_vZpƒ dkm-Iv, ]n.]n. ]n.F-kv.Fw.H. tImtf-Pv, Xncq-c-ßmSn
bqk^v Ipam¿, Fkv.Fw.
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., lnÃdn, Kh. tamU¬ -t_mbvkv
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., B‰n-߬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
hn¬{^Uv tPm¨, Fkv.
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., tPym{K-^n,
Fw.Pn.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., IWn-bm-]p-cw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
h¿Kokv t]mØ≥
F®v.-Fkv.Fkv.‰n., C°tWmanIvkv, sk‚v tPm¨kv F®v.-F-
kv.-F-kv. a‰w, amth-en-°c, Be-∏pg
jm≥em¬,-F._n.,
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., tPym{K-^n
Kh.-tamU¬ t_mbvkv F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., lcn-∏mSv, Be-∏pg
jqP-tam≥,-F-kv.,
F®v.-F-kv.-F., ]n.F≥.-Fw.-Pn.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., Iq¥-≈q¿,
Nnd-bn≥Io-gv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
lcn-{]`,sI.,
F®v.-F-kv.-F., i_cn F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv., ]≈n-°p-dp-∏v,
]me-°mSv

tUm. Atim-Iv AeIvkv Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v C°tWmanIvkv,

hna≥kv tImtf-Pv, Xncph\¥]pcw

Nn{Xm-am-[-h≥, dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿ (tPym{K-^n), Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn.

sF.-]n. tPmk^v Akn-Â v s{]m^-k¿ (dn´.), Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn.

Akn-Â v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v lnÃdn,
at\mPv Ipam¿, ]n.Fkv.
sI.sI.Sn.Fw. Kh: tImtf-Pv, sImSp-ß-√q¿, Xriq¿
Akn-Â v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v C°-tWm-an-Ivkv,
tUm. {]ntb-jv, Fw. bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
Akn-Â v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv,
kp[o-jvIpam¿.sP. hn.‰n.-Fw. F≥.-F-kv.-Fkv. tImtf-Pv, [\p-h-®-]p-cw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

A°m-Z-anIv tIm˛Hm¿Unt\‰¿
at\mPv, sI. hn., dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn.

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)

hnZym-`h≥, ]qP-∏p-c, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw˛695 012
01. BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw
7
02. \Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS
23
03. `ua-cl
- k
- y-߃ tXSn
41
04. \ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v
57
05. {]mNo-\-X-an-gIw
75
06. `q]S-߃
- hmbn°mw
87
07. kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ
107
 Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ Nne Nn”߃
]T\kuIcyØn\mbn D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂p
A[nIhmb\bv°v ˛ hnebncpØen\v
hnt[bamt°≠Xn√

]T-\- ]p-tcm-KXn \n¿W-bn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃

{]h¿Ø\-߃

kw{Klw

{][m\ ]T\t\´ßfn¬ s]Sp∂h

hnebncpØmw

XpS¿{]h¿Ø\߃

kzbw hne-bn-cpØmw
 BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw
hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ {^m≥knse emkvtIm (Lascaux) F∂ {]tZ-
iØv c≠v Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS th´-∏´n-bp-ambn apb-ep-Isf th´-
bm- S m- \ n- d - ß n. s]m¥- ° m- S p- I - f nepw amf- ß - f nepw apb- e p- I sf
Xnc™p \S-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ th´-∏-´nsb ImWm-Xm-bn. ]cn-{`m-
¥-cmbn Xß-fpsS ]´nsb At\z-jn®p \S∂ Ah¿ sNs∂-Øn-
bXv hen-sbmcp Kpl°-I-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. \q‰m-≠p-Ifmbn Bcp-
sSbpw {i≤-bn¬s∏SmXn-cp-∂- B
Kpl- b n¬ I≠ Imgv N Ahsc
A¤p- X - s ∏- S p- Ø n. Kplm- ` nØn
\ndsb hnhn[ h¿Æ-ß-fn¬ IpXn-
c, Im´p-t]m-Øv, Imf, am≥ XpS-ßnb
arK-ß-fpsS Nn{X-߃....

Ah {]mNo\ inem-bpK a\p-jy¿

Kplm-`n-Øn-I-fn¬ hc® Nn{X-ß-
fmbncp∂p. CXp-t]m-ep≈ \nc-h[n
Kplm- N n- { X- ß ƒ temI- Ø ns‚
hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-
Wv . Cu Nn{X߃ BZyIme
a\pjyPohXsØ°pdn®v hnetb
dnb hnhc߃ \¬Ip∂p.
Imf (emkvtIm-˛{- ^m≥kv)
 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

- n-em-bpKw (Palaeolithic Age)

{]mNo-\i
kwL-\rØw (`nwt_UvI ˛ C¥y) th´-bm-S¬ (`nwt_UvI ˛ C¥y)
Nn{X- ß ƒ \nco- £ n- ° q. Ch
GI-tZiw ]Xn\-mb-ncw- h¿j-
߃°v apºv {]mNo- \ - i n- e m-
bpK- Ø nse a\p- j y¿ hc®
Kplm- N n- { X- ß - f m- W v . F¥p-
sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw Ch Kpl-
Iƒ°p≈n¬ hc-®Xv?
Cu KplmNn{X-ß-fpsS khn-
ti- j - X - I ƒ Fs¥- √ m- a mWv ?
N¿® sNøp.
arK- ß - f psS Nn{X- ß -
fmWv Ah-bn¬ A[n-Ihpw

Im´p ]∂n (Aƒ´m-and ˛ kvs]bn≥) Im´p-t]mØv (tjmsh ˛ {^m≥kv)

Ch-bn¬ \n∂pw {]mNo\ a\pjys‚ Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

Fs¥√mw hnh-c-ßfmWv e`n°p∂Xv?
arK-ßsf th´-bm-Sn-bn-cp-∂p.
kwL-ambn hnt\m-Z-Ønte¿s∏-´n-cp-∂p.

KplmNn{X-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ \nd-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. kky-

ß-fp-sS Nmdpw sN¶¬s]m-Snbpw tN¿ØmWv \nd-߃ D≠m-°n-
bn-cp-∂-Xv. Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂ Im´p-t]m-Øv, ]∂n F∂n-hbv°p
]pdsa IpXn-c, am≥, knwlw, ]p≈n-∏p-en, Ic-Sn, Igp-X-∏pen
XpSßnbhbpsS Nn{X-ßfpw hnhn[ Kpl-I-fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-
bpw. Bh-iy-Øn\v kqcy-{]-Imiw e`n-°m-Xn-cp∂ Kpl-I-fn¬
arK-s°m-gp-∏p]-tbm-Kn®v Xo IØn-®m-Wv shfn®w e`y-am-°n-bn-
cp-∂-Xv. th´ \S-tØ≠ ÿew, th´-bm-tS≠ arK-w F∂nh
Bkq{XWw sNbvXXns‚ sXfn-hp-IfmWv th´sb kw_-‘n®
KplmNn{X-߃. Kpl-I-fpsS ta¬`n-Øn-bnepw Nn{X-߃ hc-®n-
cp- ∂ p. CXv {]mNo\ a\p- j y- c psS sshZKv≤y- Ø ns‚
sXfnhpIfmWv.
Kplm-Nn-{X-߃ {]mNo-\-a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v hnhcw Xcp∂
t{kmX- p-I-fmWv. ka¿∞n-°pI.

8 BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

thhn® `£-Wm-h-in-jvS-߃, Nmcw, arK-ß-fpsS F√p-Ifpw

Xetbm-´n-I-fpw, ]g-ßfpsSbpw ]®-°-dn-IfpsSbpw ip≤-P-e-a-’y-
ßfpsSbpw Ah-in-jvS-߃ XpS-ßn-bh Kpl-Iƒ°p-≈n¬\n∂v
Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Ch-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]mNo-\-a-\p-jy-
Po- h n- X - s Ø- ° p- d n®v as‰- s ¥√mw hnh- c - ß - f mWv \ap°v
Is≠Øm≥ km[n-°p∂Xv?
`£Ww thhn®n-cp-∂p.

{]mNo\inem-bpK a\p-jy¿ Iq´-am-bmWv Cc tXSn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

Ahcnse Icp-Ø≥ Iq´sØ \bn-®p. Cc-tX-Se - n¬ kv{Xo˛]pcpj
hyXym-k-w D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. th´-bm-Sn-∏n-Sn® arK-ßfpsSbpw NØ
arK-ß-fp-sSbpw amwkw Ah¿ `£n-®n-cp-∂p. th´-bmSm≥ inembp-
[ßfmWv {]-[m-\-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-
®n-cp-∂-Xv. Chbv°p ]pdsa arK-ß-
fpsS F√v, B\-s°m-ºv, XSn-°-j-
W-߃ -F-∂n-hbpw Ah¿ Bbp-[-
ß-fm°n. arK-tØmepw actØmepw
hkv{X-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-®p. tXmep-
Iƒ Xp∂m\p≈ kqNn-I-fmbn arK-
ß-fpsS F√p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®p.
{]mNo\inem-bp-[ß
- ƒ

{]mNo\ inem-bpK a\p-jys‚ Pohn-Xs - Ø-°p-dn®v Kpl-

I-fn¬\n∂v Fs¥-√mw hnh-c-ßfmWv e`n-°p-∂Xv?
NphsS X∂n-´p≈ kqN-\I - f
- psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬ N¿®
sNøp-I:
¾ D]-Ic
- W
- ß- ƒ ¾ Blmcw
¾ hmk-ÿew ¾ D]-Po-h\- a
- m¿§w
¾ kwL-Po-hnXw ¾ Bkq-{XWw
¾ Iem-ssh-ZKv≤yw ¾ XobpsS D]-tbmKw

{]mNo\ inem- b p- K sØ "th´- b m- S ¬ bpKw' F∂v hnti- j n- ∏ n-

°mtam? F¥p-sIm≠v ?

BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw 9
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bn¬ {]mNo\ a\pjy¿ {it≤-b-amb apt∂-‰-߃

ssIh-cn-®-Xn\v \nc-h[n sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. D]-I-c-W-ß-
fpsS \n¿Ωm-Whpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øepw CØcw apt∂-‰-߃°v
klm-bIam-bn. Ah-bn¬ NneXv Xmsg sImSp-Øncn°p-∂p:

F√p-sIm≠v \n¿an® hmtZym-]I

- c- W
- w

{]mNo\ inem-bpK a\p-jy¿ ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn®

taJe-Iƒ NphsS \¬Ip-∂p. Ahbv°v DZm-lc
- W
- ß
- ƒ
]mT-`m-KØ
- p-\n∂v Is≠ØpI:

taJe DZm-l-c-W-߃
inev]-hnZy
Nn{X-Ie
Ic-Iu-i-e-hnZy

10 BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

C¥y- b nse {]mNo\ inem- b pK

tI{μ- ß - f n¬ {it≤- b - a m- W v
a[y{]tZ-inse `nwt_-UvI. I√p-
sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® hmk-ÿ-e-߃
(Rockshelter) CXns‚ khn- t i-
jXbm-bn-cp-∂p.
`nwt_UvI IqSmsX {]mNo-\-in-em-
bpK a\p- j yPohn- X - s Ø- ° p- d n®v
sXfn- h p- I ƒ e`n- ° p∂ \nc--h [n
tI{μ-߃ C¥y-bn-ep-≠v.

I√p-sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® hmk-ÿe

- ß
- ƒ ˛ `nwt_UvI
{]mNo\ inem-bpK a\p-jy¿ hkn-
®n-cp∂Xn\p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n® {]mNo-\ -in-em-
kwÿm\w
Nne tI{μ- ß - f mWv `q]- S - Ø n¬ bp-K-tI-{μ-w
tcJ- s ∏- S p- Ø n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv . Cu $ `nwt_UvI $ a[y-{]-tZiv
tI{μ-߃ C∂v GsXms° kwÿm-\ß - -
fn-em-sW∂v C‚¿s\-‰ns‚tbm a‰p t{kmX-
 p-If - p-sStbm klm-bØ - m¬ Is≠-Øn
Fgp-XpI.

`nwt_UvI
\¿ΩZ Xmgvhc

\mKm¿÷p-\s
- Im≠
l≥kvKn Ip¿\q¬ Kpl-Iƒ

C¥y-bnse {]mNo\inem-bp-KtI{μ-߃

BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw 11
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

a[y-in-em-bpKw (Mesolithic Age)

Nn{XØnse- D]IcW߃ {i≤n-°q. -Chbv°v
{]mNo\ inem- b p- K - Ø nse D]- I - c W- ß -
fn¬\n∂pw Fs¥√mw hyXym-k-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv?
kq£v a - h p- w ap\bp≈Xpamb inem- b p- [ - ß -
fmWnh. {]mNo\ inem- b p- K - s ØØp- S ¿∂v
CØcw Bbp[-ßfmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. Cu Ime-
L´w a[y-in-em-bpKw F∂dnb-s∏Sp-∂p.

a[y- i n- e m- b p- K sØ kq£v a - i n- e m- b pKw

(Microlithic Age) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv F¥p-
sIm≠v ?
a[y-in-em-bp-KØ
- nse D]-Ic- W
- ß
- ƒ
Cu D]-I-c-W-߃ a\p-jy¿ F¥n-s\√mw D]-
tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠mhmw?
Iºn¬ sI´n arK-ßsf th´-bm-Sm≥

a[y-in-em-bp-K-Øn¬ th´-bm-S¬ hym]I-am-bn. XXv^e-ambn ]e

Pohn-Iƒ°pw hwi-\miw kw`-hn-®p. AØ-c-Øn¬ hwi-\miw
kw`-hn® Pohn-h¿§-Øn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv ama-Øv (Mammoth).
Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ a\p-jy¿ `£-W-Øn\v ]pXnb Dd-hn-S-߃
Is≠-Øn. `£y-tbm-Ky-amb ]p√p-Iƒ, tUmƒ^n≥, \o¿\mbv,
Xnanw-Kew, a’y-߃ XpS-ßnbh Ah¿ Blmc-am°n.
ama-Øp-Iƒ ho≠pw hcp∂p
]Xn-\m-bncw h¿j-߃°p-apºv `qan-bn¬
Pohn-®n-cp∂ B\-If - psS IpSpw-_Ø- n¬s∏´
ama-Øns\ imkv{X-temIw t¢mWnw-Kn-eqsS
]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m-s\m-cp-ßp-∂p. ssk_o-cn-
b-bn¬ a™n-\S- n-bn¬\n∂v 2013˛¬ e`n® ama-
Øns‚ Po¿Æn-°mØ PUw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv
imkv{X-⁄¿ Cu ZuXy-Øn-s\m-cp-ßp-∂X - v.
PU-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n® {ZmhIw c‡-am-sW∂v
Dd-∏m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. A[nIw sshImsX Xs∂
tZlw apgp-h≥ tcmahpw henb sImºp-If- p-ap≈ ama-Øns\ ]p\x-kr-jvSn-°m≥ Ign-bp-
sa-∂mWv imkv{X-⁄¿ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂X
- v. t^mkn¬ imkv{X-⁄\ - mb tSmdn s
- l-dnUvPv
BWv Cu ZuXy-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂X - v.

12 BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

a[y- i n- e m- b p- K - Ø n¬ a\p--j y- P o-
hnX-Ønep≠mb ]ptcm-K-Xn-Iƒ
X∂n- ´ p≈ Nn{X- Ø n¬ \n∂pw
Is≠Øq.
bqtdm- ∏ nsebpw ]Sn- ™ m- d ≥
Gjy-bn-sebpw hnhn[ cmPy-ß-
fn¬ \n∂v a[y-in-embpK Ime-L´-
Ønse P\PohnXØns‚ sXfn-hp-
Iƒ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. C¥y-bn¬
_msKm¿ (cmP-ÿm-≥), BZw-KUv
(a[y- { ]- t Z- i v ) F∂n- h n- S - ß - f n¬
\n∂pw a[yin-em-bp-KsØ kw_-
‘n® sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p≠v.

{]mNo\ inem-bp-KØnse a\pjyPohnXsØ a[y-in-

em-bp-KØ
- nse am‰-ßf
- p-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

- n-em-bpKw (Neolithic Age)

\ho-\i
a[y-in-em-bp-K-Øn¬ a\p-jy-Po-hn-XØn¬h∂ am‰-߃ \Ωƒ tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv
N¿® sNbvX-t√m. a[y-in-em-bp-K-sØØp-S¿∂v a\p-jy¿ inem-
bp-[-߃ an\p-k-s∏-SpØn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Cu Ime- Bkv t {Senbbn¬ P\n®
L´w \ho-\-in-em-bpKw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Irjn Bcw-`n-®-XmWv ]pcmhkv X p KthjI\pw
GI-tZiw FÆmbncw h¿jw ap≥]p≈ Cu Ime-L-´-Ønse Ncn{XImc\pambncp∂p
{][m\ ]ptcm-K-Xn. `£y-ti-J-c-W-Øn¬\n∂v `t£ym-Xv]m-Z- hn.tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv .
Ncn{XmXoXImesØ (pre-
\Øn-te-°p≈ am‰w a\pjyNcn-{X-Ønse hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.
historical period) °pdn®v
]cn-ÿn-Xn-bn-ep-≠mb am‰-߃, `£-W-Øn-s‚ e`y-X-°p-dhv, hnhc߃ e`n°p∂Xn\v
P\kwJymh¿≤- \ hv XpS- ß n- b - h - CXn\v Imc- W - ß - f mbn At±lØns‚ KthjW
Nq≠n°mWn°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. \Zo-XSw tI{μo-Ic- n®v a\p-jy¿ Irjn ߃ klmbIambn. "a\p
Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw ÿnc-hmkw XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Irjn Cu jy≥ kzbw \n¿Ωn°p∂p,'
Ime-L-´-Øn-ep-≠m-°nb am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn®v \n߃ a\- n-em-°n- "Ncn{XØn¬ F¥p kw`
b-t√m. Cu am‰-ßsf Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv \ho\ hn®p' F∂nh At±lØns‚
inem-bpK hnπhw (Neolithic Revolution) F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®p. {it≤bamb {KŸßfmWv.

BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw 13
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

\ho-\-in-em-bp-K-Ønse a\p-jy¿ `£-Wm-h-iy-Øn\v arK-ßsf

hf¿Øn. Im¿jn-Im-h-iy-Øn-\mbpw arK-]-cn-]m-e\-Øn-\mbpw
\ho-\- in-em-bp-Ka
- \
- p-jy¿ ÿnc-hm-ka
- m-cw-`n-®p. tKmX-ºv, _m¿en,
NWw, hnhn- [ - b n\w Ing- ß p- I ƒ, s\√v , hmg XpS- ß n- b - h -
bmbncp∂p A°m-esØ {][m\ hnf-Iƒ.

`£y-ti-Jc- W
- Ø
- n¬\n∂v `t£ym-Xv]m-Z\
- Ø
- n-te-°p≈
a\p-jys‚ am‰w hni-Za
- m-°p∂ Hcp ^vtfm Nm¿´v Xbm-
dm-°p-I.

FS-°¬ Kplm N
- n-{X-߃

FS-°¬ Kpl-sb-°p-dn®v \n߃ tI´n-´nt√? Fhn-sS-bmWv AXv

ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv? tIc-f-Ønse {][m\ \ho-\-in-em-bpK tI{μ-
ambn-cp∂p FS-°¬. FS-°¬ Kpl-bnse Nn-{X-߃ {i≤n-°q.
Nn{X-Øn¬ Fs¥√mw ImWp-∂p-≠v?
N{I-ß-fp≈ h≠n

km[- \ - ß ƒ Hcp ÿe- Ø p- \ n∂pw as‰mcp ÿe- t Ø°v

sIm≠pt]mIp-∂-Xn\v A°m-eØv N{I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®p. Irjn-
bpsS hnIm-kw, ÿnc-hm-kw XpS-ßn-bh Iq´mb Pohn-X-Øn\v
hgn-sX-fn-®p.

14 BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

Irjn-bpsS Bcw`w a\p-jy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS \mgn-I-°-√mbn IW-

°m-°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v ?

\ho\ inem-bp-K-Ønse kmt¶-XnIt\´-߃ Xmsg-

bp≈ Nn{X-Øn¬ \n∂pw Is≠-Øn GsX√mw taJ-e-
I-fn¬ A°m-esØ P\-߃ sshZKv≤yw t\Sn-bn-cp∂p
F∂v N¿®sNøq.

Nn{Xw 1.13

BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw 15
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

\ho-\ -in-em-bpK a\p-jy¿ ssIh-cn®

kmt¶-XnI ]ptcm-K-Xn°v as‰m-cpZm-
l-c-W-amWv kzn‰vk¿e-≠nep≠m-bn-
cp∂ XSm-I-{Km-a-߃ (Lake Villages).
XSn- I ƒ Iq´n- s °- ´ n arK- Ø ns‚
tXmepw Ifn-aÆpw D]-tbm-Kn®mWv
XSm- I Øn¬ hmk- ÿ - e - ß ƒ
\n¿Ωn®Xv. ]e-kvXo-\nse sPdo-t°m-
bn¬ \ho\inembpKØn¬ \n¿Ωn
°s∏´ I√p-Iƒ sIm≠p≈ aXnepIfpw
XSm-I{- Kmaw ˛ kzn‰vk¿e-≠v (-Nn-{X-Im-cs‚ `mh-\b
- n¬)
ho-Sp-Ifpw Is≠Ønbn´p≠v.

a[y-in-em-bp-KØ
- n-¬ Bcw`n® ]e am‰-ßfpw \ho-\-
in-em-bp-KØ
- n¬ hnImkw {]m]n-®p. Ah-tb-sX√msa∂v
]mT-`mKw ]cn-tim-[n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

Pm¿sam (Jarmo).

\ho\ inem-bp-K-Ønse a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-

sØ-°p-dn®v sXfnhv e`n-°p∂ {][m\
ÿe-ßfn-sem-∂mWv hS-°≥ Cdm-°nse
Pm¿sam (Jarmo). \nch[n a¨Ip-Sn-ep-I-
fpsS Ah-in-jvSß - ƒ ChnsS \n∂v Is≠-
Øn-bn-´p-≠v. I√p-IƒsIm≠mWv Ch-bpsS
ASn-Ød \n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂Xv. `nØn-Iƒ shbn-
e-Øv- D-W-°nb sNfn-°-´-Iƒ sIm≠v
\n¿Ωn-®X- m-bn-cp-∂p. aÆv Ipg®v shbn-eØv
DW-°n \n¿Ωn-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-bpsS
ta¬°q-cI - ƒ. P\-߃ Irjn-bn-te¿s∏-´n-
cp-∂p. Ah¿ Blm-ck - m-[\
- ß
- ƒ kw`-cn®v
kq£n-°pIbpw ssIam‰w sNøpIbpw
sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
Pm¿sam {Kmaw

\ho-\-in-em-bpKØn¬ a\p-jy-Po-hnXw temI-Øns‚ hnhn[

`mK- ß - f n- t e°v hym]n- ® p. P\- k wJym h¿≤- \ hv , Irjn-
tbmKyhpw hmk-tbm-Ky-hp-amb {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-IX
F∂n-h-bmWv CXn\v Imc-W-am-b-Xv. Pe-K-Xm-K-X-amWv hnhn[
{]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°p≈ IpSn-tb-‰-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-b-Xv.

16 BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

_p¿kmtlmw
kcm-bn-tJme
Kp^v { Imƒ
`q]-Sw ]cn-tim-[n®v {][m\ Inte-Kp¬sam-l-ΩZv

\ho- \ - in- e m- b pKtI{μ- sal¿KUv

߃ Is≠Øn Fgp-Xp-I.

$ FS-°¬ Nncm¥v
tIm¬Znh
$
$
$
$
DXv-\q¿

X°-e-tIm´ amkvIn \mKm¿÷p- \ - s Im≠

lmeq¿ {_“-Kncn

]ø- º ≈n

FS-°¬

C¥y≥ D]-`q-Jfi
- Ø
- nse \ho-\i
- n-em-bpK tI{μ-߃

{]mNo\inem-bp-KsØ At]-£n®v
Fs¥√mw am‰-ßf - mWv \ho-\- in-em-
bp-KØ
- n¬ cq]-s∏-´s- X∂v Is≠Øn
Ae-¶c- n® a¨]m-{Xhpw inem-bp-[ß
- fpw ˛
_p¿kmtlmw (Imivao¿) NphsS X∂n-´p≈ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-
°p-I:

{]mNo\ inem-bpKw \ho-\-in-em-bpKw

D]-I-c-W-߃ ]cp-°≥ I√p-Iƒ an\p-k-s∏-Sp-Ønb I√p-Iƒ
sXmgn¬
Blmckºm-Z\w
ÿnc-hmkw
arK-]-cn-]m-e\w
]m{X\n¿ΩmWw
kmt¶-XnIhnZy

BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw 17
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

Xm{ainem-bpKw (Chalcolithic Age)

inem-bp-K-Øn¬\n∂v teml-bp-K-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰-Øn-s‚- Ime-
am-bn-cp∂p Xm{ainem-bp-Kw. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ a\p-jy¿ I√p-
sIm-≠p≈ D]-I-c-W-ß-tfm-sSm∏w sNºp(Xm{aw) sIm≠p≈
D]-I-c-W-ßfpw \n¿Ωn-®p. Xm{a-inembp-K-Ønse {][m\ tI{μ-
ß-tfsXm-s°-sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
\ho-\- in-em-bp-K-Ønsebpw Xm{a-in-em-bp-K-Øn-sebpw a\p-jy-
Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p≈ {][m\ tI{μ-
amWv Xp¿°n-bnse NmX¬slmbp-°v. \-K-c-Po-hnXØns‚ BZna-
cq]w \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ tI{μ-am-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xv. hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fpsS
Ah-in-jvS-ß-fmWv ChnsS\n∂v IqSp-X-embn e`n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
sNfn-°´-Iƒ sIm≠m-bn-cp∂p IpSn-ep-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®n-
cp∂Xv. tKmX-ºv, _m¿en XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-
߃ ChnsS \n∂v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. IpSn-ep-I-fpsS `nØn-I-
fn¬ Nn{X-߃ hc-®n-cp-∂p. Gsd ]pcm-X-\hpw hnkvXr-
X-hp-amb Cu tI{μ-Øn¬ Ct∏mgpw DXvJ-\\w \S°p-
∂p≠v.
NmX¬slmbp-°nse DXvJ\
- \w
Xm{a-in-em-bp-KsØ kw_-‘n® Fs¥√mw
sXfn- h p- I - f mWv NmX¬slm- b q- ° n¬\n∂v
e`n°p-∂-Xv. N¿®sNøq.

Xm{ainem-bp-KØ - ns‚ khn-

ti-jX - I
- ƒ Is≠Ønb \nc-
sal¿KUv
h[n {]tZ-i-߃ C¥y≥
D]-`q-JW - vUØ
- nep-≠v. `q]-S-
Øn¬\n∂pw Ah Is≠Øn F-gp-XpI.
Knep≠v Nncm¥v $ sal¿KUv
_me- X ¬ Fdm≥
Alm¿ ImbX $
\hvZm-tXmen $
ssZam- _ mZv $
tPm¿sh
N-t¥mfn

C¥y≥ D]-`q-Jfi
- Ø
- nse Xm{ain-em-bpK tI{μ-߃

18 BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

C¥y≥ D]-`q-J-WvU-Ønse {][m\ Xm{a-in-em-bpK tI{μ-

amWv _eq-Nn-ÿm-\nse sal¿K-Uv. tKmX-ºv, _m¿en
F∂nh AhnsS Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ASp-∏p-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb
hoSp- I ƒ sNfn- ° - ´ - s Im≠v \n¿Ωn- ® n- c p- ∂ p. a¨]m-
{X\n¿ΩmW-Øn\v N{Iw (Potter's Wheel) D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-
∂Xn\pw AhnsS\n∂v sXfnhpIƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. a¨]m{Xw ˛- sal¿KUv

Xm{ainem-bpKØnse a\p-jy-Po-hnXw GsX√mw

taJ-e-I-fn-emWv ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-®Xv?

I√p-sIm-≠p≈ D]-I-c-W-ß-sf-bmWv BZy-Im-eØv a\p-jy¿

B{ibn-®-Xv. Bh-iy-߃ h¿≤n®t∏mƒ D]-I-c-W-߃ sa®-
s∏-Sp-Øn. sa®-s∏´ D]-I-c-W-߃ kmaq-lnI-Po-hn-X-Øns‚
]ptcmK-Xn°v klm-b-I-am-bn. CXv temtlm-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS
\n¿Ωm-WØnte°v \bn-®p.

a\p-jy≥ intem]-I-c-W-ßfpw Bbp-[-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®

Imew inem-bpKw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
intem]-I-c-W-ßfnep-≠mb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm\-
Øn¬ inem-bp-KsØ {]mNo\inem-bpKw, a[yinem-
bpKw, \ho\inem-bpKw F∂n-ßs\ Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
Hmtcm Ime-L-´-Øn-sebpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-coXn-I-fn¬
\nch[n hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
inem-bp-K- a\p-jy¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ hkvXp-°-fpsS
Ahin-jvS-ßfn¬ \n∂mWv B Ime-L-´-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈
hnh-c-߃ e`n-°p-∂-Xv.
inem-bp-K-Øns‚ A¥y-L-´-Øn¬ temtlm]-I-c-W-߃
D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-S-ßnbImew Xm{a-in-em-bpKw F∂-dn-b-
s∏Sp-∂p.

BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw 19
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

inem-bpKw

{]mNo-\-
in-em-bpKw a[yin-em-bpKw \ho-\-in-em-bpKw Xm{a-in-em-bpKw
(Palaeolithic Age) (Mesolithic Age) (Neolithic Age) (Chalcolithic Age)

]cp-°≥ inem-bp-[-߃ kq£vai

- n-em-bp-[ß
- ƒ an\p-ks
- ∏-Sp-Ønb ine-Ifpw sNºpw
inem-bp-[ß- ƒ

`nwt_UvI
Aƒ´m-and FS-°¬ sal¿KUv
_msKm¿ NmX¬
tjmsh BZw-KUv Pdot°m slm-bp°v
emkvtIm

{]mNo\ inem-bp-K-Ønse Kplm- Nn-{X-߃ hni-I-e\w

sNøp∂p.
Ncn{Xt{kmX- p-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Kplm -Nn-{X-ß-
ƒ°p≈ {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
hnhn-[ -in-em-bpK Ime-L-´-ß-fnse a\pjyPohn-X-Øns‚
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.
hnhn-[- in-em-bpK Ime-L-´-ßsf Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p.
inem-bpK tI{μ-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
inem-bp-K-Øn¬\n∂pw teml-bp-K-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰w
Xncn®-dn-bp-∂p.

20 BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

Kpl-Isf {]mNo\ a\p-jys‚ BhmktI{μ-ß-fmbn Icp-

Xm≥ Ign-bptam? F¥p-sIm≠v?
a[y-in-em-bp-KsØ {]mNo\ inem-bp-K-Øn¬\n∂pw
\ho\ -in-em-bp-K-Øn-te-°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Im-e-ambmWv
(Age of Transition) hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. F¥p-sIm≠v?
{]mNo-\-in-em-bp-K-Øn¬\n∂pw \ho-\- in-em-bp-K-Øn-
\p≈ hyXym-k-߃ Fs¥√mw?
"inem-bpKw a\pjyNcn-{X-Ønse kp{]-[m\ Ime-L-´-
am-bn-cp-∂p'. ka¿Yn-°pI.
NphsS ]´n-I-bn¬ \¬Inbn´p≈ ÿe-ßfpw Ime-L-´-
ßfpw {Ia-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

F _n
Aƒ´m-and \ho-\ -in-em-bpKw
NmX¬slm-bp°v {]mNo-\-in-em-bpKw
FS-°¬ a[y-in-em-bpKw
_msKm¿ Xm{a-in-em-bpKw

\nß-fpsS {]tZ-i-Øp-\n∂pw Ign™ Ime-sØ-°p-dn®v

hnh-c-߃ Xcp∂ hkvXp-°ƒ tiJ-cn®v Ah-bpsS khn-
ti-j-X-Ifpw Ah-bn¬\n∂pw e`n-°p∂ hnh-c-ßfpw
Dƒs°m-≈n®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I. hkvXp-°sf kvIqƒ
ayqkn-b-Øn¬ kq£n-°p-I. Nn{X-߃ Dƒs°m-≈n®v
B¬_w Xbm-dm-°p-I.

BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw 21
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

]q¿W-ambn `mKn-Ia- mbn sa®s∏tS

≠Xp≠v
D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsSbpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚
hnhn[ khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-
\-Øn¬ hnhn[ inem-bp-K-ßsf th¿Xn-cn-
®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.
Kplm- Nn-{X-ßfpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
Is≠Øm≥ Ignbpw.
hnhn[ inem-bp-K-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
hni-I-e\w sNøm≥ Ignbpw.
hnhn[ inem-bp-K-ßsf Xmc-Xayw
sNøm≥ Ignbpw.
inem- b p- K - t I- { μ- ß ƒ ]´n- I - s ∏- S p- Ø m≥
Ignbpw.
inem-bp-K-Øn¬\n∂v teml-bp-K-Øn-te-
°p≈ am‰w Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.
Hmtcm Ime-L-´-Øn-ep-ap-≠mb a\p-jy-
]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ignbpw.
a\p-jy-N-cn{Xw Hcp XpS¿{]-
{InbbmsW∂pw hnhn[ LS-I-ßfpw
Ime-L-´-ßfpw AXn¬ khn-tij ]¶p
hln-®n-´p-s≠∂pw t_m[y-am-bn.

22 BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw
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 \Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS

h¿jw1856. apƒ´m-\n¬ \n∂v emtlm-dn-te°v Hcp dbn¬∏mX

]Wn-bp-hm≥ {_n´ojpIm¿ Xocp-am-\n®p. ]mX-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-
®p-aXe {_¨S≥ ktlm-Zc∑m¿°mbn-cp∂p. kn‘p \Zo-X-
SØneq-sS-bmWv Cu ]mX \n¿Ωn-t°-≠nbn-cp-∂Xv. aÆn\v Dd∏v
Xosc-bn-√. F©n\o-b¿am-cmb B ktlm-Z-c-ß-fpw sXmgn-em-fn-
Ifpw ITn-\m-[zm\w sNbvXn´pw dbn¬∏mfw Dd-∏n-°m≥ Ign-™n-
√. ]mX- \ n¿ΩmWw hgn- a p´n. B ka- b - Ø mWv sXm´- S p-
ØpXs∂bp≈ Np´ CjvSn-I-Iƒ F©n-\o-b¿amcpsS {i≤-
bn¬s∏-´-Xv. \√ Dd-∏p-≈hbmbn-cp∂p Ah. dbn¬∏mfw Dd-∏n-
°m≥ ]‰n-b-h. ]ns∂ Xma-kn-®n-√ Cu NpSp-I-´-Iƒ \nc-Øn ]mX
\n¿Ωn®p.

\q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v apºv \ne-\n∂ al-Ømb Hcp kwkvIm-c-

Øns‚ tijn-∏p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p B NpSp-I-´-Iƒ F∂ Imcyw
sXmgn- e m- f n- I tfm F©n- \ o- b ¿amtcm A∂v Adn- ™ n- √ .
]n∂oSv 1921-˛¬ k¿ tPm¨am¿j¬ B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬
k¿tΔ Hm^v C¥ybpsS Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-cp∂ ImeØv \S∂
D¬J\-\w Hcp al-Ømb kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-
ßfmWv B CjvSn-I-Isf∂v Is≠-Øn.
 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

kn‘p \Zn- b p- s Sbpw AXns‚ ssIh- g n- I - f p- s Sbpw

B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ XocsØ hnhn[ {]tZ-iß - f
- nemWv Cu kwkvImcw \ne-
k¿tΔ Hm^v C¥y \n∂ncp∂Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Cu kwkvIm-cw kn‘p-\-
C¥y-bn¬ ]pcm-hkvXp ]T\-
Zo-XS kwkvImcw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]mIn-kvXm-\nse
߃°v t\XrXzw sImSp-°p-
∂Xv B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ lc∏- b n- e m- b n- c p∂p BZysØ D¬J- \ - \ - w \S- ∂ - X v .
k¿tΔ Hm^v C¥ybmWv. Zbmdmw kmlv\nbmbn-cp∂p CXn\v t\XrXzw \¬In-b-
{_n´ojv `cWIme-ØmWv Xv. kn‘p-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ BZy-sX-fn-hp-Iƒ
Cu ÿm]\w Bcw-`n-®X - v. lc-∏-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-®-Xn-\m¬ Cu kwkvImcsØ lc-
∏≥ kwkvImcw F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p. ]mIn-kvXm--\nse
Xs∂ taml≥sPm-Zm-tcm-hn¬ D¬J-\\ - ß
- ƒ \S-Øn-bXv
B¿.-Un. _m\¿Pn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kwkvIm-csØ kw_-‘n®
]T-\-߃ Ct∏mgpw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
kn‘p\Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ D¬J-\-\sØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂
Xmsg sImSp-Øn´p≈ Ub{Kw ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.

Ub-d-IvS¿ Hm^v B¿°n-tbm-f-

Pn°¬ k¿tΔ Hm^v C¥y
k¿ tPm¨ am¿j¬

.....................................

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvImcw

Zbmdmw kmlv\n
B¿.Un. _m\¿Pn .....................................

..................................... lc∏bn¬ D¬J-\\w

\SØn

]mIn- k v X m--s ‚ ]Sn- ™ m- d ≥ Xocw- ap- X ¬ DØ¿{]- t Z- i nse

AewKo¿]q¿ hscbpw hS°v PΩp-Im-ivao¿ apX¬ sX°v \¿ΩZm
Xocw-h-scbpw lc-∏≥ kwkvImcw hym]n-®n-cp-∂p. _n.kn.C. 2700
apX¬ _n.kn.C. 1700 hsc- b mWv Cu kwkv I m- c - Ø ns‚
B¿.Un. _m\¿Pn
ImeL´ambn s]mXpsh IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.

24 \Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw \nco-£n®v kn‘p\Zo-XS kwkvIm-

c-Øns‚ {][m\ tI{μ-߃ Dƒs∏SpØn ]´n-I- ]q¿Ønbm°q.
Ah C∂v GsX√mw cmPy-ßf - n-em-sW∂v Is≠-Øq.

XmPn-°n-kvXm≥
Xp¿°vsa-\n-kvXm≥
$tjm¿´p-Kmbv ssN\

A^vKm-\n-ÿm≥

lc∏
]mIn-kvXm≥
_\hmen
Imen-_w-K≥ AewKn¿]q¿

taml≥-sPm-Zmscm

kpXvIm-P≥tZm¿ C¥y

t[mfm-hoc

temYm¬
dwKv]q¿

kn‘p-\-Zo-XS cmPyw kn‘p-\-Zo-XS cmPyw

kwkvIm-c-tI{μw kwkvIm-c-tI{μw
$ lc∏ $ ]mIn-kvXm≥ $ Imen-_w-K≥ $ C¥y
JT 257-2/Soc Sci-8 (M) Vol-1

$ taml≥sPm-Zmscm $ $ temYm¬ $
$ kpXvImP≥tZm¿ $ $ t[mfm-hoc $
$ Aew-Kn¿]q¿ $ $ dwKv]q¿ $
$ _\-hmen $ $ tjm¿´p-Kmbv $

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 
 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

\K-ck
- hntijXIƒ
sdbn¬th \n¿amWsØmgn- e m- f n- I sf
A¤p- X - s ∏- S p- Ø n- b Xv Ah¿°v e`n®
CjvSn-I-IfpsS Dd-∏m-bn-cp-∂-t√m. Dd-∏p≈
Np´ CjvSn-I-I-fpsS D]-tbm-K-am-bn-cp∂p
lc- ∏ - b nse \K- c - ß - f psS {][m\
{]tXyIX. sI´n-S-ß-sf√mw \n¿an-®n-cn-°p-
∂Xv Np´ CjvSn-I-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®m-bn-
cp∂p. lc∏, taml≥sPm-Zmscm, temYm¬
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn® \K-c{- ]-tZiw F∂o \K-c-ß-ƒ°v c≠v `mK-߃ D≠m-
bn-cp-∂p.
lc-∏-bnse \K-c-߃

]Sn-™m-dp≈ Db¿∂ `mKw `c-Wm-[n- Xmgv∂ `mKw km[m-cW - ° - m-cpsS hmk-ÿe-

Imcn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. hoSp-If - m-sW∂v kqNn-∏n-°p∂
Akwªn lmƒ F∂p Icp-Xp∂ Hcp \nc- h [n sI´n- S - ß - f psS Ah- i n- j v S - ß ƒ
henb sI´n-S-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw ChnsS\n∂pw e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
ChnsS\n∂v e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

Bkq-{Xn-X-amb sXcp-hp-I-fpsS Ccp-h-i-ß-fn-em-

bmWv hoSp-Iƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hoSp-Iƒ hyXykvX
LS-\-bn-ep-≈-h-bmbncp∂p. NneXv H‰-apdn hoSp-I-
sXcp-hv
fm-sW-¶n¬ a‰p Nne-Xm-Is´ IqSp-X¬ apdn-Ifpw
hnim-e-amb ap‰hpw InW-dp-I-fp-ap-≈-h-bm-bncp∂p.
IqSmsX F√m hoSp-Iƒ°pw iuNm-e-b-ß-fp-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p.
Agp-°p-Nm-ep-I-fmWv \K-c-ß-fpsS as‰mcp khn-ti-
j-X. hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ aen-\-Pew Nmep-I-fn-
te°v Hgp-°n-bn-cp-∂p. CØcw Nmep-Isf \K-c-
Ønse {][m\ Agp- ° p- N m- e p- a mbn _‘n- ∏ n- ® n-
cp∂p. Ah Np´ CjvSn-II - ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv \
- n¿Ωn-
®n-cp∂Xv. …m_p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Ah aqSn-bn-cp-
Agp-°p-Nm¬ kwhn-[m\w ∂p. sNdnb ]´-W-ß-fnepw {Kma-ß-fn¬t∏mepw

26 \Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS
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1
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

anI® Agp-°p-Nm¬ kwhn-[m\w D≠m-bn-

cp-∂p.
taml≥sPmZm-tcm-hn¬\n∂v Hcp henb
Ipf-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-߃ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
CXv A°m-esØ P\-ß-fpsS \n¿am-W-
ssh-`-h-Øn\v sXfn-hm-Wv. ]q¿Æ-ambpw
Np´ CjvSn-I-IƒsIm-≠mWv CXv \n¿an-®n-
cp∂-Xv.
henb Ipfw

lc-∏bnse \K-c-ß-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-ß-fn¬\n∂v `c-W-hy-h-ÿ,

kmaq-ln-I-ÿnXn F∂nh kw_-‘n®v Fs¥√mw kqN-\-I-fmWv
e`n-°p-∂-Xv ?

kn‘q\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Im-esØ P\-߃ hy‡n-

ipNn- X z- Ø n\pw ]cn- k - c - i p- N n- X z- Ø n\pw \¬Inb
{]m[m\yw N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.

[m\y-∏p-cI
- ƒ, Irjn
lc- ∏ - b n¬ Is≠- Ø nb \K- c m- h - i n- j v S - ß - f n¬ {][m- \ - s ∏´
H∂mWv [m\y- ∏ p- c - I ƒ. [m\y- ß ƒ DW- ° m\pw kw`- c n-
°m\pap≈ kuIcy߃ D≠m-bn-cp∂ henb sI´n-S-ß-fm-bn-
cp∂p Ah. tKmX-ºv, _m¿en, Xn\, F≈v, ]b-¿h¿K-߃ XpS-
ßnbhbpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃ AhnsS \n∂v
e`n- ® n´p≠v . KpP- d m- Ø nse dwKv ] q¿,
temYm¬ F∂n- h n- S - ß - f n¬\n∂v s\√v
Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-
®n-´p-≠v. IqSmsX ]cp-Ønbpw Irjn sNbvXn-
cp∂p. \K-cØnse P\-߃ `£-Wm-h-iy-
Øn\pw sXmgn-ep-Iƒ°p-ambn {Kma-ßsf
B{i-bn-®n-cp∂p. \K-c-ß-fnse Dev]m-Z-\-h-
kvXp-°-fpsS {][m\ hn]Wn {Kma-ß-fm-
[m\y-∏pcbpsS Ah-in-jSv ß
- ƒ
bn-cp-∂p.

l-c-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n\v Ahn-SsØ {Kma-߃

hln® ]¶v ]cn-tim-[n-°pI.

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 27
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

{Kma-ß-fnse Irjn-bn-S-߃ ^e`q-bn-jvTam-bn-

cp∂p. kn‘q-\Zn Hgp-°n-s°m-≠p-h-cp∂ F°¬a-
Æm-bn-cp∂p Cu ^e-`q-bn-jvT-Xbv°v ASn-ÿm-\w.
Ifn-a¨ Ie∏ cmP-ÿm-\nse Imen-_w-Km-\n¬ \new DgpXpadn®v
Irjn \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Ifn-a-Æn¬ Xo¿Ø Ie-∏-
bpsS cq]-߃ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Pe-tk-N-\-Øn-
\p-th≠n I\m-ep-Iƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂p.
Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-s°m∏w arK-]-cn-]m-e-\hpw
\ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p. arK-ß-fpsS F√p-I-fpsS
Ah-in-jvSß- ƒ [mcmfw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Im≠m-
ar-K-Øn-s‚bpw B\-bp-sSbpw Ifn-a¨ cq]-
߃ e`n-®n-´p≠v. Imf, BSv, ]∂n, sNΩcn-
bmSv F∂n-hsb hf¿Ø-nbn-cp∂p.
{Kma-ß-fn¬ an®wh∂ Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]-∂-
ß-fm-bn-cp∂p [m\y-∏p-c-I-fn¬ kq£n-®-Xv.
PohnIfpsS Ifn-a¨ cq]-߃ \nIp-Xn-bn-\-Øn¬ e`n-® [m\yhpw ChnsS
kq£n-®n-cp-∂p. [m\y-∏p-c-I-fn¬ kq£n®
CØcw [m\y-߃ \K-c-ß-fnse P\-߃°v e`y-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p.
sa®- s ∏´ Hcp `c- W - k w- h n- [ m\w \ne- \ n- ∂ n- c p∂p F∂- X n\v
sXfnhmWv CØcw [m\y-kw-`-c-W-im-e-Iƒ.

lc-∏-bnse [m\y-kw-`-c-W-im-e-Iƒ A°m-esØ `c-W-kw-hn-

[m\sØ kw_-‘n®v Fs¥√mw kqN-\-IfmWv \¬Ip-∂Xv ?

I®-hSw
Im¿jnI ]ptcm-KXn ant®m-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn\pw [m\y-ß-fpsS
kw`-c-W-Øn\pw hgn-sX-fn-®p. kw`-cn-°-s∏´ DXv]-∂-ß-
fpsS ssIam-‰-Øn\mbn IrXy-amb Af-hp-Ifpw Xq°-ßfpw
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. Af-hp-Xq° D]-I-c-W-ß-ƒ ChnsS\n∂v
e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥ kwkvIm-csØ∏‰n ap≥ ¢mkn¬ N¿®
sNbvXn-´p-≠-t√m. saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b-bn¬\n∂v e`n® enJn-

Af-hp-Ifpw Xq°-ßfpw

28 \Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS
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1
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

X-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ I®-hSw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ saeql F∂ {]tZ-i-

sØ-∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. saeql lc-∏-bm-sW-∂mWv Ncn{X-
Im-c-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. lc-∏-bn¬\n∂v e`n® saskm-
s∏m-´m-an-b≥ ap{Z-Ifpw Cu I®-hS _‘-Øn\v sXfn-hm-Wv.
IS¬h-gn-bp≈ hmWnPytI{μ-ß-fn¬ H∂v temYm¬ Bbn-cp-
ap{Z-Iƒ
∂p. Ifn-a-Æn¬ Xo¿Ø ]mbv-°-∏-ens‚
cq]-ßfpw IS¬h-gn-bp≈ I®-h-S-Øns‚
as‰mcp {][m\ sXfn-hm-Wv.
kn‘q-\-Zo-XS tI{μ-ß-fn¬\n∂v hym]-I-
ambn e`n® ap{Z-Iƒ I®-h-S-Øn-\p-th≠n
D]-tbm-Kn-®Xmbn-cn°mw. F∂m¬ \mW-b-
߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xn\v sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`y-a√.
cmP- ÿ m- \ nse tJ{Xn J\n- I - f n¬\n∂v
sNºpw A^vLm-\n-ÿm-\n¬\n∂pw at[y-
jy-bn¬\n∂pw shfp-Øo-bhpw tiJ-cn-®n-
temYm¬
cp-∂p. sNºpw shfp-Øo-bhpw tN¿Øv
sh¶ew \n¿an-®p. sh¶-e-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®v D]-
I-c-W-ßfpw Bbp-[-ßfpw \n¿an®p. sh¶-e-Øns‚ D]-tbmKw
lc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn\v sh¶-e-bpK kwkvImcw F∂ t]cv
t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Øp.

lc-∏≥ P-\-X-bpsS -I®-hS _‘-߃ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ sXfn-hp-

Iƒ Fs¥√mw?

Ic-Iu-ie
- hkvXp°fpw sXmgn¬°q-´ß
- fpw
lc-∏-bn¬\n∂v e`n® ap{Z-Iƒ, Ifn-a¨cq-]-߃, ]m{X-߃, B`-
c-W-߃ XpS-ßn-bh Ah-cpsS Ic-hn-cp-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
a¨]m{X \n¿am-W-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn® Nqf-I-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-
߃ [mcm-f-ambn e`n-®n-´p-≠v. a¨]m-{X-ß-fn¬ Ae-¶m-c-]Wn- B`-cW
- ß
- ƒ
Iƒ \S-Øn. Ifn-a-Æn¬ arK-cq-]-߃ \n¿Ωn-®p. kv{Xo˛-]p-cp-j-
cq]-ßfpw h≠n-I-fpsS cq]-ßfpw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. sNºv, sh¶-ew,
kz¿Ww F∂n-h- sIm≠p≈ B`-c-W-߃ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂p. temYm-
en¬\n∂v apØv \n¿am- W - t I- { μØns‚ sXfn- h p- I ƒ
Ifn-a¨ h≠n-Iƒ

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 29
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Ifn-aÆv, sh¶-ew, Ba-tØmSv F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v

hf-Iƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂p. Ic-Iu-i-e-h-kvXp-°-fpsS \n¿am-W-Øn¬
sshZ-Kv[y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw lc-∏≥ P\X Bbp[ \n¿am-
W-Øn\v A{X {]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-cp-∂n-√.
lc-∏≥ P\-X-bpsS anI® Iem-ssh-`hw {]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv ap{Z-
a¨]m{Xw IfpsS \n¿an-Xn-bn-emWv. Ifn-aÆ
- p-sIm≠pw ine-IƒsIm≠pw ap{Z-
Iƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂p. taml≥sPm-Zm-scm-hn¬\n∂v e`n® \¿ØIn-
bpsS {]Xna CXn- \ pZm- l - c - W - a m- W v . A°m- e Øv hnhn[
sXmgn¬°q-´-߃ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂Xn\v sXfn-hmWv hnhn[-
Xcw Ic-Iu-ie hkvXp-°ƒ.

t[mfm-ho-cb
- nse kqN\m t_m¿Uv

\¿ØInbpsS sh¶-e{- ]-Xna

ap{ZIfpw en]nbpw

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS tI-{μ-ß-fn¬\n∂v e`n® Nne ap{Z-I-fpsS Nn{X-

ß-fmWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. CØcw ap{Z-I-fn¬ Nne en]n-
Iƒ ImWp-∂nt√? Ahn-SsØ P\-Xbv°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Fgp-
Øp-ssien D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v CXn¬\n∂v a\-kn-em-°mw. Cu
en]n-Iƒ hmbn-°m-\p≈ {ia-߃ CXp-hsc hnP-bn-®n-´n-√.

hnizm-kc
- o-Xn-Iƒ
lc-∏-bn¬\n∂v e`n® ap{Z-I-fn¬\n∂v A°m-esØ P\-ß-fpsS
hnizm-k-co-Xn-Iƒ kw_-‘n®v hnh-c-߃ e`n-°p-∂p-≠v. Ifn-a-
Æn¬ \n¿an® [mcmfw kv{Xocq-]-߃ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. CXv amXr
ssZhm-cm-[\ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v sXfn-hm-Wv. ^e-`q-bn-
jvTX-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´m-Wv amXr-ssZ-hm-cm-[\ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-
Xv. ChnsS\n∂pw e`n® ]pcp-j-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ inev]-߃ BZna

30 \Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS
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1
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

inhs‚ (Proto Siva) inev]-ß-fm-sW∂v Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p. arK-ß-sfbpw hr£-ß-sfbpw Ah¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp-
∂p. taml≥tPm-Zm-scm-hnse henb Ipfw aX-]-camb NS-ßp-
Iƒ°p-th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xm-hmsa∂v Icp-Xp-∂p.

lc-∏≥ kwkvIm-cØ
- ns‚ XI¿®
lc-∏b
- n¬ \n∂pw e`n® ap{Z

GI-tZiw 1700 _n.kn.C tbmsS lc-∏≥ kwkvImcw £bn-®p-

Xp-S-ßn. CXns‚ XI¿®bv-°p≈ Imc-W-ßsf kw_-‘n®v
\nch[n A`n-{]m-b-߃ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ Nne-XmWv
Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv:
sh≈-s∏m°w.
]pd-sa-\n-∂p≈ B{I-a-W-߃.
h\-\-io-I-cWw.
Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn-ep-≠mb XI¿®.
]I¿®-hym[nIƒ.
F¥p-sIm≠v
kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ {][m\ khn- \Zo-XS- ß
- ƒ
ti-jX - Iƒ F∂ hnj-bØ - n¬ Hcp skan-\m¿ BZn-a-a-\p-jy≥ ImSp-sh´n
t]∏¿ Xbm-dm-°pI. Irjn\ne-am-°m-\p≈ kmt¶-
Xn-Ih
- nZy t\Sn-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-
\m¬ Ffp-∏-Øn¬ sNØn
CuPn-]vjy≥, saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥, shfn-∏n-°m-hp∂ ]p¬ta-Sp-I-
ssN\okv kwkvIm-cß - ƒ fn-emWv Ah≥ BZy-ambn
Irjn- b m- c w- ` n- ® - X v . ss\¬,
kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wt√m \Ωƒ CXp- bq{^-´o-kv, kn‘p XpS-ßnb
hsc N¿® sNbvX-Xv. Cu kwkvImcw \ne-\n∂ AtX- \Zo- X - S - ß ƒ ]p¬ta- S p- I ƒ
ImeØv temI-Øns‚ a‰pNne `mK-ß-fn¬ thsdbpw Nne sIm≠p-\n-d™ ÿe-ß-fm-
kwkvIm-c-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. bn-cp∂p. hf-°q-dp≈ aÆv,
saskm- s ∏m- ´ m- a n- b ≥ kwkvIm- c w, CuPn- ] vjy≥ [mcmfw Pew, I∂p- I m- e n-
kwkvImcw, ssN\okv kwkvImcw apX-em-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Iƒ°v tabm≥ ta®n¬∏p-d-
߃ F∂nh a\p-jy-hmkw
Ah. Cu kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw s]mXp-hmb {]tXy-
\Zo- X - S - ß - f n¬ tI{μo- I - c n-
IX sh¶-e-Øn¬ \n¿Ωn® D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS hym]-I-
°m≥ Imc-Wa - mbn. Cu \Zo-
amb D]-tbm-K-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Cu kwkvIm-c-ß- X-S-߃ kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS
sf√mw s]mXpsh sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-c-߃ F∂-dn-b- Cu‰n-√-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
s∏-Sp-∂p.

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 31
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

NphsS X∂n-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw \nco-£n®v Cu kwkvIm-c-߃

hf¿∂p-h∂ {]tZ-i-߃ Is≠-Øq:

CuPn]v j y≥
kwkvImcw
saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥
kwkvImcw
ssN\okv
kwkvImcw

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS
kwkvImcw

sh¶-eb
- pK kwkvImc tI{μ-߃

CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvImcw
1922 \hw-_¿ amk-Øn¬ Rm≥ CuPn]vXn-seØn. 14˛mw
\q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn®p acn-®p-t]mb XqØ≥Jma≥ F∂
N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS aΩn- tX-Snbp≈ bm{X. aΩn-Is - fbpw ]ncan-
Up-Is - fbpw tXSn-bp≈ bm{X-bpsS ]pXnbL´w. CuPn-
]vXns‚ hS°p `mK-Øp≈ Xmgvhc-bn-eqsS. kpZo¿L-
amb At\z-jWw. ]t£ ^e-an-√. {]Xo£ \ncm-ibv°p
hgn-am-dn. Ah-km\w hen-sbmcp ]nc-an-Uns‚ Acn-Ip-
tN¿∂v J\\w \S-Øp-hm≥ Rm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p.
BImw£ A¤p-X-Øn\p hgn-am-dn. `qan-°-Sn-bn-te°v
\ofp∂ ]S-hp-Iƒ. ]S-hp-Iƒ ]n∂n-s´-Øn-bXv hen-sbmcp
hmXn-en-\c - nsI. H∂n-\p-]n-dsI as‰m∂v. aq∂m-asØ
hmXn¬ Xpd-∂t- ∏m-tg°pw Rm≥ A‘mfn®p-t]m-bn.
Rm≥ At\z- j n- ° p∂ N{I- h ¿Øn CXm apºn¬
k¿Δm`-cW hn`q-jn-X\ - mbn A\-¥a - mb \n{Z-bn¬.....

32 \Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS
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1
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

slmhm¿Uv Im¿´¿ F∂ ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-Is‚ Ub-dn-

°pdn∏v hmbn-®-t√m. Bcm-bn-cp∂p Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏n¬ ]cm-a¿in-
°p∂ XqØ≥Jma≥ F∂-dn-bmtam? ]pcm-X\ CuPn-]vXnse
cmP-mhm-bn-cp∂p XqØ≥Jm-a≥. A°m-eØv CuPn-]vXnse cmPm-
°-∑m¿ "^tdmh' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. arX-i-cocw tISp-
Iq-SmsX kq£n-°p∂ coXn CuPn]vXn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cßs\
kq£n-°-s∏´ arX-i-cocw "aΩn' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. aΩn-
Iƒ kq£n-®n-cp∂ henb ih-Ip-So-c-ß-fmWv ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ. a\p-
jym-[zm-\hpw kºØpw h≥tXmXn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xns‚
sXfn- h mWv ]nc- a n- U p- I ƒ sh¶- e - b p- K - Ø n¬ \ne- \ n∂

CuPn-]X
v nse ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ

CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ a‰v {][m\

khn- t i- j - X - I ƒ Fs¥m- s °- b m- s W∂v
t\m°mw.
CuPn-]vXnse ss\¬ \-Zo-X-S-Øn-emWv Cu
kwkv I mcw hf¿∂p- h - ∂ - X v . Irjn- b m- b n-
cp∂p CuPn- ] v j y≥ kwkv I m- c - Ø ns‚
ssltdm-•n^nIvkv en]n
ASnØd. s\bvØv, kv^SnI ]m{X \n¿Ωm-
ssltdm-•n^nIvkv
Ww F∂n-h-bnepw Ah¿ G¿s∏-´n-cp-∂p.
ssltdm•n^nIvkv en]n BZyambn hmbn®Xv
{]mNo\ CuPn- ] v j y≥ P\X Hcp {^©p ]WvUnX\mbncp∂ jwt]mentbm
FgpØphnZy cq]- s ∏- S p- Ø n- b n- c p- ∂ p. Bbncp∂p. (1790˛1832) {^m≥knse
"ssltdm-•n^nIvkv' F∂mWv Ah-cpsS `cWm[nImcnbmbncp∂ s\t∏mfnbs‚
FgpØp-hnZy Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ssltdm- CuPn]vXv B{IaWImeØv Ct±lhpw
s\t∏mfnbt\msSm∏w D≠mbncp∂p.
•n^nIvkv F∂m¬ "hnip-≤-amb FgpØv' ss\¬\ZoapJØp Is≠Ønb hensbmcp
F∂mWv A¿∞w. ]m∏-ndkv sNSn-bpsS Ce- inebnemWv (tdmsk‰) Cu FgpØp≠m
I-fmWv Ah¿ Fgp-Xm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. bncp∂Xv. \nc¥camb ]cn{ia߃s°m
Sphn¬ Cu en]n hmbns®Sp°m≥ At±l
Øn\p Ign™p.

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 33
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

imkv{X-cw-KØpw Ah¿ anI® ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

kqcys\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ Hcp Ie-≠¿ Ah¿ Xøm-dm°n
Hcp h¿jsØ 365 Znh-k-ß-fm-°n IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. 30 Znhk-
ß-fp≈ 12 amk-ß-fmbn Hcp h¿jsØ hn`-Pn-®p. _m°n h∂
A©p-Zn-h-k-߃ BtLm-j-߃°mbn am‰n-h-®n-cp-∂p. KWn-
X-im-kv{X-cw-KØpw {]mNo-\-Cu-Pn-]vXns‚ t\´-߃ {it≤-b-
amWv. {XntIm-Ww, NXp-cw F∂n-h-bpsS hnkvXrXn IW-°m-
°m≥ Ah¿°- d n- b - m am- b n- c p- ∂ p. \ng- e ns\ ASn- ÿ m- \ - a m°n
kabw IW-°m-°p∂ kqcy-L-Sn-Imcw, Pe-{]-hm-l-Øns‚ ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ kabw \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ Pe-L-Sn-Im-cw XpS-ßn-bh
Ah¿ Xøm-dm-°nbncp∂p.
{]Xn-am-\n¿am-W-Ønepw Ah¿ hnZ-Kv[-cmbncp∂p. a\p-jys‚
Xebpw knwl-Øns‚ DS-ep-ap≈ kv^nwKvkv F∂ {]Xna Ah-
cpsS inev] sshZ-Kv[y-Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

kv^nwKvkv

saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥ kwkvImcw
C∂sØ CdmJv Dƒs∏-Sp∂ {]tZ-i-ØmWv saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥
kwkvImcw hf¿∂ph∂-Xv. B¿ao-\n-b≥ ]¿Δ-X-Øn¬\n∂v DXv`-
hn®v t]¿jy≥ IS-en¬ ]Xn-°p∂ bq{^-´o-kv, ssS{Kokv \Zn-
Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ {]tZ-i-amWv {]mNo\ saskm-s∏m-´m-anb. c≠v
\Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ {]tZiw F∂mWv saskm-s∏m-´m-anb F∂
hm°n-\¿∞w.

34 \Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

\mev hyXykvX kwkvIm-c-߃ saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b-bn¬ DZbw

sNøp-Ibpw AkvX-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kpta-dn-b≥, _m_n-tem-
Wn-b≥, Ako-dn-b≥, Im¬Un-b≥ F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah.
saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b-bnse ^e-`q-bn-jvTamb aÆv Im¿jnI ]ptcmK-
Xnsb klm-bn-®p. CXv I®-h-S-Øn-s‚bpw \K-c-ß-fpsSbpw
hf¿®bv°v CS-bm-°n. D¿, Ddp-°v, eKmjv F∂nh {]mNo\
saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b-bnse {][m\ \K-c-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
\K-c-߃ I®-h-S-tI-{μ-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-
Ønse P\- ß - f p- a mbn Ah¿°v I®- h - S - _ - ‘ - ß ƒ D≠m- b n-
cp∂Imcyw \Ωƒ t\csØ N¿® sNbvX-t√m. I®-hSw hnImkw
{]m]n-®-tXmsS ssIam-dp∂ D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS IW-°p-Iƒ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv Bh-iy-ambn Xo¿∂p. CXv FgpØphnZy-bpsS
hnIm-k-Øn-te°v \bn-®p.
saskm- s ∏m- ´ m- a n- b - b nse Fgp- Ø p- h nZy
"IyqWnt^mw' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Ah-
cpsS en]n-Iƒ°v B∏ns‚ BIr-Xn-bm--bn-cp∂p.
aÆv Ipg®p≠m°nb sNdp- ^ - e - I - ß - f psS
an\pkap≈ {]XeØnemWv Ah¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-
∂-Xv. Iq¿Ø-ap-\-bp≈ FgpØmWn D]-tbm-Kn®v
Fgp-Xn-bX- n-\p-tijw DW-°n-sb-Sp-°p-Ib
- m-bn-cp∂p
sNbv X - X v . CØcw Ifn- a ¨ ^e- I - ß - f psS
h≥tiJcw Xs∂ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. enJn-X-ß-fn¬ `qcn-
`m-Khpw I®-h-S-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.
tPymXn-im-kv{Xw, KWn-X-imkv{Xw F∂o taJ-e- IyqWnt^mw en]n
Ifnepw Ah¿ {it≤-b-amb t\´-߃ ssIh-cn®p.
N{μs‚ Ne\sØ ASnÿm- \ - a m°n Hcp
Ie≠dpw Ah¿ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp h¿jsØ 12 amk-ß-
fmbpw Hcp amksØ 4 BgvN-I-fmbpw hn`-Pn-®n-cp-∂p. Hcp Znh-
ksØ 24 aWn-°q-dmbn IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. KWnX imkv{X-
Ønse lc-Ww, KpW-\w, h¿§-aqew F∂n-hbpw Ah¿°-dn-bm-
am-bn-cp-∂p.

saskm- s ∏m- ´ m- a n- b ≥ P\- X - b psS imkv { X- c w- K sØ

t\´ßƒ kw_-‘n®v Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°p-I.

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 35
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

{]mNo\ saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥ P\-X-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-ssh-`-h-Øn\v

sXfn- h mWv knKp- d m- Ø p- I ƒ (Ziggurats) F∂- d n- b - s ∏- S p∂
Bcm[\meb-߃. \K-c-ß-fn-emWv Cu Bcm[\meb߃
\n¿Ωn- ® n- c p- ∂ - X v . a¨Iq\- I ƒ \n¿Ωn®v AXn- \ p- a p- I fn¬
Cjv S n- I - I ƒ D]- t bm- K n- ® mWv knKp- d m- Ø p- I ƒ ]Wn- X - X v .

knKp-dm-Øv

ssN\okv kwkvImcw
slmbmßvtlm \Zo-X-S-Øn-emWv ssN\okv
kwkvImcw hf¿∂p-h-∂-Xv. Irjn-bm-bn-cp∂p
Cu kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d. s\bvØv,
a¨]m-{X-\n¿ΩmWw, ]´phkv{X \n¿ΩmWw
F∂n-h-bnepw Ah¿ hnZKv[cm-bn-cp-∂p.
]pcm- X \ ssN\bnepw FgpØphnZy \ne-
\n∂n-cp∂p. A£-c-߃°v ]Icw Nn{X-߃
D]- t bm- K n- ® mWv Ah¿ Fgp- X n- b n- c p- ∂ - X v .
]n¬°m-eØv Nn{X-߃°v ]Icw Nn”-߃
\ne-hn¬h∂p. {]mNo\ saskm-s∏m-´man-b-bn-
sebpw CuPn- ] v X n- s ebpwt]mse {]mNo\
ssN\okv en]n ssN\-°mcpw Ie-≠¿ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂p.

36 \Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS
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1
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

Ah¿ Xøm-dm-°nb Ie-≠-dn¬ Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ 365½ Znh-kw

D≠m-bn-cp∂p.
\Zo-XS-߃ tI{μ-am°n {]mNo-\-tem-IØv hf¿∂p-h∂ Nne
kwkvIm-cß - s - f-°p-dn-®mWv \Ωƒ N¿® sNbvXXv. sh¶-eØ- ns‚
D]-tbm-Kw, Irjn-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn, I®-h-S-Øn-s‚bpw Ic-Iu-i-
e-ta-J-e-bp-sSbpw hnIm-kw, Fgp-Øp-hnZy, imkv{X-cw-KsØ t\´-
߃ XpS-ßn-bh Cu kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-hp∂
s]mXpkhntijXIfmWv.

imkv{Xw, Ie, Fgp-Øph-nZy F∂o taJ-eI- f

- nse CuPn-
]vjy≥, saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥, ssN\okv kwkvIm-cß - -
fpsS t\´-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°pI.

_n.kn.C 2700 apX¬ 1700 hsc- b p≈ ImeØv

kn‘p\ZnbpsSbpw ssIhgnIfpsSbpw XSßfnemWv lc-
∏≥ kwkvImcw \ne\n∂ncp∂Xv.
Np´ CjvSn-I-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw, sh¶e D]-I-c-W-߃,
Agp°p-Nm-¬, sXcp-hp-Iƒ, [m\y-∏p-c-Iƒ, hen-b -Ipfw
F∂nh lc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-I-
fm-Wv.
lc-∏≥ P\X hyXykvX hnfIƒ Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
Im¿jn- I - ] p- t cm- K Xn I®- h - S - Ø ns‚ hnIm- k - Ø n- t e°v
\bn®p.
Ic-Iu-ie cwKØv Ah¿ hnZ-Kv≤-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øn\v ka-Im-enIamb kwkvIm-
c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p CuPn-]vjy≥, saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b, ssN\okv
kwkvImc߃
imkv{Xw, KWn-X-imkv{Xw, hmkvXp-inev]w F∂o taJ-e-
I- f n¬ Cu kwkvIm- c - ß ƒ KWy- a mb ]ptcm- K Xn
ssIhcn®p.

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 37
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvImc߃

kn‘p-\-Zo-XS CuPn-]vjy≥ sak-s∏m´m-an-b≥ ssN\okv

kwkvImcw kwkvImcw kwkvImcw kwkvImcw

\K-cm-kq-{XWw ss\¬ \Zo-XSw bq{^-´o-kv, ssS{Kokv \Zo-XSw slmbmMvtlm \Zo-XSw

Irjn ssltdm-•n-^nIvkv IyqWnt^mw Fgp-Øp-hnZy

Ic-Iu-i-ew, en]n ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ, kv^nwKvkv knKp-dm-Øp-Iƒ ]´p-XpWn \n¿ΩmWw

Ie-≠¿, kqcy-L-Sn-Imcw, Ie-≠¿, KWn-X-im-kv{X

XI¿®-bpsS Imc-W-߃ Pe-L-Sn-Imcw c- w-KsØ t\´-߃ Ie-≠¿

sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-c-߃ Bhn¿`-hn® {]tZ-i-߃

Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p.
kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.
Irjn, Ic-Iu-iew F∂o taJ-e-I-fnse lc-∏≥ P\-X-
bpsS t\´-߃ hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.
kn‘q-\Z- o-XS kwkvIm-cØ
- ns‚ XI¿®-bpsS Imc-Wß
- ƒ
Is≠-Øp-∂p.
CuPn-]vjy≥, saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥, ssN\okv kwkvIm-
c-ß-fpsS {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-I-fpw Ah-bpsS t\´-ß-
fpw hni-Ie\w sNøp-∂p.

38 \Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS {]tZ-i-ß-fnse BZy-Ime D¬J-\-\-ß-sf-

Ip-dn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°pI.
kn‘q-\-Zo-XS \K-c-Po-hn-XØns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Fs¥√m-
am-bn-cp∂p hni-Z-am-°p-I.
saml≥sPm-Zmscmbnse henb Ipf-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-
Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ {]Nm-c-Øn-en-cp∂ {][m\
ssIsØm-gn-ep-Iƒ GsX√mw?
"kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvImcw sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-c-Øn\v
DZm-l-c-W-amWv'˛km[q-I-cn-°p-I.
lc∏≥ P\-X-bpsS anI® Iem-ssh-`hw {]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv
Ah-cpsS ap{Z-I-fpsS \n¿Ωn-Xn-bn-emWv. DZm-l-cW klnXw
hy‡-am-°p-I.
saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥ FgpØphnZy-sb-∏‰n Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-
dm-°p-I.
imkv{Xw, KWn-X-imkv{Xw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ sh¶-e-bpK
kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS t\´-߃ hniIe\w sNøpI.
tImfw "F' bn¬ X∂n-´p-≈-htbmSv tbmPn-°p-∂h tImfw
"_n' bn¬\n∂pw Is≠-Øn-sb-gp-XpI

F _n

tPm¨ am¿j¬ saskm-s∏m-´m-anb

Zbmdmw kmlv\n taml≥sPm-Zmtcm
B¿.Un. _m\¿Pn lc∏
ssltdm•n-^nIvkv Ub-d-IvS¿ Hm^v
B¿°ntbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿tΔ
Hm^v C¥y
IyqWnt^mw en]n CuPn]vXv

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 39
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12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
2345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

lc-∏≥ \mK-cn-IX hym]n-®n-cp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse C∂sØ

{][m\ Im¿jnI hnf-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? At\z-jn®v
Is≠-ØpI.
sh¶ebpK-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fpsS s]mXp khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-c-ß-fpambn _‘-s∏´ Nn{X߃
tiJ-cn®v B¬_w Xbm-dm-°p-I.

]q¿W-ambn `mKn-Ia- mbn sa®s∏tS

≠Xp≠v
kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ apJy
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w
sNøm≥ Ignbpw.
hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fp-ambpw kwkv°m-c
-ß-fp-ambpw \ne-\n∂ I®-hS
_‘-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
lc-∏-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ sXmgn¬
Iq´-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ignbpw.
FgpØphnZy-bpw koep-Ifpw
sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-cßfpsS
{]tXy-I-X-I-fm-sW∂v Is≠-Øm≥
Ignbpw.
temI-Ønse hnhn[ sh¶-e-bpK
kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw.
sh¶-ebpK kwkvIm-c-߃ a\p-jy-
Po-hn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn¬
henb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-sb∂v
t_m[y-am-bn.
Bbnc°W°n\ph¿jßfpsS alØmb
Ncn{Xss]XrIw C¥ybv°ps≠∂v
t_m[yambn

40 \Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS
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 `ua-cl
Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn-se tPm-l-∂m-kv-_¿-Kn¬
\n-∂pw sX-°p]-Sn-™m-dm-bn ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂
]-´-W-am-Wv sh-tÃm-Wm-dn-b. CXn-\-Sp-ØmWv
t]-\w-Kv kz¿-Æ-J-\n. aq-∂p Zn-h-k-am-bn Rm≥
Cu ]-´-W-Øn-em-Wv J-\n k-μ¿-in-°p-∂-Xn-\p-
≈ A-\p-a-Xn-bpw Im-Øv. HSp-hn¬ J-\n-sb-
°p-dn-®p-≈ ^o-®¿ F-∂ B-{K-lw a-d-∂v Xn-cn-
®p ]-d°- m-sa-∂p I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ ""s]-s´-
∂p-X-s∂ H-cp Sm-Iv-kn F-Sp-Øv J-\n-bn¬ F-
Øn-t®-cq'' F-∂v J\n am-t\-P-cp-sS \n¿-t±-iw
t^m-Wn-se-Øn. D-S≥ X-s∂ J-\n-bp-sS A-¤p-
X-tem-I-Øn-te-°v Rm≥ ]m-s™-Øn. \q-‰n-
aq-∂v \n-e-I-fp-≈ ]-Øv Fw]-b¿ tÃ-‰v _n¬-
Unw-Kp-Iƒ H-∂n-\p-ta¬ H-∂m-bn k-¶-ev-]n-®m-
ep-≈{X Db-cw A-{X-bpw B-gap≠v. t]-\w-Kv
kz¿-W-J-\n-°v. `q-an-bpsS D-≈n¬\n-∂pw h-an-
- k
- y-߃ tXSn
°p-∂ hn-jh - m-XI - ß
- f- n¬ \n-∂pw c-£t\-Sm≥
[-cn-°p-∂ Hm-Ik v- n-t_m-Ikv- v F∂ Po-h≥-c£- m
D-]-I-c-W-hpw tSm¿®p-≈ sl¬-a-‰pw Nq-Sn-s\
{]-Xn-tcm-[n-°p-hm≥ I-´n-bp-≈ tIm-´pw kp-c-
£m D-tZym-Kÿ - ≥ [-cn-°phm≥ X∂p. A-tXm-
sSm-∏w A-h [-cn-t°-≠hn-[-hpw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®p-
X-∂p. 100 t]-sc-h-sc Dƒ-s°m-≈m≥ ti-jn-
bp-≈ F-en-th-‰¿- Im¿ F-∂- hm-l-\-Øn-
embncp∂p Xm-tg-°p-≈ bm-{X. B-gw Iq-Sn-
b-t∏mƒ NqSv {I-ta-W h¿-≤n-°p-Ib - pw a¿-±hy-
Xn-bm-\waqew sN-hn-Iƒ A-S-bp-Ibpw sN-bv-
Xp. F-en-th-‰-dn-\p ap-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-≈ {]-Im-i-
am-bn-cp-∂p H-tcsbm-cp {]-Im-i t{km-X- v. H-
cm-bn-cw Nn-¥-I-fpw AXn-te-sd Iu-Xp-I-ß-fp-
am-bn J-\n-bp-sS A-¤p-X-tem-IØn-te°v
Rm≥ Xm-gv-∂n-d-ßn.-.-.-"

Hcp ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ J-\n-bn-se Xs‚ A-\p-`-h-ßsf kw-_-‘n-®v Fgp-Xnb

Ub-dn-°p-dn∏v hm-bn-®n-t√. `q-an-bp-sS D-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬\n-∂pw D-≈n-te-°v I-S-°p-
tºmƒ F-s¥-√mw am-‰-ß-fm-Wv D-≠m-Ip-∂-sX-∂v I-≠-t√m. \mw h-kn-°p-∂
`q-an-bp-sS D-≈-d A-¤p-X-ß-fp-sS-sbm-cp I-e-h-d-bm-Wv.
 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

F-∂m¬ B D-≈-d c-l-ky-ß-sf-∏-‰n t\-cn-´v hn-h-c-ti-

J-c-Ww \-S-Øm≥ \-ap-t°-sd ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠pXm-\pw.
G- I - t Z- i w 225 Zi- e £w F-s¥m-s°-bmWm]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ?
Intem- a o- ‰ ¿ A- I - s e- b p- ≈ `q-an-bn¬ B-gw Iq-Sp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v Xm-]-hpw a¿-±-hpw
sNm-Δb - n¬h-sc a-\p-jy-\n¿-Ωn- Iq-Sp-∂p. ap-I-fn-e-sØ ]m-fn-Iƒ sN-ep-Øp-∂ `m-c-am-Wv
X D-]I - c
- W- ß - ƒ-°v C-∂v F- Xm-tg-°p t]mIpw-tXm-dp-ap-≈ Cu a¿-±hy-Xn-bm-\-Øn\v
Øn-t®-cm≥ I-g-n™p-sh-¶n-
Im-cWw.
epw A-h≥ h-kn-°p-∂ `q-an-
bp-sS D≈n-te-°v 12 In-tem-ao- `qan- b psS tI{μ- ` m- K Øv A\p- ` - h - s ∏- S p∂ Xm]w
‰- d n- \ - ∏ p- d - t Ø°v t]m- I m≥ GItZiw 5000 C BWv. 1538 C NqSn¬ Ccp-ºp-t]mepw
0 0

C-∂pw I-gn-™n-´n-√. DcpIn XpS-ßpsat∂m¿°p-I.

GsXms° am¿-§-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv `q-an-bp-sS D-≈-d-sb-∏-‰n a-\- n-

em-°p-∂-sX-∂v \-ap-°v t\m-°mw.
A- · n- ] ¿- Δ - X kv- t ^m- S - \ - ß - f n- e q- s S `u- t am-
]-cn-Xe
- Ø
- n¬ F-Øn-t®-cp-∂ hkvXp-°f - n¬
\n∂v.
J-\n-I-fn¬\n-∂p ti-J-cn-°p-∂ hn-h-c-ß-
Nn{Xw 3.1 fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬.
`qIº ka-b-Øp-≠m-Ip∂ Xcw-K-ß-fpsS
`qh¬°w (Crust)
am‚n¬ (Mantle) Ne\w hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS.

]pd°mºv
`qIºka-bØv krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp∂ X-cw-K-ßsf
(Outer core) hn-i-I-e-\w sNbvX-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ `q-
an-sb hyXykvX ]mfn-Ifmbn Xcw Xn-cn-®n-cn-
AI-°mºv
(Inner core) °p-∂p.
Nn-{Xw (3.1) \n-co-£n-®v Cu hyXykvX ]mfnIƒ
GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v Is≠-Øq.

Cu ]mfnItfmtcm∂ns‚bpw khntijXIƒ
AI-°mºv NphsS tN¿°p∂ Nn{X (Nn{Xw 3.2)Øn¬
\n∂pw a\knem°q.

42 `ua-c-l-ky-߃ tXSn
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 VIII
Ãmt‚¿Uv VIII
Ãm≥tU¿Uv

F∂o [mXp-°ƒ apJy-ambpw AS-ßn-

h≥I- c -

AS- ß n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ m¬ kap{Z
knen° (Silica) Aep-an\ (Alumina)

`qh¬°sØ knbm¬ (SIAL) F∂v

knen° (Silica), a·ojyw (Magne-

sium) F∂o [mXp-°ƒ apJy-ambpw

`qh¬°sØ knam ( SIMA ) F∂v

knen- ° ¨ kwbp- ‡ - ß ƒ sIm≠v

\n¿Ωn- X - a mb Cu ]mfn Jcm- h -

D]- c n- a m‚n- e n\v Xmsg- b mbn ÿnXn

sNøp∂ Cu ]mfn-bn¬ ]Zm¿∞-߃

]pd-°m-ºnse ]Zm¿∞-߃ Dcp-Inb

`qan- b psS tI{μ- ` m- K Øv A\p- ` - h -

sNøp-∂p. {][m-\-ambpw \n°¬

- m¬
\n¿an- X - a m- b - X n- \ m¬ Imºv \ns^
s∏Sp∂ Db¿∂ a¿±waqew AI-
°mºv Jcm- h - ÿ - b n¬ ÿnXn
D]-cn-am‚nepw At[m-am‚nepw

(Ni), Ccpºv (Fe) F∂o [mXp-°f

]pd-°mºpw AI-°mºpw

(NIFE) F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p.

h≥I- c `qh¬°hpw
kap-{Z-`qh-¬°hpw

A¿[-{Zhmhÿ-bnemWv.
bn- c n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ m¬

Ah-ÿ-bn-emWv.
At[m-am‚n¬
ÿmbnemWv.
D]-cn-am‚n-¬
hnfn-°p-∂p.

hnfn-°p-∂p.

- n\v Xmsg-bmbn ÿnXn

$ `qh-ev°-]m-fn°v Xmsg XpSßn

$ c≠v `mK-߃ ˛ D]-cn-am‚n¬,

$ `qan-bpsS Xmc-X-tay\ t\¿Ø

$ c≠v `mK-߃˛h≥Ic`qhev°w,

$ 2900 In.ao. ¬ XpSßn 6371 In.ao.

$ GI-tZiw 40 In.ao. I\w
`qhev°w (Crust)

am‚n¬ (Mantle)

$ `qan-bpsS tI{μ-`mKw
Imºv (Core)
2900 In.ao. hsc
kap-{Z-`q-hev°w

$ c≠v `mK-߃
At[m-am‚n¬

˛ AI-°mºv
˛ ]pd-°mºv
$ `qh-ev°Ø
sNøp∂p
]pd-t¥mSv

hsc
Nn{Xw 3.2

`ua-c-l-ky-߃ tXSn 43
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

t^mkn-epI-ƒ
{]mNo-\-Im-eØv `qap-J-Øp-≠m-
bn- c p∂ Poh- P m- e - ß - f psS
Ahin-jvS-߃ Ah-km-Z-inem
]mfn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sm-
dp-≠v. Chsb t^mkn-ep-Iƒ
(Fossils) F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. `qan-
bpsS ]q¿h- I m- e - s Ø- ° p- d n®v
a\- k n- e m- ° p- ∂ - X n\pw ine-
IfpsS ]g°w \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-
Xn\pw \mw t^mkn- e p- I sf
{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v.
I¬°-cn, s]t{Sm-fn-bw, {]Ir-Xn-
hm-XIw XpS-ßnbh {]mNo-\-
Ime Poh- P m- e - ß - f psS Ah-
injvS-ß-fn¬\n∂v cq]-s∏-´n-´p-
≈-Xm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Ahsb
t^mkn¬ C‘-\-߃ F∂pw
hnfn-°m-dp-≠v. t^mkn-ep-Isf
Ipdn®v IqSp- X ¬ hnh- c - ß ƒ
tiJ-cn-°p-a-t√m.
inem-afi
- e
- hpw AkvXt- \m-kv^n-bdpw
`qhev°s - Øbpw am‚n-ens‚ D]-cn-`m-Ks
- Øbpw tN¿Øv inem-
afiew (Lithosphere) F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p.
inem-a-fi-e-Øn\v Xmsg-bmbn inem-]-Zm¿∞-߃ DcpIn
A¿≤{Zhm- h - ÿ - b n¬ ImW- s ∏- S p∂ `mKw Akv X - t \m-
kv^nb¿ (Asthenosphere) F∂dnb-s∏Sp-∂p. A·n]¿Δ-X-
ß-fn-eqsS ]pd-sØ-Øp∂ inem-{ZhØns‚ (emh) t{kmX-
 mWv AkvX-t\m-kv^n-b¿.
`q-an-bp-sS D-≈d- b
- psS B-\n-ta-j≥ ho-£n-®v `q-an-
bp-sS D-≈d- s - b-°p-dn-®v Ip-dn∏v X-bm-dm-°p-I.
- ƒ (Rocks)
in-eI
ine-IƒsIm≠v \n¿an-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-emWv inem-a-
fie-Øn\v B t]cv e`n-®-Xv. Np‰p-]mSpw H∂v \nco-£n°q.
hyXykvX \nd-Ønepw ImTn-\y-Øn-ep-ap≈ ine-Iƒ ImWm≥
Ign-bpw. ine-I-fnse Cu sshhn-[y-Øn\v ImcWw Ah-bn-
e-Sß
- n-bn-´p≈ LS-Iß - f- m-Wv. ine-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p∂ Cu
LS- I - ß - f mWv [mXp- ° ƒ (Minerals). knen- ° , A{`w,
tlass‰-‰v, t_mIvssk‰v F∂n-ßs\ c≠m-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw
[mXp-°ƒ `qanbn¬ D≈-Xmbn Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
cq]w-sIm-≈p∂ {]{In-b-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ine-Isf
aq∂mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw:
ine-Iƒ

Bt·bine-Iƒ Ah-km-Z-in-e-Iƒ Imbm-¥-cn-X-in-e-Iƒ

(Igneous Rocks)
`q-h¬-°Ø - n-se hn-Sh- p-If- n-eqsS
Db-cp∂ D-cp-In-b in-em-{Z-hw `u-
tam-]c
- nX-eØ - n¬ ht®m `q-hev° - -
Øn-\p-≈n-¬ ht®m X-Wp-Øp-d-
™v cq-]s - ∏-Sp-∂ in-eI- f- m-Wv B-
t·-bi - n-eI- ƒ.
DZm: {Kmss\-‰v, _kmƒ´v
as‰√m ineIfpw Bt·b ineIƒ°v
cq]am‰w kw`hn®v cq]w sIm≈p∂
Xn\m¬ Bt·bineIƒ {]mYanI
ineIƒ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p.
(Sedimentary Rocks) (Metamorphic Rocks)
Im- e m- ¥ - c - Ø n¬ in- e - I ƒ D-b¿-∂ a¿-±waq-e-tam Xm-]w aq-
£bn-®v s]m-Snbp-∂p. Cu A-h- e-tam in-e-Iƒ- `u-Xn-I-am-bpw
km-Zß - ƒ Xm-gv∂ - {]-tZ-iß - f - n¬ cm- k - ] - c - a m- b pw am- ‰ - ß ƒ- ° v
]m-fn-I-fm-bn \n-t£-]n-°-s∏-Sp-I-
bpw ]n-∂o-Sv A-h Dd®v hn-hn-[- hnt[-b-am-bmWv Im-bm-¥-cn-X-
X- c w A- h - k m- Z in- e - I - f m- b n in-e-Iƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
amdpIbpw sNøp-∂p. DZm: am¿_nƒ, t…‰v
DZm: aW¬°-√v, NpÆm-ºp-I√v
]m-fn-I-fm-bn cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v Imbm-¥-cn-X-in-e-I-fmWv tIc-f-
A-h-km-Zin-e-I-ƒ A-Sp-°p-in-e-Iƒ Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X-embn ImW-
(Stratified rocks) F- ∂ pw A- d n- b - s∏-Sp∂Xv.
s∏Sp∂p.

44 `ua-c-l-ky-߃ tXSn
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 VIII
Ãmt‚¿Uv VIII
Ãm≥tU¿Uv

ine-Iƒ Ah cq]-s∏´ AtX Ah-ÿ-bn¬Xs∂ F°m-ehpw

XpS-c-W-sa-∂n-√. Ah Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ ]e-hn[ am‰-߃°pw
hnt[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Nn{Xw 3.3 hni-I-e\w sNbvXp
NphsS \¬In-bn-´p≈ {]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.

ine-Iƒ H∂n¬\n∂v as‰m-∂n-te°v -inem-N{Iw (Rock cycle)

Nn{Xw 3.3 ASp-°pI-fmbn
p
p∂
m Sn-b
s]
Bt·b-in-e

s]m
Sn-b
p∂p Ah-kmZ-in-e-
s]
mSn
-bp
∂p
(A

Db
]-£
D c p- I p∂

¿∂
XWp- Ø p- d - b p∂p

-bw)

a¿

Db¿∂-
±w/ p
Xm -Ip∂
Dcp
p

]w

Imbm-¥-cnX-in-e
DcpIn inem-{Z-h-am-Ip∂p

{]{Inb

Dcp-Ip∂p

Bt·bine ................................................
Ah-kmZine

................................................

................................................
Imbm-¥cnXine Bt·bine

................................................

................................................
Ah-kmZine Imbm-¥cnXine

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`ua-c-l-ky-߃ tXSn 45
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

B-t·-b-in-eIƒ, A-h-km-Z-in-eIƒ, Im-bm-¥-cn-X-

ineIƒ F∂n-hb - psS Nn-{X-߃ C‚¿-s\-‰n¬\n-∂pw
ti-J-cn-®v hn-hn-[-X-cw in-e-Iƒ F-∂ t]-cn¬ H-cp
UnPn-‰¬ B¬-_w X-øm-dm-°pI.

A-]£ - w (Weathering)
- b
hn-hn-[-X-cw in-e-I-sf-∏-‰n \n߃ a-\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. A-h Im-
em-¥-c-Øn¬ ]-e-hn-[-am-‰-߃-°v hn-t[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°pw.
CØcØ-n¬ ine-Iƒ s]m´n-s∏m-Sn-bp-Itbm hnL-Sn-°p-Itbm
sNøp∂ {]{In-b-Isf A]-£bw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. A-]-£bw
aq-ew in-e-Iƒ-°v cm-k-]-c-am-bpw `u-Xn-I-am-bpw am-‰-߃ D-≠m-
Ip-∂p. Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ ^vtfm Nm¿´v ]cn-tim-[n®v hnhn[-
Xcw A]-£b߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sq.

A]£bw

`uXnI A]£bw cmknI A]£bw ssPhnI A]£bw

(Physical/Mechanical Weathering)
Xm]-Ønse G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ ImcWw
inem- [ m- X p- ° ƒ°p- ≠ m- I p∂ hnIm-
khpw kt¶m-Nhpw A]-£-b-Øn\v
Imc- W - a m- I p- ∂ p. IqSmsX hn≈- e p-
Iƒ°p-≈n¬ Pew XWp-Øp-d-bp-∂-Xp-
sIm≠pw ine-Iƒ s]mSn-bm-dp-≠v.
(Chemical Weathering)
HmIv k n- P ≥, Im¿_¨
UtbmIvsskUv, Pew XpS-ßnb
LS-I-߃ ine-I-fnse [mXp-°-fp-
ambn cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-te¿s∏-
Sp-Ibpw ine-I-fn¬ cmk-]-c-amb
hnL-S-\-Øn\v Imc-W-am-hp-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p.
(Biological Weathering)
kky-ßf- psS thcp-Iƒ ine-Ifnse
hnS- h p- I - f n- t e°v Bgv ∂ n- d - ß p-
∂Xpw sNdp-Po-hn-Iƒ amf-ß-fp-≠m-
°p-∂Xpw kky-P¥p Ah-in-jvS-
ßfpsS Po¿Æ- \ hpsams°
A]£-b-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Im-dp-≠v.
IqSmsX J\-\w, ]md -s]m-´n-°¬
XpS-ßnb a\p-jy-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
A]-£-b-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-∂p.

46 `ua-c-l-ky-߃ tXSn
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 VIII
Ãmt‚¿Uv VIII
Ãm≥tU¿Uv

A-]£
- b
- h
- pw a-\p-jy-\pw
Nn-{X-߃ {i-≤n-°p. (Nn{Xw 3.4). a-\p-jy-s‚ F-s¥-√mw
{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv in-e-I-fp-sS A-]-£-b-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip-
∂-Xv?

Nn{Xw 3.4

]m-d -s]m-´n-°¬

\n-ßf
- p-sS Np-‰p-ap-≈ {]-tZ-iß - ƒ k-μ¿-in-®v A-]£-
b- Ø n- \ p Im- c - W - a m- I p- ∂ a\pjy{]- h ¿- Ø - \ - ß ƒ
I-s≠-Øq.

A-]-£-b-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃ a-\p-jy-s\ ]-e-X-c-Øn¬ k-lm-bn-°m-

dp-≠v.-
in-e-I-fnse [m-Xp-°ƒ th¿-Xn-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
J-\-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.
A-]-£-bw aÆns‚ -cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip∂p.

`ua-c-l-ky-߃ tXSn 47
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

a-Æv P-\n-°p-∂p
\n߃t°sd ]-cn-Nn-X-am-b {]-Ir-Xn-hn-`-ham-W-t√m a-Æv.
a- Æ n- s \- ° p- d n- ® v ]Tn- ° p- ∂
imkv{XimJ-bm-Wv s]-tUm- aÆv F-ß-s\bmWv cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv? A-]-£-b {]-{In-b-bn-
f-Pn (Pedology). Cu im-kv{- X- eq- s S in- e - I ƒ s]m- S n- ™ pw ssPhmh- i n- j vS- ß ƒ
im-Jb - p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´ im- Po¿Wn®ptN¿∂pw A- X n- Z o¿- L - I m- e - s Ø {]- { In- b - I ƒ
kv-{X-⁄≥ s]-tUm-f-Pn-Ãv h-gn-bm-Wv C-∂v Im-Wp-∂ a-Æv cq]w-sIm-≠n´p≈Xv. Hcn-
(Pedologist)F-∂d- n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. ©v-I-\-Øn¬ aÆv cq]-s∏-Sm≥ Bbn-c-Øne-[n-Iw h¿j-
߃ th≠n-hcpw.
aÆns‚ cq]o-I-c-WsØ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-߃ GsX-√m-
sa∂v Np-h-sS \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂ ]-Z-kq-cy-\n¬\n-∂pw Is≠Øq.-
(Nn{Xw 3.5)

Nn{Xw 3.5

]Z-kq-cy-\n¬\n∂pw Is≠-Ønb hnh-c-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn

]´nI 3.1 NphsS \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]´nI (]´nI 3.1) ]q¿Øn-bm-°q:
kky-ßfpw
Imem-hÿ `q{]-IrXn P¥p-°fpw amXr-ine kabw
$XWp-t∏-dnb kml- $sN¶p-Ømb Ncn-hp- $kky-ßfpw P¥p- $aÆnse [mXp-°fpw $aÆns‚ I\hpw
N-cy-ßf- n¬ aÆns‚ I-fn¬ aÆn\v I\w °fpw Agp- I p- ∂ - aÆns‚ LS-\bpw LS- \ bpw AXv
cq]o-I-cWw kmh- Ipd-hm-bn-cn°pw. Xns‚ ^e-ambp≠m- Ah GXv ine- I - cq]w-sIm-≈m-s\-Sp-
[m\-Øn-em-bn- Ip∂ Aæw ine-I- fn¬\n∂pw cq]w- °p∂ ka- b sØ
cn°pw. fpsS A]- £ - b - sIm- ≈ p∂p F∂- B{i-bn-®n-cn°pw.
Øn\v Imc- W - a m- Xns\ B{i- b n- ® n-
Ip∂p. cn°pw.
$ $ $ $ $

48 `ua-c-l-ky-߃ tXSn
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 VIII
Ãmt‚¿Uv VIII
Ãm≥tU¿Uv

a-Æn-s‚ cq-]o-I-c-W-sØ kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂ LS-I-ß-fmb `q-{]-IrXn,

Im-em-h-ÿ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bn-ep-≈ A-¥-c-߃aq-ew hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-
fm-b a-Æn\߃ cq]s-∏-Sp∂p. C-¥y-bnsebpw tIc-f-Øn-sebpw
hn-hn-[- a-Æn-\-ßsf°p-dn®v \n-߃ ap≥-¢m- p-I-fn¬\n∂pw
[mcW t\Sn-bn-´p-≠v. B [mc-W-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ NphsS
tN¿°p∂ ]´nI (]´nI 3.2) ]q¿Øn-bm°q.
]´nI 3.2 aÆn-\ß
- ƒ
C¥y tIcfw
$ $

a-Æv Po-hs
- ‚ \n-e\
- n¬-∏n\v
a-Æn-s√-¶n¬ k-ky-ß-fn-√ A-h-sb B-{i-bn-°p-∂
P-¥p-°-fpw. A-t∏m-ƒ a-\p-jy-s‚ I-Y ]-d-bm-\p-t≠m? Nn{Xw 3.6

`q-an-bn¬ Po-h-s\ km-[y-am-°p-∂ {][m\ LS-Iß-

fn¬ H-∂m-W-t√m a-Æv. k-ky-߃ a-Æn-se t]m-j-
I-L-S-I-ß-ƒ hen-s®-SpØv kq-cy-{]-Im-i-Øns‚ k-
lm-b-tØm-sS B-lm-cw D-ev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p F-∂v
\n߃°-dn-bmw. Cu kky-ßsf a\p-jy\pw a‰p
P¥p-Pm-e-ßfpw Blm-c-am-°p-∂p. k-ky-P¥p-Pm-e-
߃-°v \m-iw kw-`-hn-°p-tºm-ƒ A-h a-Æn¬ X-
Nn{Xw 3.7
s∂ e-bn-°p-∂p. H-cp `-£y-irw-J-e-bp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-
\w A-[ym-]n-I-bp-sS k-lm-b-tØm-sS \n-co-£n®v
A-Xn¬ a-Æn-s‚ {]m-[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn-®v a-\- n-em°q.
Np-‰p-]m-Sp-sam-∂v \n-co-£n-°q. F-s¥m-s° B-h-iy-
߃- ° m- W v \mw a- Æ v D- ]- t bm- K - s ∏- S p- Ø p- ∂ - X v ?
H-cp]mSv Im¿-jn-I {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃ \n-ß-fp-sS {i-≤-
bn¬-s∏-´n-t√? Ir-jn-°p-th-≠n am-{X-am-tWm \mw aÆv
{]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv? a-Æn-s‚ D-]-tbm-K-߃ Nn{Xw 3.8

F-s¥-√mw?
\n¿-Ωm-W{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃°v

`ua-c-l-ky-߃ tXSn 49
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

a-Æv a-cn-°p-∂p?
Nn{Xw 3.9
h\-\-io-I-c-Ww, Ip∂n-Sn-°¬, Aim-kv{Xob
Im¿jn- I - { ]- h ¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ XpS- ß nb
a\pjy{]h¿-Ø-\-߃aq-ew a-Æn-\v tim-j-Ww
kw-`-hn-°p-∂p. a-c-ß-fp-sS th-cp-Iƒ a-Æn-s\
Hcp h-e-sIm-s≠-∂t]m-se XS™p\n¿-Øp-∂p-
sh∂v \n-߃-°-dn-bm-a-t√m. Cu a-c-ß-ƒ sh-´n-
\-in-∏n-®v ]-cn-ÿn-Xn k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ I-W-°n-
se-Sp-°m-sX D-gp-Xp-a-dn-®v I-Spw-Ir-jn \-S-Øn-
Nn{Xw 3.10 a-\p-jy≥ a-Æn-s\ C-©n-©m-bn sIm-√p-∂p. \n-
ß-fp-sS Np-‰p-]m-Spw \n-co-£n-®v Xm-sg X-∂n-cn-
°p-∂ hn-h-c-߃ Iq-Sn-bpƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn "a-Æpw
a-\p-jy-\pw' F∂ X-e-s°-´n¬ H-cp Ip-dn-∏v X-
øm-dm-°q.
{]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ ssP-h-]-c-am-b Po¿-W-\ {]-
{In-b-bv-°v hn-t[-b-am-Im-Ø πm-ÃnIv t]m-
ep-≈-h a-Æn-s‚ a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-\v Im-c-
W-am-Ip-∂p.-
Nn{Xw 3.11 a-Æn-s‚ L-S-\-sb-Ø-s∂ am-‰na-dn-bv-°p-∂
AanX cm-k-h-f-{]-tbm-K-߃.
A- i m- k v - { Xo- b - a m- b \n¿- Ω m- W w, J- \ - \
{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃.
Ir-jn-`q-an- Im¿-jn-tI-X-c B-h-iy-߃-
°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
h≥tXm- X n¬ aÆn- t e°v aen- \ - P ew
Hgp-°p-∂Xv.
Nn{Xw 3.12

A-an-X-am-b I-∂p-Im-en ta-®n¬.

{]IrXnkwc-£-W-Øn-\p-X-Ipw-hn[w \ap°v
kzoI-cn-°m-hp∂ _Z¬\n¿t±-i-߃ ¢mkn¬
N¿® sNøq.

aÆv kwc-£n°mw

50 `ua-c-l-ky-߃ tXSn
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 VIII
Ãmt‚¿Uv VIII
Ãm≥tU¿Uv

ta¬aÆv \jvS-am-bm¬ Ah-tijn-°p-∂Xv Duj-c-`q-antbm ]md-

\n-ct∏m Bbn-cn-°pw. ta¬-a-Æv
]p-\x-kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-Sm≥ B-bn-c-
Nn{Xw 3.13
°-W-°n-\v h¿-j-߃ th≠n-h-
cpw. {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Po-h-s‚ \m-ºp-
Iƒ Xp- S ¿- ∂ pw ap- f - s ]m- ´ m≥
ta¬a-ÆpX-s∂ thWw. A-Xn-\v
kw-c-£-W-a-√msX a-‰p am¿-K-ß-
fn-√. G-sXm-s° am¿-K-ß-fn-eqsS
\-ap-°v a-Æn-s\ kw-c-£n-°mw?
N¿-®-bn-eq-sS I-s≠Øq.
h-\-\-io-I-c-Ww X-S-b¬

hnf]cnhrØn
X´p-Irjn (Terrace farming)

a-es©-cn-hp-I-fn-se X-´p-Ir-jn
Nn{Xw 3.14

X-S-b-W \n¿-Ωm-Ww

a-Æv C√mXmbm¬ `q-an \n¿-Po-h-am-Ipw. A-ß-s\-sbm-cp Z-b-\o-b

ÿn-Xn `qan°v h-cm-Xncn-°m\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \ap°v ]¶m-
fn-I-fm-Imw.

XS-b-W-Iƒ (Check dams)

\n- ß - f p- s S Np- ‰ p- ] m- S p- a p- ≈ G- s X- ¶ n- e p- s am- c p {]- t Z- i w k- μ ¿- i n- ® v

a-Æpw a\p-jyCS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw F-∂ hn-j-b-Øn¬ H-cp t{]m-P-Iv-Sv X-øm-dm-°pI.
hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn-\mbn ]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠h.
1.- {]-[m-\ `q-hn-\n-tbm-K-߃.-
2.- a-Æptim-j-Ww kw-`-hn-°p-∂p-t≠m? Fßs\?
3.- a-Æpkw-c-£-W am¿-K-߃ kzo-I-cn-®n-´p-t≠m?
4.- Im-en-I-am-bn Im¿-jn-I ta-J-e-bv-°p h-∂n-´p-≈ am-‰-߃.-

`ua-c-l-ky-߃ tXSn 51
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

aÆn-s\mcp Zn\w

aÆv kwc-£W - Ø-- ns‚ {]m[m\yw P\-ßf

- n¬ FØn°p-∂X
- n-\mbn sFIy-
cm-jv{S-kw-LS- \ F√m- h¿jhpw Unkw-_¿ 15˛mw XobXn temI aÆvZn\-
ambpw BN-cn-°p-∂p.

Cu h¿jsØ temI a - ÆvZn\w \nß-fpsS kvIqfnse ]cn-ÿnXn

Unkw-_¿ 15 ¢∫ns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ Fß-s\-bmWv BN-cn-°p-∂Xv? Iq´mbn
Nn¥n-°q.

`qanbpsS D≈-dbv°v ]mfn-I-fm-bp≈ LS-\-bm-Wp-≈-Xv.

Hmtcm `ua-]m-fn°pw X\-Xmb khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-≠v.
ine-Isf Ah cq]wsIm≈p∂ {]{In-b-bpsS ASnÿm-\-
Øn¬ Bt·-b-in-e, Ah-km-Z-in-e, Imbm-¥-cn-X-ine
F∂n-ßs\ h¿Ko-I-cn-°mw. -

52 `ua-c-l-ky-߃ tXSn
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 VIII
Ãmt‚¿Uv VIII
Ãm≥tU¿Uv

`qhev°in-e-Iƒ `uXn-I-ambn inYn-eo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

cmk-]-c-ambn hnL-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv A]-£-bw.
ineIƒ°p-≠m-Ip∂ A]-£bamWv aÆns‚ cq]o-I-cW-
Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-Im-c-W-w.
Pohs‚ \ne-\n-ev]n\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amb aÆn\v
hnhn[coXn-bn¬ timj-W-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p.
Pohs‚ \ne-\n-ev]n\v aÆpkwc-£Ww A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

`qan

`qh¬°w am‚n¬ Imºv

knbm¬ kna D]-cn-am‚n¬ At[m-am‚n¬ ]pd-°mºv AI°mºv

inem-
a-fiew

Bt·-b- Ah-km-Z Imbm-¥c- n-X-

in-eI
- ƒ i
- n-eI
- ƒ in-eI
- ƒ

A]-£bw

`uXnIw cmknIw ssPhnIw

aÆv aÆv aÆv

cq]o-IcWw timjWw kwc-£Ww

`ua-c-l-ky-߃ tXSn 53
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

`qan°v ]mfn- I - f m- b p≈ LS- \ - b m- W p- ≈ Xv F∂v

Xncn-®dn™v Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

Hmtcm `ua-]m-fn-bp-sSbpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏

-Sp-Øp∂p.

ine-Isf cq]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ h¿Ko-I-

cn-°p-∂p.

inem-N{Iw hni-I-e\w sNøp∂p.

hnhn- [ - X cw A]- £ b {]{In- b - I ƒ hnh- c n- ° p- I - b pw

A]£b {]{In-b-bpsS {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p.

aÆns‚ {]m[m\yw a\- n-em-°n, aÆns‚ cq]o-I-c-WsØ

kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-߃ hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.

aÆv kwc- £ n- t °- ≠ - X ns‚ {]m[m\yw a\-   n- e m°n

AXn\m-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂p.

`ua-]m-fn-I-fn¬ a\p-jy\v Gsd {][m\-s∏´ `mK-amWv

`qhev°w. DZm- l - c - W - ß - f n- e qsS {]kvXm- h - \
km[q-Icn-°p-I.

kqN-\-Iƒ hmbn®v ine GsX∂v Xncn-®-dn-bpI. Hmtcm-

∂n\pw H∂p-hoXw DZm-l-cWw Fgp-Xp-I.

(i) Xmgv∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \nt£-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ inem-

]-Zm¿Y-߃ I´n-]nSn®v cq]-s∏-Sp∂p.

(ii) inem-{Zhw XWp-Øp-d™v cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.

54 `ua-c-l-ky-߃ tXSn
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 VIII
Ãmt‚¿Uv VIII
Ãm≥tU¿Uv

ag-sh-≈-Øn¬ ebn®v `qan-bn-se-Øp∂ Im¿_¨U-tbm-

IvsskUv t]mep≈ hmX-I-߃ A]-£-b-Øn\v ImcW-
am-Ip-∂p. CXv GXpXcw A]-£-b-amWv?

A]-£-b-Øn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ inem-h-kvXp-°ƒ Zo¿L-

Ime {]{In-b-bn-eq-sS-bmWv aÆmbn amdp-∂-Xv. {]{Inb
hni-Z-am-°p-I.

"a\p- j y≥ aÆns\ C©n- © mbn sIm√p∂p' Cu

{]kvXmh\ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-\-߃ tcJ-s∏-
SpØp-I.

`qan-bpsS D≈-d-bpsS Hcp amXrI \n¿an-°q.

H-cp h-en-b ]-¥pw H-cp s
- N-dn-b ]-¥pw D-]t- bm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v
`q-an-bp-sS Dƒ-`m-Kw F-ß-s\-bn-cn-°pw F-∂v a-\- n-em-°p-
hm≥ {i-an-°mw. h-en-b ]-¥v c≠p Xpey`mKßfmbn tO-
Zn-®v H-cp ]-Ip-Xn-bn¬ a-W¬ \n-d-bv-°p-I. A-Xn¬ a-[y-`m-
K-Øm-bn sN-dn-b-]-¥n-s‚ ]-Ip-Xnam-{Xw ap-I-fn¬ Im-W-
Ø-° co-Xnbn¬ Ip-gn-®p-sh-bv-°p-I. ]p-d-sØ ]-¥n-s\
]p-d-t¥m-Sm-bpw aW¬ \n-d-® `m-Kw am‚n-em-bpw A-I-sØ
]-¥n-s\ Imºmbpw k-¶¬-∏n-°p-I. \n߃ \n¿Ωn® am-
Xr-I Nm-b-߃ tXbv-®v a-t\m-l-c-am-°n km-aq-ly-im-kv-
{X em-_n¬ {]-Z¿-in-∏n-°q.
Irjn Hm^o- k sd ¢m n- t e°v £Wn- ° q. aÆns‚
{]m[m\yw, aÆns‚ timj-Ww, aÆv kwc-£Wam¿§-
߃ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v At±-l-tØmSv tNmZn-®-dn-bq.

`ua-c-l-ky-߃ tXSn 55
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

]q¿Æ-ambn `mKn-Ia- mbn sa®s∏tS

≠Xp≠v
`qan-bpsS D≈-dsb aq∂v ]mfn-I-fmbn
Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂v
Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
`qh¬°-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-XIƒ
hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
am‚n-ens‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
hy‡-am°m≥ Ign-bpw.
Imºns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
A]-£b {]h¿Ø\w
hniIe\w sNøm≥ Ign-bpw.
aÆv cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ {]h¿Ø\w
Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
aÆns‚ timjWw
hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
aÆv kwc-£WØns‚ Bh-iy-IX
F\n°v t_m[y-ambn.

56 `ua-c-l-ky-߃ tXSn
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 \ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v

Nn{Xw 1 Nn{Xw 2

Nn{Xw 3
JT 5-/SRF6FL- 09RO

apI- f n¬ X∂n´p≈ aq∂v Nn{X- ß fpw GsXm- s °- b m- s W∂v

]dbm≥ Ign-bptam? H∂m-asØ Nn{Xw C¥y-bpsS \nb-a\ - n¿amW-
k` ktΩ-fn-°p∂ ]m¿e-sa‚ v aμn-chpw c≠m-asØ Nn{Xw Imcy-
\n¿h-lW hn`m-K-Øns‚ `mK-amb cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS HutZym-KnI
hk-Xnbpw aq∂m-a-tØXv \oXn-\ymb hyh-ÿ-bpsS ]c-tam-∂X
 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

ÿm]-\-amb kp{]ow -tIm-SXn kap-®-b-hp-am-Wv. Ch aq∂pw

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ aq∂p LS-I-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ÿm]-\-ß-
fm-Wv. F√m P\m-[n-]XycmPy-ß-fnepw Kh¨sa‚n\v \nb-a-
\n¿am-W-hn`mKw, Imcy-\n¿hl-W-hn-`m-Kw, \oXn-\ymb hn`mKw
F∂o aq∂v LS-I-ß-fp-≠v.

- ƒ \n¿an-°p∂p
\nb-aß
\nb-a-
\n¿am-Wh
- n`mKw

Kh¨sa‚ v
Im hn`

mK b
w -
cy mK

n`- - ym
-
\
- n w

h n\
¿h

oX

\nb
∂p
W

a- ß
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m- p
° hym
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S∏
ƒ\ Jy
m\n
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- p
\nb ∂p

X∂n- c n- ° p∂ Nn{XØns‚ klm- b - t ØmsS

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ LS-Iß - s
- f-°p-dn®v Lp-Ip-dn∏v Xbm-
dm-°p-I.

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ LS-I-߃ GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v a\- n-em-bt√m.

C¥y-bnse Kh¨sa‚ns‚ aq∂v LS-I-߃ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂
Nm¿´ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS hni-I-e\w sNømw.

58 \ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

C¥y-bnse Kh¨sa‚ v

\nb-a-\n¿amW Imcy-\n¿h-lW \oXn-\ymb

hn`mKw hn`mKw hn`mKw

cmjv{S-]Xn cmjv{S-]Xn kp{]ow tImSXn

temI-k` D]cmjv{S-]Xn sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ
cmPy-k` {][m-\-a-{¥n Pn√m -tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ
a{¥n-k-` k_vtIm-S-Xn-Iƒ
DtZym-K-ÿ-hyμw ap≥kn^v tImS-Xn-Iƒ
aPn-kvt{S‰v tImS-Xn-Iƒ

C¥y-bnse Kh¨sa‚ns‚ aq∂v LS-I-ß-fp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ hm¿Ø-Ifpw Nn{X-ßfpw tiJ-cn®v Ah
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ GXp LS-Ih
- p-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p
F∂v Ipdn-°p-I.

\nb-a\- n¿am-Wh - n`mKw C¥y-bn¬

(Legislature in India)
C¥y-bpsS \nb-a-\n¿am-W-hn`mKw ]m¿e-sa‚ v F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂p. cmjv-{S-]-Xnbpw temI-k-`, cmPy-k` F∂o c≠v-k-`-
Ifpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv C¥y-bnse ]m¿e-sa‚ v. cmPy-k`
D]-cn-k-`-sb∂pw temI-k` At[m-k-`-sb∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p.
c≠v k`-Iƒ D≈-Xn-\m¬ CXns\ Zzna-fi-e- \n-ba\n¿amW-
k` F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p.

Zzna-fie \nb-a-\n¿am-W-k` \ne-hn-ep≈ IqSp-X¬

cmPy-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.

\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v 59
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

cmPy-k`m lmƒ

temI- k `m lmƒ

apI-fn¬ sImSpØ Nm¿´ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS cmPy-

k-`-bp-sSbpw temI-k-`-bp-sSbpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
hniI-e\w sNbvXv Hcp Xmc-Xa - y-Ip-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.

cmjv{S-]Xn ]m¿e-sa‚w-K-a-√. F∂m¬ At±lw ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚

Ahn- ` m- P y- L - S - I - a mWv . ]m¿e- s a‚ v ktΩ- f \w hnfn- ° p- I ,
kwbp‡ ktΩ-f-\sØ A`n-kw-t_m[\ sNøp-I, _n√p-Iƒ°v
AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip-I F∂o Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\m-
emWv cmjv{S-]Xn C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ `mK-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

60 \ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

]m¿e-sa‚ ns‚ NpaXeIƒ

(Functions of Parliament)
\nb-a-\n¿am-W-amWv ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ {][m\ Npa-X-e. \nb-a-
\n¿amW-Øn\v ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ c≠v k`-I-fp-sSbpw AwKo-Imcw
Bh-iy-am-Wv. temI-k`
- bpw cmPy-k`
- bpw shtΔsd ktΩ-fn-®mWv
\nb-a-\n¿am-W-Øn¬ ]s¶Sp°p-∂-Xv.
\nb-a-Øns‚ Ic-Sp-cq-]-amWv _n¬. Hcp km[m-cW_n¬ ]m¿e-
sa‚ns‚ GXp k`-bnepw BZyw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw. _n¬ BZyw
]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ k`sb H∂mw k`-sb∂pw c≠m-aXp ]cn-K-Wn-
°p∂ k`sb c≠mw- k-`-sb∂pw hnfn-°mw. c≠v k`-I-fnepw
_n¬ hnhn[ L´-ß-fn-eqsS IS∂pt]mIp∂p.

H∂mwk`

_n¬ m H∂mw hmb\

m c≠mw hmb\
m aq∂mw hmb\

c≠mw-k`

{]kn-U‚ ns‚
AwKo-Im-cw m aq∂mw hmb\
m c≠mw hmb\
m H∂mw hmb\

Hcp _n¬ \nb- a - a m- I p- ∂ - X ns‚ hnhn[ L´- ß ƒ \ap°v

]cn-tim[n°mw.
$ H∂mw hmb\
_n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ c≠mw hmb\
_n√n¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p≈ Hmtcm hIp∏pw {]tXyIw
N¿® sNbvXv ]m m-°pItbm am‰w hcp-Øp-Itbm \ncmI-
cn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂p.
$ aq∂mw hmb\
_n¬ samØ-ambn ]m m-°p-Itbm \ncm-I-cn-°p-Itbm
sNøp-∂p.

\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v 61
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

H∂mw k` ]mkm-°n-°-gn-™m¬ k`m-

]m¿e-sa‚ v ktΩ-f\
- ß
- ƒ ≤y- £ s‚ km£y- ] - { X- t ØmsS _n¬
]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ c≠v ktΩ-f-\-߃°n-S- c≠mw k`bpsS ]cn-K-W-\bv°v Abbv-
bn¬ Bdp-am-kØn¬ IqSp-X¬ CS-thf °p-∂p. c≠mw k`-bnepw apI-fn¬ ]d™
D≠m-h-cp-sX∂v `c-W-L-S\ A\p-im-kn- aq∂v L´-߃ D≠v.
°p-∂p. F√m h¿jhpw C¥y≥ ]m¿e-
sa‚ v aq∂v XhW ktΩ-fn-°p-∂p. h¿j- _n¬ c≠v k`Ifpw ]mkm- ° n- ° - g n-
Ime ktΩ-f-\w, ioX-Ime ktΩ-f-\w, ™m¬ cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS AwKo-Im-c-Øn-
th\¬°me ktΩ-f\w F∂o t]cp-If - n¬ \mbn ka¿∏n- ° p- ∂ p. cmjv{S- ] Xn
Ah Adn- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ p. cmPy- k ` Nne H∏phbv°p-∂-tXmsS _n¬v \nb-a-ambn
kmlN- c y- ß - f n¬ \mev ktΩ- f \߃ amdp∂p.
tNcm-dp-≠v.
_n¬ \nb-aa- m-Ip-∂X
- ns‚ hnhn[
L´-ßsf°p-dn®v ¢mkn¬ N¿®
kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI.
tNmtZym-Øc
- t- hf
]m¿e-sa‚nse Hcp ZnhksØ \S]Sn c≠v k`-Iƒ°pan-S-bn¬ _n√ns\ kw_-
{Ia߃ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv tNmtZym-Øc - t- h- ‘n®v A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xymkw D≠mbm¬ Hcp
f-tbm-sS-bm-Wv. F√m Znhkhpw 11 aWn°v kwbp- ‡ ktΩ- f \w hnfn- ° p- I bpw
ktΩ-f\w Bcw-`n-°pw. XpS¿∂p≈ Hcp Xocpam\w FSp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]m¿e-
aWn-°q¿ `c-W] - c
- a
- mb GXv hnj-bØ
- nepw
sa‚ ns‚ kwbp‡ ktΩ-f\w hnfn®p
AwK-߃°v tNmZyw D∂-bn-°mw. tNmZy-
tN¿°p∂-Xv cmjv{S-]X - n-bm-Wv. temI-k`m
߃°v AXmXv hIp-∏p-Iƒ ssIImcyw
sNøp∂ a{¥n- a m¿ adp- ] Sn \¬Ipw. kv]o°-dpsS A≤y-£-X-bn-em-bn-cn°pw
kwÿm\ \nb-a-k`Iƒ ktΩ-fn-°p∂ kwbp‡ ktΩ-f\w tNcpI.
ka-b{- Iaw CXn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvXa - m-Wv.
[\-_n¬ (Money Bill)
km-[m-cW \nb-a-\n¿am-W-Øn\v kzoI-cn-
®n-´p≈ \S-]S- n-{Iaw A√ [\-_n-√n-\p-≈Xv.
iq\y-thf F¥mWv Hcp [\-_n¬? s]mXp-J-P-\m-hn-
]{¥≠v aWn°v tNmtZym-Øcthf Ah- te-°p≈ [\-k-am-l-cWw, ]W-Øns‚
km-\n-°pw. tNmtZym-Øcthfbv°ptijw hn\n-tbmKw F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´
ap≥Iq´n \n›-bn-®n-´p≈ AP-≠-bn-te°v _n√p- I - f mWv [\- _ n- ¬ . Hcp [\- _ n¬
{]thin°p-∂X - n\papºp≈ sNdnb kabw temI-k-`-bn¬ am{Xta BZyw Ah-X-cn-∏n-
iq\y- t hf F∂- d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ p. kabw
°m≥ ]mSp-≈q-sh∂v `c-W-L-S\ A\p-im-
]{¥≠v aWn- b m- I p- ∂ - X n- \ m- e mWv Cu
- k n°p- ∂ p. temI- k ` ]m m- ° n
t]cn¬ Adn- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v . ASn- b - ¥ c
{]tabw, {i≤- £-Wn-°¬ {]tabw XpS- Ign™m¬ [\-_n-√m-sW∂ kv]o°-dpsS
ßn-bh ]cn-KW- \ - bv°v hcp-∂Xv Cu ka- km£y-]-{X-tØmsS cmPy-k-`-bn-te-°-b-
b-Øm-bn-cn-°pw. iq\y-thf A©p-ap-X¬ bv°p- ∂ p. e`n®p ]Xn- \ mev Znh- k -
]Xn-\©v an\n-‰phsc ssZ¿Ly-ap-≠mIpw

62 \ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

߃°Iw cmPy-k` \n¿t±-i-߃ klnXw temI-k-`-bn-te°v

Xncn®v Ab-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. temI-k-`°v cmPy-k-`-bpsS \n¿t±-i-
߃ kzoI-cn-°p-Itbm X≈n-°-f-bp-Itbm sNømw.
\nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw am{X-amtWm ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ Npa-X-e? \nb-a-
\n¿ΩmWw IqSmsX a‰p]e Npa-X-e-Ifpw ]m¿e-sa‚n-\p≠v.

]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ a‰p Npa-X-e-Iƒ

Imcy-\n¿hl-W-hn-`m-KsØ sXc-s™-Sp∏v `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-KXn

\nb-{¥n-°¬ Npa-Xe
$ tNmZy-߃ D∂-bn-°¬ $ cmjv { S- ] Xn, D]- c m- j v { S- `c- W - L - S \m hIp- ∏ p- I - f n¬
$ _n√p- I - f pw {]ta- b - ß fpw ]Xn F∂n-h-cpsS sXc- Imem- \ p- k r- X - a mb am‰w
N¿®-sNø¬ s™-Sp-∏v hcp-ج
$ Ahn-izm-k-{]-tabw AwKo-I-
cn-°p-Itbm \nc-kn-°p-Itbm
sNø¬

kwÿm\ \nba\n¿am-Wk - `
(State Legislature)
C¥y-bn¬ F√m kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw \nb-
a- \ n¿amW k`- I ƒ D≠v . kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬hcp∂ hnj-b-
ß-fn¬ \nba\n¿amWw \S-Øp-∂Xv Ch-
bmWv . C¥y- b n¬ `qcn- ` mKw kwÿm- \ -
ßfnepw \nb-a-\n¿am-W-hn-`m-K-Øn\v Hcp
k` am{Xtabp≈q. Hcp k` am{X- a p≈ tIcf \nb-ak
- `maμncw
\nb-a-\n¿amW k`sb GI-a-fie \nb-a-
\n¿amWk`-sb∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. Npcp°w Nne Zzna-WvUe \nb-a-\n¿am-W
kwÿm-\-ß-ƒ°v Zzna-WvUe \nb-a-\n¿am-W- -k-`-I-fp≈ kwÿm-\-߃
k-`-I-ƒ D≠v. Ah GsX∂v Is≠-Øq. _nlm¿, DØ¿{]- t Z- i v , alm- c m- j v { S,
I¿Æm-S-I, B{‘m{]tZiv, sXep¶m\
GI-a-fie \nb-a-\n¿am-W-k` PΩp-&I-ivao¿ F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬
bpw Zzna-fie \nb-a\- n¿am-Wk
- - c≠v k`-I-fp-≠v. At[m-k`sb \nb-a-
`bpw XΩn- e p≈ hyXymkw k` (Legislative Assembly) F∂pw D]-cn-
]cntim-[n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. k`sb \nb-ak - a- nXn (Legislative Council)
F∂pw hnfn-°p∂p.

\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v 63
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

- n-`mKw (Executive)
Imcy-\n¿hl-Wh
_vkn-Un°v {]hm-kn-thm-´n\v
]mN-I-hm-XI k -am-°m≥
B[m¿ \n¿_‘ocp-am\n-®p. tI{μm-\p-aXn
tI{μ-k¿°m¿ X
m- _n¬ \S∏
- °
m- p-∂Xv sshIpw
`£y-kp-c-£
Cu h¿jw apX¬ BZ¿i-{Kmaw ]≤Xn \S-∏n-em°pw
apI-fn¬ X∂n-cn-°p∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ hmbn-®t√m. Ch-sbms°
ssZ\w-Zn-\ -`-c-W-\n¿hl-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. CØ-
c-Øn-ep≈ Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-Ibpw \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂Xv Bcm-Wv? \nb-a-߃ \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw `c-W-\n¿hlWw
\S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ hn`m-KsØ Imcy-\n¿hlW hn`mKw
F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

Imcy-\n¿h-lW - h- n-`mKw C¥y-bn¬

(Executive in India)
C¥y-bn¬ c≠p-X-e-ß-fn-ep≈ Imcy-\n¿h-l-W-hn-`m-K-amWv
D≈Xv. tI{μ-Im-cy-\n¿h-l-W-hn-`m-Khpw kwÿm\ Imcy-\n¿h-
l- W - h n- ` m- K - h pw. cmjv { S- ] Xnbpw,tI{μa{¥n- a mcpw,DtZym- K -
ÿhrμhpw AS-ßn-b-XmWv tI{μImcy-\n¿hlW hn`m-Kw.
cmjv{S-]-Xnbpw tI{μa{¥n-amcpw sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-hcmWv.
Chsc cmjv{SobImcy-\n¿h-lW hn`mKw (Political Executive)
F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. F∂m¬ DtZym-K-ÿ¿ tbmKyXsb ASn-ÿm\-
am°n \nb-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv. Ch¿ ÿnc-Im-cy-\n¿h-lW
hn`mKw (Permanent Executive)F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. hnc-an-°p-∂-Xp-
hsc Ch¿ k¿ho-kn¬ XpScpw.

cmjv{S-]Xn (President)
Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xv C¥y-bpsS BZy -cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bm-Wv.
Ct∏mgsØ cmjv{S-]Xn BcmWv? C¥y≥ dn∏ªn-°ns‚ Xe-h-
\mWv cmjv{S-]-Xn. A©ph¿j°me-b-f-hn-te°mWv cmjv{S-]-
Xnsb sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I. Hcp Ce-IvSd¬ tImtf-PmWv cmjv{S-]-
Xnsb sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv.
tUm. cm-tP-{μ-{]-kmZv
BZysØ cmjv{S-]Xn

64 \ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

Ce-I
- vSd
- ¬ tImtf-Pnse AwK-߃
temI- k - ` - b nse sXc- s ™- S p- ° - s ∏´ cmjv{S-]X
- n-bpsS
AwK߃ tbmKy-XI - ƒ
$ C¥y≥ ]uc≥ Bbn-cn-°Ww
cmPy- k - ` - b nsesXc- s ™- S p- ° - s ∏´ $ 35 hbkv ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-cn-°Ww
AwK߃ $ temI- k - ` mw- K - a m- I p- ∂ - X n- \ p-
kwÿm-\- \n-b-a-k-`-I-fnse sXc-s™-Sp-°- th≠ F√m tbmKy- X bpw
s∏´ AwK-߃ D≠m-IWw

tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ns‚ F√m Imcy-\n¿hlW A[nIm-c-ßfpw

cmjv{S-]-Xn-bn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-Wv. a{¥n-k-`-bpsS D]-tZia-\p-k-
cn-®mWv Cu Npa-X-e-Iƒ At±lw \n¿hln°p-∂-Xv.

cmjv{S-]X
- n-bpsS Npa-Xe
- I
- ƒ
{][m\a{¥n-sbbpw a{¥n-am-scbpw \nb-an-°¬.
kp{]ow- tIm- S - X n- b n- s ebpw sslt°m- S - X n- I - f n- s ebpw
No^vPÃn-kn-s\bpw a‰p PUvPn-amscbpw \nb-an-°¬.
k¿hssk-\ym-[n-]-\mbn{]h¿Øn-°¬.
cmPyk`bnte°v 12 AwKßsfbpw temIk`bnte°v 2
AwKßsfbpw \ma\n¿t±iw sNøp∂p.
]m¿e- s a‚ v ]mkm- ° nb _n√p- I ƒ°v AwKo- I mcw
\¬I¬.
Bh- i y- a m- b n- h - ∂ m¬ cmPyØv ASn- b - ¥ - n cm- h ÿ
{]Jym]n-°¬.
Zbm-l¿Pn-bn¬ Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°¬.

cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v, Npa-X-e-Iƒ F∂nh

hni-Za
- m-°p∂ Hcp Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

D]cmjv{S-]Xn (Vice President)

C¥y-bn¬ cmjv{S-]-Xnsb IqSmsX D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xnbpw D≠v.
D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xnsb sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xpw Hcp CevIv-Sd¬ tImtf-
Pm-Wv. cmPy-k-`-bn-sebpw temI-k-`-bn-sebpw Aw-K-߃ Cu
Ce-IvS-d¬ tImtf-Pn¬ AwK-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw. A©p-h¿j-°m-e-
tØ°mWv D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xnsb sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv.
tUm. Fkv.- cm-[m-Ir-jW
v ≥
BZysØ D]cmjv{S-]Xn

\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v 65
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

D]cmjv{S-]X
- n-bpsS Npa-Xe
- I
- ƒ
cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ Npa-Xe
\n¿h-ln-°pI
cmPy-k`m ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ B≤y£w hln-°p-I.

cmjv{S-]-Xn-sbbpw D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn-sbbpw sXc-s™-Sp-

°p∂ CevIS- d- ¬ tImtf-Pp-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw
Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

tI{μa{¥n-k` (Union Counicl of Ministers)

{][m-\-a-{¥nbpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-emWv tI{μa{¥n-k` {]h¿Øn-
°p-∂Xv. cmjv{S-]X
- n-bn¬ \n£n-]vXa
- m-bn-´p≈ F√m Npa-Xe
- I
- fpw
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv a{¥n-k-`-bm-Wv.
Ub{Kw {i≤n- ° q. {][m- \ - a - { ¥nbpw Iym_n- \ ‰v a{¥n- a mcpw
kla{¥n-amcpw D]-a-{¥n-amcpw AS-ßp-∂-XmWv tI{μa{¥n-k-`.

{][m\ a{¥n - p∂ msc

kl ‰v a{¥na
p
-

sc k -\-ß-fn¬
p
n-°p∂
k

- n°

Iym_n-\‰v a{¥n-am¿
l

mb

lm-b
n\

Ø
a{¥

-
Iym_

a‰p a ns‚ {]h¿

n-am
D]

e
Npa-X
{¥n-am

hIp-∏p-
- psS kzX{¥
¿

If
a{¥

hIp-∏
n-am
¿

tI{μ-a-{¥n-k-`-bnse Iym_n-\‰v a{¥n-am-cpsS t]cpw

AhcpsS hIp∏pw Is≠-ØpI.

66 \ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

{][m\a{¥n-bpsS Npa-Xe - I
- ƒ
(Functions of Prime Minister)
temI- k - ` - b n¬ `qcn- ] - £ - a p≈ cmjv { Sob I£n- b psStbm
ap∂WnbpsStbm t\Xm-hn-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw {][m-\a - {- ¥n-bmbn \nb-
an-°p-I. {][m-\-a-{¥n°v AXn-hn-]p-e-amb A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-
X-e-Ifpw D≠v. tI{μ-Kh¨sa‚ns‚ F√m Xocp-a-m\-ß-fnepw
\n¿Æm-b-I-amb kzm[o\w At±-l-Øn\v D≠m-Ipw. {][m-\-a-{¥n-
bpsS apJyNpa-X-e-Iƒ Xmsg kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p:
temI-k-`-bpsS t\Xm-hmbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
Iym_n-\‰v ao‰n-wKp-I-fn¬ B≤y£w hln-°p-∂p.
Ph-l¿em¬s\lvdp
a{¥n-k-`-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂p. BZysØ {][m-\a
- {¥n
a{¥n-k`m Xocp-am-\-߃ cmjv{S-]-Xnsb Adn-bn-°p-∂p.

{][m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sSbpw {]kn-U‚n-s‚bpw ÿm\hpw

NpaX- e - I fpw hni- I - e \w sNbv X v Ipdn∏v
Xbm-dm-°p-I.

kwÿm\ Imcy-\n¿h-lW hn`mKw

(State Executive)
kwÿm-\-Xe Imcy-\n¿h-l-W-hn-`m-KØns‚ Xe-h≥ Kh¿Æ-
dm- W v . apJy- a {¥n Xe- h - \ mb a{¥n- k ` kwÿm- \ - ß - f n¬
bYm¿∞ Imcy-\n¿h-l-W-hn-`m-K-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

\oXn-\ymb hn`mKw (Judiciary)

cmPyØv hy‡n- I ƒ XΩnepw hy‡nbpw kp{]ow tImSXn
(cmPysØ ]c-tam-∂X tImSXn, C¥y apgp-h≥
Kh¨sa‚pw XΩnepw, tI{μ˛kwÿm\ A[n-Imc ]cn[n)
Kh¨sa‚p- I ƒ XΩnepw, kwÿm- \ - ß ƒ
XΩnepw hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ X¿°-߃ sslt°m-SX - n-Iƒ
D≠m-Im-dp-≠v. X¿°-߃°v Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n- (kwÿm-\-ß-fn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ tIkp-Iƒ
]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p)
°p∂ hn`m- K - a mWv \oXn- \ ymb hn`m- K w.
Ip‰hm-fn-Iƒ°v in£ \¬Inbpw \nc-]-cm-[n-
Pn√mtIm-SX- n-Iƒ
Isf kwc-£n-®pw tImS-Xn-Iƒ \oXn \S-∏n- (Pn√I-fn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ tIkp-Iƒ
em- ° p∂p. \nb- a - \ n¿Ωm- W hn`mKw ]m m- ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂p)
°p∂ \nb-a-߃ hymJym-\n-°p-∂Xv \oXn-
\ymb hn`m-K-am-Wv. C¥y-bnse \oXn-\ymb k_vtImS-Xn-Iƒ, ap≥kn^v tImS-Xn-Iƒ,
hn`m-K-Øns‚ LS\ Ub-{K-Øn¬\n∂pw ]cn- aPnkvt{S‰v tImS-Xn-Iƒ (Xmeq°vXe-Øn-ep≈
tIkp-Iƒ ]cn--tim-[n-°p-∂p)
N-b-s∏Sq.

\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v 67
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

C¥y-bnse \oXn-\ymb hn`mKw

(Judiciary in India)

kp{]ow tImSXn (Supreme Court)

F®v.- sP. -I-\nb
BZysØ No^v PÃnkv
cmPysØ ]c-tam-∂X tImS-Xn-bmWv kp{]ow tImS-Xn. No^v
PÃnkpw a‰p PUvPn-amcpw AS-ßp∂-XmWv kp{]ow tImS-Xn.
\nehn¬ No^v PÃnkpw ap∏Xv PUv P n- a mcp- a mWv kp{]ow
-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ D≈Xv. cmjv{S-]-Xn-bmWv PUvPn-amsc \nb-an-°p-
∂Xv.
kp{]ow-tIm-SXn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ tIkp-Iƒ
auen- I m- h - I m- i - ß - f psS ewL- \ - h p- a mbn _‘- s ∏´
tIkpI-ƒ.
tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚pw kwÿm-\- K-h¨sa‚pw XΩn-ep-≠m-
Ip∂ X¿°-߃.
kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ XΩn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ X¿°-߃.
`c-W-L-S\m hIp-∏p-I-fpsS hymJym\w Bh-iy-amb
tIkp-Iƒ
kwÿm\ sslt°m-S-Xn-I-fn¬\n∂p-≈ A∏o¬ tIkp-
Iƒ.
kp{]ow -tIm-SXn hn[n-Isf kw_-‘n® hm¿Ø-Iƒ
tiJ-cn®v apI-fn¬ X∂n-cn-°p∂ hnhn[ tIkp-If
- psS
ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-I.
sslt°m-SXn (High Court)

tIcf sslt°m--SXn

68 \ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

kwÿm-\-ß-fnse G‰hpw Db¿∂ tImS-Xn-bmWv sslt°m-SXn.

cmjv { S- ] Xn \nb- a n- ° p∂ No^v PÃnkpw a‰p PUv P n- a mcpw
sslt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Pn√m- tIm-S-Xn-I-fpsSbpw,
Iogvt°m-SXn-I-fp-sSbpw ta¬t\m´w sslt°m-S-Xn-°m-Wv.
sslt°m-S-Xn-bpsS A[n-Im-c-߃
auen- I m- h - I m- i - ß - f psS ewL- \ - h p- a mbn
_‘- s ∏´ tIkp- I - f n¬ DØ- c - h p- I ƒ temIv AZm-eØv
]pds∏-Sp-hn-°¬. km[m- c - W - ° m¿°pw ]mh- s ∏- ´ -
knhnepw {Inan- \ - e p- a mb tIkp- I - f n¬ h¿°pw A[nIw ]W-s®-eh - n-√msX
Iogv t °m- S - X n- I - f n¬ \n∂p- a p≈ A∏o¬ \oXn e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Nne
]cn-K-Wn-°¬. \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Kh-s◊‚ v kzoI-cn-®n-´p-
≠v. Ah-bn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-XmWv
kwÿm\ \nb-a-k` ]m m-°p∂ \nb-a- temIv AZm-e-Øv. temIv AZm-eØv
߃ hymJym-\n-°¬. F∂m¬ P\- ß - f psS tImSXn
F∂m- W ¿∞w. k∂≤ kz`m- h -
C¥y- b n¬ {]tXyIw sslt°m- S Xn ap≈ Hcp \oXn-\ymb kwhn-[m-\-
\nehn- e n- √ mØ kwÿm- \ - ß ƒ amWv CXv. I£n-Iƒ°v Xm¬]-cy-
Is≠-ØpI. sa-¶n¬ tIkv Xo¿∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v
temIv AZm-e-Øns\ kao-]n-°mw.
IqSn-bm-tem-N\Ifn-eq-sSbpw HØp
Xo¿∏n-ep-sSbpw tIkv Xo¿∏m-°p-
Iogvt°m-SX - n-Iƒ hm≥ AZm-eØv I£n-Isf t{]cn-
Pn√m- tIm-S-Xn-I-ƒ, k_vtIm-S-Xn-Iƒ, ap≥kn^v ∏n-°p-∂p. tIkp-Iƒ Ign-bp-∂-{X-
tImS- X n- I ƒ, aPn- k v t {S‰v tImS- X n- I ƒ F∂nh thKw Xo¿∏m-°pI, Ime-Xm-akw
Dƒs°m-≈p-∂XmWv Iogvt°m-S-XnIƒ. knhn¬ Hgn-hm-°pI F∂n-h-bmWv temIv
tIkp-I-fnepw {Inan-\¬ tIkp-I-fnepw Xo¿∏p- AZm-e-Øns‚ e£yw
I¬∏n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw Iogv-t°m-S-Xn-Iƒ°p≠v.
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ aq∂v LS-I-ßs-f°pdn®v \n߃ a\-kn-em-°n-
bt√m. Cu aq∂v LS-I-ßfpw tbmPn®pw kl-I-cn®pw ]c-kv]c
_lp-am-\-tØm-sSbpw `c-W-L-S-\m-\p-kr-X-ambpw {]h¿Øn-
°p∂psh¶n¬ am{Xta Kh¨sa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø\w ^e-{]-Z-am-
hp-I-bp-≈p.

C¥y-bnse Kh¨sa‚ns‚ LS-Iß - s

- f-°p-dn®v skan-
\m¿ dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v 69
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

Kh¨sa‚n\v aq∂v LS-I-߃ D≠v. Ah \nb-a-\n¿am-

W-hn`mKw, Imcy-\n¿h-l-W-hn-`m-Kw, \oXn-\ymb hn`mKw
F∂o t]cp-I-fn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

\nb-a-\n¿am-W-hn`mKw \nb-a-߃ \n¿an-°p-Ibpw Imcy-

\n¿h-l-W-hn-`mKw AXv \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw \oXn-\ymb
hn`mKw \nb-a-߃ hymJym-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

C¥- y - b psS tI{μ- \ n- b - a - \ n¿amW k` ]m¿e- s a‚ v

F∂-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂p.

cmjv{S-]-Xn, temIk-`, cmPy-k` F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-

XmWv C¥y-bpsS ]m¿e-sa‚ v.

\nb-a-߃ \n¿an-°p-I-bmWv ]m¿e-sa‚ ns‚ {][m-\-

Np-aXe

\nb-a-\n¿am-W-tØm-sSm∏w a‰pNne Npa-X-e-Ifpw ]m¿e-

sa‚ v \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p.

cmjv { S- ] - X n, D]- c m- j v { S- ] - X n, {][m- \ - a {¥n, a{¥n- k `

F∂nh¿ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv tI{μImcy-\n¿hl-W-hn-
`mKw.

Kh¿Ædpw apJy- a - { ¥nbpw a{¥n- k - ` bpw kwÿm\

Imcy-\n¿Δ-l-W-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv.

kp{]ow- tImS-Xn, sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ , Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ

F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv C¥y-bpsS \oXn-\ymb
hn`mKw.

70 \ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

Kh¨sa‚ v

\nba\n¿amW Imcy- \oXn-\ym-b

hn`mKw \n¿hl-W-hn-`mKw -hn-`mKw

kwÿm-\- tI{μ Imc-y- kwÿm\ Imc-y-

tI{μ-\n-ba
- kp{]ow- tIm-SXn
\n-ba\n¿am-W- \n¿hlW \n¿h-lW
\
- n¿am-Wh
- n`mKw sslt°m-SXn
hn`mKw hn`mKw hn`mKw
Iogvt°mS-Xn-Iƒ

cmjv{S-]Xn Kh¿W¿
cmjv{S-]Xn Kh¿Æ¿ D]-cm-jv{S-]Xn apJ-y-a{¥n
temI-k` \nb-a-k` {][m-\-a-{¥n a{¥nk`
cmPy-k` \nb-a-k-anXn -a{¥nk` DtZ-ym-K-ÿ¿
DtZ-ym-K-ÿ¿

\nb-a-\n¿am-W-hn`mKw, Imcy-\n¿h-l-W-hn-`m-Kw, \oXn-

\ymb-hn-`mKw F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv Kh¨sa‚ v
F∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
temI-k-`-bp-sSbpw cmPy-k-`-bp-sSbpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p.

\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v 71
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

C¥y-bnse \nb-a-\n¿amW \S-]-Sn-{Iaw hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.

tI{μ Imcy-\n¿h-lW hn`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw -kw-ÿm\ Imcy-
\n¿h-lW hn`m-K-Øns‚bpw LS\ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
cmjv{S-]-Xn, D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn, {][m-\-a{¥n XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS
Npa-X-e-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
kp{]ow - t Im- S - X n- b psSbpw sslt°m- S - X n- b p- s Sbpw
Iogvt°mS-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw Npa-X-e-Iƒ hy-‡-am-°p-∂p.

Kh¨sa‚ v F∂m¬ aq∂v LS-I-߃ tN¿∂-XmWv. Ah

GsX√-mw?
Xmsg X∂n- c n- ° p∂ {]kv X m- h - \ - I fn¬ icn- t bsX∂v
Is≠-Øp-I:
(F.) temI-k-`bpw cmPy-k-`bpw tN¿∂-XmWv C¥y≥
]m¿e-sa‚ v
(_n.) temI-k-`bpw cmPy-k-`bpw {][m-\-a-{¥nbpw D]-
cm-jv{S-]-Xnbpw tN¿∂-XmWv C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ v.
(kn.) cmjv{S-]-Xnbpw temIk-`bpw cmPy-k-`bpw tN¿∂-
XmWv C¥y-bpsS ]m¿e-sa‚ v
temI-k`- b
- p-sSbpw cmPy-k`- b
- p-sSbpw LS\ hni-Za
- m-°p∂
Hcp Xmc-X-ay-Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
Hcp _n¬ \nb-a-am-°p-∂-Xn\pap≥]v hnhn[ L´-ß-fn-eqsS
IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p. C¥y-bnse \nb-a-\n¿amW \S-]-Sn-{Iaw
hni-Z-am-°p-I.
cmjv{S-]Xn sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]kvXm-h-\-
Iƒ Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂p. G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-am-bXv
Is≠Øn Fgp-Xp-I:
(F.) C¥y-bpsS cmjv{S-]-Xnsb P\-߃ t\cn´v sXcs-
™-Sp-°p∂p.
(_n.) temI-k-`mw-K-ßfpw cmPy-k-`mw-K-ßfpw tN¿∂v
cmjv{S]-Xnsb sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.

72 \ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

(kn.) temI-k-`-bn-sebpw cmPy-k-`-bn-sebpw sXc-s™-

Sp°-s∏´ AwK-ß-fpw kwÿm\ \nb-a-k-`-I-fnse
sXcs™-Sp-°-s∏´ AwK-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Ce-IvS-
d¬ tImtfPv cmjv{S-]-Xnsb sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.
Hcp [\-_n¬ BZyw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv GXv k`-bn-
emWv?
(F.) cmPy-k`bn¬
(_n.) temI-k-`-bn¬
(kn.) kwbp‡ ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬
"a{¥n-k-`-bn¬ {][m-\-a-{¥n°v hfsc Db¿∂ ÿm\-amWv
D≈- X v ' ˛ Cu {]kv X m- h - \ - b psS ]›m- Ø - e - Ø n¬
{][m\a-{¥n-bpsS ÿm\hpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw hy‡-am-°pI.
C¥y-bnse ]c-tam-∂-X -tIm-S-Xn-bmWv kp{]ow- tIm-SXn.
kp{]ow- tIm- S - X n- b psS {][m\ A[n- I m- c - ß ƒ
hy‡-am°pI. -

C¥y-bnse cmjv{S-]-Xn-am¿, D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn-am¿, {][m-\-

a{¥n-am¿ F∂n-h-cpsS Nn{Xw tiJ-cn®v Ipdn-t∏m-Sp-Iq-Sn
B¬_w Xøm-dm-°p-I.
\nb-a-\n¿amW \S-]-Sn-{Iaw hni-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn\v kvIqfn¬
Hcp amXrIm ]m¿e-sa‚ v kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ LS-I-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tNmZ-ym-hen
Xbm-dm°n tNmtZym-Øc ]b‰v ¢mkn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n°p-I.
\nb-a-\n¿am-Ww, Imcy-\n¿h-l-W-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ Xocp-am-
\-߃, kp{]ow- tIm-SXnbpsSbpw sslt°m-S-Xn-bp-sSbpw
hn[n-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ hm¿Ø-Iƒ kam-l-cn®v
sImfmjv Xbm-dm-°p-I.

\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v 73
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

]q¿Æ-ambn `mKn-Ia- mbn sa®s∏tS

≠Xp≠v
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ LS-I-߃ GsXm-s°-
sb∂v hni-Z-am-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Hmtcm LS-Ihpw \n¿h-
ln-°p∂ Npa-X-e-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-
hm≥ Ign-bpw.
C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ LS\ hy‡-am-
°m≥ Ign-bpw.
Zzna-fie \nb-a-\n¿am-W-k-`sb
\n¿hNn-°p-hm\pw DZm-l-cWw tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øp-hm\pw Ign-bpw.
GI-a-fie \nb-a-\n¿am-W-k-`sb DZm-l-
c-W-k-lnXw \n¿hNn°p-hm≥
Ign-bpw.
C¥y-bnse \nb-a-\n¿am-W-\-S-]-Sn-{Iaw
hni-Zo-Icn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.
kwÿm\ \nb-a-\n¿am-W-k-`bpsS
{]h¿Ø\߃ hniZoIcn°m≥ Ign-bpw.
C¥y-bnse tI{μ kwÿm\ Imcy-\n¿h-
l-W-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ LS\ hni-Z-am°m≥
Ign-bpw.
cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-
Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bpsS ÿm\hpw Npa-X-e-
Ifpw hnhcn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.
{][m-\-a-{¥n-bpsS ÿm\hpw Npa-X-e-
Ifpw hni-Z-am-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.
C¥y-bnse \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚
LS\ hni-Z-am-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.
C¥y-bnse kp{]ow -tIm-S-Xn-bpsS
ÿm\w hni-Z-am-°p-hm\pw Npa-X-e-Iƒ
]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw Ign-bpw.
sslt°m-S-Xn-bpsS A[n-Im-c-߃ hni-Z-
am-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.

74 \ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v
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 {]mNo\ Xan-gIw
Iew sNbvtImsh
Iew sNbvtImsh
A®p-ssS®m Im´mcw s]mcp-¥nb
Nn‰p-sh¨]-√n-t]m-e-Ø-s∂mSp
Npcw ]e-h¥hsa-°p-a-cpfn
hnb≥a-e-c-I≥ s]mgn-en-a-Ømgn
AI-enXm Ih-ss\tam
\\-¥sse apcq¿I-e-s©-bvtImsh
(]pd-\m-\q-dv)

""Ie- a p- ≠ m- ° p∂htc, h≠n- ® - { I- Ø n¬ Ib- d n- b n- c n- ° p∂ ]√n AtXm- s Sm∏w

Id-ßn-°-dßn hfsc Zqsc sN√p-∂-Xp-t]mse Pohn-X-Ønse kpJ-Zpx-J-ß-fn-se√mw
At±l-tØm-sSm-∂n®p ]¶p-sIm-≠-h-fmWp Rm≥. At±lw CXm acn®p-I-gn™p.
At±-lsØ AS°w sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n D≠m-°p∂ Cu Iew Ft∂-°qSn
Dƒs°m-≈m-\p≈ hen∏w D≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-s´.''
]g-¥-angv ]m´p-I-fn¬ H∂mWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu ]m´n¬
acn® `¿Ømhns\ AS°w sNøm≥ hen-sbmcp a¨Iew D≠m-°m-\mWv
`mcy Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. {]mNo\ XangIsØ ih-a-S°v coXn-bn¬ henb
a¨I-e-Øn-\p≈ {]m[m\y-amWv Cu ]m´n¬ hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv.
 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

acn-®b
- m-fpsS `uXn-Im-hi - n-jvSß
- ƒ henb Ie-Øn-
\-I-Øm°n AS-°w sNøp∂ coXn {]mNo\ Xan-
g-IØv {]Nmc-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CØcw Ie߃
\∂-ßm-SnIƒ- F∂-dn-b-s∏Sp∂p. Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬
CØcw \∂-ßm-Sn-Iƒ°p aosX henb ineIƒ
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch \n¿Ωn-°m≥ AXXv {]tZ-
iØv e`y-amb ine-I-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-
ap\n-bd Xv.I¬h-f-bw (Stone circle), It∑i (Dolmen), I√-
d-Iƒ (Cist), ap\n-bd (Rock chamber), sXm∏n-°-√v,
IpS- ° - √ v , I¬sXm´n (Sarcophagus), \m´p- I √v
(Menhir) F∂n-h-bmWv {][m\ kvam-c-Icq]-߃.
Cu kvamc-I-߃ alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-߃ F∂pw
Ch \n¿an-°-s∏´ Imew alm-inem Ime-L´w
(Megalithic Age) F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. CØcw
alm- i n- e m- k v a mc- I - ß fpw ]g- ¥ - a n- g v ] m- ´ p- I fpw
\mW-b-ßfpw k©m-c-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw Nne Xangv
enJn-X-ß-fp-amWv {]mNo\ XangIØns‚ Ncn{Xw
IpS-°√v
a\- n-em°m-\p≈ {][m\ t{kmX pIƒ.

I¬sXm´n

\m´p-I√v

Nn{X-߃ \nco-£n®v hnhn[ alm-

inem kvamc-Iß
- f
- psS khn-ti-jX
- -
It∑i-Iƒ Iƒ N¿® sNøp-I.

76 {]mNo\ Xan-gIw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

hyXykvXXcw Ccp-ºp-]-I-c-W-߃ alm-in-em-kvam-c-

I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ hmƒ, Ip¥w,
IØn, Nq≠-s°m-fpØv, hnf-°v, BWn-Iƒ, hnf-°p-
Im¬ F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Cu ImeL´w
Z£n-tW-¥y≥ Ncn{XØn¬ Ccp-ºp-bpKambmWv (Iron
Age)IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.
Ccp-ºp-]-I-c-W߃°p ]pdsa a¨]m-{X-߃, apØp-
Iƒ F∂n-hbpw Cu kvamc-I-ß-fn¬\n∂v Is≠-Sp-Øn-
´p-≠v. Nne kvamc-I-ß-fn¬\n∂v tdma≥ kz¿W\mW-
b-߃ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
Cu ImeL-´-Øn¬ AIw Idp-ØXpw ]pdw Nph-∂Xp-
amb -a¨]m{XßfmWv (Black & Red Ware) D]-tbm-Kn-
®n-cp∂Xv.
sXt° C¥y-bpsS hnhn[{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v [mcmfw
alm-inemkvamc-I-߃ Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. sImSp-a-W¬,
Af-K-ssc, Xncp-°m-º-en-bq¿, ]g-\n, BZn-®-s\-√q¿,
alm-in-em-kvam-cI
- ß- f- n¬ \n∂v e`n®
sNda\- ß m- S v , ad- b q¿, Dan- ® n- s ]m- b n¬ XpS- ß nbh Ccp-ºp-]I - c- W
- ß
- ƒ
Ahbn¬ {][m\s∏´hbmWv.

Icn-˛Np-h∏v ]m{X-߃

sImSp-aW
- e
- n¬ \n∂v
Is≠-Ønb I√d

alm- i n- e m- k v a m- c - I - ß fnse Ah- i n- j v S - ß - BZn-®s- \-√q-cnse DXvJ\

- \ {]tZ-iß
- ƒ
fn¬\n∂v {]mNo-\-X-an-g-IsØ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-
sØ-°p-dn®v Fs¥√mw hnh-c-ß-fmWv e`n°p-
∂Xv ?

{]mNo\ Xan-gIw 77
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

kwLw-IrXn-Iƒ
]g- ¥ - a ngv ]m´p- I ƒ cNn°s∏´Xpw alm- i n- e m- k v a mc- I - ß ƒ
\n¿Ωn°s∏´Xpw GXm≠v Htc Ime-L-´-ØnemWv. B{‘m-{]-
tZ-inse Xncp-∏-Xn apX¬ I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc-bp≈ tIcfhp
apƒs∏Sp∂ {]tZ-isØbmWv {]mNo-\I-m-eØv Xan-gIw F∂v-
hnf-n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. {]mNo\ XangIsØ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v
IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ß-f-dn-bm≥ ]g¥angv∏m´p-Iƒ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
]g-¥-angv∏m´p-IfpsS kam-lm-c-߃ kwL-km-lnXyw F∂v Adn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂p. e`y-am-b-Xn¬ G‰hpw ]g-°-ap≈ Xangvkm-ln-Xy-amWv
kwL-km-ln-Xyw. _n.kn.C 300˛\pw kn.C 300˛\pw CS-bn-emWv
Ch kam-l-cn-°-s∏-´sX∂v IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

\mSm- sIm≥tdm ImSm -sIm≥tdm

Ah-em- sIm≥tdm anssNbm sIm≥tdm
FΔ-gn, \√-h-cm-S-h¿
AΔgn \ss√ hmgn-b-\n-et\
(Hussh-bm¿)

A√tbm `qan, \o H∂p-In¬ \mSp Xs∂-bm-hp-I,

As√-¶n¬ ImSp-X-s∂-bm-hp-I, H∂pIn¬ Ipgn-bm-hpI
As√-¶n¬ Ip∂m-hp-I, Fß-s\-bm-bmepw FhnsS
\√h¿ hkn-°p∂p AhnsS \obpw \√-XmWv
\n\-°m-bn´pam{Xw Hcp \∑-bp-an-√.
kwL-Im-e-kmln-Xy-Ønse {][m\ Ih-bn{Xnbmb Hussh-bm-
dns‚ hcn-I-fmWv apI-fn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hussh-bm-dn-s\-
t]mse a‰p \nc-h[n kv{XoIƒ A°m-eØv kmln-Xy-ta-J-e-bn-
ep≠mbn-cp-∂p. I]n-e¿, ]c-W¿, aXp-ssc-\-°o-c≥, ]msse-Ku-
X-a-\m¿ F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p A°m-esØ {][m\ Ihn-Iƒ. Ch-
cp-sSbpw a‰p Ihn-I-fp-sSbpw cN-\-Iƒ hnhn[ IrXn-I-fn-embn
kam-l-cn-®n-´p≠v. Chsb IrXn-I-fpsS cN-\m-Im-e-Øn-s‚bpw
hnj-b-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fmbn Xncn-
®n-cn°p∂p. NphsS X∂n-´p≈ ]´n-I-bn¬\n∂v CXv a\-kn-em-
°m-hp-∂-XmWv:

78 {]mNo\ Xan-gIw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

kwLw-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

hn`mKw {][m-\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ Xncp°p-dƒ

]Øp-∏m´v Xncp-ap-cp-Im-‰p-∏ssS
I¿I IN- S d I¿]ssh I‰- ] n≥
aXp-ssc-°m©n
\n¿I AX¿°p ØI
F´p-sØmssI AI-\m-\qdv
]pd-\m-\qdv ]Tn-bvt°-≠p-∂h - sb {i≤n®v
kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambn ]Tn-°pI
]Xn-‰p-]Øv
]Tn- ® - X n- \ p- t ijw B ]Tn-
]Xn-s\¨Io-gvI-W°v Xncp°p-dƒ ∏n\pX°-hn-[Ø - n¬ \S-°pI.
apXp-sam-gn-Im©n B ]Tn- ∏ pƒs°m≠v AXn-
hymI-c-W{KŸw sXm¬°m-∏nbw s\mØ XXz- Z o- £ - t bmsS
Pohn-bv°p-I.
alm-Im-hy-߃ Nne∏-Xn-Imcw
aWn-ta-Je

]g-¥-an-gv∏m-´p-Isf AIw-]m-´p-Iƒ F∂pw ]pdw-]m-´p-Iƒ F∂pw

Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-´p-≠v. AIw]m´p-Iƒ hy‡n-]-chpw IpSpw-_-]-c-hp-
amb Imcy-߃ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. ]pdw]m´p-Iƒ bp≤w, I®-hSw
XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fmWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. {]mNo\ Xan-g-I-Ønse
`q{]Ir-Xn, hn`-h-k-ar-≤n, Blm-c-co-Xn, BS-bm-`-c-W-߃, hnt\m-
Z-߃, BNm-c-߃, {][m\ sXmgn-epI-ƒ, hnizm-k-߃ F∂n-
h-sb√mw kwL-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn°p∂p.

Ncn-{X-t{km-X v F∂ \ne-bn¬ kwLw I

- r-Xn-If
- psS
{]m[m\yw N¿®sNøp-I.

kmaq-ln-IP
- o-hnXw
]g-¥-angv∏m´p-I-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in°p∂ XnW-I-sf-°p-dn®v ap≥¢m-
kn¬ N¿® sNbvXn´p-≠-t√m. {]mNo-\-X-an-g-IsØ kmaq-ln-I-
Po-hnXw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ XnW-Iƒ°v {][m\ ]¶p-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p.

{]mNo\ Xan-gIw 79
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

ImSpw aebpw \nd™ Ipdn-©n-bnse P\-߃ h\-

Idn-∏S- ss∏ hn-`-h-߃ tiJ-cn®pw th´-bm-Sn-bp-amWv Pohn-®n-
Ipcp-apfIv Im´p-hn-f-bm-sW-∂mWv cp-∂-Xv. Nne ]m´p-I-fn¬ Ah¿ ]p\wIrjn-bn¬
πn\n Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hntZi k©m- G¿s∏-´-Xns‚ kqN-\-I-fp-≠v. ChnsS Ipcp-ap-fIpw
cn-Iƒ ]d-™n-´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ Ipdn- a‰p kpK-‘-hy-RvP-\-ßfpw Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
©n-bn¬ \´p-≠m-°p∂ Idn-sb-∏- ]p¬ta-Sp-Ifmbn-cp∂ apss√bnse P\-ß-fpsS
‰nbpw (Idn˛Ipcp-ap-fI - v) Ipcp-ap-fIv apJy-sXm-gn¬ I∂p-Im-en hf¿Ø-em-bn-cp∂p. Imen-
tXm´-ßs - f (]S-ss∏) ∏‰nbpw ]g¥-
k-ºØv h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v I∂p-Im-en-Isf ]nSn-
angv∏m-´p-If- n¬ ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v.
s®- S p- ° p∂ k{º- Z mbw \ne- \ n- ∂ n- c p- ∂ p. CXv
shSv®n F∂dn-b-s∏-´p. hc≠ {]tZ-i-amb ]msse-
\n-e-Øp-Im-cm-bn-cp∂p I∂p-Imen Ih¿®-bn¬
]p\w Irjn {][m-\-ambpw G¿s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.
]pd-\m\qdn¬ sIm√n-ae- b- nse s\√v , Icnºv XpS- ß n- b h Irjn sNbv X n- c p∂
ImSv sh´n-®p´v Irjn (]p\w- hb¬{]-tZi-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p acp-Xw. A°m-esØ
Ir- j n) sNbv X - X mbn I¿j-I¿ Ccpºp sIm≠p-≈ sImgp-\m°v LSn-
]dbp∂p≠v. A´-∏m-Sn-bnse ∏n® Ie∏ D]-tbm-Kn®Xn\v sXfnhv e`n-®n-´p≠v.
Nne tKm{X-k-aq-l-߃°n-S- Xoc-tZ-i-amb s\bvX¬ \ne-Ønse P\-ß-fpsS
bn¬ C∂pw Cu Im¿jnI apJy-sXm-gnepIƒ ao≥]nSn-°epw D∏p-≠m-°epam-
coXn \ne-hn-ep≠v.
bn-cp-∂p. ]S-∂ (D∏-fw)-I-fn¬ sI´n-\n¿Øp∂
IS¬sh≈w h‰n-®mWv D∏p-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

D∏fw

XnW-If - nse kmaq-ln-IP

- o-hn-Xw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bX
- n¬
`q{]-IrXn hln® ]¶v hnh-cn-°pI.

80 {]mNo\ Xan-gIw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

hn\n-ab hyhÿ

tX≥ s\sømSp Ing¶p amdn-tbm¿

ao≥s\s√mSp Xd-hp-a-dp-Ihpw
(s]mcp-\m-cm-‰p-∏-ssS)

tX\pw s\øpw Ingßpw ssIam‰w sNbv X - h ¿Ahbv ° p

]Icw ao\pw s\√pw a‰pw hmßns°m≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p. tX\qdpw N°-Iƒ
apI-fn¬ sImSpØ ]m´n¬\n∂v Fs¥√mw hnh-c-ß- ]g-¥-angv ]m´p-I-fn¬ ]cm-
fmWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv? a¿in-°p∂ {][m\ Im¿jnI
hn`-hß- f
- n-sem∂v N°-bm-Wv.
km[-\-߃°p]Icw km[-\-߃ ssIam‰w sNø-s∏- Ipdn-©n-\n-e-Øv ImbvI-\n-I-
Sp∂ k{º-Zm-bsØ°pdn®v kwLw ]m´p-I-fn¬ ]d-™n- fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ kar-≤n-bmbn
´p≠v . Cu k{ºZmbw s\mSpج F∂dnbs∏´p. D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv N°-b-t{X.
{]mNo\ Xan-g-IsØ Aßm-Sn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p A√emh- \m´p- h - g n- I - f n¬ e`y- a mb
Whpw (A¥n-®-¥), \mf-ßm-Snbpw (cmhn-e-sØ- N-¥). a[pcw In\n-bp∂ N°-®p-fI - -
hnhn[ XnW-I-fnse ssZ\w-Zn\ Bh-iy-߃°p≈ sf-∏‰n ]g-¥a - ngv ]m´p-If
- n¬
km[-\-߃ ChnsS e`n-®n-cp-∂p. \nc- h [n ]cma¿i- ß ƒ
ImWmw.

D∏-f-ß-fn¬ hnf™ D∏p-]-c-ep-I-ƒ

D®-Øn¬ hne- ]-d™p sIm≠p-t]mIpw I®-h-S-°m¿
h≠n-°m-f-Isf \pI-a-gn®p tabm≥hn´v
I√-Sp-∏p-Iq´n ]mIw sNøp-am-lmcw

AI-\m-\q-dnse Nne ]cma¿ißfmWnh. CXn¬ \n∂v F¥vv

hnh-c-amWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv? A°m-eØv D∏v Hcp {][m\ ssIam‰
hn`-h-am-bn-cp-∂p. Da-W¿ F∂ I®-h-S-kw-L-am-bn-cp∂p Cu hn\n-
abw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
{]mNo\ Xan-g-IsØ {][m-\-s∏´ Ib-‰p-aXn hn`-h-ß-fm-bn-cp∂
kpK-‘-hy-RvP-\-ß-fpsS hn\n-a-bhpw Da-W¿ hgn-bm-Wv \S-∂n-
cp-∂Xv. Da-W¿ s\bvX¬ {]tZiØp\n∂v D∏pw DW-°-ao\pw
tiJ-cn®v a‰p XnW-I-fn¬ hnX-cWw sNbvXp. Ahbv°p]-Icw
Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, kpK-‘-{Z-hy-߃, h-\-hn-`-h-߃ XpS-ßnbh tiJ-
cn-®p. Cu hn\n-abw IqSp-X-embn \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xv th\¬°m-e-Øm-
bn-cp∂p.

{]mNo\ Xan-gIw 81
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

th\¬°mew CXn\v A\p- t bm- P y- a m- h m≥ F¥m- b n- c n°pw

ImcWw?
Im¿jnI hn`-h-ß-fpsS hnf-sh-Sp-∏p-Imew ag Ign™
ka-b-am-Wv.
D∏p-≠m-°p-∂Xpw DW°ao\p-≠m-°p-∂Xpw th\¬°me-
Øm-Wv.
Da-W¿ tiJ-cn-®n-cp∂ kpK-‘-hy-RvP\߃ IS¬Øoc ]´W-
ß-fnse hmWn-Py-tI-{μ-ß-fn¬ hn‰n-cp-∂p. Ahn-sS-\n∂mWv hntZ-
i-cm-Py-ß-fn-te°v Ah Ib‰n Ab-®n-cp-∂Xv. alm-inem kvamc-
Im-h-in-jvS-ß-fn¬\n∂v e`n® \mW-b-ß-sf-Ip-dn®v t\csØ
kqNn-∏n-®t√m. Ah GXv cmPy-Øn-
t‚-Xm-bn-cp-∂p?
tdma-°m¿ {]mNo\ Xan-g-IØp\n∂v
{][m-\-ambpw sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cp-∂Xv
Ipcp-ap-fIpw a‰p kpK-‘-hy-RvP-\-ß-
tdma≥kz¿W-\m-Wb
- ß
- ƒ
fp-am-bn-cp∂p.

]´Ww DXvJ\\w {]mNo-\-X-an-g-IsØ hmWn-Py-Øn¬ DaW¿ hln® ]s¶¥mbn-

FdWmIpfw cp∂p?
Pn√bnse ]dhqcn
\SpØp≈ ]´Ww
aqth-¥∑
- m¿
F∂ ÿeØv
\S°p∂ DXvJ\\ IS¬ hgnbpw Ic-h-gnbpw {]mNo\ Xan-g-IØv I®-h-S-߃ \S∂n-
߃ {]mNo\
cp- ∂ - X mbn \n߃ a\-   n- e m- ° n- b - t √m. CØcw {]h¿Ø- \ -
XangIØn\ v
߃°v hyh-ÿ-bp-≠m-°m\pw Ah \nb-{¥n-°m\pw Nne A[n-
tdmapambpw
]›ntajy≥ Im-c- tI-{μ-߃ Bh-iy-ant√? hmWn-PysØ \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv
cmPyßfpambpw aq∂v {][m\ A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. tNc¿, ]mfiy¿,
D≠mbncp∂ I®hS tNmf¿ F∂n-hcm-bn-cp-∂p Cu A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃ \nb-{¥n-®n-
_‘w kw_‘n®v cp-∂-Xv. Chsc aqth-¥∑m¿ F∂p hnfn-®n-cp-∂p. tNc-∑m-cpsS
\nch[n ]pXnb Xe-ÿm\w apNn-cnbpw ]mfiy-∑m-cp-tSXv a[p-sscbpw tNmf-∑m-
sXfnhpIƒ
cpt-SXv Dssd-bq-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. apNn-cn, sXm≠n, hmssI, amss¥,
\¬Ip∂p. Bwt^md
Imthcn]´-Ww apX-em-bh A°m-esØ {][m\ Xpd-ap-J- ]´W-
`cWnIfpsS
AhinjvS߃ ß-fmbncp∂p.
tdma≥ •mkpIƒ
{]mNo-\- X-an-gI
- sØ I®-hS- t- I-{μ-ßfpw aqth-¥∑
- m-cpsS
F∂nh ChnsS\n∂v
Bÿm-\ß - fpw `q]-SØ
- n¬\n∂v Is≠Øn ]´n-Is - ∏-
[mcmfambn
Sp-Øp-I.
e`n®n´p≠v.

82 {]mNo\ Xan-gIw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

Imth-cn-]-´Ww
apNncn Dssd-bq¿

a[pssc

{]mNo-\X
- a- n-gIw

{]mNo-\- X-an-g-IsØ kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI Pohn-X-

sØ-°p-dn®v alm-in-em-kvam-cI
- ß
- f
- n¬\n∂pw ]g-¥a- ngv
]m´p-If
- n¬\n∂pw e`n-°p∂ hnh-cß - f
- psS ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ skan-\m¿ t]∏¿ Xbm-dm-°p-I.

{]mNo\ Xan-g-I-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-ß-fpsS {][m\

t{kmX v alm- i nemkv a mc- I - ß fpw ]g- ¥ - a ngv ∏ m´p-
IfpamWv.
alm-in-em-kvamc-I-߃ \n¿an-°s∏´ Imew alm-in-em-
Im-e-L´w F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

{]mNo\ Xan-gIw 83
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

]g¥angv∏m´p-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-߃ kwLw IrXn-Iƒ

F∂--dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
{]mNo-\-X-an-g-IsØ kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-XsØ cq]-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂-Xn¬ XnW-Iƒ°v {][m\ ]¶p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
{]mtZinI N¥- I fpw hntZ- i - h mWn- P yhpw {]mNo- \ -
X-an-gIØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.
tNc-∑m¿, tNmf-∑m¿, ]mfiy≥am¿ F∂n-h¿ aqth-¥-∑m¿
F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p.

{]mNo-\-X-an-gIw

alm-in-em- kwLw kmaq-lnI hn\n-a-b- aqth-¥≥am¿

kvam-c-I-߃ IrXn-Iƒ Po-hnXw hy-hÿ

\∂-ßm-Sn-Iƒ
s\mSp-ج
I¬h-f-b-߃
A√-em-hWw tNc≥am¿
I≥tai ]Øp-∏m´v
XnW-Iƒ \mf-ßmSn tNmf≥am¿
ap\n-bd F´p-sØmssI
Da-W¿
sXm∏n-°√v ]Xn-s\¨ Iogv°-W°v ]mfiy≥am¿
hntZ-i-hm-WnPyw
IpS-°√v

Ipdn©n
apss√ apNncn
]msse Dssd-bq¿
acpXw a[pssc
s\bvX¬

{]mNo\ Xan-g-I-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

kwLw IrXn-IfpsS {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

84 {]mNo\ Xan-gIw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-ß-sf-°pdn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
XnW- I - f nse Pohn- X - c o- X nbpw Ah- b psS ]c- k v ] - c -
_‘hpw hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.
{]mNo\ Xan-g-IØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ hn\n-abcoXn-Iƒ hne-
bn-cpØp∂p.
Xan-g-IsØ {][m\ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ tNc-∑m¿, tNmf-
∑m¿, ]mfiy≥am¿ F∂n-h¿ Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hni-Zo-I-
cn-°p-∂p.

{]mNo\ Xan- g - I - Ø nse inem- k vam- c - I - ß - f - p sS

{]tXyIXIƒ Fs¥ms°? hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.
]g-¥-an-gv∏m-´p-I-fn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ kmaq-lnI PohnXw
hni-Z-am-°p-I.
Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse Ccp-ºp-bpKsØ alm-in-em-Im-e-L-´w
F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?
XnW-I-fnse kmaq-lnI PohnXw hni-I-e\w sNøpI.
{]mNo-\-X-an-g-IØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ hmWn-Py-_-‘-ß-fpsS
{]tXy-I-X-I-sf-s¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p? hy‡-am-°p-I.

alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-ß-fpsS Nn{X-߃ tiJ-cn®v B¬_w

Xøm-dm-°p-I.
alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-߃ kμ¿in®v ]T-\-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-
°p-I.

{]mNo\ Xan-gIw 85
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

]q¿W-ambn `mKn-Ia- mbn sa®s∏tS

≠Xp≠v
{]mNo\ Xan-g-IsØ a\pjyPohnXØns‚
{]tXyIXIƒXncn-®-dn-bm≥Ignbpw
alm-inem kwkvImc Ime-L´Øns‚
khntijXIƒ hni-Z-am°m≥ Ignbpw
Ncn{Xt{kmXkv F∂ \ne-bn¬
alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-ß-fpsS {]m[m\yw
hy‡-am°m≥ Ignbpw
]g-¥-angv∏m´p-I-fn¬\n∂v e`n-°p∂
{]mNo-\-X-an-g-I-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈
hnh-c-߃ hniIe\w sNøm≥ Ignbpw
XnW-I-fnse kmaq-ln-I-Po-hnXw
A]{KYn°m≥ Ignbpw
{]mNo\ Xan-g-IØv \ne-\n∂ hn\nab
hyh-ÿ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ignbpw

86 {]mNo\ Xan-gIw
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 `q]S-߃
- hmbn°mw

Hcp t_mw_m-{I-a-W-Øn-ep-≠mb ]nghpw AXns‚ Imc-W-hp-

amWv \n߃ hmbn-®-Xv. `q]-S-ß-fpw AXnse hnh-c-ß-fpsS
IrXyXbpw F{X-tØmfw {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-Xm-sW∂v t_m[y-am-
bnt√?
\mw ]T-\-mhiy-߃°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xcw `q]-S-ß-fmtWm
ssk\nI Bh-iy-߃°pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv?
hnhn[ Bh-iy-߃°mbn hyXy-kvX-Xcw `q]-S-߃ {]Nm-c-
Øn-ep-≠v.
 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xm-Wv NphsS \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv:

................................

................................
cmjv{So-b`- q-]Sw ssk\n-I`- q-]S- w

................................

................................

Ncn-{X-`q-]Sw tPymXn-im-k{v X-`q-]S- w

................................

................................

Zn\m-hÿ
- m-`q-]Sw

`qhn-\n-tbmK`q]Sw
Nn{Xw 6.1

Ch-tbm-tcm-∂n-t‚bpw D]-tbm-K-߃ AXm-Xn\p t\¿°p≈

Nq≠p-]-e-I-I-fn¬ (Nn{Xw 6.1) FgpXnt®¿°q. CXn-\mbn Xmsg
\¬In-bn-´p≈ kqN-\-Iƒ klm-b-I-am-Ipw:
kqN-\-Iƒ
`qhn-\n-tbmKw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v
hm\-\n-co-£-W-Øn\v

88 `q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

Imem-hÿm ]T-\-߃°v
ssk\nI Bh-iy-߃°v
cmPym-Xn¿Øn-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v
Ncn-{X-]-T-\-Øn\v
\n߃°v ]cn-NnX-amb `q]-S-ß-fpsS Hcp enÃv Xøm-dm°n
t\m°q.
temI-cmjv{Sob `q]Sw

NphsS \¬In-bn-´p≈ tIc-fØns‚ `q]S-߃ Xmc-X-ayw sNøq.

Htc hnh-c-ß-fmtWm c≠v `q]-S-ß-fnepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-
∂Xv?

tIcfw tIcfw
aÆn-\-߃ `q{]-IrXn

`q]Sw F `q]Sw _n

`q]Sw F˛bn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ aÆn-\-ßfpw `q]Sw _n˛bn¬

`q{]Ir-Xn-bp-amWv Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tIcfØns‚ `q{]-IrXn
hn`m-K-ßfpw aÆn-\-ßfpw Htc `q]-S-Øn¬Øs∂ Nn{Xo-I-cn-
®m¬ D≠m-Im-hp∂ {]iv\w F¥mWv?
JT 5-/SRF6FL- 09RO

Hcp `q]-S-Øn¬Øs∂ hnhn[ Bh-iy-߃°m-bp≈ hnh-c-߃

Dƒs∏- S p- Ø n- b m¬ B `q]Sw Gsd Bi- b - ° p- g - ∏ - ß ƒ°pw
Ahy‡-X-Iƒ°pw Imc-W-am-Ipw. AXn-\memWv hyXy-kvX-ß-
fmb hnh-c-߃ hnhn[ `q]-S-ß-fn-em-bn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv. CØ-
c- Ø n¬ {]tXyI hnj- b - ß ƒ {]Xn- ] m- Z n- ° p∂ `q]- S - ß sf
Xoam‰nIv `q]-S-߃ (Thematic maps) F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

`q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw 89
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

`q]-Sßsf Xcw-Xn-cn°mw
`qan- b nse {]Ir- X n- Z - Ø hpw a\p- j y- \ n¿Ωn- X - h p- a mb hnhn[
khnti- j - X - I sf ]e- X cw \nco- £ - W - ß ƒ°pw hni- I - e - \ -
߃°pambn tcJ-s∏-SpØn kq£n-°m-dp-≠v. Cßs\ hnh-c-߃
tcJ-s∏-SpØn kq£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ G‰hpw \√ D]m-[n-bmWv
`q]-S-߃.

`q]-Sh
- ¿§o-Ic
- Ww D≈-S°
- Ø
- ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬
D≈-S-°-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ `q]-S-ßsf s]mXpsh c≠mbn
XcwXncn-°mw:
” `uXnI `q]-S-߃ (Physical Maps)
” kmwkvIm-cnI `q]-S-߃ (Cultural Maps)
`q{]-Ir-Xn, Imem-h-ÿ XpS-ßnb {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb khn-ti-j-
XIƒ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ `q]-S-ß-fmWv `uXnI `q]-S-߃. Irjn,
hyh-kmbw, cmjv{Sob AXn¿Øn-Iƒ apX--emb a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-
amb khn- t i- j - X - I ƒ Nn{Xo- I - c n- ° p∂ `q]- S - ß - f mWv
kmwkvImcnI `q]-S-߃.
Xmsg kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≈ `q]-S-ßsf D≈-S-°-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ Xcw-Xn-cn®v ^vtfmNm¿´v ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.
$ cmjv{Sob `q]Sw $ tPymXn-im-kv{X -`q-]Sw
$ Im¿jnI `q]Sw $ ssk\n-I-`q-]Sw
$ aÆv `q]Sw $ Zn\m-h-ÿm -`q-]Sw
$ hymh-km-bnI `q]Sw $ `qhn-\n--tbm-K- `q-]Sw
$ Imem-hÿm `q]Sw $ `q{]-IrXn `q]Sw
$ ss\k¿KnI kky-Pm-e -`q-]-Sw $ Ncn-{X-`q-]Sw
`q-]S- ß
- ƒ

`uXn-I`
- q-]S- ß
- ƒ kmwkvIm-cnI-`q-]S- ß
- ƒ

tPymXn-im-k{v X- ssk\nI
`q-]Sw `q-]Sw

90 `q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

^vtfmNm¿´n¬ \n߃ Fgp-Xn-t®¿Ø hnhn[ `uXn-I-

`q- ] - S - ß - f p- s Sbpw kmwkv I m- c nI `q]- S - ß - f p- s Sbpw
D]tbm-K-߃ Fs¥-√m-sa∂v Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-
SpØq.

`q]-Sh
- ¿§o-Ic
- Ww tXmXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬
`q]-S-߃ Xbm-dm°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ tXmXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-
Ønepw Ahsb Xcw-Xn-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AsX-ß-s\-sb∂v
t\m°q.

`q]-Sß
- ƒ

sNdn-b-tXmXv `q]-S-߃ hen-bt- XmXv `q]-Sß

- ƒ
(Small Scale Maps) (Large Scale Maps)

DZm-l-cWw : A‰vekv `q]Sw (Atlas Map), DZm-l-cWw : IU-kv{S¬ `q]Sw

Npa¿`q-]-S-߃ (Wall Maps) (Cadastral Map),
[cm-Xeob `q]Sw
(Topographical Map)

temIw, h≥I- c - I ƒ, cmPy- ß ƒ, kwÿm- \ - ß ƒ XpS- ß nb

hnkvXrX-amb {]tZ-i-ßsf sNdn-sbmcp IS-em-kn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-
t°≠n h∂m¬ hf-sc-°p-d®v hnh-c-߃ am{Xsa Ah-bn¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. henb `q{]-tZ-i-ßfnse {][m\
hnh-c-߃ am{Xw Dƒs∏-SpØn Xbm-dm-°p∂ `q]-S-ß-fmWv
sNdnb tXmXv `q]-S-߃. F∂m¬ Xmc-X-tay\ sNdnb `q{]-tZ-
i-ß-fmb hnt√tPm hm¿tUm BWv `q]-S-Øn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-
∂-sX-¶n¬ Ht´sd hnh-c-߃ AXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
CØ-c-Øn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ sNdnb {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS hni-Z-amb

`q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw 91
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

hnh-c-߃ Dƒs°m-≈n-®p-sIm≠v Nn{Xo-

IU-kv{S¬ `q]-Sß- ƒ I-cn-°p∂ `q]-S-ß-fmWv henb tXmXv `q]-
(Cadastral Maps ) S-߃. A‰vekv ]cn--tim-[n®v AXnse `q]-
"{]mtZ- i nI `qkz- Ø ns‚ ]pkv X Iw' S-߃ sNdn-b-tXmXv `q]-S-ß-fmtWm hen-
(Register of territorial property) F∂¿∞- tXmXv `q]-S-ß-fmtWm F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bpI.
ap≈ "IU-ÿ' F∂ {^©v ]Z-Øn¬
\n∂p-amWv "IU-kv{S¬' F∂ ]Zw cq]- hnhn- [ - X cw `q]- S - ß -
s∏- ´ n- ´ p- ≈ - X v . ]mS- ß ƒ, sI´n- S - ß ƒ sfbpw Ah- b psS
XpSßnbh Dƒs∏-Sp∂ `qkz-Øp-°f - psS D]tbm- K - ß - s fbpw
AXn-cp-Iƒ, DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw F∂nh ASn-ÿm-\-am°n
tcJs∏- S pØn kq£n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ mWv ¢m n¬ Hcp N¿®- b m- b mtem?
CØcw `q]- S - ß ƒ \n¿an- ° p- ∂ Xv . N¿®-bn¬ Fs¥ms°bmImw?
`q\nIpXn IW°m°p∂-Xn\pw DS-aÿ - m- $ `q]- S - ß ƒsIm- ≠ p≈ D]-
h-Imiw kqNn∏n°p-∂X - n\pw Ch D]-tbm- tbmK-߃
Kn-°p-∂p. {Kma-`q-]-S-߃ (Village Maps) $ hnhn- [ - X cw `q]- S - ß fpsS
CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Bhiy-IX
$ sNdn-bt- XmXv `q]-Sß - fpw hen-
b-tXmXv `q]-S-ßfpw

[cm-Xe- ob `q]-Sß- ƒ `q]-S-hm-b\

(Topographical Maps)
ka-{K-amb `qk¿th-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ Xøm- `q]- S - ß - f nse tXmXv, Zni,
dm-°p-∂h-bmWv [cm-X-eob `q]-S-߃. {]Ir-Xn-- AXnse \nd-߃, Nn”-߃
ZØhpw a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-Xh - p-amb F√m khn-ti-jX - - F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v hy‡-amb
I-sfbpw hfsc hni-Z-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ `q]-S- [mcWbps≠- ¶ n¬ am{Xta
ß-fm-Wn-h. `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS Db-cw, `q{]-Ir-Xn, `q]- S - h m- b \ km[y- a m- I p- I -
\ZnIƒ, h\- ß ƒ, Irjn- b n- S - ß ƒ, ]´- W - ß ƒ, bp≈q.
KXm-K-Xhm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab am¿K-߃, P\-hm-k-tI-
{μ- ß ƒ XpS- ß nbhsb- ° p- d n- ® p≈ kq£v a - a mb
hnh-cß- ƒ Cu `q]-Sß- f
- n¬ Nn{Xo-Ic - n-°p-∂p- .

`q]-Sß - nse tXmXv (Map Scale)

- f
`q]-S-ßsf√mw hy‡-amb tXmXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Xøm-
dm-°p-∂-sX∂pw tXmXns\ {]kvXm-h-\-co-Xn, `n∂-I-co-Xn, tcJm-
coXn F∂n-ßs\ aq∂v coXn-I-fn¬ `q]-S-ß-f-n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Ømdps≠∂pw ap≥¢m- n¬ \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠t√m?

92 `q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

NphsS \¬In-bn-´p≈ `q]Sw Nn{Xw (6.2) ]cn-tim-[n-°q:

aptØm-e]
- pcw 1 sk‚oao-‰-dn\v 5 In.ao.
ap°-Shv 1 : 500000
km km
5 0 5 10

I√p-]mew acn-bm-]pcw

hen-b]
- md
DZ-bK
- ncn

Nn{Xw 6.2

Cu `q]-SØ
- n¬ tXmXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv {i≤n-°q. F¥n\m-
bn-cn°mw Cu aq∂v coXn-Iƒ? \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

- m-coXn (Statement of Scales)

{]kvXm-h\
`q]-S-Øn¬ \¬Inbn-´p≈Xn¬ GXp coXn-bn-ep≈ tXmXmWv
\ap°v A\m-bmkw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-I? Hcp sk‚o--ao-‰-
dn\v 5 Intem-ao-‰¿ F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb tXmXv At√? CØ-c-
Øn¬ tXmXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv {]kvXm-h-\m-co-Xn. `q]-S-
Ønse Hmtcm sk‚o-ao-‰dpw `qan-bnse 5 Intem-ao-‰dmWv F∂v
CXn-eqsS s]s´∂v a\- n-em-Ipw. km[m-c-W-°m¿°p-t]mepw
Ffp∏-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°m-sa-∂-XmWv Cu coXn-bpsS sa®w.

`q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw 93
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

F¶n¬]ns∂ a‰p coXn-I-fn¬ tXmXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns‚

Bhiy-sa¥v? \ap°v t\m°mw.

- o-Xn- (Representative Fraction)

{_n´o-jp-Im¿ Zqcw Af-°m≥
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ bqWn-‰mWv
C©v (inch), ^¿temMv (fur-
long), ssa¬ (mile) F∂nh.
{_n´ojv knÃw (British
system) F∂m-Wn-Xd- n-bs
∂-Xv. kzmX{¥yw In´p-∂-Xp-
hsc C¥y-bnepw Cu bqWn-
‰mWv D]- t bm- K n- ® n- c p- ∂ - X v . Iƒ hyXy- k v X - a mWv . C¥y- b n¬ sk‚o- a o- ‰ ¿, ao‰¿,
A°m- e Øv hnZym- ` ymkw
t\Snb Xe-ap-dbpw Cu bqWn-
‰mWv ]Tn-®X - v. {_n´o-jp-Im¿
Chn- S w- h n- ´ - t XmsS \ΩpsS
cmPyØv sa{Sn-Iv knÃw (met-
ric system)bqWn-‰p-Iƒ {]Nm-
c- Ø n- e mbn CXp- { ]- I mcw
sk‚o-ao-‰¿, ao‰¿, Intem-ao-
‰¿ F∂n-ß-s\-bmbn Zqcw
Af-°p∂ bqWn-‰p-Iƒ.
`n∂-Ic
ho´nse Gsd {]mbwsN∂ Bfp-Iƒ ÿe-߃ XΩn-ep≈
Zqcw ]d-bp-∂Xv \n߃ {i≤n-®n-´p-≠m-Ipw. ^¿temMv, ssa¬
XpSßnb bqWn- ‰ p- I - f mWv Ah¿ D]- t bm- K n- ° p- ∂ - X v .
F∂m¬ \n߃°v ]cn-Nn-X-amb bqWn-‰p-Iƒ GsX-√m-
- ∏-Sp-
amWv?
hnhn[ cmPy-߃ Zqcw Af-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ bqWn-‰p-
Intemao‰¿ XpS-ßnb bqWn-‰p-I-fm-sW-¶n¬ bqtdm-∏y≥
cmPy-ß-fn¬ C©v, ssa¬, ^¿temMv XpS-ßnb bqWn-‰p-I-
fmWv {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. C¥y-bnse bqWn-‰p-Iƒ ASn-ÿm-
\-am°n Xbm-dm-°nb tXmXv a‰v cmPy-°m¿°v hni-I-e\w
sNøm≥ Ign-bptam? Cu _p≤n-ap´v Hgn-hm-°m-\mWv `n∂I-
co-Xn-bn¬ tXmXv Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xv. `q]SØnse Zqchpw
`qan-bnse Zqchpw XΩn-ep≈ B\p-]m-XnI AI-esØ
kqNn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bmWv `n∂-I-co-Xn. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v
1 sk‚o- a o- ‰ ¿ 5 Intem- a o- ‰ - d ns\ ImWn- ° p∂p F∂
{]kvXmh-\m-co-Xn°v ]Icw 1:500000 F∂v `n∂-I-co-Xn-bn¬ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Ømw.
Hmtcm cmPyØpw \ne-hn-ep≈ bqWn-‰p-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
Cu B\p-]m-XnI AI-esØ hmbn-s®-Sp-°mw. \Ωƒ CXns\
1 sk‚o-ao-‰¿ 5 e£w sk‚o-ao-‰-dns\ ImWn-°p∂p F∂v hmbn-
°p-tºmƒ bqtdm-∏p-Im¿ CXns\ 1 C©v 5 e£w C©ns\ ImWn-
°p∂p F∂v hmbn-°p-∂p. Ct∏mƒ `n∂-I-co-Xn-bpsS D]-tbmKw
a\- n-em-bt√m.
tcJm-co-Xn- (Linear Scale)
`q]-S-Øn¬ (Nn{Xw 6.2) Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-´p≈ aptØm-e-]pcw ]´-W-
Øns‚ hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø\w \S-°p∂p F∂n-cn-°-s´. B {]tZi-
Øns‚ Iptd-°qSn hnim-e-amb `q]Sw Bh-iy-am-b-Xn-\m¬ `q]S
Øns‚ ap°Shv Dƒs∏-Sp∂ `mKw hep-Xm°n ]I¿s∏-Sp-Ø-XmWv
NphsS ImWp∂ `q]Sw (Nn{Xw 6.3).

94 `q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

ap°-Shv
1 sk‚oao-‰-dn\v 5 In.ao.
1 : 500000
km km
5 0 5 10

Nn{Xw 6.3

Ct∏mƒ `q]-S-Øns‚ tXmXnepw am‰-ap-≠m-bn-°m-Wnt√? BZy

c≠v coXn-I-fn¬ ({]kvXm-h-\m-co-Xn-bpw `n∂-I-co-Xn-bpw) tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Ønb tXmXv `q]-S-Ønse am‰-Øn-s\mØv amdn-bn-´pt≠m?
F∂m¬ tcJm-co-Xn-bnse tXmXv ]cn-tim-[n-°q. `q]-SØ- n-ep-≠mb
am‰-Øn\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn tcJm-co-Xn-bnse tXmXpw amdn-bn-´p-
≠t√m. `q]- S - ß ƒ hep- X m- ° p- I tbm sNdp- X m- ° p- I tbm
sNøp-tºmƒ AXn¬ tcJm-co-Xn-bn¬ ImWn-®n-´p≈ tXmXpw
B\p-]mXn-I-ambn amdp-∂p. CXp-X-s∂-bmWv Cu coXn-bpsS
khn-tijX.

Zqcw Af°mw
`q]Sw (Nn{Xw 6.2) \nco-£n°q tKm]p-hns‚ {Kmaw Dƒs∏-Sp∂
{]tZ-i-Øns‚ `q]-S-amWn-Xv. Cu `q]-S-Øn¬ {]kvXm-h-m\-co-
Xn, `n∂-I-co-Xn, tcJm-coXn F∂o aq∂v Xc-Øn¬ tXmXv tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv {i≤n-°p-a-t√m.

`q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw 95
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

C\n NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v `q]Sw \nco-£n®v

DØcw Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°q:
C¥ysb Af∂ I√p-]mew F∂ ÿeØv Xma-kn-°p∂
k¿tΔ-b¿am¿ tKm]p- hn\v AΩm-hs‚ hoSv ÿnXn sNøp∂
]gb ImesØ DZ- b - K n- c n- b nseØnt®- c m- \ p≈ Ffp∏hgn
Hmtcm `q]- S - GXmWv?
\n¿Ωm-WØ - n\pw DZ-b-Kn-cn-bn¬\n∂pw tKm]p-hn\v hen-b-
\nc-h[- n-bmb a\p- ]md hgn aptØm-e-]p-csØ am¿°-‰n¬ FØn-
jy-cpsS A[zm--\- t®-cm≥ F{X-Zqcw k©-cn-°Ww?
Øn-s‚bpw
XymK-Øn-s‚bpw F{XZqcw k©- c n- ® m- e mWv aptØm- e -
IY ]d-bm-\p-≠v. ]pcØp\n∂pw ap°- S hphgn I√p- ] m- e sØ
hneyw- emw- S ¨ ho´n¬ tKm]p-hn\v Xncn-s®-Øm≥ Ign-bpI?
hneyw- emw-S¨
F.Un. 1800˛¬ `q]-S-ß-fnse ÿe-߃ XΩn-ep≈ AIew
`q]-S-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\mbn C¥y-bpsS Is≠-Øm≥ {]bmkw t\cn-Sp-∂p-ht√? CsX-
sXt° A‰-Øp-\n-∂m-cw-`n® k¿th
ßs\ km[y-am-Ip-sa∂v \ap°v t\m°mw.
{]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ At±- l - Ø ns‚
]n≥Km-an-bmb tPm¿Pv Fh-dÃv ]q¿Øn- `q]-SØ - n¬ Zqcw Fßs\ Af°mw?
bm-°p-tºmƒ GI-tZiw 50 h¿j-߃
Ign-™n-cp-∂p! 500 Intem-{Km-an-e[ - nIw Af-t°≠ Zqcw t\¿tc-J-bn-em-sW-¶n¬ Hcp
`mc-ap≈ Xntbm-U-sse‰v XpS-ßnb kvsIbn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. hf™ ]mX-bp-
D]-Ic - W- ß - f- p-ambn 1600 ssa¬ Zqc- sStbm \Zn-I-fp-sStbm Zqc-am-sW-¶n¬ Hcp \q¬
Øn¬ AWp- I n- S - s X- ‰ msX IrXy- X -
D]-tbm-Kn®v Af-∂-tijw AXv kvsIbn-en-
tbmsS \S-Ønb B k¿tΔ-bn-eq-sS-
bmWv Fh-dÃv sImSp-ap-Sn-bpsS Dbcw t\mSv tN¿Øp-h®v IrXy-amb Zqcw Is≠-Ømw.
\n¿W-bn-®X - mb kml-Ncy- taev]-d™ c≠v coXn-bnepw Is≠-Øn-bXv
- v. {]Xn-Iq-ea
ß-fn-emWv A∂sØ k¿tΔ kwLw `q]-S-Øn-\p-≈nse Zqc-am-Wv. bYm¿∞ Zqcw
At\Iw h¿jw tPmen sNbvXX - v. Ah- Is≠-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ F¥mWv sNtø-≠Xv?
cn¬ `qcn- ` mKw t]cpw ae- º \n AXn\v `q]- S - Ø n¬ Is≠- Ø nb ZqcsØ
_m[n®pw sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn¬s∏-´p- tXmXnse B\p-]m-XnI Zqc-wsIm≠v KpWn-
sams° ac- W aS™p. Cu `q]- S - °pI-bmWv th≠-Xv.
\ n ¿ Ω m W
ZuXyw temI-
DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v,
Ønse F°m-e- `q]-S-Ønse tXmXv = 1 sk.ao‰dn\v 5 In.ao.
sØbpw henb `q]-S-Øn¬ F apX¬ _n hsc-bp≈ AIew
`q]- S - \ n¿ΩmW 4 sk.ao. BsW-∂n-cn-°-s´.
{]h¿Ø-\-ambn
C∂pw IW-°m- F¶n¬ F apX¬ _n hsc-bp≈
°p-∂p. bYm¿∞ Zqcw = 4 x 5 In.ao. = 20 In.ao.
tPm¿Pv Fh-dÃv

96 `q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

`q]-S-ß-fnse Zqcw Af∂v bYm¿∞ Zqcw IW-°m-°p∂ coXn

a\- n-em-bn-t√. C\n tKm]p-hns‚ bm{X-I-fn¬ Ah≥ ]n∂n´ k¿tΔ Hm^v C¥y
Zqcw Is≠-Øm≥ {]bm-k-an-√t√m? \ΩpsS cmPyØv `q]-S-߃
\n¿Ωn-°p-∂X - n\pw ]cn-tim-[n-
kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-em-_nse C¥y˛cmjv{Sob `q]Sw °p- ∂ - X n\pw {]kn- ≤ o- I - c n-
D]-tbm-Kn®v tIc-f-Øns‚ Xe-ÿm-\Øp \n∂pw °p∂- X n- \ pw Npa- X - e - s ∏´
C¥y-bnse {][m\ \K-cß - f
- mb apwss_, U¬ln, tI{μ- k ¿°m¿ GP≥kn-
sNss∂, sIm¬°Ø F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-te°v tdmUv bmWv k¿tΔ Hm^v C¥y.
am¿K-ap≈ bYm¿Y Zqcw Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°q.

`q]- S - ß - f nse tXmXpt]mseXs∂ {][m- \ - a mWv AXnse

ZniIfpw. ZniIƒ Fßs\ Xncn-®-dn-bm-sa∂v t\m°mw.

`q]-Sß - nse Zni (Direction)

- f
`q]-S-ß-fnse {][m\ LS-I-ß-fn-sem-∂mb Zni-I-sf-
°p-dn®v ap≥¢m- p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw \n߃ a\- n-em-
°n-bn-´p-≠-t√m. NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw
\nco£n-°q: Zni a\- n-em-°m-s\-fp-∏Ø
- n-
\mbn `q]-S-ß-f-n¬ NphsS
\¬In-bn-´p≈ Nn”-ßfpw
tN¿°m-dp-≠v:
$ {io\-K¿

$ Pbv]q¿
$ eIv\u

$ sIm¬°Ø

$ ]\mPn
$ hnim-J-]-´Ww

$ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

Nn{Xw 6.4

C¥y- b nse Nne \K- c - ß sfbmWv `q]- S - Ø n¬ (Nn{Xw 6.4)

kqNn- ∏ n- ® n- ´ p- ≈ - X v . Cu \K- c - ß - f psS ÿm\w Zn°p- I - f psS

`q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw 97
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°q. \nß-fpsS \nco-£-W-

߃ Xmsg \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]´n-I-bn¬ (]´nI 6.1) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

Zni \Kcw

hS°v $
sX°v $
Ing°v $
]Sn-™mdv $
hS°v˛Ing°v $
sX°v˛Ing°v $
hS°v˛]Sn-™mdv $
sX°v˛]Sn-™mdv $
]´nI 6.1
Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Zn°v Is≠-Øp-hm≥ _p≤n-ap-´-\p-`-h-s∏-
Sp-∂p--s≠-¶n¬ NphsS \¬In-bn´p≈Xpt]mse (Nn{Xw 6.5) `q]S-
Øn¬ Znim-kq-N-I-߃ \¬In {]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

$ {io\-K¿

$ Pbv]q¿
$ eIv\u

$ sIm¬°Ø

$ ]\mPn
$ hnim-J-]-´Ww

$ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

Nn{Xw 6.5

`q]-Sß
- f
- nse \nd-ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw
Hcp {]tZ-i-sØ-°p-dn®p≈ hnh-c-W-߃ {i≤n°q.
1500 ao‰¿ \ofhpw 1000 ao‰¿ hoXn-bp-ap≈ {]tZ-i-w

98 `q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw
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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

Cu {]tZ-i-Øns‚ hS-°n\pw hS°v˛]Sn-™m-dn\pw CS-

bn¬ \n∂pw sX°v˛sX°vIng°v `mK-tØ°v Hcp ]pg
Hgp-Ip-∂p-≠v.
]pgbv°v IpdpsI ]Sn-™mdv \n∂pw Ing-t°m´v Hcp
tdmUpw tdmUn\v sXm´v hS°v CtXZni- b n¬ Hcp
sdbn¬∏mXbpw IS∂pt]mIp-∂p.
hS°v˛Ing°v `mKw s\¬∏m-S-߃ \nd-™-Xm-Wv. CXv
hS°v˛Ing°v aqe-bn¬\n∂v ]Sn-™mtdm´v 500 ao‰dpw
sXt°m´v 400 ao‰dpw hym]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. s\¬∏m-S-Øn\pw
]pgbv ° pw CS- b n¬ s\¬∏m- S - ß - t fmSpt®¿∂v hS°v
\n∂pw 200 ao‰¿ sX°pamdn Hcp Aº-ehpw Aº-e-Øn\v
sXm´v sX°mbn Hcp Ipf-hp-ap-≠v.
sX°p]Sn-™mdv `mKw h\-{]-tZ-i-amWv. CXv sX°p]Sn-
™mdv aqe-bn¬\n∂pw 450 ao‰¿ Ing-t°m´pw 400 ao‰¿
hS- t °m´pw hym]n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. {]tZ- i - Ø ns‚ sX°v
\n∂pw hS-t°m´v 150 ao‰¿ amdn h\-{]-tZ-i-tØmSv tN¿∂v
Hcp tIm´ ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.
Ing°n\pw sX°pIng-°n\pw CS-bn¬ ]pg-tbmSv tN¿∂v
]m¿∏n-S-ßfpw tdmUn-t\mSv tN¿∂v t]meokv tÃj≥,
t]mÃv Hm^okv F∂nhbpw ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.
Cu hnh-c-W-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n aq∂v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Xøm-
dm-°nb Nn{X-ß-fmWv NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv (Nn{Xw 6.6).

Nn{Xw F Nn{Xw _n

Nn{Xw kn
Nn{Xw 6.6

`q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw 99
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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

hnh-c-W-ß-fnse khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Nn{Xo-I-cn®t∏mƒ aq∂v t]cpw

hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb \nd-ßfpw AS-bm-f-ß-fp-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-
°p-∂-Xv. CXp-t]mse Htc khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°v Hmtcm cmPy-ßfpw
hyXykvX \nd-ß-fpw Nn”ßfpamWv `q]-S-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂sX¶n¬ `q]S-hmb\ km[y-am-hp-I-bn-√t√m? `q]-S-߃
\n¿Ωn-°p-tºmƒ BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ AwKo-I-cn® \nd-ßfpw
Nn”-ß-fpw D]-tbmKn-°p-∂-Xv C°m-c-W-Øm-emWv.
NphsS \¬In- b n- c n- ° p∂ ]´n- I - (]´n- I 6.2)
hni-Ie\w sNbvXv `q]-S-ß-fnse Nne AwKo-IrX \nd-
ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sq:

\nd-ß-fpw Nn”ßfpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

]® ss\k¿KnI kky-Pm-e-߃
a™ Irjn-bn-S-߃
Nph∏v ]m¿∏n-S-߃, tdmUp-Iƒ
Idp∏v Xoh-≠n-∏mX, A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ,
tcJmw-i-tc-J-Iƒ, sSe-nt^m¨ sse≥
\oe Pem-i-b-߃
Xhn´v ]md-°q-´-߃, aW¬Iq-\-Iƒ, Ip∂p-Iƒ
Smdn-´ -tdmUv
Xoh-≠n-∏mX
Acphn
\Zn
{InkvXy≥ ]≈n
t£{Xw
ap…nw -]≈n
]m¿∏n-S-߃
PO t]mtÃm-^okv
InW¿
PS t]meokv tÃj≥
tIm´
]mew
Ipfw
Ipg¬°n-W¿
ih-∏-dºv
]´nI 6.2

100 `q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw

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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

ap≥]v kqNn-∏n® hnh-c-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n C\n

\n߃ Hcp Nn{Xo-I-cWw \SØn t\m°q. CXn-\mbn
AwKo-IrX \nd-ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-a-t√m.
NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw (Nn{Xw 6.7) {i≤n-°q. hnh-c-W-
ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n `q]-S-ß-fnse AwKo-IrX \nd-ßfpw
Nn”-ßfpw Dƒs∏-SpØn Xbm-dm-°n-bXm-Wn-Xv. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ
Xbm-dm-°nb Nn{X-ß-fp-ambn (Nn{X-߃ F,-_n,-kn) CXns\ Xmc-
Xayw sNøq. Fs¥√mw hyXy-mkß-fmWv \n߃°v ImWm≥
Ign-bp∂Xv?
CXp-t]mse tXmXv, Zni, AwKo-IrX \nd-
ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw F∂nh Dƒs∏-SpØn
\nß-fpsS kvIqƒ tImºu-≠ns‚ Hcp
`q]Sw Xbm- d m- ° mw. tImºu- ≠ ns‚
\ofw, hoXn, AXn- \ p- ≈ n- s e
`uXnI˛kmwkv I m- c nI khn- t i- j - X -
IfpsS ÿm\w F∂nh Is≠-Øp-∂-
Xn\v ao‰¿ tS∏v D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. hS-°p-
t\m- ° n- b {¥w (Magnetic Compass) D]-
tbm- K n®v Zni- I fpw Is≠- Ø p- a t√m?
tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ß-ƒ Dƒs∏-SpØn tXmXv ˛ 1 sk‚o-ao-‰-dn\v 1 In.ao. Nn{Xw 6.7
`q]-Sw Xøm-dm°n ¢m n¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°q.
NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw (Nn{Xw 6.8) hni-I-e\w sNbvXv
\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Is≠-Øq. DØ-c-߃
t{ImUo-I-cn®v `q]-S-hm-b\m dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°q.
`q]-S-Øns‚ tXmXv F¥v?
{]tZ-i-Øns‚ GsX√mw ZniI-fn-
emWv Bcm- [ - \ m- e - b - ß ƒ
(tamkvIv, t£{Xw, {InkvXy≥]-
≈n) ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv?
Bcy- b psS ho´n¬\n∂pw
t£{XØntebv°v F{X Zqc-am-
Wp-≈-Xv?
{InkvXy≥ ]≈n-bn¬\n∂pw ih- Bcy-bpsS
hoSv
∏-d-ºn-te°v FØn-t®-cm≥ F{X
tXmXv ˛ 1 sk‚o-ao-‰-dn\v 1 In.ao. Nn{Xw 6.8
Zqcw k©-cn-°Ww?

`q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw 101

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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

AºeØns‚ GXv Zni-bn-em-Wv Ipfw ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv?

hSt° A‰w apX¬ ]mew-hsc I\m-en\v F{X Zqc-am-Wp-
≈Xv?
h\-{]-tZ-ihpw Irjn-bn-Shpw GsX√mw ZniI-fn-embn
hym]n-®n-cn-°p∂p?
Irjn- b n- S - Ø ns‚ ]Sn- ™ mdv `mK- Ø p- I qsS Hgp- I p∂
Acphn-bpsS \of-sa-{X-bmWv?
CXp-t]mse \n߃°v e`n-°p∂ hnhn[ `q]-S-߃ hmbn®v
hkvXp-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-at√m

hyXykvX Bh-iy-߃°mbn hnhn-[-ß-fmb `q]-S-ß-

fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
D]-tbm-K-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ `q]-S-ßsf `uXnI
`q]-S-ß-sf∂pw kmwkvIm-cnI `q]-S-ß-sf∂pw Xcw-Xn-
cn°mw.
sNdn- b - t XmXv `q]- S - ß ƒ, hen- b - t XmXv `q]- S - ß ƒ
F∂nßs\ tXmXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-¬ `q]-S-ßsf
h¿§oI-cn-°mw.
{]kvXm-h\
- c
- o-Xn, `n∂-Ic
- o-Xn, tcJm-coXn F∂o aq∂v coXn-
I-fn¬ `q]-S-ß-fn¬ tXmXp-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
`q]-S-ß-fnse tXmXv D]-tbm-Kn®v bYm¿∞ ÿe-߃
XΩn-ep≈ AIew Is≠-Øm-\m-Ipw.
Znim-kq-N-I-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v `q]-S-ß-fn¬\n∂pw bYm¿Y
Zni-Iƒ Is≠-Ømw.
`q]-S-ß-fn¬ AwKo-IrX \nd-ßfpw Nn”ßfpamWv D]-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
tXmXv, Zni, AwKo- I rX \nd- ß fpw Nn”- ß fpw
F∂nhsb°p- d n®v a\-   n- e m- ° n- b m¬ `q]- S - h mb\
km[yamIpw.

102 `q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw

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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

`q]-S-߃

`q]-S-hm-b\˛
h¿Ko-I-cWw A\n-hm-cy-
L-S-I-߃

tXmXns‚ D≈-S°
- Ø
- ns‚ AwKo-IrX
tXmXv Zni \nd-ßfpw
ASn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬ ASn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬ Nn”-ßfpw

{]kvXmh\m `n∂-I- tcJm-

coXn coXn coXn

`q]-S-ßsf D≈-S-°-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xcw-Xn-cn®v

hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
tXmXv D]-tbm-Ks
- ∏-SpØn `q]-SZ- q-cØ
- n\v B\p-]m-Xn-Ia
- mb
bYm¿Y Zqcw IW-°m-°p-∂p.
Znim-kq-NI߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn `q]-S-ß-fnse icn-
bmb ZniIƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
AwKo-IrX \nd-ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v `q]-S-߃
Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
`q]- S - ß - f nse Ah- i y- L - S - I - ß - f mb tXmXv , Zni,
AwKoIrX \nd-ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v
`q]-Shmb\ \SØn `p]-S-hm-b-\m-dn-t∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

C‚¿s\-‰n¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb `q]-S-ß-fpsS Nn{X-

߃ tiJ-cn®v Ahsb D]-tbm-K-Øn-s‚bpw tXmXn-
s‚bpw ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ th¿Xn- c n®v ^v t fmNm¿´v
Xbmdm°n ¢m n¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°q.

`q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw 103

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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ `q]-SsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ tNmZy-

߃°v DØcw Is≠-Øp-I.

_m_phns‚
hoSv

kvIqƒ

Zo]phns‚ hoSv

cmPphns‚ hoSv

tXmXv ˛ 1 sk‚o-ao-‰-dn\v 2 In.ao.

$ cmPp-hns‚ ho´n¬\n∂pw GXv Zni-bn¬ k©-cn-®m-

emWv t]mÃv Hm^o-kn¬ FØp-∂-Xv?
$ GsX√mw Zni-IfneqsS k©-cn-®m-emWv Zo]p-hns‚
ho´n¬\n∂pw _m_p-hns‚ ho´n¬ FØn-t®-cp-I?
$ t]mÃv-Hm-^okv apX¬ t]meokv tÃj≥ hsc-bp≈
Zqc-sa{X?
$ kv I qfns‚ GXv Zni- b n- e mWv t]meokv tÃj≥
ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv?

NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ `q]-S-ßsf A\p-tbm-Py-amb

coXn-bn¬ Xcw-Xn-cn®v ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI:
$ Zn\m-h-ÿm-`q-]Sw $ IU-kv{S¬ `q]Sw
$ Ncn-{X-`q-]Sw $ Npa¿`q-]Sw
$ [cm-X-eob `q]Sw $ aÆv `q]Sw
$ Im¿jn-I-`q-]Sw $ A‰vekv `q]Sw

104 `q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw

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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

`uXn-I- kmwkvIm-cnI hen-b-tXmXv sNdn-b-tXmXv

`q-]-S-߃ `q]-S-߃ `q]-S-߃ `q]-S-߃

Hcp `p]-S-Ønse c≠v ÿe-߃ XΩn-ep≈ Zqcw Af∂

t∏mƒ 2.5 sk.ao. e`n-®p. B `q]-S-Øns‚ tXmXv 1 sk‚o-
ao-‰-dn\v 50 In.ao. BsW-¶n¬ bYm¿Y ÿe-߃ XΩn¬
F{X Zqc-am-bn-cn°pw?
NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ AwKo-Ir-X-Nn-”-߃ GsX√mw
`qk-hn-ti-j-X-I-sf-bmWv {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂p-sh∂v
Is≠Øn Fgp-Xp-I:

AwKoIrXNn”-߃ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

`q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw 105

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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

]q¿W-ambn `mKn-Ia- mbn sa®s∏tS

≠Xp≠v
`q]-S-ßsf D≈-S-°-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ h¿Ko-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-w.
tXmXv D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn `q]-S-Ønse
Zqc-Øn\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-amb bYm¿Y
Zqcw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-w.
hen-b-tXmXv `q]-S-ßfpw sNdn-b-tXmXv
`q]-S-ßfpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.
Znim-kq-N-I-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn
`q]S-ß-fnse bYm¿Y ZniIƒ IW-°m-
°m≥ Ign-bpw.
AwKo-IrX \nd-ß-fpw Nn”-ßfpw
D]tbm-K-s∏-SpØn `q]-S-߃ Xbm-dm-
°m≥ Ign-bpw.
tXmXv, Zni, AwKo-IrX \nd-ßfpw Nn”-
ßfpw F∂nh D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn `q]-S-
hm-b\ Imcy-£-a-ambn \n¿h-ln-°m≥
Ign-bpw.
`q]-S-]-T\w, `qhn-h-c-߃ a\-kn-em-°p-∂-
Xn\pw Ah-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Dƒs°m-
≠psIm≠v {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn\v
A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂pw t_m[y-am-bn.

106 `q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw

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 km
kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ
\ΩpsS Bh-iy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v \n߃ Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m? Bh-iy-
߃ Hmtcm∂pw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-tºm-tg°pw ASpØ Bhiyw
IS∂p-h-cpw. a\p-jys‚ Bh-iy-߃ Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈
km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw e`y-am-°p∂ {]{In-b-bmWv D¬∏m-Z-
\-sa∂v ap≥ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠-t√m.

Nn{Xw t\m°q.... GsX√mw -{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-emWv Bfp-Iƒ G¿s∏-

´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv?
Irjn {Sm^nIv t]meo-kns‚ tkh\w
........................ ........................................................
 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

ChnsS Irjn, ^mIvSdn sXmgn¬ F∂nh km[-\-߃ D¬∏m-Zn-

∏n-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw {Sm^nIv t]meokv, tUmIvS¿ F∂n-
h- c p- t SXv tkh- \ - ß - f p- a m- W v . Ch- s b√mw D¬∏m- Z - \ - Ø ns‚
`mKambn IW-°m-°p∂p.
D¬∏m-Z-\-{]-{In-b°v Bh-iy-amb `qan, sXmgn¬, aqe-[-\w,
kwLmS\w F∂o LS-I-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw Ahbv°v e`n-°p∂ {]Xn-
^-e-sØ-∏-‰nbpw \n߃ ap≥¢m- p-I-fn¬ ]Tn-®Xv Hm¿°p-at√m.
Dev ] m- Z - \ - L - S - I - ß ƒ°v Ah- b psS ]¶n\v A\p- k - c n- ® mWv
{]Xn^ew hnX-cWw (Distribution) sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v
hnX-cWw kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂ H∂m-Wv.
\oXn-]q¿Δ-amb hnX-cWw kmº-ØnIhnI-k-\sØ Xzcn-X-
s∏SpØpw.
a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ Bh-iy-߃ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv km[-\-ß-fp-
sSbpw tkh-\ß - f- p-sSbpw D]-t`m-K- (Consumption) Øn-eq-sS-bmWv.
D¬∏m-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-aqew e`n-°p∂ {]Xn-^e-
amWv D]-t`m-K-Øn\pth≠n sNe-h-gn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ D¬∏m-
Z\w, hnX-cWw, D¬∏-∂ß - f- psSbpw tkh-\ß - f- p-sSbpw D]-t`mKw
F∂nh ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p.
hnhn[ kmº-ØnI{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw D¬∏m-Z\w, hnX-c-Ww,
D]t`mKw F∂nhbpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p∂ imkv{X-im-J-bmWv
kmº-Øn-I-imkv{Xw. cmPysØ kmº-ØnI Xocp-am-\߃ cq]-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ kºZvLS\bnse ASn-ÿm\ {]iv\-߃ hni-
I-e\w sNøp-∂Xv klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. Cu ASn-ÿm\ {]iv\-߃
GsX-√m-am-sW∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

kºZvLS\bnse ASn-ÿm\ {]iv\-߃

hcp-Wns‚ kvIqƒ hf-∏nse Htc-°¿ `qan-bn¬ F¥v sNøWw
F∂p≈ N¿®- b m- b n- c p∂p kv I qfn¬. hnhn[ Bh- i - y - ß ƒ
Db¿∂phs∂-¶nepw B ÿ-eØv Irjn sNøpI F∂ Bi-b-
Øn-\mWv IqSp-X¬ kzo-Im-c-yX e`n-®-Xv. hmg-°rjn, s\¬°rjn
F∂o \n¿t±-i-߃ N¿® sNø-s∏-s´-¶nepw ]®-°-dn-°rjn
\SØm-\mWv Ah-km\w Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv.
]®-°-dn-bpsS h¿≤n®phcp∂ hnesbbpw a‰n-S-ß-fn¬\n∂p
hcp∂ hnj-abamb ]®-°-dnsbbpw Ipdn®v Btem-Nn-®-t∏mƒ
B {Kma-Øn-\m-h-i-y-amb ]®-°-dn-bpsS sNdnb Hcp `mK-sa-¶nepw
D¬∏m- Z n- ∏ n- ° m≥ Ah- k cw e`n® kt¥m- j - Ø n- e m- b n- c p- ∂ p
hcpWpw Iq´p-Imcpw.

108 kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ

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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

F{X- ÿ - e Øv ]®- ° - d n- ° rjn

\S-ØWw? GsX√mw ]®-°-dn-
Iƒ Irjn-sNømw? GXv coXn-bn-
ep≈ Irjn-bmWv \S-tØ-≠-Xv?
Fß-s\-bmWv Ah ]cn-]m-en-
t°- ≠ Xv ? B¿s°√mw
{]tbmP\- s ∏Spw? F∂n- h -
bpƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hni-Z-amb
]≤Xn Xbm-dm-°m-\p≈ Npa-Xe
hcp¨ Gs‰-Sp-Øp.

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ N¿®-Iƒ \nß-fpsS ho´nepw/hnZ-ym-

ebØnepw \S-°m-dn-t√?
kmº-Øn-I- im-kv{X-Ønse ASn-ÿm-\ -{]-iv\-߃ Xs∂-bmWv
apI-fn¬ \¬Inb DZm-l-c-W-Øn-eqsS N¿® sNøs∏-´-Xv. kaqlw
GsXmcp kmº-ØnI{]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-tºmgpw kzm-`m-hn-I-
ambn Db-tc≠ aq∂v {][m-\-s∏´ tNmZy-ß-fmWv:
F¥mWv Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xv? F{X Af-hn¬?
Fßs\ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°mw?
B¿°pth≠n? F∂nh
Cu tNmZ-y-߃°p≈ DØ-c-amWv kmº-ØnI{]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚
{]k‡n \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv.

F¥mWv Dev∏m-Zn-∏n-t°-≠Xv? F{X Af-hn¬?

hn`-h-߃ ]cn-an-X-am-bXn\m¬ e`-y-amb hn`-h-߃ D]tbmKn®v
kaql-Øn\v KpW-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ F¥v D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°Ww
F∂Xv G‰hpw {]-[m\-am-Wv. apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® N¿®-bn¬
Ht´sd Bh-i-y-߃ Db¿∂phs∂-¶nepw ap≥K-W-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ G‰hpw Ah-i-y-ambn tXm∂n-bXv ]®-°dn°rjn-bm-bXp-
sIm-≠mWv Ah¿ AØ-c-Øn-semcp Xocp-am-\-Øn-se-Øn-b-Xv.
F¥v D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°Ww F∂v Xocp-am-\n-®m¬ AsX{Xam{Xw Af-
hn¬ thWw F∂Xpw {]k‡-am-Wv. CXp-t]mse ]pXnb hy-h-
kmbnI DXv∏-∂-߃ \n¿an-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®m¬, GsX√mw hy-
h-km-b-ß-fmWv XpS-tß-≠Xv, F{X bqWn-‰p-Iƒ Bcw-`n-°Ww
F∂Xpw Bkq-{XWw sNtø-≠-Xm-Wt√m.

kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ 109

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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

`£-Ww, ]m¿∏n-Sw, hkv{Xw, Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ, kvIqfp-Iƒ F∂nh

D≠m-tI-≠Xv kaq-lØns‚ Bh-iy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv. kaql-
Øns‚ Bh-i-yhpw Dev]∂-Øns‚ Afhpw XΩn¬ Hcp k¥p-
en-Xm-hÿ ]men-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

Fßs\ Dev]m-Zn-∏n°mw?
F¥mWv Dev]m-Zn-∏n-t°-≠Xv, AsX-{X-am{Xw F∂Xv Xocp-am-\n°-
s∏-´m¬ AsX-ßs\ F∂ c≠m-asØ {]k‡-amb tNmZyw
Db¿∂p-h-cpw. CXv Dev]m-Z-\-co-Xnsb kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
kaq-l-Øn¬ e`-y-amb
hn`h-ßsfbpw kmt¶-
Xn-I-hn-Zy-sbbpw
ASnÿm- \ - s ∏- S p- Ø n-
bmWv Fßs\ Dev]m-
Zn-∏n°mw F∂v Xocp-am-
\n-t°-≠-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-
Øn\v \ne-sam-cp-°¬,
hnØphn-X-bv°¬, If-
]- d n- ° ¬, hf- a n- S ¬,
sImbv Ø v , saXn- ° ¬
XpS- ß nb Im¿jnI
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ sXmgn-
em- f n- I sf D]- t bm-
Knt®m B[p- \ nI
Im¿jnI D]-I-c-W-߃ D]-tbm-Knt®m \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
CXn¬ GXp am¿K-amWv kzoI-cn-t°-≠Xv F∂v B {]tZ-i-
Ønse e`y- a mb hn`- h ßsf ASn- ÿ m- \ - s ∏- S p- Ø n- b mWv
Xocp-am\n-°p-∂-Xv.
hn`-h-ß-fpsS e`y-X-bv°-\p-k-cn®v Devv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ coXn-bn¬
hyXy--kvXX D≠m-Im-dp-≠v.

\nß- f psS {]tZ- i Øv tkh- \ - t a- J e- b ntem (Service

Sector) hyh-kmb taJ-eb- ntem (Industrial Sector) \S°p∂
{]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ {]tZ-iØv e`y-amb hn`-hß - sf ASn-ÿm-
\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmtWm F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°q.

110 kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ

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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

B¿°p-th≠n Dev]m-Zn-∏n°mw?
kaq-l-Øns‚ Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn\pth≠n-bm-IWw
D¬]m-Z\w \S-tØ-≠-Xv.
a\p-j-ys‚ Bh-i-y-߃ ]cn-an-X-a-√. Hmtcm Bh-i-yhpw \nd-thdp-
tºm-tg°pw ]pXnb Bh-i-y-߃ IS-∂p-h-cpw. F∂m¬ F√m
Bh-i-y-ßfpw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ hn`-h-߃ \ap-°v D≠m-bn-
s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n-√. -AXn-\m¬ Cu Bh-i-y-ß-fpsS ap≥KW\
\n›-bn-t°≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
kaq-l-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[nt]¿°v KpWw e`n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-emhWw
D¬v]mZ\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw sNtø-≠-Xv.
D¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am\w Fßs\ hnX-cWw sNø-
s∏-Sp∂p F∂-Xpw {][m\-am-Wv.
apX¬ap-S-°ns‚ ]eni, kwLm-S-Is‚ em`w, sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS
thX\w, `qan-bpsS hmS-I (-]m-´w) F∂n-h-bv°mbn hcp-am\w
hnXcWw sNøp-∂p.

D¬]m-Z\
- w, hnX-cW
- w, D]-t`mKw F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[
kmº- Ø nI{]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ Fßs\ ASn- ÿ m\
kmºØnI {]iv\ß - f
- p-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sa∂v
N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.

kmº-ØnIimkv{X-]-T\w tIhew kº-Øn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w

am{X-a-√, a\p-jy-s\-°p-dn®pw kaq-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ ]T\w
IqSn-bm-Wv. hnhn[ Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ kmº-ØnI Nn¥-I-∑m-cpsS
kw`m-h-\-Iƒ Cu imkv{XimJ-bpsS hf¿®bv°v klm-b-I-c-
am-bn-´p-≠v.
B[p-\nI kmº-ØnIimkv{X-Øns‚ ]nXmhv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂
BUw -kvanØv (1723 ˛ 1790) Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Ht´sd {]apJ
]m›mXy kmº-ØnI Nn¥-I-∑m¿ kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Øn\v
hyXykv X Bi- b - ß ƒ kw`m- h \ \¬Inbn- ´ p- ≠ v . Ch- c n¬
{]apJcpsS Bi-b-߃ \ap°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.-

kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ 111

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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

kmº-Øn-Ii
- mkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ
kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-Øn\v hy‡-amb ASn-Ø-d \¬Inb kmº-
Øn- I - i m- k v { X- ⁄ - \ mWv BUw- kv a n- Ø v . "t\®¿ B≥Uv
tImkkv Hm^v Z sh¬Øv Hm^v t\j≥kv' (Nature and Causes
of the Wealth of Nations) F∂ {]ikvX {KŸ-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv
At±lw Xs‚ kmº-Øn-Im-i-b-߃ ]¶p-h-®Xv. kº-Øn-s\-
°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-amWv kmº-Øn-I-imkv{Xw F∂v At±lw
]d™p. kmº-ØnI{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ CS-s]-
S¬ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw hy-‡n-k-zm-X-{¥-y-Øn\v IqSp-X¬
{]m[m-\yw \¬I-W-sa-∂pap≈ Bi-b-amWv BUw- kvanØv
BUw- kvanØv apt∂m´ph®-Xv. CXv setks^-b¿ (Laissez faire theory) kn≤m¥w
(1723˛1790)
F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

hy-‡n-If
- psS kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\ß- f
- n¬ Kh¨sa‚ v
CS-s]-tS-≠-Xpt≠m?
¢m n¬ N¿®sNøq. N¿®-bneq-sS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ Bi-b-
߃ \nß-fpsS t\m´p-]p-kvXI
- Ø
- n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

hyh-kmbhnπ-h-Øns‚ ^e-ambn ]pXnb hy-h-km-b-im-e-Ifpw

sXmgnemfn-I-fp-sS Iq´m-bva-Ifpw D≠mbn. kmt¶XnI hnZ-ybnepw
D¬∏m-Z\ {]{In-b-bnepw am‰-ß-fp-≠mbn. CXmWv Imƒam¿Ivkv
F∂ kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-⁄s‚ Bi-b-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-hm\p-
≠mb kml-Ncyw.
D¬∏m-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS ]¶m-fn-Ø-Øn\mWv
am¿Ivkv {]m[m-\yw \¬InbXv. Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w
sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS A[zm-\-am-Wv. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS A[zm-\-
Øns‚ {]Xn-^-e-amWv Dev]-∂-Øns‚ hne. F∂m¬ CXns‚
Hcp `mKw am{Xw sXmgn-em-fn°p {]Xn-^-e-ambn \¬Ip-Ibpw
_m°n knwl-`m-Khpw apX-emfn em`-am°n am‰p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
CXns\ an®aqeyw (Surplus value) F∂v Imƒ am¿Ivkv hnti-jn-
Imƒ am¿Ivkv
(1818˛1883) ∏n-®p. D≈-h\pw C√m-Ø-h-\pw XΩn-ep≈ hy-X-ym-k-ß-fn-√mØ
kaqlw Bbn-cp∂p At±-lØ - ns‚ kz]v\w. aqe-[\w F∂ IrXn-
bn-eq-sS-bmWv am¿Ivkv Xs‚ Bi-b-߃ {]N-cn-∏n-®-Xv.
Imƒ am¿Ivkn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v kmº-ØnIimkv{X taJ-e-bn¬
\qX\- a mb \nc- h [n kn≤m- ¥ - ß ƒ B¬{^- U v am¿j¬
Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. kºØv BX-y-¥n-I-ambn a\p-j-ys‚ t£a-Øn\p

112 kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ

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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

th≠n-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf√mw a\p-

j- y - t £- a - Ø n\p {]m[m- \ yw \¬Ip- ∂ - X m- b n- c n- ° - W - s a∂pw
At±lØns‚ "kmº-Øn-I-imkv{X XXz-߃' (Principles of
Economics) F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p.
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ temIP\-kw-Jy 160 tImSn-
bm-bn-cp∂p. P\-kwJy A\p-Zn\w h¿[n®ph∂p. B¬{^Uv am¿j¬
$ C{Xbpw P\-߃°m-h-i-y-amb hn`-h-߃ Dev]m-Zn-∏n- (1842˛1924)

°m≥ \ap°p Ign-bp-∂pt≠m?

$ ]cn-an-X-amb hn`-h-߃ Fß-s\-bmWv ^e-{]-Z-ambn
D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv?
CØcw tNmZy-ß-fmWv eb-W¬ tdm_n≥kv F∂ {_n´ojv
kmº-ØnIimkv{X-⁄s\ h¿≤n® Bh-iy-ßfpw ]cn-an-X-amb
hn`hßfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-w F∂ hnjbØn-te°p \bn®Xv.
]cn-an-X-amb hn`-h-߃ ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn°-m≥ \ΩpsS
Bh-iy-߃°v ap≥K-W\ \n›-bn-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂v eb-W¬ eb-W¬ tdm_n≥kv
(1898˛1984)
tdm_n≥kv hy-‡-am°n.
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn-emWv Ata-cn-°≥ kmº ØnI
imkv { X- ⁄ - \ mb t]mƒ F. kmap- h ¬k¨ kmº- Ø nI
imkv{XtaJ-e-bn¬ ]pXnb Bi-b-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv. Hcp
cmP-y-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI `{ZX, anI® kmº-ØnImkq-{X-W-Øn-
s‚bpw icn-bmb hn`-h-hn-\n-tbmK-Øns‚bpw ^e-am-sW∂v
kmap-h¬k¨ ]d-™p.
{]ikvX ]m›m-X-y- Nn-¥-I-∑msc ]cn-N-b-s∏-´-t√m. C\n Cu
]´nI ]qcn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p: t]mƒ F. kmap-h¬k¨
(1915˛2009)

Nn¥-I-∑m¿ ASn-ÿm-\ -B-ibw

BUw- kvanØv kº-Øn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w
sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v {]m[m-\yw
B¬{^Uv am¿j¬
AXn-cn-√mØ Bh-i-y-ßfpw
]cn-an-X-amb hn`-h-ßfpw
t]mƒ F.kmap-h¬k¨

kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ 113

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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Øns‚ Bibß-fn¬ Hmtcm Ime-L-´-Ønepw

h∂-am‰w ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

kmº-ØnIimkv{X-cw-KØv C¥y Ht´sd kw`m-h-\Iƒ \¬IpI-

bp-≠m-bn.
C¥-y-bpsS kmº-ØnI imkv{XBib߃°v auc-y-km-{amPy-
tØmfw ]g-°-ap-≠v. N{μ-Kp]vX auc-ys‚ apJy D]-tZ-jvSm-hm-
bn-cp∂ NmW-I-ys‚ A¿∞-im-kv{X-w F∂ {KŸw C¥-y-bpsS
kmº-ØnIimkv{X kn≤m-¥-ßfn¬ {][m-\-amWv. ^e-{]-Z-amb
kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS A`mhw Hcp cmPysØ \mi-
NmW-Iy≥ Øn-te°v \bn-°p-∂p. cmPy-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-K-Xn°v
(_n.kn. 370 ˛ 283) icn-bmb \b-ß-fpsS {]m[m\yw NmWI-y≥ FSpØp ]d-™p.
CØcw \b-ßf - n-eqsS k¿°m-cn\v hcp-am-\\
- jvSw XS-bm≥ Ignbp-
∂-Xm-Wv. aK-[sb∂ cmPysØ Hcp kmº-ØnI i‡n-bm°n
am‰nb-Xn¬ NmW-Iys‚ ]¶v hfsc hep-Xm-bncp-∂p.
{_n´ojv C¥-y-bnse Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ kmºØnI imkv{X hnZKv[-
\m-bn-cp∂p ZmZm-`mbv \h-tdm-Pn. C¥-y-bpsS kºØv tNm¿Øn-
sbSp-°p∂XmWv {_n´ojv `c-W-sa∂pw, CXv C¥-ysb Zmcn-{Z-y-
Øn- t e°pw kmº- Ø nI XI¿®- b n- t e°pw \bn®psh∂pw
At±lw Nq≠n-°m-´n. CXv "tNm¿®m kn≤m-¥w' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂p. kº-Øns‚ tNm¿®°p≈ {][m\ Imc-W-߃ Ch-bm-bn-
cp-∂p:
$ C¥y-bn¬ tPmen sNbvXn-cp∂ {_n´ojv DtZym-K-ÿ¿°v
ZmZm-`mbv \h-tdmPn
(1825˛1917)
Db¿∂ iºfw \¬I¬.
$ C¥ybnse Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp-°ƒ Xp—-amb hne
\¬In tiJ-cn®v AXp-sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb D¬∏-∂-߃
IqSnb hnebv°v C¥y≥ Itºm-f-Øn¬ Xs∂ hn‰-gn-°¬.
$ {_n´s‚ km{am- P yXzhnI- k - \ - Ø n- \ p- t h≠n C¥y≥
kºØv sIm≈-b-Sn-°¬.
$ C¥y≥ sXmgn-em-fn-Isf ASn-a-I-sf-t∏mse ]Wn-sb-Sp-
∏n- ° p- I bpw Im¿jn- I , hymh- k m- b nI D¬∏- ∂ - ß ƒ
{_n´\n-te°v Ib-‰n-b-bv-°pIbpw sNø¬.
{_o´ojv Nqj- W sØ kw_- ‘ n®v ctaiv N{μ- Z - Ø v F∂
kmºØn-I-im-kv{X-Im-cs‚ ]T-\hpw kmº-ØnI imkv{X
Nn¥- I ƒ°v - I cp- t Ø- I n. {_n´ojv Nqj- W hpw ]Sn- ™ m- d ≥

114 kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ

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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

\mK-cn-I-Xbpw Fßs\ C¥-ysb XI¿Øp-sh∂v kmº-Øn-I-

im-kv{X-]-T-\-ß-fn-eqsS ZØv hy-‡-am-°p∂p.

Km‘nPnbpw kmº-ØnIimkv{Xhpw

C¥y-°m-hiyw aqe-[\w GXm\pw t]cn¬ tI{μo-I-cn-°-

e-√, 1900 ssa¬ \ofhpw 1500 ssa¬ hoXn-bp-ap≈ Cu
`qJ-fi-Ønse Gg-c-e£w {Kma-߃°v Ffp-∏-Øn¬
e`n-°m-\m-hp∂ hn[-Øn¬ hnX-cWw sNø-em-Wv.
˛ alm-fl-m Km‘n

Km‘n-Pn-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ {i≤n-®t√m

CXn-t\m-Sp≈ \nß-fpsS {]Xn-I-c-W-sa-¥mWv?
t\m´v-_p-°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.
ZmZm- ` mbv \h- t dm- P n- b v°ptijw
C¥ybpsS kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-Øn\v {SÃo-jn∏v (Trusteeship)
alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS {SÃo-jn∏v F∂ Bi-b-
X\- X mb kw`m- h - \ - I ƒ \¬In- b Xv
Øns‚ {][m\ D≈-S°w Xmsg ]d-bp∂ {]Im-c-
\ΩpsS cmjv{S-]n-Xm-hmb alm-flm- amWv.
Km‘n- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Km‘n- P n- b psS $ apX-emfn X\n-°p-am-{X-am-bp≈ DS-a-ÿm-h-
BZy ]pkvX-I-amb lnμv kz-cm-Pn¬ Imiw ]cn-Xy-Pn-°p-Ibpw kºØv ssIhiw
(1909) Xs∂- b mWv At±- l - Ø ns‚ h®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv P\-ßf - psS Hcp {SÃn
kmº-ØnI imkv{Xm-i-b-ß-fpsS XpS- F∂ \ne- b n- e m- s W∂v {]Jym- ] n- ° p- I bpw
°-hpw. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Bi-b-߃ sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv.
$ Hcp {SÃn°v s]mXp- P - \ - ß - f - √ msX thsd
{Kmao-W-k-ºZvhy-h-ÿbv°pw
A\¥-cm-hI - m-in-Ifn√.
[m¿ΩnI aqe-y-߃°pw {]m[m-\yw $ Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ kz`mhw \n›-bn-°p-∂Xv
\¬Ip- ∂ - h - b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. alm- fl m- hy‡n-If - psS lnXtam AXym{Kltam A\pk-
Km-‘n-bpsS "{SÃo-jn∏v' F∂ al- cn-®√, kaq-l-Øns‚ Bh-iy-߃ A\p-k-
Ømb Bibw kº-Zvim-kv{X-cw-KØv cn®m-Wv.
]pXnb Nn¥- I ƒ°v hgn- s X- f n- ® p. $ am\y- a mbn Pohn- ° m≥ DX- I p∂ Ipd™
kXy-Ønepw Alnw-k-bnepw A[n- thX\w \n›-bn-°p-hm≥ \n¿tZ-in-®n-´p-≈-Xp-
t]mse kaq- l - Ø nse GsX- ¶ n- e p- s amcp
jvTn-X-amb Hcp kºZv hyh-ÿ-bmWv
hy‡n°v A\p-h-Zn-°m-hp∂ G‰hpw IqSnb
{SÃo- j n∏v F∂- X n- e qsS Km‘nPn thX-\Ø - n\pw ]cn[n I¬∏n-t°-≠X - p-≠v.
e£y-an-´-Xv.

kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ 115

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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

At±- l - Ø ns‚ kmº- Ø nI imkv { X- N n- ¥ - I sf Cßs\

t{ImUoI-cn-°mw.
$ Im¿jn-I- {KmaoW hyh-ÿbv°v {]m[m-\yw.
$ IpSn¬˛sNdp-InS hy-h-kmb߃°v ]cn-K-W\.
$ ka-X-z-Øn¬ ASn-bp-d® kºZvhy-h-ÿ-bpsS cq]o-IcWw
$ kzbw]c-ym-]vXhpw kzm-{i-b-hp-amb {]mtZinI kºZv hy-
h-ÿ.
Km‘n-Pn-bpsS kmº-ØnImi-b-ßfm¬ kzm-[o\n-°s∏´ {]apJ
kmº-ØnI imkv-{X-⁄-≥amcmWv sP. kn. Ipa-c∏, {ioa≥
\mcm-b¨, [cw-]m¬ XpS-ßn-bh¿. Im¿jnI taJ-ebv°pw
sNdpInS hy-h-km-b-߃°pw ap≥K-W- -\¬Ip∂ hnI-k-\-amWv
kz-X{¥ C¥y kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-sX∂ Bi-b-amWvv Ch¿ apt∂m´p
h®-Xv.

B[p\nI temIØv Km‘n-Pn-bpsS kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-Nn-¥-Iƒ°v

F{X-tØmfw {]k-‡n-bp≠v ?

1998˛¬ t\m_¬ kΩm\w e`n® C¥y≥ kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-

⁄-\mWv Aa¿Xym-sk≥. a\p-jy-t£-aw, kmº-ØnI Ak-
aXzw, hnIk\w F∂o hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v At±lw cNn-® {KŸ-
߃ temI-km-º-Øn-I-imkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ°v apX¬°q-´m-bn.
Zmcn{ZytcJ \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xnse A]m-IX Aa¿Xymsk≥
Nq≠n-°m-´n. Zmcn-{Zyw, Ak-aX
- zw, £maw XpS-ßn-bh
- b
- v°mWv Xs‚
]T\ßfn¬ At±lw {]m[m\yw \¬In-b-Xv.
Aa¿Xym-sk≥
(1933˛) kmº-Øn-Ii - m-k{v X-Øns‚ hf¿®-bnse hnhn-[- L-´ß
- fn¬ {][m\
kw`m- h - \ - I ƒ \¬Inb {]ap- J C¥y≥ kmºØnI
Nn¥Isc°pdn®mWv \Ωƒ a\kn-em-°n-bX - .v CØcw kmaq-ly-Nn-
¥-Iƒ cmPysØ kmº-ØnI \b-cq-]o-Ic - W
- sØ kzm[o-\n-°p-
∂p-≠v.
C¥y-bpsS kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-cw-KØv hy‡n-ap{Z
]Xn∏n® {]ikvX hy‡n-Isf ]cn-Nb - s
- ∏-´t- √m. Ch-
sc-t∏mse kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-Øn\v kw`m-h-\-Iƒ
\¬Inb a‰p hy‡n-Isf Is≠Øn ]Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.
C‚¿s\‰v klmbw D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Øp-at- √m.

116 kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ

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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Ub{Kw ]q¿Øn-bm-°q:

^e-{]-Z-amb kmº-Øn-I- t£akm-º-Øn-I-

{]-h¿Ø-\hpw hcp-am-\\
- jvSw
X-Sb
- epw imkv{Xw

NmW-Iy≥ .........................

C¥y≥ kmº-Øn-I-
imkv{X Nn¥-I¿

ZmZm-`mbv \h-tdmPn .........................

.................................... {SÃo-jn∏v

kmº-Øn-I-imkv{Xw \nc-¥cw hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp

]T\-ta-J-e-bmWv. temI-km-º-ØnI kml-N-cy-ßsf ]T-\-hn-
t[-b-am-°m\pw kmaq-lnI˛kmº-ØnI {]iv\-߃°v ]cn-lmcw
Is≠-Øm\pw kmº-Øn-I-imkv{X ]T\w D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-amWv.

kmºZvLS\bnse ASn-ÿm-\- {]iv\ßfmWv F¥v,

Fßs\, B¿°p-th≠n Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°Ww F∂Xv.
kmº-Øn-I-imkv{Xw kº-Øns‚ Dev]m-Z\w, hnX-cWw,
D]-t`mKw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w am{-X-a√, AXv
a\p-j-y-hn`-h-ti-jnsb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w IqSn-bm-Wv. AXp-
sIm≠pXs∂ AXns‚ ]T\w hf-sc-tbsd {]m[m-\-y-
a¿ln-°p-∂p.

kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ 117

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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

hnhn[ Ime-ß-fn¬ hy-X-ykvX coXn-bn-emWv kmº-ØnI

imkv{XsØ \n¿h-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
C¥-y-bpw kmº-ØnI imkv{XcwKØv Ht´sd kw`m-h-\-
Iƒ \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn.

kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ

Dev]m-Z-\w hnhn[
hnX-cWw kmº- Ø nI
D]-t`mKw Nn¥I¿

ASn-ÿm-\- ]m›mXy C¥y≥

{]-i\
v ß
- ƒ kmº-Øn-I- kmº-Øn-I
Nn-¥I
- ¿ N
- n-¥I
- ¿

B¿°p- BUw-kav nØv NmW-Iy≥

F¥v? Fßs\? Imƒ am¿Ivkv ZmZm-`mbv \h-tdmPn
th≠n
B¬{^Uv am¿j¬ ctaiv N{μ-ZØv
eb-W¬ tdm_n≥kv Km‘nPn
kmap-h¬k¨ Aa¿Xy-sk≥

ASn-ÿm-\-km-º-ØnI {]iv\-߃ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Øns‚ hym]vXnbpw {]m[m-\yhpw
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

118 kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ

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 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

kmºØn-I-imkv{Xw˛]m›mXy Nn¥-I-scbpw Ah-cpsS

kao-]-\-ß-sfbpw hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.
kmº-Øn-Ii- m-kv{X-Øns‚ \n¿Δ-N\
- ß
- f
- n¬ Hmtcm ImeL-
´-Ønepw h∂ am‰w A]-{K-Yn-°p-∂p.
Km‘n- b ≥ kmº- Ø nI Bi- b - ß - f psS B\p- I m- e nI
{]k‡nsb°p-dn®v \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p.

D¬∏m- Z - \ - Ø ns‚ `mK- a mbnhcp∂ GsX- ¶ nepw A©v

{]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bv°m-h-iy-amb {][m-\-s∏´ \mev LS-
I߃ Gh?
ssetk-s^-b¿ kn≤m¥w˛F∂ Bibw B[p-\nI-Im-
eØv F{X-am{Xw {]kIvX-amWv? hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-Øns‚ \n¿Δ-N-\-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ Ime-
ß- f n¬h∂ am‰w B Ime- L - ´ - Ø nse kmaqly
kmºØnIm- h - ÿ - s bbmWv {]Xn- ^ - e n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X v . Cu
{]kvXm-h-\ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
kzbw]cym- ] vX- a mb C¥y≥ {Kma- ß - f mWv Fs‚
kz]v\w˛ka-Im-enI C¥y-bn¬ Km‘nb≥ kmº-Øn-Im-
i-b-ß-fpsS {]k‡n hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Ønse ASn-ÿm\ {]iv\-߃ N¿®
sNøp-I.
kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-]-T-\-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p-I.

]m›m-Xy-km-º-Øn-I-Nn-¥-Iscbpw `mc-Xob kmº-ØnI

Nn¥-I-scbpw Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp B¬_w Xbm-dm-°p-I.

kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ 119

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 kmaqlyimkv{Xw

]q¿Æ-ambn `mKn-Ia- mbn sa®s∏tS

≠Xp≠v
ASn-ÿm\ kmº-ØnI {]iv\-߃
hniZo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw.
kmºØn-I-imkv{Xw˛]m›mXy Nn¥-I-
scbpw Ah-cpsS kao-]-\-ß-sfbpw
Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ignbpw.
kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-Øns‚ \n¿Δ-N-\-ß-
fn¬ Hmtcm Ime-L-´-Ønepw h∂ am‰w
hy‡-am-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-cw-KsØ C¥y-bpsS
kw`m-h-\-Ifpw Nn¥-Ifpw Is≠Øn
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ignbpw.
Km‘n-b≥ kmº-ØnI Bi-b-ß-fpsS
B\p-Im-enI {]k‡n hni-I-e\w
sNøm≥ Ign-bpw.
ASn-ÿm-\-km-º-ØnI {]iv\-߃
hy‡-am°m≥ Ign-bpw.
kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Øns‚ hym]vXnbpw
{]m[m-\yhpw A]-{K-Yn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

120 kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ

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