ipree — Progression and Series INTRODUCTION SEQUENCE In mathematics, a sequence is an ordered list of objects (which can be numbers, leters, names ete.) Like a set, it contains members (also called elements or terms), and the position of each member is fixed, Unlike a set, in a sequence, order of elements matters ‘and the same element can appear multiple times at different positions. A sequence can have any number of terms which can be finite or infinite, Total number of terms (possibly infinite) is called the length of the sequence. Based on the number of terms, there are two types of sequences: Finite sequence: A sequence is said to be finite if it has finite number of terms. For example, (a, s,p, n) and (0, 4, 3, 0, 1) are finite sequences. Infinite sequence: A sequence is said to be infinite if it has infinite number of terms. For example, sequence of all even natural numbers ie., (2, 4, 6, 8, -. Terms in few sequences, follow a certain pattern which can be expressed mathematically as an algebraic expression. This expression can be used as a formula to obtain the nth term (or any term) of the sequence without looking at the sequence. For example, the terms in sequence of all even natural numbers Le., (2,4, 6, 8, ..) re ofthe form 2n, where n represents xm in the sequence. So, we can say 100. the number or position of ate that the 50th term (n = 50) in this sequence will be 2 * 50 SERIES By adding or subtracting the terms of @ sequen expression which is called a series. . 4 i a sequence, then the expression a + a + et an Tay, ay, as, 03+... + ay i a series. For example, 14243444..4 B+ 16+ PROGRESSION It is not necessary that the terms of a sequence always follow a certain pattem or they are described by some explicit formula for the mth term. Those sequences whose terms follow certain patterns are called progressions. For example, sequence of all even natural numbers ie., (2, 4 6, 8, ..) isa progression. es ILLUSTRATION 5.7 Write dawn the sequence whose nth term is (I) 2"/n and dy) B+ C3" Sol (i) Let s,=2%n and put n= wwe get = 2,h=2)5=83,45=4 So, the sequence is 2 (il) Lets, = 3 + CIY'YS" and put n = 1, 2,3.4, So, the sequence is 2/3, 4/9, 2/27, 4/81, ILLUSTRATION 5.2 FFind the sequence of the numbers defined by when nis odd + when sis even SAM) Using a, = +, we have ILLUSTRATION 5.3 ‘Write the first three terms of the sequence defined by a, _ 20, +3 be ie So) Put n=1ina,5.2 Algebra Put n=2, then we have a. = a 2 (ay _ 26 So, first three terms are 2, ILLUSTRATION 5.4 The Fibonacci sequence is defined by 1= 72 forn +a,_,n>2. Find [Samy 1 =4,=2, y= Gy * yy > 2 Forn= ILLUSTRATION 5.5 ‘A sequence of integers a, +a, +--+ a, satisfies a, <9 dy.) =a, for n > 1. Suppose the sum of first 999 terms is 1003 and. the sum of the first 1003 terms is ~ 999. Find the sum of the first 2002 terms, (SOLD For every integer, n> 1. We have = 4,01 + p43 My12=0 ‘Thus, the sum of every six consecutive terms is 0 Let 5, denotes the sum of first terms (every °6° consecutive terms has sum zero.) So99 = Sex 166+3= 5s Stoos = Sox 167+1 = 51 Soon = Soxaas+4 = 54 Sagan = Sp= a1 + a + a+ a4 = S;-a (2 ay= =a since 4,5 = 1003 - 999) 202 | 1. Write the first five terms of the following sequence and obtain the corresponding series 1a, = 4, = 2, 4,=4,_)—1,n>2 2, Ifaye1= for 1 and a; =a, then find the value 1-4, of (aoa) 3. Let {a,} (2 1) bea sequence such that a, = 1, and 34,4, | 3a, ~1 for all n> 1. Then find the value of aapq2- ANSWERS (2 2,2,10,-1 ei 3. 668 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION DIFFERENCE SERIES: Arithmetic progression (A.P.) is a sequence whose terms increase or decrease by a fixed number. This fixed number is called the common difference. Ifa is the first term and d is the common difference, then A.P, ccan be written as 4,a+d,a+2d,....a+(n-1)d, nth term: a, =a+(n—1) d= (last term), where d= ay — ay. nth term from end: af, = 1—(n~ 1d. The mth term of A.P. is linear in n, IktustRatioN 5.6 Show that the sequence 9, 12, 15, 18, 16" term and the general term. FSAI. Since (12 — 9) = (15 ~ 12) = (18 ~ 15) = 3, the given sequence is an A.P, with common difference 3, The frst term is 9; therefore, the 16" term is ayg= a+ (16-1) [ is an AP. Find its a+(n- ‘The general term (nth term) is given by a,-at(n— ld = 94 (1-1) x3= 3046 ILLUSTRATION 5.7 Show thatthe sequence log a, 1og (2b)-1og (ab), loa(ab"), isan A.P. Find its nth term SOL We have, log(ab) log a= log log(ab?) — log(ab) = (ab?) — log(ab"Progression and Series 5.3 It follows from the above results thatthe difference of a term and the preceding term is always same. So, the given sequence is an ‘AP. with common difference log b. Now, ya Dog b a, = a(n = log a*(n = log a + log b”! = log(ab™) ILLUSTRATION 5.5 Ina certain A.P., 5 times the Sth term is equal to § times the 8th term. Then prove that its 13th term is 0 Sell) 575-87, or Slat 4d or 3a+36d (a+ Td) or at12d=0 = M70 ILLUSTRATION 5.9 Find the term of the series ‘numerically the smallest. which is 1 7 TEIN The given series isan AP, with a= 25, d=-944 9) 9 +¢n-Dd=(2542)-2n Eee taaa 1099 o 918 -8n a4 $0, 73 will be the first negative term and hence Tj, will be the 1 smallest positive terms. T},=—2, 7)2 is numerically smallest 4 ILLUSTRATION 5.10 pth, gt, and rth terms of an A.P. are a,b,c, respectively, then show that @ aq—n+ r-p) +R -4 i) (a—byr + (b—clp + (e—a)q 0 SALI) Let A be the first term and D be the common difference of the given AP. Then, a=pth term =.= 4+ (p-)D o b= qth term = b= A+(q— ND @ c=nhterm=.0=A+(r—I)D @ @ ag—")* r-p) + epg) = [A+ @- DD} G7) + {4+ 1D} (-P)+ A+ DD} PD {Using (1), @), and (3)} =A(@—) + @-p)+@-9} +D(@-D@-) +-DO-P)+0-DO-9} =Ax0+D toq- + 4r-P)* 9-9-7) -p)-@-9} =4%0+D%0=0 il) On subtracting (2) from (1), (3) from (2), and (1) from (3), a-b=(p-gD @ b-e=q-")D © c-a=(r-p)D © Now, (aby + (b-opt(e-ag =(p—g)Dr + (q— Dp rE =Diip—ayr + (q- Mp +P =D-0=0 ILLUSTRATION 5.11 Consider wo AP.’ ‘Sy: 2,7, 12, 17, «500 terms and —$): 1,8, 15, 22, ... 300 terms Find the number of common terms. Also find the last common term. SAD 5, :2,7, 12, 17... 500 terms % (500 - 1)5 = 2497 5 11,8, 15, 22, ... 300 terms = Tagg = 1 +800 ~1)7 = 2094 Common differences of S, and are 5 and respectively Hence, common difference of common term series is 35 (LCM of Sand 7) So, A.P. of common terms is 22, $7, 92. Let last term be 2094 => 22 + (n—1)35 = 2094 = n= 60.2, But m is natural number => 1 = 60 Then actual last common term = 22 + (60 ~ 1)35 ~ 2087 ILLUSTRATION 5.12 Pare a ; ease wat © Ya + en SAID Given, a,, a, g,are in AP, ¥ a,>0 y—1 ~ 4 4 (2 constant) (On rationalizing denominators) lag fis vai a = =dIt follows from the above results that the difference ofa term and the preceding term is always same. So, the given sequence is an "AP. with common difference log b, Now, +n) = loga+ (n= I) log b + log 5"! = log(ab™) ILLUSTRATION 5.5 In acertain A.P., 5 times the Sth term is equal to 8 times the ‘th term. Then prove that its 13th term is 0 Soll) 575-875 or S(a+4d)=8(a+ 7d) or 3a+36d=0 or at 12d=0 ILLUSTRATION 5.9 which is Find the term of the series 25, 22 ZI 2 numerically the smallest SAIN) The given series is an A.P, with a= 25, d=-9/4. 9 reatiebd Eos wnat )-3 99 at oe Now 7, wi be negutve it 22-2 1 | 4 4 So, T;3 will be the first negative term and hence T,, will be the nate psvets T=-2.7.~ ames ielusTRATION 5.10 | If pth, qth, and rth terms of an A.P. are a, b,c, respectively, | thenshow ia @ alg—r)+ Bir-p) + p-g)=0 | (il) (aby + (b— cpp + (C—a)g=0 | SGD Leb he is term an De the common dienes | often th | a=pthterm 3 a= 4+(p-1)D @ bath term > 6=4+(g-1)D @ c=rthtem = ¢=4+(r—1)D ° © atg—")+ rp) + ep-@)= 4+ (- DP} Q-7) = {A+ (- 1D) (-p)+ AF DD} O-@ [Using (),@, and A(@—-N + -P) + 0-9) +DI-DG-Y +@-DO-P)+O-DO-9 Ax0+D {pq-r)+ arp) + HP- a —9) =(-p)-@-9} =4x0+D%0=0 Progression ond Soies_5.3 (i) On subtracting (2) from (1), (3) from (2), and (1) from (3), we get a-b=(p-gD “ b-e=(q-nD ©) c-a=(r-p)D 6) Now (a—byr+ (bcp + (e-aq . (@-g)Dr+(q—nDp+(r~PID4 =Dilp- ar + (a—rp + r- PM) D-0=0 ILLUSTRATION 5.11 Consider two APs: $y: 2.7, 12, VTe + $00 terms and Sz: 1,8, 15,22, ... 300 terms Find the number of common terms. Also find the last common | term. SOU 5, 2,7, 12, 17,... 500 terms = Tyyp=2 + (500~1)5=2497 ( Sy :1,8, 15,22, ... 300 terms Tyg = 1+ (300-197 = 2094 Common differences of S, and S, are 5 und 7, respectively Hence, common difference of common term serie LCM of S and 7) So, A.P. of common terms is 22, 57, 92, Let last term be 2094 => 22 + (n~ 1)35 = 2094 = n = 60.2 But mis natural number => » = 60 22+ (60-1935 ‘Then actual last common term ILLUSTRATION 5.12 fay, dy, «dy are in arithmetic progression, where 4,> 0 for alli, then show that L Jay + ian ¥ Yan + Vas ag, arein AP, W a,>0 = -d (a constant) SAUD Given, a, a, Now,5.6 Algebra ARITHMETIC MEAN Let a, 4 and 6 be three consecutive terms of an A.P.. Then A-a=b-A or 2d=atb a+b ode 2 Here, A is called the arithmetic mean of a and b. Insertion of n Arithmetic Means Between A and B Iebetween two given quantities a and b, n quantities A,, A>, A, are inserted such that a, 4), 4,... dy 6 forman A.P., then 4, 4, -... 4, ate m arithmetic means between a and b. Conversely, if Ay, dp, ..., 4, be m arithmetic means between two quantities a and b, then, Aj, Ap, uy Ay B i8 an A.P, For example, 15,11, 7, 5 isan AP., and therefore, 11 7, 3,—1 are four arithmetic means between 15 and -5. Let d be the common difference of the A.P., a, A, . Clearly, it contains (n+ 2) terms. b= (+ 2)th term 2 b=at(n+ld 4, Therefore, 4) = a+ net’ 4y=at2d= a+ 20-9) n¥l (b=al {,-atnd=a+n 0-9 nat These are the required arithmetic means between a and b. ILLUSTRATION 5.217 Ifeleven A.M.'s are inserted between 28 and 10, then find the ‘number of integral A.M.'s, SON Assume Ay, Ay Ay, be the eleven A.M.’ between 28 and 10, s0 28, A, A, -.-5 Ay 10 are in AP. Let d be the common difference of the A.P. The number of terms is 13. Now, 10= T= 7, + 12d=28 + 12d 10-28 _ Thus, the number of integral A.M.'s is 5, ILLUSTRATION 5.22 Between | and 31, m arithmetic means are inserted such that the ratio of 7th and (m ~ 1)th means is 5: 9, Find the value SoD Let 4), 4, 31 . 4, be m arithmetic means between 1 and Then 1, Ay Apso yy 31 is a AP. Common difference, d Now, 4, 31m-29 mH > mid [etl ieaahie aire eeGal este tet 1, Ifthe pth term of an A.. is q and the gth term is p, then find its rth term, |_ 2. Iris postive real number different fiom 1, then prove ermB iets ee | Aso find their common difference The sum of the fist four terms of an AP. is 56. The sum ofthe last four terms is 112, Ifts first term is 11, then find the number of terms 4. The fourth power of the common difference of an arithmetic progression with integer entries is added to the product of any four consecutive of it. Prove thal the | resulting sum is the squares ofan integer. Divide 28 into four pars in an AP. so thatthe ratio ofthe product of frst and third with the produgt of second and fourth is 8:15. 6 16 — 6), (c~ a, (a~ 5)? are in AP, then prove that | that the numbers aes 1 are also in ar Be" c=a’ a-b 7. Find the number of common terms to the two sequences 17,21, 25, ... 417 and 16, 21,26, .., 466. | 8 4 are distinct integers in an A.P. such that +7, then find the value ofa+ 5 +¢-+d. 9. is the A.M between a and b, then find the ve value of n 10. n arithmetic means are inserted between x and 2y and then between 2x and y. If the rth means in each case be equal, then find the ratio xy. = ANSweRs ra 1. ptq-r 2. Common diff:= 3, 11 terms 46,810 7. 20tems = '-* g 2 », i a wy | ii F d si wh seq "i NowSUM OF TERMS OF ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION SUM OF n TERMS OF AN A.P. The sum §, of terms of an A.P. with the first term a and the ‘common difference d is si= "eater or = Flara where [= last term= a+ (n—1)d. Proof: S,= 4; +a, +a; + 0+ dy 2+ dy1 +0 w S, = 4,4 dy + Oy—2+ y= ay ate taytata, @ Adding corresponding terms in (1) and (2), we get 2S, = (a; +4,) + (ay + a1) + (ayy 2) + + (ay_1 + a2) +(,* a) = (a, +4,) + (a, + 4,) + (a +4) + Flay tape, #a) = neta) [ea tena tel R23, nl L. Bera Ma tated [ra2a 0-0 2a + (n— I)al (where a, = a) idLusTRATION 5.23 Find the sum of all three-digit natural numbers, which are divisible by SOHN) The smallest and the largest numbers of three digits, which are divisible by 7 are 105 and 994, respectively. So, the sequence of three digit numbers which are divisible by 7 is 105, 112, 119, ...,994, Clearly itis an AP. with first term a = 105 and common difference d= 7. Let there be m terms in this sequence, Then, 4,= 994 or at(n—1)d=994 or 105+ (m1) *7=994 or n= 128 Now, Requied sun = 2(20+(0-1) Bs = 8528-7 2 x7] 10336 ILLUSTRATION 5.24 Find the number of terms in the series 20, 194, 182, .. the sum of which is 300. Explain the answer. 5 Progression and Series 5.7 ISON Sol. The given sequence is an A.P. with first term a= 20 and the common difference 3. Let the sum of terms be 300. Then, 5, = 300 or Fl2a+(n—Dd]=300 or 51220 (n= 1K-2/3)] = 300 or -61n+900=0 25) (1-36) 036 So, the sum of 25 terms is equal to the sum of 36 terms, which is equal to 300 = Here the common difference is negative, therefore terms go on diminishing and the 31" term becomes zero. All terms after the 31" term are negative. These negative terms when added to positive terms from 26" term to 30" term, cancel out each other and the sum remains same, Hence, the sum of 25 terms as well as that of 36 terms is 300, ILLUSTRATION 5.25, Find the degree of the expression (I+) (1 +2°)(1 +2") .. ex", SAUD The degree of the expression is 1 +6 +11 +--+ 101 which is an AP. Now 101=1+5(n—1) = n=21 = 1e6eits..t101= Afrsio1]=21%5 ILLUSTRATION 5.26 Find the sum of first 24 terms of the A.P. dy, ds. sy Known that ay + dg * djq ays + agq* da, = 225. SEIN We know tht in an AP. the sum of the terms equidistant fiom the beginning and end is always same and is equal othe sum ofthe firstand last terms, ie, a, +a, a+ 1= 25 + 22 So, ifan AP. consists of 24 terms, then Given ay + a5 +ayg+ a5 + a9+ or (@+a3) + (a5 + 9) + (oF 44s) =225 or 3,409 =295 or aytay~ 5 wo Asoo [sin (+4, | 12095) = 900 [Using (1)]5.8_Algebra iLLUSTRATION 5127 Inan A.P. consisting of terms where 7 is odd, sum of all the terms is 5, and the sum of even numbered terms is 55, then 5 find the value of + ind the: a GOI) Let A.P. be ay, a, 43, -... 43 where m is odd. S,=2@+0,) 2 Even numbered terms are dy, day gs = even numbered terms. So, there are ™ n=l ILLUSTRATION 5.28 Ifthe sequence a, 3, dy.) isan AP., then prove that a @, = Sol: rence ofthe A.P. Then, + ah (,+a)(q~a)=(4+4)(a,-a)+ (+44) * oe ~ 5) ada, tay +a;+ ++ ay) [Using a,, = a, + (@n—1)d] ILLUSTRATION 5.29 If the arithmetic progression whose common difference is nonzero, the sum of first 3n terms is equal to the sum of next nn terms. Then, find the ratio of the sum of the first 2n terms to the sum of next 2m terms. Sol. Su , .-.4,, isan A.P. with common difference d. Now, 4 5At Al= A (a+d)+-4) slatd+(6-a} = 20+] =x (A.M. between a and 6) [ucueTRATION 61a1 If arithmetic means are inserted between 2 and 38, then the sum.of the renting seis is obtained as 20, Then find the Sloot SAI Sum of m arithmetic means inserted is (1/2) 2 + 38) =20n = 200 (given) So, n= 10. ean ar eed > 0, where S, denotes the sum of the nb pp kn | 1.15, first n terms ofan A.P, then find the common difference 2. Solve the equation (x + 1) + (x +4) + (+7) + | + (x + 28) = 155. 3. Ifthe sum of first 10 terms of an A.P. is 4 times the sum of its frst 5 terms, then find the ratio of first term and common differenc 4, The sum of », 2, 3n terms of an A-P. are Sj, S>, Ss, respectively. Prove that S; =3(5, ~S). 5. Let 5, denote the sum of frst n terms of an AP. If 5,,= 35, then find the ratio S./, 6. The ratio ofthe sums of m and n terms ofan AP. ist Show that the ratio of the mth and mth terms is 2m ~ 1} (2-1). 7. Find the sum to n terms of the series 1 s of a polygon are in arithmetic ssion. The smallest angle is 120°, and the common difference is 5°. Find the number of sides of the polygon, 9. 150 workers were engaged to finish a piece of work in a certain number of days. Four workers dropped the second day, four more workers dropped the third day and so on. Because of this, it took 8 extra days to finish the work. Find the number of days in which the work is completed, ANSWERS 7. When nis even, — at 8 Nine = Progression and Series 5.9 GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (R 10 SERIES) Geometric progression (G.P.) is a sequence of numbers whose first term is nonzero and each of the succeeding terms is equal t0 the proceeding terms multiplied by a constant. Thus, ina GP., the ratio of successive terms is constant. This constant factor is called the common ratio of the series and is obtained by dividing any term by that which immediately precedes it. fais the first term and r is the common ratio, then G.P. can be written as a, ar, ar, ar?, ar4,.., ar"? nth term: T,,= ar” = I (last term), where r= nth term from end: T, INCREASING AND DECREASING G.P. For a G-P. to be increasing or decreasing, r > 0. Since if r< 0, increasing nor decre If a > 0, then GP. ifr > 1 and decreasing if 0 1 and increasing. if 0 << 1. The above discussion can be tabulated as follows: a_|_a>0 a=0 r r= 1 | GP_| tnereasing Decreasing, | The third term ofa geometric progression is 4. Then find the product of the first five terms [SBI Let a be the frst term and r be the common ratio of G.P, Given that the third term is 4, = (ar = Product of first five term: The first term of a G.P. is I. The sum of the third and fifth terms is 90, Find the common ratio ofthe GP. [BOMB Let r-be the common ratio of the G.P. It is given that the first term is a~ 1. Now, or r+ 1077—97?90=0 or (+10) (77-90 or ?-9=05.10 Algebra ILLusTRATION 5. athe _bter_etdr z on dk If (#0), then show that a, B, c, abe bax and dare in GP. Soll) It is given that athe _bter_ctdr a-be bocx e—de Now, tbe Ay a-bx 1 (a+bx) ~(a~ bx) or bx b oe Similarly, bac = Thus, a, b,c, dare in GP, ILLUSTRATION 5.35, The fourth, seventh, and the last term of a G.P. are 10, 80, and 2560, respectively. Find the first term and the number of tems in the G.P. Soll) Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of the given G.P. Then, a= 10, a= 80 = a= 10 and ar®=80 = ea asorr ar 10 Putting r=2 in ar? = 10, we geta= 10/8. Let there be m terms in the 4, = 2560 or ar’™* iven G.P. Then, 2560 ILLUSTRATION 5.36 If a, b, c, d and p are distinct real numbers such that (2+ + Ap? —2ab + be + cp + (PP +c? +) <0, then prove that a, b,c, dare in G.P. Sa ( 2)P ab +be+ ed) p+ +2 +d) 50 3 (ap—by + (bp-c) + (cp-d s0 a Since a, by c,d and p are rea, the inequality (1) is possible only ven each of the factors is ze ie, bp-c=0, —p-d=0 = a,b.c,dareinGP, ILLUSTRATION 5.37 Does there exist a geometric progression containing 27, 8 and 12 as three of its terms? If it exists, how many such progressions are possible? SHLD Let, if possible, 8 be the frst term of GP. and 12 and 27 be mth and nth terms of the same G.P., respectively 12-34 (ris common ratio of G.P) ay @ From (1) and (2) = on 3 = 3went mnt? oa 3 m=k,n=3k-2 By giving k different values, we get integral values of m and n, Hence, there can be infinite number of G.P.s whose any three terms will be 8, 12 and 27 (not consceutive). ILLUSTRATION 5.38 There are (4 + 1) terms in a certain sequence of which the first (2n + 1) terms form an A.P. of common difference 2 and the last (2+ 1) terms are in G.P. of common ratio 1/2. Ifthe middle term of both A.P. and GP. are the same, then find the mid-term of this sequence. Sol) We have, d=2, r= 1/2 ‘Thereare 4 terms. Then the mid-term is 2n+ Ith term. Ty.) are mid-terms of A.P. and G.P. a a+nd=a+2n By given condition, Teton a+2n=(a+4n) Hence, the mid-term of the sequence is, 4n=nx2 at gn= OBR ay EL nx 24 In x 2 21 7,PROPERTIES OF TERMS OF G.P, + Ithree terms a, b and c are in G.P, then £=© or 6? = ac bis called the geometric mean of aandc.7 > + Ifeach term ofa GP. is multiplied o divided by some fixed non-zero number, then the resuling sequence is also GP. © Hay, aa, ayy os ay is a G.P. then ay)", (a3), (25)", ons)" me Q also a G2, where each term is defined © Tay, ay, nd by, By By are 0 Gs then a, aby are also GPs. + fay, ay, ay. is 8 GP. of positive terms, then log a, log as, log ayy. isan AP and vive versa, + InaGP, terms taken at equal distance also form a GP. This means that iy, a ay... ay are in G.P, then the terms ay, In general, ¢ dy -,are in GP. = (ay Hyd) + Ina GD, three terms can be taken as air, a, ar and four terms can be taken as air air, ar, a This presentation is usefl if product of terms is involved inthe problem. In other problems, terms should be taken as a, ar, ar” and & abs, ILLUSTRATION 5.35 For wiat value of », “+5 i the geometric mean of a and ? ete aMtagn oe Sol. a'6'? by given condition +5 = ahs Bl ma ql? 52 + Br pi a? Bat = aig 2 p52 = a"? (fab) = 8"? (Ja Vb) ‘The above is possible only when n+1/2=0 1 = 2 ILLUSTRATION 5.40 If(p + ghth term of a GP. is ‘a’ and its (p — q)th term is “b? ‘where a, b> 0, then find its pth term. SAI) Given that Ty+q~ Tyg Now, (p~4)p, (p+ 9) are in AP. So, terms T,,_q Tpand 7, . 4 terms are equidistant. ‘Therefore, T,,_», Tpand 7, .. are in GP. Tyg Tpiq= ab Progression and Series 5.1 ILLUSTRATION 5.41 Find four numbers in G.P, whose sum is 85 and product is 4096. BMD et the four umbersin G2. be 2%, ar, ar? a) Let So, (1) reduces to 8P -16r~-85=0 Q) Put 2r=y y>~By-85=0 = 0-5) +5y+ 17) =0 (The other factor gives imaginary values) Hence, the four numbers are 1, 4, 16, 64 or 64, 16, 4,1 ILLUSTRATION 5.42 Three non-zero numbers a, b, and c are in A.P. Increasing a by | or increasing c by 2, the numbers are in G.P, Then find b. Soll) a, b, and c are in A.P. Hence, 2b=ate a Again by the given condition, a +1, b, and c are in GP. anda, b, and ¢-+ 2 are in G.P. Hence, Beatie @) and B= a(c +2) @) By (2) and (3), (a+ Ije=ale+2) or c= 2a Equation (2) gives 6? Also, Eq. (1) gives 2b=a+2a=3a (a+1)2a or b= 2Insertion of n Geometric Means Between a and b Ifm numbers G,, G, ,.., G, are inserted between the numbers and b such that the sequence a, G,, Ga, .... Gy» bis a GP., then the numbers G,, Ga, ...G,, are geometric means between a and h Conversely, if G, are n geometric means between os two given numbers a and 6, then a, Gy, Gay. Gy Bis @ GL, or 16 consisting of (7 +2) terms. = 2b=8+16=24 Letrbe the common ratio of this G.P or 2 ‘Then, 5= (n+ 2)th tem i itUsTRATION 5.43 fing, Gale | Hademenar,bcdacinGr.ant 1 weiner, prove that a, c, ¢ are in G.P. Faas = Soll) It is given that a, b,c are in A.P, Thus, auc <4 Oe js ie at c/a wo The O=hd (2) * ” ty (3) eee eet From (1), we get a+ Product of these G.M.s = (ar) (a?*) (ar’)... (ar) From (2), we get ag Tae, aut ; Sant tomes, a si sila) ™ varenee fn (aby we ce Thus, the product of n G.M.s between two numbers is equal to or ae+cemec +c nth power of G.M. of those two numbers % alee RELATION BETWEEN ARITHMETIC MEAN AND te eee GEOMETRIC MEAN GEOMETRIC MEAN Consider two positive values a and b (a> b). If arithmetic mean pe a ea Bibeln G Fre is 4 and geometric mean is G, then 4 = £*4 ana G = Jab aia Sa eee Oc or ‘This equation can be reduced to x7 —(a + b)x + ab =0 or or 2 @=0 ‘The roots of the above equation are 4+ J” — G? So, we can say that mean of a and b. For example, the G.M. of 4 and 9 is J4x9 ~ 6. @ andb= So, we can say that a= A+]Progression and Series 5.43 ILLUSTRATION 5.44 If Gis the geometric mean of x and y then prove that (MOUS TRATION 5/45 Insert four G.M."s between 2 and 486. SAIN) Let four GM's between 2 and 496 be £1. 89, $0, 2, Si Bor 83 Ber 486 are in G.P. 486=2 75 = P=243=3 FH 18 =54; gia 2 =2x38= 162 ILLUSTRATION 5.46 If the AM. and GM. between two numbers are in the ratio m:n, then prove that the numbers are in the ratio m+n? =r?) (mV? =n") Salt) 1 be Aso, let 4 and G be, respectively, the arithmetic and geometric ‘means between and b. the two numbers be a and b (a> 5). So, a=A+f# and b= A A_m Given that 4=” Let A=mhand G= nh. (UUUSTRATION 5.47 Iais the AM. of 6 and c and the two geometrie means are G, and Ga, then prove that G} + G3 =2abo. BIE tis given that ais the A.M. of and c. So, or b+ a Since G; and G, are two geometric means between b and c, so b, Gy, Gy, cis a G.P. with common ratio r = (c/b)'. Therefore, [Using (19) cond terms of a GP. are x4 and x" is the 8" term, then find the value of 1. The first and | respectively. Ifx” 2. Ifa, b, and c are, respectively, the pth, gth, and rth terms of a GP, then show that (7 ~r) log a + (r~p) log 6 | | +(p-q)log | | 3. Ifp,q, andr are in A.P, show that the pth, gth, and 7th | terms of any G.P. are in GP. 4, Ifa,b,c,dareinG.P, prove that (a"+5"), ("+c"), (cd) | | avinGe 5. Let Z, denote the rth term of a G.P. for r= 1 for some postivie integers m and n, we have T, | 7,= 1m?, then find the value of Tin 6. Ifa, b, ¢, and d are in G.P, show that (ab+ be + ed)* = @+P AG +E +a), The sum of three numbers in GP. is 56, If we subtract 1, 7, 21 from these numbers in that order, we obtain an | arithmetic progression. Find the numbers, 8. Ifx, and z are pth, qth and rth terms, respectively, of an AP. and also of a GP, then prove that.x"-* y* 3} cle in? and 9, The product of three numbers in G.P, is 125 and sum of 10, Find the product of ttee geomerric means between 4 and mm | 11, Find two mumbers whose arithmetic mean is 34 and the geometric mean is 16 12, Ifthearthmeticmeanoftwopositivenumbersaandb(a>b) istwice their geometric mean, then find the ratio. | 13, Let ay, dy, a... and by, by, bs, | be two geometric progressions with a, = 2¥3 and 5, = = WB. If 3aypby 9 | = 104 then nd the vale of 5 + aba * +a |i ANSWERS a 5. lima 7. 8, 16,32 | % 925,10 1.1 I, 64and4 12, (218): 2-8)34 Algebra jUM OF TERMS OF GEOMETRIC >ROGRESSION hhe sum of m terms of a G.P. with first term a and common ratio is given by roof: et S, denote the sum of m terms of the G.P. with first term a and ommon ration r. Then, S,=0+ar+ar + @ fultiplying both sides by r 1S, Sar ar ++ ar @ In subtracting (2) from (1), we get S,-1S,=a-ar" he above formulas do not hold for r = 1. For r= 1, the sum of 2 ams of the GP. is S, = na, LousTRATION 5.48 Determine the number of terms ina GP., if a, = 3, a, = 96, and S, = 189, $6) Let r be the common ratio of the given G.P, Then, 4,96 ar"! =96 3r"™! = 96 rel 32 ao =) =189 [Using CD] 32r—1= 63r—63 3Ir itting r= 2 in (1), we get pt nl n=6 -LUSTRATION 5.49 et Se the sum, P the product, and R the sum of reciprocals ‘f'n terms in a G.P. Prove that P2R" = 5". LD Let the GP. be a, ar, ar, ar’, a"! 2eording to the given information, we have ae"=1) rot P= (aaryar’(ar) (ar) Spy pttenenl Ppt = gino a _ atten" -" e ‘ cf [aco] | Le- J =s" ILLUSTRATION 5.50 Find the sum ton terms ofthe sequence (x + U/x), (0? + (+1, i Let S,, denote the sum to 7 terms of the given seq i)ILLUSTRATION 5.51 Prove that the sum to 7 terms of the series 11 + 103+ 1005 + is (10/9)(10"—1) + SoU) Let 5, denote the sum to n terms of th Then, S,= 11+ 103+ 1005+ ton terms. = (l0+1)+(10?+3)+ (10° +5) + = (104107 +410") + 143454. +2n—D} +(10"+Qn—1)} GF. os 1000"=0 as anny (10-1) 2 10 a9" yan? Flo" D+ ILLUSTRATION 5.52 Find the sum of the following series: () $+554+555-+-- ton terms, (i) 6 +.66+.666 +... ton terms. Sol, (@ Wehave, 5+55+555+-~ ton terms [1+ +111 += tom terms] +99+999+ ~- to n terms} 5 2 3 . = 5{00-) +00? +00" -) +--+ 10" -} = [104107 +10° 4-410") (141 +14 times) 5 a 5) = {[2e0"-y-r] | 210"! -10-9n al 7 (i) Let tonterms ton terms] S,= 0.6 + 0.66 + 0.656 + =6[0.1 + 0.11 + 0.111 + ~ £09099 0909+. tem ( Lh 2) oF = f(b) a(t sen tame terms resson and Series 5.15 re -3xGd-10") a 1-107" rr 5) WLUSTRATION 5.53 Find the sum 1 +(1+2)+(1+2+2)+(1+2+27+2))+ -~ fo m terms, SOM) th term of the series, T= 142424 1 +2" | 1e" { = j . Sum of the series, 4 S=T+T+Ty+...+T, =Q+P+2 times} +2414 ILLUSTRATION 5.54 i If the sum of the » terms of a GP. is (3"~1), then find the sum of the series whose terms are reciprocal of the given G.P. SAL We have sum of n terms, $,=3" 1 or S, T,=5,-5,1=@'-)-G7-D =39G-1)=2x3 SAL So, seties formed by reciprocals of the given GP. is, La (2) L,{2) 2723} 243) Sum of m terms = ILLUSTRATION 5.55, Prove that the numbers 49, 4489, 444889, ... obtained by inserting 48 into the middle of the preceding numbers are square of integers, SALI Given numbers are 49, 4489, 444889, Then nth mumber is t, = 444. ..-4888.00..89 _9+(@x10+8x10? +... 8x10") + (4 10" +410" +,..4 10 (10"-1 | 10-1} 9+80{* —= 1} 44310" ("10-15.16 Algebra = 81+ 80x10"! 80+4x10™—4 x10" i 1+8x10"+4x10"—4x10" 3 sb attend 3 0+) hich isa pec quar fa ntae ILLUSTRATION 5.56) ffs a imetion satisfying f(x +y)=/(x) xf) forall x,y < NV such that f(1) = 3 and (1) +f(Q) +... + f(n)= 120, find the fer*9)= (000) ras ye o f(y=3 fQ)=f0+ =f) fF) =3x3=9 FO=PU+1s)=f02=/0s@=309-7 7a)-fl13)-f0nsoy-rar—e tas fO)/0)s 39,27, foe Gh igen /()f0) + ofp I > 3"=8] =34 LLUSTRATION S157 Using the sum of G.P., prove that d” +b! (a, b, n © A) is divisible by a + b for odd natural numbers n. Hence, prove that 1 + + 100” is divisible by 10100. dl bx a" 24 Bal 9 — + C1 Xl which Thus, a+b is divisible by a+ b for odd positive natural mumbers, Now, 142+... + 100 = (1+ 100%) + (2° +90) 4. + (50+ 51%) Each bracket is divisible by 101 and hence, the sum is divisible by 101, Also, 1 +2 +...+ 100% (1 + 99%) + (2+ 98%) + + (49 + 51) + 50 + 100% Here, each bracket and 50” and 100 are divisible by 100. Hence, the sum is divisible by 100. Hence, sum is divisible by 101 x 10 0100, ‘SUM OF INFINITE TERMS OF G.P. A GP. consisting of infinite number of terms is called an infinite G.P...The sum of infinite terms of G.P. is finite if GP. is, converging i.e., the absolute value of the term decreases. This is possible if common ratio, r € (-1, 1) — {0} Consider an infinite G.P. with first erm a and common ratio r, where =1 r#0ic,0<|r/<1 ‘The sum of n terms of the G.P. is given by o Since—I 4,V nS | 8 Ifthe sum ofthe series °r" ,b1<1 iss, then find the | sum of the series 3 2" 9. Prove that 6" x 6!4 x 6! ... oo = 6, 10. Find the sum to terms ofthe series, ia eisai se refuel 2) fe (3 2) +( ) | ee Skeid HARMONIC PROGRESSIO! A sequence aj, 45, a, of non-zero numbers is called ‘@ harmonic progression or a harmonie sequence, if the sequence Peele ea a," a" a «is an arithmetic progression. st For example, ~, 1, 1 _ PO a! abd? at2d isan AP, is an ILP, since a, a+d,a 42d, fa hear int, ten 2,1 ein The nth term of a H.P. is the reciprocal of the nth term of the corresponding A.P.. Thus, if 3, 43, 45, .... dy is @ HP. and the common difference of the corresponding A.P. is d, then the nth term of the H.P. is given by H(n-Dd ILLUSTRATION 5.64 Ifthe 20th term ofa HLP. is I and the 30th term is -1/17, then find its largest term, - ie 1 (BAD Let the HP. be 4 oie EB * G'atd’atid at3d We have, zq = 1 and ayy = 1 1 =l = + 1 and =i a+ 19d at29d 17 = at19d=1anda+29¢=-17 = 116 8 3 3 18 Now, a, isthe largest term if 185 — 91 is the least positive integer.Clearly, 185 - 9n attains the least positive integral value, if n=20. Thus, 20th term of the given H.P.is the largest term which is equal to 1 ILLUSTRATION 5.65, and p,q, and y are in A.P., then prove that x, y,zare in HP. SOL) We have, ay Now, p, g, rare in AP. Therefore, a-x a-y a => 4 are in AP. = 44,5 weinaP = tAtweinar, = xy yzarein HP. ILLUSTRATION 5.66 If a, B, c, and d are in ELP., then prove that (b + ¢ + dla, (ct d+ajib, (d+a+ bc, and (a+b + ed, are in AP. (BAUD a, b,c, and dare in HP. 1 1 °a-2 a stb st aeinar aeed = Atbterd atbterd atbrord arbrerd a Brita a are in AP. = 1+ btetd ater atbte a 6 d are in AP. = btetd atetd athtd atbte snap aig e a ILLUSTRATION 5.67 ‘The mth term ofa H.P. is m and the mth term is m. Prove that its rth term is mnlr. i St ad WD tettheHe bet, + bind ‘ a’atd'at+2d Then, a,=m and a, =m Progression and Series 6.19 3 at@-ta=t > fat(m-1)d—fat(n ya=4 - {On subiracting] = (m-n)d= 2 1 = d= 1 Putting d= + ina + (m-1) 1 it 1 1 Now, a,=——!__ at@-Dd epee °- Ti ep ier ILLUSTRATION 5.68 Ifa>1,6>1,andc> 1 are in G.P., then show that L 1 at arein HP Tog. a’ T+ log, BT log, € SOU It's given that a,b, care in G.P. Hence, Bac or 2log, b= log. a+ log, ¢ Hence, log, a, log, 6 and log, c are in AP. = 1 +log,a, 1 + log, d, and 1 +1og, care in AP. > i Z are in HP. Tog, a’ 1+ log, 6° 1 log, ¢ ILLUSTRATION 5.6 Ifa, b, and c bein G.P, anda+x,b+x,ando+xin HP. then find the value of x (a, b, and c are distinet numbers). OND a+ x, 642, ande+xare in HP. 2(a+x)(c+x) [a+ x)+(c2) > btx=5.20 Algebra or +3) (@+e+29= 24H (C+HH or (a+ e+ 2b + 2x'+ ab + be =2ac + Infa+ c) + 2x = a) or x(c + a— 2b) = be + ab—2ac : tee or xe+a—26)=be +ab— 2? (a, beareinGP) Next, m,n, rare in HP. Hence, or x(e+a~26)= W(e+a~2b) @ or (28, 6, ¢, are G.P. and distinct hence a,b, o, cannot beinAP) ILLUSTRATION 8.70 If first three terms of the sequence 1/16, a, b, 1/6 are in ‘geometric series and last three terms are in harmonic series, then find the values ofa and b, SOI) 1/16, a, b are in GP, Hence, 6 a= or 16a" = 16 b aw L => a,b, — are in H.P. Hence, 6 or 8a(6a+1) or 48a? + 8a~ or @a¥1) (12a (a#0) H=0 When a =~ 1/4, then from (1), of - 4a) When a= 1/12, then from (1, ene u(4] =3 \i2) 9 Therefore, a=~1/4, b= | or a= 1/12, b= 1/9. ILLUSTRATION 5,77) Trthe (mm 1)th, (x + 1)th, and (7+ I)th terms of an AP. are in GP. and m, n, v are in ELP,, then find the value of the ratio of the common difference to the frst term of the A.P. Sol) Leta be the first term and dbe the common difference of the given A.P. Then, as given the (m+ I)th, (n + I)th, and (r+ 1) th terms are in GP. So, a+ mda nd, a* rd are in GP. => (a+nd?=(a+ md) (a+ rd) = aQn—m-r)=dmr= 1?) From (1) and (2), HARMONIC MEAN Ifa, H, care in HLP., then 1 te Here, #7 called the harmonic mean (H.M.) of a and ¢ Let a, b be two given numbers, If n numbers H, Hy -... Hy are inserted between a and d such that the sequence a, H,, H,, Hy » Hy 6 is an H.P., then Hy, Hp, ..., H, are n harmonic means between a and b, Now, 0, Hy, Hy soy Hy b ane in HP. Det td Ll So, =.=, 2 F ein ar, a’ Hy’ Hy"? Hb Let D be the common difference of this A.P. Then, = +(n41)D a-b = eae G+ lab ‘Thus, » harmonic means between a and b can be determined as follows On putting the value of D, we can obtain the values of H,, Hs, A, ILLUSTRATION 5.72 Insert four HM.'s betwee 3 and 2/13, SSBIE]) Let abe the commen difference of corresponding A.P. So,{fnine arithmetic means and nine harmonic means are inserted between 2 and 3 altematively, then prove that A+ 6/ =5 (Where 4 is any of the A.M.’s and H! the corresponding H.M), SoU) Let 1, Hz, .... Ho be nine harmonic means between 2 and 3. Then 2, Hf... Hp, 3 are in HP. Therefore, 1/2, 1/H, Hy. IH, V3 are in A.P. with common difference 2— ] poe en (@+Dx2x3 60 Lo? = Weipa | ate) sap, 9 m2 ~ 60 6 by Ciageel 1 Hi, 10 ® Leta Age te nine Ms beeen 2and3, Then, 2.4 Ap, 14 dap 3 ate in A.P. with common difference “0 From (1) and (2), we have ILLUSTRATION 5.74 Let a and d be positive real numbers. If a, dy, 4s, b are in arithmetic progression, a, Gy, Gy, b are in geometric Progression and a, H, Hh, b are in harmonic progression, (2a +6) (a +26) ab show that Sol. Progression and Series 5,22 _ (2b+ a) Qa +b) Sab i ia eae RELATION BETWEEN A.M., G.M. AND H.M. oF } Two Positive NUMBERS Let A, G and H be arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, respectively, of two positive numbers a and b. | Then, G= Jab and r= 2 i eBay fee Now, aH=(225),( 2 b= (Jab) = 6 1 C2 JNa+s) Thus, G?= AH. Hence, d, G, H are in GP, Aso, 4-G= 242 Jap } A2G (1) and G-H= Jab ~ a+b ale by = Vab = G2H @) From (1) and (2), we get A> Clearly, A= G=Hifa= 6, ILLUSTRATION 5.75, The A.M, and H.M. between two numbers are 27 and 12, _ respectively, then find their G-M. ( So) Let 4, G, and H denote, respectively, the A.M., G.M., and H.M. between the two numbers, Then, A =27 and H'= 12. Since A, G, and H are in G.P. Therefore, lH = 27x12 ILLUSTRATION 5/76) Ifthe A.M. between two positive numbers exceeds their G.M. ‘by 2.and the G.M. exceeds their H.M. by 8/5, find the numbers, Soll 4 - @ G-H=8/5 @ AH=(G+2\G—8/5) G=82 Noche ab= 64 @ rom (1), we get A=10 =20 @ olving (3) and (4), we get a=4 and b= 16 a= I6and b=4, Cl GLtauieae ead 8 . Ifa, 6, care in GP. and a—b, e~. . If a, bc . Second term |. The Sth and 14th term of a HP. arc 1/2 and 1/3, respectively. Find its 20th term. Also, find its general term - If the first two terms of a HP. are 2/5 and 12/13, respectively. Then find the largest term, and b— care in HP., then prove that a+ 46 + cis equal oO. Ix, y, and zare in AP, ar, by, and cz in GP. and a,b, ¢ in H.P, then prove that ~ and d are in HP, t find the value of gt c", wherea, b,ande =>, 6", no are in AP. and|a|<1, || <1,and| |< 1, then prove that x, y, and z are in ELP. | Ifx, 1, and z are in A.P. and x, 2, and z are in GP, then prove that x, and 4, z are in HP. fa, ay, doy day B are in AP. and ay £1, ye Bye Bom b are in G.P. and h is the HM. of a and b, then prove that 44a, Eigen ast _ 2 Snst h | 228201 g ). If the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation ax? + | reciprocals then prove that ©, 2 and 5 meine, |. The A.M. of two given positive numbers is 2. If the larger number is increased by 1, the G.M. of the numbers becomes equal to the A.M. of the given numbers. Then find the HLM. |. The harmonic mean between two numbers is 21/5, their A.M. ‘A’ and G.M. ‘G" satisfy the relation 34 + G ‘Then find the sum of square of numbers. 36. ANSWERS 1 6 yeneral term = —2— a na 20th term thx + ¢ = 0 is equal to the sum of the squares of their the Targest 3 10. 11. 58 ARITHMETICO-GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (A.G.P.) ‘An arithmetico~geometric progression is obtained by the term: by-term multiplication of a geometric progression with the corresponding terms of an arithmetic progression. Consider an A.P., a, a+ d, a+2d,...,a++(n— I)dand a GP, a, dra’? .... a?" then arthmetico-geometric progression (AGEP)is (lal), (aA) (1), (a+ 2A) (AP), 0 (a+ (= Nd) @r) For example, 14,34, 543,74, 1,3,5,7, isan AP. and 4, 4,2, is AGP. in which isaGP SUM OF n TERMS OF A.G.P. Let the AGP. be a, (a + dy, (a+ @ Day! S= a+ (a+ dr+(a+2ay?+ {a+ (n-I)dy (1) > S,-art(atdr+...+ {at (n—Ddy + {a+ (nay @ Subtracting (2) from (1), we get 1S, = a+ [dr + de? +... +d?) -[a+(n- Da] [a+(n-1)d)r" iad lasin—Ddp" a oF ir Generally, we do not use this formula to find the sum of A.GP.. We use the above algorithm to find the sum. WiustRaTiON 5177 2015+..44(2+4@y)..)) 42440}-)) Find the sum ar 2017+ [206 SAY We have 1 1 017+ 7 x2016+ S x2015 +n ee X1 (1) Clearly, this is AGP. ¥ 524520174 4x 20164 nt ag x2+ tx TORE F a Subtracting (2) ftom (1), we get Sun Cons infni Wek a a So, fr Tu Find whe Sal)ILLUSTRATION 5.78 1y indthesum 1+2{1+4)=3(1+1)'+.. sore 50) Soll) Let n= 50 Let Sbe the sum ofm terms ofthe given series and x Then, SH 142432440 +. tne Sa xt Bsa tt (ne tm” S-28= 14 f+x+ xm SUM OF INFINITE TERMS OF A.G.P. Consider infinite AGP. a, (a + dy, (a + 2dy?, (a infinite terms; where 0 <|r| <1 We know that sum of n terms, ) terra - ay Clearly, when n=, ”" —> 0, Tt ean also be shown that when ne, nr" 0, So, from (1), we get sum of infinite termsas S., = ILLUSTRATION 5/75) Find the sum to infinity of the series 1 —3x + 5y2— 739 ++. 90 when 0 <[xj <1 SoL}) Let S_, denote the sum of the given infinite series. Now, S,=1-3x . = 143) + 5a? + 1-0) + oo r=-and d= 2, Hence, Progression and Sevies_5.23 ILLUSTRATION 5.86 Find the sum of the infinite series, \ — ® Ss (1) s aM, Q) 3 4) 2 = 5-2 { ILLUSTRATION 5.87 Ifthe sum o infinity of the series 2464 d 140420) sthen find a. SAD S=3+6+a) zs 0) | 1 1 = tse@tiee Q) z @) a G+d) (2) o s=445 Given,5.24 Algebra ILLUSTRATION 5.82 Sum of m terms of G-P., whose th term is T,=AR™!, where dis frst term and R is comunion ratio, is piven by 5,= D7. = aR In fact, we can put sum of any series in the sigma notation if the formula for its rh term is known, Find the sum to infinity of the series 1+ 2°32? 44? x? SOI Tho given series is not an arithmetico-geometric series, ‘because 1?,2*, 3,47, ... arenot in A.P. However, their successive differences (2? — 1°), G? - 2), (4? — 3%), 114. Le 3, 5, Ty form an AP. So, the process of finding the sum to infinity of PROPERTIES OF SIGMA NOTATION an arithmetico-geometric series will be repeated twice as given bel © Faery = HsF7 Gigms is distibative over 24 Pet BE AAS Hon 00 w fal etc or Sart eRe + @ addition and subtraction) Subiracting (2) from (1), we (-9s.= 2+ or (1=aS.=14 3x45 This is an arithmetico-geometric series in which a = 1, d ie SSH SH ifs apie pak Tene 2 © Yar, = a7, (where ais constant) lex y Sundal a=2s, +. upto n terms = e 1-a@ 2. Find the sum of» terms ofthe series 1-4/5 +715? + 10 ae SUM OF SQUARES OF FiRST n NATURAL NUMBERS 5 i Meu eck Let the sum be denoted by 5; then S= 17+ 2432+... 9? : We have, Ij and by changing nt n—1, 4 Find the sum = weget | 2 tw a ee | tn ug | eh 1a : | 4°16\ 5) 16 #, a / 2 | 1 SIGMA NOTATION AND ITS this deal APPLICATIONS anit If we have the formula forthe th tem ie T ofthe series, we ee can put the sum of tems of the series in the form of sigma ag, MELT, notation as 4 S=Fthth+..+7= DT oF Here, 7 cll the general term of the series, = n+ (a “Ths, sum of tems FAP. whose th term is T= a+ (= a whereas rst em and ds common difrence is given by bs nat Qn+0) Yea+e-pa 6‘SUM OF CUBES OF FIRST n NATURAL NUMBERS Let the stm be denoted by S; then $= 13+ 29-4+ 3 + ==. 4 We have, at (n=l)! = 4n? ~ 6n? + 4-1 (1) = (12) = 4-1) — 64)? + 4-1 (n-2)'~(n-3)* = 4(n— 2) — 6-2 + (1-2) -1 34-242 4x3? 6x3? 443-1 2 14=4x2? 6x2? 44x2-1 Bo'=4xP-6xP+4x1-1 Hence, by addition, IS 6( HP) +44 2404m on AS = nh n+ 6 (P42? + tA (142 +o tn) nb +ntn(nt 1) Qn+ 1-241) n(n +1) (n+ 1420+ 1-2) ntl) @P+n) Thus, the sum of the cubes ofthe first natural numbers is equal to the square of the sum of these numbers. ILLUSTRATION 5.83 Find the sum 2x5+5x9+8x 13+ 11x 17+... mterms, BOIll) The first actors of terms are 2, 5, This is an A.P. whose nth term is (31 — 1) The second factors of terms are 5, 9, 13, 17, This is an A.P. whose nth term is (41+ 1), 811 So, rth term of the given series, T.= Gr-4r+1)= 1 Hence, sum of the serie nne1)Qn+l) _nin+) 6 ai 81? +1In+1] ILLUSTRATION 5.84, Find the sum of the series 1 x m+ 2(n— 1) +3 x (n—2) +(n=-1)x2*nx 1 SOLID) Let 7, be the rh term of the given series. Then, T.= rx {n~(-1)} rn=r+1) r(n+ lr} (nt Dro? Progression and Series 5.25 n(n +1) (2n+1) 6 ILLUSTRATION 5.85, For any odd integer ni +L 1. find the sum n° — (—1)° + SOILD Since n is an odd integer, ( are even intogers, Land n—I,n-3,n The given series W=(-1P +6 ect =[P+@-1P +(n Py ~1P +(n—3y + _P ory? up526 Ada i $41) = Sum= ta P44 +--+ (n+1)?) a Fete tte ata st?) -P] = [ernesnanes alee s n(2n? + 9n-+13) 4 ILLUSTRATION 5.87 Find the sum of first 7 terms of the series 1? +3 x 243943 3x6? + = when @ miseyen Gi) nis odd Sol. @ nis even. Let n= 2m. Then San = LQr-? 43S 2r)? Yise 30? 4329-4123) z, (m + 1)? + 3m(m + 1)—m + dn +5m-+2) = m[2m Put 2m=n or m =n 5S, Mp 4408 10048) w ii) Ifmis odd, then n + 1 is even, Now, Sy Syet'~ Tet @ So: is obtained from (1) by replacing n by + 1 and Ty. (1+ Dth term=3(0+ 1)? Hence from (2), S,(noda) TEL (ne? +441)? 1060+ +8]-3004? [0 +7? —3n—1] @) Equations (1) and (3) give the required results. lLLusTRaATION 5.88 (2n? + 9n-+13) , then find the sum = Sai 7+ 9+ 13)—(r— 1) Ole 1 +9¢r—1) + 13) 2r+ 6= 6(r+ 1? SUM OF THE SERIES WHEN DIFFERENCES OF CONSECUTIVE TERMS FORM A.P. OR G.P. In some series, differences of consecutive terms form AP. of GP. Let us see how to find the sum of such series, ILLUSTRATION 5.89, Find the sum to n terms of the series 3 + 15 354634 SOM) The differences between the successive terms are 15 = 12, 35-15 = 20, 63 -35 = 28, ... . Clearly, these differences are in AP. Let 7, be the nth term and S, denote the sum to n terms of the given series. Then, S234 15+35 +63 + o 3415+35463+---+Ty1+Ty @ + [12+ 20+ 28 (x1) terms] —T,, [Subtracting @) from (1)] (n-)), = —[2x12+ (2-1-1) x8] =34(n—1)(12+4n-8) + (1-1) Gn +4) = v1 (scam, rerio} = Ean? + 60-1 3 ) Alternative method: When the differences of consecutive termis are in A.P,, nth term is given by T,= an? + bn-+0 Here, T;=atb+e=3 wo Ty=4a+2b +e 15 Q 9a+3b 5 ) From (2)~(1), we get 3a+b=12 o From (3)~ (2), we get Sa+b=20 6)Progresion and Series 6.27 From (5)— (4), we get SIGMA NOTATION FOR INDEPENDENT VARIABLES 2a=8ora=4 a From (4), 5=0 Consider $= > 3°77, . here ‘and j are independent variables. From (1), vale i Sn37] (4n? +6n-1 fa ial = S(T .A0), woere $7, ILLUSTRATION 5.90 a 2 Find the sum of the following series to n terms = KOT, | S47 4134314854 aes | SaIl)) The sequence of differences between successive terms is r| r | given series and S, be the sum of its n terms. Then, Similar, if, and k are independent, then i S,= 547413431447, +7, a 2 Vs ltr) { SHIH 43S tot Tit Ty ® E3Sann -(Sn \Ea\ea [ + [2464 184-4 (n=l) terms] —T, et a {Subtracting (2) from (1)] xi ILLUSTRATION 5.91 | eee | . B-) ot wok Tide = Sass Sadon ant (143 ners 3" +8n—1] Alternative method: ‘When the differences of consecutive terms are in G.P, nth term | is given by, 7,= ar" +B, where r is common ratio ofthe GP. Here, common ratio of GP. obtained by differences i | so %=aay+5 a @Find the sum to n terms of the series 1 «2% 342% 3x4 3x 4x5 Find the sum of the series 1? + + to n terms. $2 £507 +37) ++ up to 20 ‘The sum of the first n terms of the series 1? + 22 nin + DP xe ‘when nis even, Then 6. Find the sum 11 7. Find the sum 3 8. Find the sum dy x3 9. If for sequence , sum of n terms, S, find the sum | EE a. find the sum when n +3n then 10, Find tne vale of DY ix{ 6. 1400 7. 42408, 9. 23145 10. SUM OF THE SERIES BY CANCELLATION METHOD In some series, it is possible to write the general terms T,, as difference like AVO-Mr- 1) 2+ 1) Fe) In one of the above cases, n “Se V0) -V(r-1) Progression and Series 5.29 = 4) + VQ) + 7G) +... +70) (HO) + VL) +72) +... +V@=1}) Yon) VO) Mr+2)- vo) Swe+2-roy = Mn+ 2)+ Fen 1)—M)~ V0) US FRATian SSS Find the sum 1+! Th sa 7.- — ! = 210) Her* 1), where 7(7) = 4 WO-rir+D) 207) ~ Mn+) | (4) | | tuaTRTEN SES | Teed Find the sum to n terms of the series = 1x3” 3x i rare) SONY 7,5:30 Algebra ILLUSTRATION 5.97 Find the sum to n terms of the series aii (+i =M)—Vir+ 1) Also, ILLUSTRATION 5.98 Find the sum to 7 terms of the series Soll) Here Par aL (Perey? -r4n) (Persie =r DE we D-Vin) 3 V7 O-Kem) ] w+nl] ele 2G? +n) ILLUSTRATION 5:95 Find the sum © —"— Also, find the sum of infinite terms, aire Sol | Here, 7-2 = A HD! GFDL GDF = Ve) — Ver 1), where Vir) = yr - Lew-rer+y =M)- Mn+) 1 GD! Br tli 1) _y-om1 rool) G+) ILLUSTRATION 5.700 Find the sum © +Ir+2)(r +3), = L Also, find & 1 _ ee Ears ONraS) 1 Hert DFS) Ber DFE HS) 1s Bee 1 ) BUG D6 42) FFD r+) 1 LV@)-Ver+) , where V(r 37O-Ve+), where Von) = Fe Required sum= YV()-V(r+1)) gare 5}= : - Note: Ifwe have general term as — u aaa5..0, arein AP, then we multiply and divide by the difference a, —a, where a, dy, as...Progression and Series 5.31 ILLUSTRATION 5.107 Fin the sum 3: r(-41)(r4+2)(r43) Boll 7. = rr + 1) (r+ 2) (+3) = Lert net 20 +3@r+4)——D) 1 pgeeniesaessiren- (r= Dre rt Yr +3) srt), where Wir) = (r= Dr (r+ Ir + 2)(r+ 3) ea Required sum, 327, = $(M(0)-V) Xn ye 2404 3H04)-0) 1 n(n +IXn+2)(n+3)(n+4) Note: 2 Enersiyers2y=Fncnnn+2yine3) zi L © E det D443) (+4) = & mnt 1) (42) rl (n+3) (2 +4) (n+ 5) and soon. ILLUSTRATION 5.102 Saar Sol.) 7, = = 1 "Eels 1 =e) —Mer* Dy where 10) = Je Required sum, Y V(): (+1) = VO) 7000) ILLUSTRATION 5.103 Find the sum of the series ee where n= 3, 4,5, 1) iW if \ ILLUSTRATION 5.704 fi Find the sum of firs 100 terms of the series whose general | ig term is given by 7, = (7+ 1) r1 SH 7. = (7 + r= 0+ )-C-1)1 =rvrtDI-(-rt = Vir) — Vir 1), where M7) = (r+ DL Yr =Lro-re-y] | = F100) - (0) = 100% 1011-0 ia = 100 101! ih ILLUSTRATION 5.105 Find the sum of the series \ 2 10 17 is eat es ee gee unto ters, 1x2 2x3 3x = Ve) — r= 1), where Hr (1) - Mr 0), es aaa Required sum, $7, = SW)-VO-0) = Hen) — (0) -05.32 Algebra aaa eee Find the sum of infinite series 1 pew teeth Tx3KS BGK STD Jaws (r+ Din 2\n43), then fina 3. Find the sum pe DOO 9981 +999! +10001 ‘Then find the value of » ‘ 8. Find the sum r++ BNA) 9. Find the sum of the series 1 + 2(1 ~ x) +3(1 —x) (1-2) +... +n(1 2) (12x) (138)... (I-21) 9). _ANsWers =n n(n+3) eed 16 6. n=24 ie oe Mong a road lie an odd number of stones placed at intervals ‘£10 metres. These stones have to be assembled around the hiddle stone. A person can carry only one stone at a time, \'man does the job starting with one of the end stones by trying all in succession. In carrying all the stones, he covered n= = Otte > «@ Hence, the number of stones = 2n + 1=25 EXAMPLE 5.2 Prove that.x~ 1111... is composite number. 11, + 10+ 107+ 10? + ...+ 10 Ex The 4bi Soli Comn5.34 Algebra _ Patt? 4 P+ 2n +1) 4n n+ i = qemet ie between and p [ Ore 1 5 2 : = 1 GP 420 4n—4 Also FE @|(p-al20 - Lon = nln i? +30 = 5 i(n — 1)( ‘3n +4) = eos] Jonze 4 EXAMPLE 5.8 z peanzatictemeens (4=2) oy Find te vaieor ESS | EXAMPLE 5.6 TE Sy =14 542 tot (ne W) then prove that Sol Say + Sa) * Sat) = (5)q) 1) OF (Sy y)— +1) Kit titependent 3x (sum when any two of i,j, kare equal) + 2.x (sum when i= 208 % EXAMPLE 5.9 W010 Find the sum S94 /32/ Sol EXAMPLE 5.7 10 48 wn om = Find the sum 1 (2 a) x(2—@)+2x(3-0) x @- af) + $= YS xa! = FF 2! FPixa! ¥(1~1)x (1a) x (na, whore ais an ingionly obs Patel tet root of unity ie = -[8 s 8 Soll) $= 1 x (2-0) x 2-@) +2x 3-0) x3- a7) +... + (a Ua = =F (n-1) x (n— a) x (n- a) - )- go Here, T, = (1) x(n 0) x (n= 02) == 1 -() | -Six2! Es S= So'-) 0 Be 1x?+2x243x24 +10x2!Progression and Series 5.3 | ibtracting, we get “S=Q+P +2? 2!%)—10x2!! A sequence of numbers 4, n= 1, 2,3, ... is defined as follows: ¥ S, = 10x 2"! 19 y= 9x2" + 2n-3 Soiox@ en ameaia, and foreach n> 2, 4 ( = 4 j = 5x2! 108 a te Then prove that 4, <1,n21 MPLE 5; Ress eo } Indihecoecen ofein(hea 28230518 a tae } BLD Coefficient of x" in (1 +x+22 +38 +... + 1808)? nied ( = Coefficient ofx"¥in (1 +2+22 +30 +... + 180%) x Sp Aare? \) (it x+22 43x? +... + 180!%) dvd, = (Qr-2)A,_y-Ay-4 ia X18 41K 1742164... $1714 18%1 3 pad age ha 6+ (IX 1742x 16+... +171) ; i PS 0 [2r4, -20r-D 4, ‘ i 236+ Sean = 36418 2 i a it = An+1)A, af it = 2A, -2014 Ay 1 = 1-204 Aye, <1 (astr+1)4,.1>0) | He ay yon abe real numbers such that ‘ [ay + Jaq =1+ Jag =2 +. Ja, =D a Ye See n(n=3) M/sR— Ris conto suc tat (0)=/(2]=4© tora 3 (a ta a : " 3 wg « =0,find the value of {2 hen the value of find the value of a, Se Rene Oy. Dania th La | = [ED We have, aD Let fa x)_4e ‘ »)-#(2)= D | etme reo-s(3)-5 o So-1de (i929 (2) (Replacing x by x/2) i 2m : | nn=3) 2) 7(2)-4(2) qreptacingrby inc) | snes I(3)-(F-HZ)_— ering rey sein | AM ce Here, we have sum of infinite equations. Zer-ayene0 Sine continuous nd 0) =0 (x } Y@-v? =0 lim s{FJ-sO=0 | Adding above equations, we get Sq =14+243+..+100~ 50505:26 Algebra EXAMPLE 5.14 Find the value of value of DQn=k+1) Example 5.15 adit 5 pea Xe yy Sol