Introduction to Wireless Telecommunications Systems and Networks Gary J. Mullett National Cet fr Tecommnatns Technol Spring Tenia Comma Clee ‘Springfield, MA 53770 ete, 1S Pe cast MeL ama 200 RVCEL/621.38486 MUL ty DELMAR fo CCE ing ‘Adsl + Canada + Mexico « Singapore « Spain + United Kingdom + United StatesPrefoce Chapter 1 LL The History and Evolution of Wireless Radio Syttems 12 112. The Development of Modern Telecommuniations Infastrcture 16 13. Overview of Existing Network Infastrcture 24 114. Review of the Seven-Layer OSI Model 25 15. Wireless Network Applications: Wireless Markets 37 \& Bure Wireless Networks 33 Questions and Problems. 33 (Chapter 2: Evolution and Deployment of Cellular Telephone Systems 2.1 Different Generations of Wireless Cellular Networks 35 22 1G Cellular Systems 37 23 2G Cellular Systems 50 24 25G Cellular Systems 53 25 3G Cellar Sysems 54 26 4G Cellular Systems and Beyond 59 27. Wireless Standards Organizations 60 ‘Questions and Problems 61 ‘Chapter 3: Common Cellular System Components 31 Common Celis Netwak Components. 64 32 Hardware and Software Views of the Celular Nerwork 76 433 3G Cellolar System Components 73 34 Cellular Compovent Identification 78 35 Call Esblishment 83 “Questions and Problems 87 ‘Chapter 4: Wireless Network Architecture and Operation #41 The Cellular Concept. 89 "42 Cell Fundamentals 90 (OF ENGINEERIN ACC NOB IAD CL. he oe ss Vscless Telecommunications Systems and Networks mM© Cos 43. Capacity Expansion Techniques 95 44 Cellular Backhaul Networks 103 45° Mobility Management 105 46 Radio Resources and Power Management_112 4.7 Wireless Network Security. 114 ‘Questions and Problems 115 (Chapter 5: GSM and TDMA Technology Part GSM System Oversiew 17 5.41 Induction to GSM and TDMA_117 5.2 GSM Network and System Architecture 120 53 GSM Channel Concept 126 Partll_GSM System Operations 137 34° GSM identities 137 55. GSM System Operations (Traffic Cases) 138 56 GSM Infrastructure Communications (Um Interface). 157 Part ill Other TDMA Systems. 165 57 North American TDMA 165 ‘Questions and Problems 170 (Chapter 6: CDMA Technology Part! CDMA System Overview 172 6.1 Introduction to CDMA 172 62 CDMA Network and System Architectue 177 Part CDMA Basics 186 63. CDMA Channel Concept 185 64 CDMA System (Layer 3) Operations 158 Partill 3G CDMA 211 65 18.958, edma2000, and W-CDMA. 217 Questions and Problems. 218 (Chapter 7: Cellular Wireless Data Networks—2.5 and 36 Systems 7.1 Introduction to Mobile Wigeless Data Networks 220 7.2 CDPD, GPRS, and EDGE Data Networks 221 73 CDMA Data Networks 233 74 Evolution of GSM and NA-TDMA t0'3G 235, 75 Evolution of CDMA 10 3G 238 1.6 SMS, EMS, MMS, and MIM Services 242 Questions and Problems 244 (Chapter 8: Wireless Modulation Techniques and Hardware 8.1 Transmission Characteristics of Wireline nd Fiber Systems. 247, 82 Characteristics ofthe Air Interface 248 83 Wireless Telecommonications Coding Techniques 255 84° Digial Modulation Techniques 260 85. Spread Spectrum Modulation Techniques. 264 86 Ultaswideband Radio Technology 266 87 Diversity Techniques 266 88. ‘Typical GSM System Hardware 260 89° Typical CDMA System Hardware. 277 8.10 Subscriber Devices 279 ‘Questions and Problems. 281 16 m 219 246 Contents 7 (Chapter 9: Wireless LANG/IEEE 802.11x 283 9 Introduction IEEE 802.11x Technolgies 284 92 Evolution of Wiress LANS. 254 93. IEEE 802.1 Design lsues 257 94 TBEE 80211 Services—Layer2: Overview 291 95 IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer Operations 295 96 IEEE 802.11 Layer: Detals 307 97 IBEE 802 afblg—Higher Rae Standards 307 98 IEE 802 11i—Wieless LAN Secucity 314 99 Competing Wireless Technologies. 318 910. Typial WLAN Hardware 379 (Questions and Problems. 322 (Chapter 10: Wireless PANS/IEEE 802.15x 33 101 seduction to IEEE 802.15 Technologies. 324 102 Wireless PAN Applications and Architecure 325 103, IEEE 802.15. Physical Layer Deuils 332 ASITPERYA VIDOE 104 Bluetooth Lik Controller Basics 333 f foes VIDYALAYA COLLEGE 105 -Bluetooth Link Contoler Operational States 342 NEERING Libmaney 106 IEEE 802, 15.1 Protocols and Host Cont! Interface 346 BANGAI On: 107 Evolution of IEEE 802.15 Standards 350 ACE No.B3.9IDC 1. je. PECA, (Quesions ard Problems 357 lvear i (Chapter 11: Broadband Wireless MANSIEEE 802.16 ‘ILL troduction to WMANIEEE 802.16x Technologies 359 112 TEBE 802.16 Wireless MANs 362 113. IEEE 802,16 MAC Layer Details 364 114 IEEE 802.16 Physical Layer Details 368 115 TEE 802.16 Physical Layer Details for 2-11 GHz 375, 11.6 IEEE 802,16 Common System Operations 390 Questions and Problems 395 (Chapter 12: Broadband Satellite and Microwave Systems 396 12. Introduction to Broadband Satelite and Microwave Systems 396 122 Line-of Sight Propagation 399 123. Fundamentals of Satelite Systems 402 124 Broadband Satellite Networks 408 125 Broadband Microwave and Millimeter Wave Systems 416 Questions and Problems 418 (Chapter 13: Emerging Wireless Technologies a0 131 Introduction to Emerging Wireless Technologies 420 132, New and Emerging Air Interface Technologies 422 133. New Wireless Network Implementations 428 134 IEEE 802.20/Mobile Broadband Wireless Access 433 185- Satellite Ventures and Other Future Possibilities. 434 Questions und Problems 435 Indi 86. esetAUDIENCE Toy, the teommaniaton ind 3 indy omnes tin Weh-bandvih,hpkpoed data tansmsson cap ‘Sophisticated wireline, fiber-optic, and witeles oo sod wires eho wl est the ‘satisfy corsumer demanc ‘technol arian ame by bath iy The coy fe ora pa stn ea ae ae nomic considerations and marketplace aed marketplace preferences, Iniroducton to Wireles Telecommunications Stems plement new ecologies in an effort o pov =the cosume Intend eombnon ‘ystems a the ering wi the rachaf he wired public ope data etre ete eis 0 rite pinay fit tor a pet of wiles yen nd tore Ths te sndestandng about te fons operons of vile yea cle eel teat who is stying be ca aloe ied to telp ale gins age ls sag dy pera nd tc el cinlopes inate ne gnenon of wines heommumestan oc ea ee a lex! Serves as a good reference for those who simply need to kn¢ i ‘Present-day wireless telecommunications systems. my io ede APPROACH Inoduction to Wireless Tele communications Systems and Networks wi sete ook at wo base wits indy segments he wis cls nda he ve systems, and another chapter that takes look at logies that will be incorporated into the next genera. fncrtng wiles ance nd ee tions of wireless systems. a Pre 9 “This tex is unique in that t provides coverage of both major cellular wireless technologies (GSM and (CDMA), provides the reader with clearly defined path forthe migration from these technologies to 3G cel Iuar addresses the technical aspects of tear interface and the special tetinologies usd to achieve high dota rates and combat bit ers, and lastly, provides a comprehensive coverage ofall three IEEE 802.xx 1] Gitess network technologies and includes information about mobile satellite technology. ‘Writing text that covers all ofthese opis provides an opportunity to point out similares between ystems and to contrast systems where appropiate. The broad coverage of wireless topics will provide the ‘Raver with the comprehensive overview needed to see te big picture of where various wireless technolo fGen and stems are aplicable oF not. I is als this author's opinion that in the longterm these major Airless industry segments will eventually morph ino one industry that offers ubiquitous high-speed wite- Jess network aceess ORGANIZATION i “Thee are two major technology areas that ate covered inthis book. The first seven chapters deal with the rapidly expanding cellular wireless industry. Coverage includes an introduction and review of modern {clecommunications infastrctre, «shor history and review of wireless communications, the evolution of the cellular telephone system, an intodction to common cellular network components, the cellular con- cept, GSM and CDMA wieles color systems, and coverage of cellular wireless data networks. With ‘ellular wireless systems now covered, Chapter 8 takes a step back and examines the wireless channel or Sovcalled ‘air interface’ The effect that a relatively poor-quality channel has on wireless system hardware and the sieps needed 16 provide Ingh-quality radio links are examined. New digital modulation techniques land other esoteric encoding methods sed to mitigate detrimental wireless propagation effect ars presented inthis chapter and also st the tage forthe newer wireless systems introduced i the nxt four chapters that make use of these new techsologies. To wrap up the topic of cellular wireless, typical GSM and CDMA fystem hardware is presented as the last topic in this chapter. "The nex three chapters deal wih the rapidly evolving IEEE standardized witeless extensions to LANs, PANs, and MANs. IEEE 802.11, 802,15, and 802.16 are each covered in ther own chapter with varying Jevels of detail. Te last two topics are so new that only a limited numberof prodyets have been introduced ito the marketplace. However, it is this author's contention that these technologies wil each play an increasingly larger role in the fture 6f wireless data access and transfer. For the sake of completeness, Chapter 12 provides an overview of yet another impending wireless technology: broadband satelite sys tems, Finally te last chapter provides a bri glimpse into the emerging technologies that will shape the wireless systems and networks ofthe futur, FEATURES 1 The tet is writen from a systems perspective with very few detailed sytem block diagrams. 12 The mathematics used inthe text i lite to algebra, the use of dBs, and various exponentials mak ing this text suitable for use at the two-year college level. The topic coverage has been chosen to provide the reader withthe necessary fundamental concepts and theories needed to understand the Operation of cellular wireles systems, broadband satellite technology, andthe IEBE standards-based ‘wireless LANs, PANS, and MANS extension technologies. 43, This text is almost totally devoid of any derailed circuit diagrams. Almost all the topics tha are pre= sented in this text are basic fundamental wireless system and network concepts and therefore they transcend the changing technology that may be used to implement them over the course of time, ‘Today, one must deal wit these systems from a block diagram point of view—the same approach10 Pec today an he ae belie and observation tht he ld and support ‘yg itp aed with eva otyrtm eae a ‘ware. This te vmable hardware/ systm fanctivas more ofter i the possible Rae Ths ext was writen wih hiss mind re often than the repair ofthis hard- ‘eet these of pean si in i text cl sels how th ste pe oon ina elasroom seting-—at a systems author presents ‘ext will be helpfl to te student hat desires to lean southeast that netvorls and preteen Aout the Base operation othe wiles ‘Wireless Telecommunications Systems-and Networks: - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘The Author and Cengage Delmar Learning would like to thank the f re ‘Herm Braun, DeVry University, Denver, CO Swng ewes: Stat Car, De ney Cts, Felton Flood, DeVry University, Arlington, va ohm Dey Unie Long eh cA ABOUT THE AUTHOR upon completion this chapter, the student shoud beable to nical Community Coll P iseuss the general history and evolution of wiceless technolo ea amy College in Spine explain the cellular radio concept cmar ae gee nd in th fl of tlecormuniains asa 4 Discuss the evohton of modern telecommunicatins infrastructure. nications Technologies located at Springfield ology Education, National 4 Discuss the stucte and operation of the Public Switched Telephone Network, the Public Data ingfield Technical Community College. A Network and the SS7 Network. from a Nocth American viewpoint and Years as aconulan ; Yeas acoslta tooa indy. Aiton, hr hs pet ne eae ey 4 Dap the base aructre of broadband cable TV ystems a pects—fandamental and advanced wireless conn ity yeas teaching students {Explain the basic concept and structure of the Internet polis ecology has been a special passion ofthis author nee nono oe ‘+ Discuss the usage of the various telecommumnicatons networks and their relationship to one another. ening to the furily's vacuum tube, short-wave tec en es taal child and used to + Dash Ost ed ano rets nt communis are le neon eplations andthe hitureo is tediaoy Her shows through tothe readers ofthis text Practical electrical communications began in the United Stats over 150 years ago with the invention ofthe teepraph by Morse. The invention ofthe telephone by Bellin 1876 brought with tthe fist manually vnithed wireline network. Radio or wireless was invented atthe turn ofthe twentieth century, adding the Convenience of mobile or untethered operation to electronic communications. For many years witless ‘Communications primarily provided entertainment and news tothe masses through radio broadcasting ser~ ‘Jeces Wireless mobility took the form of a ca radio wit simplex (one-way) operation. Two-way mobile Vviseless communications were limited to use by vacious public service departments, government agencies ib! the military, and for feet communications of vzious industries, As technology decreased the size of ‘the mobil unt, it became « handheld device known as a “walkie-talkie.” Further advances in integrated cicut technology or microelectronics gave us cordless telephones during the late 1970s that foreshadowed the next wiles advance. Staring in 1983, the poblic had the opportunity to subscribe to cellular telephone systems, These wireless systems, which provide mobile acces othe pub lic switched telephone network infrasiructure, have become immensely popular and in many cases have ‘even replaced subseribers’ traditional fired landlines. Technology advances and network build-ous have increased wireless system capacity and functionality. “Taday"s cellular networks provide access 10 the public telephone network from almost anywhere and ‘provide access to the public data network or Laternet. In two decades, cell phones have become indispenst ‘ie communications devices and Intemet appliances. During the same time petiod, wireless local area tenetwork (LAN) techno logy has come of 20d not-for prof business ventas, 11 THE HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF One can trace the evolut an ution of wizeless radio sy WIRELESS RADIO SYSTEMS stems back tothe late 1800s. In 1887, Heist h Herz per- lng wir tit : tte snc Ao bell imited by the curvature of the earth Ths belet be siete Wiles Tcommesications Sens end Networks 13 Figure 1-1 Types early wires rant. (BASK), which is essentially the same as OOK. The Poulsen transmiters used a form of frequency-shift ‘eying (FSK) to wansmit a signal that was received and interpreted as a BASK signal bythe detector ofthe radio receiver. ‘The First Broadcast ‘Begining in 1905, Reginald Fessenden conducted experiments wih continuous wave (CW) wiles trans- missions at Brant Rock, Massachusets, using 50-Kz high-frequency altemators built by General Electric. ‘The ouput ofthis type of generator was much more stable than that of a spark-gap o¢ Poulsen transmitter, allowing him to expeimeat with continuous form of amplitude modulation. Hs experiments culminated on Christmas Eve of 196, when be is credited with tansmiting the frst ever radio broadcast. This broad- cast was repeated on New Years Eve the following week. Pio to this time its reprted that Fessende, while experimenting wih a wireless spark-gap ansmiter at a experimental station on Cobb Island on the Maryland side of the Potomac River, had sucessfully broadcast voice message over a distance of 1600 meters on December 23,1900. During the 1910s, the US. Navy led a major ffr to develop wireless raio fr shipoship and ship- to-shore communications Historical ascounts of the sinking ofthe Titanic onthe night of Ape 18,1912, tel of the transmission of futile "SOS" distress messages by the ship's witless Operator. The start of| ‘Werld War ducing the last pat of the decade was also a major driver ofthe development of radi technol- ony bythe US. military. “The 1920s might well be characterized asthe decae of high-frequency or short-wave radio development. ‘During this era, Marconi’ research on radio wave propagation revealed tha ranstlantic radio transmission was feasible a frequencies much higher than had previously ben though posible. Abe sete, vacuum, tube technology had improved to such an extent ast increase the upper frequency limi oftheir operation, Radio wave propagation stoes had demonstrated that ionospheric layers could be used to tefl highfe- ancy waves beck and forh between the earth's surface and the ionosphere, hence allowing for the propagation of radio waves around the ean. Other techaologieal advances in antennas and thir application helped make transatlantic communications a practical reality. By 1926, transoeanic telephone cals were avaiable va high-frequency radio tansission. The 1930s and 1940s saw more advancement in radio tech- nology withthe invention of television, radar, and vacuum mbes wit the ability to generate “microwaves.”M4 Intraucton to Wireless Teeammenicatin Stes and Networks Modern AM ‘Amplitude modulation is now used for low beginnings after World War I; shortwave transmission; amateur and CB ‘quadrature amplitage modula frequency lege rato broadcasting, which id is ‘broadcasting; loW- definition (NTSC) i no: sd rau oer lv oe ses. New ion (QAM or n-QAM, where nis a power of sep phe alae (ao fr Woh ed oe considered a digital modulation techaigoe Jes systems to achieve bandwidth effec transmission at ‘Today, QAM is used extensively by by y ‘The Development of FM transmission, direct satelite TV service, co and mobile raio service. PM is capable of ‘lar form of analog modulation, ‘The Evolution of Digital Radio broihand coral eae was esa Ins6 eda toca nt installed in 11, Nicowae ra ely gee angen ne Sata bl en. The i icone hymna ws als on trina utes mete aly tm as nga et nS te 197 ATA icons sem ced coe fi ean By its wie talicand 59% oft adr aim te meer = rt de a ote ct So ns cnt wae er ateeenos ‘itt operational L1 system that could with broadband and New Yorkin ‘Xbooph snp digital ma vances in micowave dg see at aes ve tesa adi ches ad 180s However, fiveropis bes ea fat she we of microns dpa and digital microwave relay systems nus they wee removed fom eve say Teangence fsa Many seve pe and geosynchronous satel Wires TeconmaicationsSytens and Netorks 15 achieve higher data rates and better noise immunity. Today, the television broadcasting industy i in the process of transitioning to 2 high-definition television (HIYTV) sands for overthe-ir broadest that oses «digital transmission system, It isnot to radical a concept to conjecture that FM broadcasting might fl- low suit inthe nottoo-dstant future. All but te oldest analog cellular systems (these systems are in the process of heing phased ou) are digital, and all of the newest wireless LAN, MAN, and PAN technologies ‘tse complex digital modulation schemes. It may be that analog modulation schemes, with their ineicient use of radio spectrum, might disappear entirely for over-the-air applications inthe not-too-stnt future! The Cellular Telephone Concept ‘The cellular ‘clone concept evolved from earlier mobile radio networks. The fist mobile radios were sed primarily by police departments or oer law enforcement agencies. Te Derit Police Dearent is cited fr its ary use of mobile radios (begining in 1921 by aumerous references. These one-way rcbile fai systems, operating at about 2 MHz, wer basally wed to page the police crs. They didnot bzome operational two-way (duplex stems wl much ater in 1938. There was n thought the ime for ese systems o be connected tothe public telephone system. Iwas nt until afiet World War Il that the Federal Commusicaons Commission (FCC), atte request of ATA, allocated a small numberof frequencies for mobile telephone sevice. AT&T made a request for many mobile frequencies on behalf ofthe Bel tele- hone companies in 1947, but the FOC defend any action on this equst nti 1949. A tht ime the FCC nly provided a imited numberof frequencies that were to be split Between the Bel companies and other ‘on-Bell service providers. The FCC appareny felt that since these fequacies were used by the police and ie (plc service) departments that the public interest would be best served by ling the suber of Frequencies released to this aew seve. It shoald be observed that the sate ofthe at of wireless tech ‘ogy atthe time resticied the given specuum available for any nw wireless sevice hat might be desired, ‘The mobilephone service tha grew out of these new frequency allocations was very primitive by today’s standards, Ic usually consisted of ingle, all, ental located tower wih high power tansnit ter tat could only service one user at atime per chanel over & particular metropolitan aes. This ao precuded the reuse of the same frequency within approximately a seventy iv-mile radius. Due tothe lim ited numberof frequency allocations, nly several dozen simultaneous uses were posible. The capacity of these systems was quickly exhausted int major cites by the mid 950s. Customers ofthe service pd ‘extremely high monthly or yearly rats and it was perceived to bea service that ony a business othe wealthy could afford. ACh dine the avaiable wislesswansesverechoology (which usually had to be Jocated inthe car rank duet its bulk) offered no way of reusing the frequencies within the same genera area any other way of increasing the capacity of he syst. ‘The FCC in 1968, in response to the congestion ofthe presently deployed sytem, asked for technical proposals for a highapaciy,efcient mobile phone sytem. AT&T proposed a cellular system. In his cellular system thee would be many towes, each low in height, and each witha relavely low-power transmits Fach tower would cover a “cell” or smal circular aea several miles i diameter. Colectivly, the towers woul cover the eae metropolian area. Each rower or cell st would use ony afew of the toa aumber of frequencies avaiable othe enize sytem. Du othe small el ies, thes same frequen- Gis could then be reused (hence the em frequency reuse) by other cel ata much shorter spacing than reviously posible thus increasing the total potential numberof smullancous users within the entire sys- tem. Additionally, a a motile use (ca) moved within th metropolitan area it woud be “handed off from cellio cell and diferent fequeeis as assigned othe different cel. llth els would be connected 4 ceatrl switch that would in tar connet them to the wireline telephone network. AS more users signed tp for he service and ells bcame too congested the els could be split into several anal cell sj crease their capacity. In theory, this process could be repeated many times yielding an almost infin >gemumber of potential simultaneous users for a limited number of available frequencies. In 1970, the FCC “Je eleased 75 MHz of additional spectrum for use by the cureat system and authorized AT&T's Bell Labor tories to test the cellular concept under urban trafic conditions. In 1971, Bell Labs reported that the test16. Introduction o Wireless Tekeommaricaions Stes and Networks ad ben succesful. The cellular concept worked! In 1974 the FCC related 40 MET moe of spectrum f the development of celular systems. Ina farseaching decision, the FCC also determin tor teh incumbent Bell Telephone Company and other nonvisclineenttes would sar the ny mae ape ‘perm, By Ite 1982, the FCC sted o ava constuction permits for ele sions ty 1.2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN TELECOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE Tete Ant more recently high-speed daa services (ere coneciviy) and telephony cere at aah sth worl largest compute network, has expeiccedphetomentl growl ov Ged Se tt Continues to expand both its reach and high-speed data capacity. Finally. ste Daren Stel lelephone networks have become nalonwide providing suena aces bo are med te telepaph in 1837 and formed seegraph company based on his new technology in the tana ar reat ete Union Telegraph Company wat xablished in 1856 and within devade tou ut mos ofits competitors. Early long. ‘hat was to become the American Telephone and Telegraph Coftpany (AT, y 1900, te Bell system served approximately 60% of telephone subscribers inthe United Sass. Dee herman Anus Act This event signaled the start of deregulation ofthe eisng viscommmmnesions ‘Mtearog petal other FOC decisions ad US, goverment amis resold in whats knows a te dcaregfil Judgment” which tok effect on January 1, 1984 In simple tems, ATAT was ome uss ise ofl the Bell Operating Companies (BOCs) andthe long-difanoetlecommunicatons vecks Sesame deegusted therfore aloving competion. These events, coupld With the mote moon Tole ‘munications Reform Act of 1996, have helped shape oar present-day tlecommunicatons inftesuurrace, ‘The Public Switched Telephone Network rc ated Stes and mest ober industrialized nations the present day PSTN hs evolved ovr tie wo Sccome an almest ently digital network. Deregulation has allowed other competion sel telephone | ‘eric ar they all esata we he same teehlogy. In an effort to expan the pyicalcheoten oot q Wires Teomsieins Stems end News V7 siasioasal “40.s894596 anaes 47525608 an.ra.ess E ane, | cena ofee— gue 1-2. APSTN ieofce call euough lca exchange. cal reat way as shown Figure 12 Fe pl tepone anise POTS) he as ay be poe aoe eee ig Oca reed neem tn ee ee See eee ee eee Scenery age rmpne mere rages try acer een re ce anpntneem So ah cabernet rae aes eet og eee area corte tee thal aerate eh ake sabe cc el ae kr Se re eesTea Grea Sves a 7 ' t ' t t 4a t Mine ' ' i ' 1 t nee itis demuliplexed back to a DSO signa. the any one their of a variety of digital ital transport conn ad the sequen of operations nesded fe | Wireless Tcomunications Stems and Netaths 19 Signaling System #7 ‘The carly PSTN used “in-band” signaling ost up and teardown interofice and lon-istance telephone calls By tis, we mean tat the same fits used to transport he cll were fist wed to create a ata pysial iret forthe call to be sen over. bg disadvantage ofthis ype of system tat Woce nk (an {nerf facility) or possibly many trunks had to be “seized” in ode odo the signaling necessary to set phe call. 1th cals nonchargeable ne called paris unavailable oth ine is busy, he charges forte seizure ofthe trunk circuits must be paid for bythe service prover that owns the local exchange. Fuze ‘moe his type of system was very pone to fraud since the signaling was performed by sending easily reproducible audio tones over the trunking ics. As the PSTN evoled into a digital network, for eo omic reasons and for both efficiency and security, an entirely separate network was created forthe purpose ‘of routing long-distance calls (als between different exchanges or switches) This system of using a Sepa rat facility o channel to perform the cll outing funtion is known a6 “out-of-band” signaling. ATT catty out-of-band sytem was called Common Channel Inerafie Signaling (CCIS). With advances in ech nology, ths common channel signaling system has been adopted by the ntemational telecommunications commit for ue with both PSTNs ad pubic land mobile networks (PLM). Today itis known as CCS ‘Tor simply Signaling System #7 (SS. ‘The SST sytem isa packet network that consists of signal transfer points (STP) ad transmission ficil- ites linking the signal transfer points as shown in Figure 1-4. The signal transfer pots connect o service switching points (SSP) atthe local exchange and interface withthe local exchange switch or mobie suiting cene‘i the case of a PLMIN. The service switching poins conver signaling information from the exchange voice switch into SS7 signaling mesags in the Fo of daa packets that are set over the oss. 1 Wb ng} Figure 14 The network lerent of the S57 sytem,ee tansmitedscrosthe PSTN. Modem technology has radually increased data rates close tothe theorae ete posible though the PSTN sviteh or tie diene network that extends outside the local same (ell the remete terminals used by the telephone companies to extend their service area io the suburbs), set Bbysical limitavon to these modem dat ates is in tum, ‘diving new technologies such as adaptive neta subse ine (ADSL) and cable modems to povea high-speed dat to the home or business Heart cv ough data canbe sent ugh cat na voice network this does not mean that SATE RE ste purpose ria ecient asthe pul das mae pncpale dt etwork PDN) has ben evolving fr may yn response to the connectivity needs Wes Tdcomaication Sytem and Neworks 24 Comore PN scone (2) ae a Figure 1-5 A depiction of the ple data neswork at tive ri ta rv mine ny ap ee ten prt icy pore pegemepen ation by encapsulating it wit sublic ne = ter a oe many ean ie ren anno pes Tp aes rics tap bak aoe are eto rove atoll: yes acuta lsc spe pain an fe ‘mobile igh-speed ‘advancing technology for the imple~ subs with highspeed comet he PDN. apy fer oe Late ad MARY te og ie Poteet ee icing nena ve ineng reo ope a£2 Introduction to Wires Telcmmanicetins Stems and Networks Broadband Cable Systems work othe Intemet (access tothe Intemet is ro to the Internet is provided from the subscriber's cat ‘ atthe CMTS) that passes Ethernet packets 9 ond tecome just one mee cake modem tothe subscriber's PC. The modemn boadband able ey sre connection tothe public data network. network has omic Bc Disses cr i} Tie] Ve Ai, {ina Disa nb Video Serer ideoea mand eb) Bilston Lie Aes be ey ay . Fire 1-6 Moder w-vay hybrid ber-gies include ur An? On new! Yep Ew services and subscribe to Wireless Tecommnications Sens ond Neteorks 33 1.6 FUTURE WIRELESS NETWORKS present-day research efforts inthe wireless field are geared toward the concept of seamless connectivity. It js conceived that inthe notfoo distant future, an individual willbe able to be connected to the installed tclecommunication infastracture in a seamless fashion. That is, the individeal can be roaming throughout hfferent service providers’ networks that possibly use diferent delivery technologies and sl be connected to he loernet without lsing connectivity. Mobile IP will allow for both universal mobility and high data rate acces either ina fixed location or while in motion. The user will not notice any loss of eoniectivty or change inservice regardless of the Conitions or the type of wireless network. Even before the installation 6f 3G cellular systems has become commonplace, 4G systems with ATM access speeds (over 100 mbps) axe being discussed by the wireless research community. Many, including this author, believe that almost Sil access to the Internet will become wireless in the future. The future of wireless ‘elecommunications technology appears to be unlimited! H QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1. Doan rere seach for information aout Mon Loomis Wit short description ofthe ther Caloperaton of his ptrtd ata wiles leg aph em, 2. Do an ere! seach or information about Marcos fist wl experinens What hequenies did Narco fsuse rts wiles epeinett 5, Determine the eng of aware antenna for Fesendn's 0-40 transite tht he wed a Brant Rock What ws the actual lng of he antenna he wsedt Hine Doan teret search for ifrmaton shout fesender's eat experiments Hist k= where the peed of gad the eqoony. 4. Us the nem t seach the deployment of onthe HDTV y what date HDTV broadcsing expected toe totaly deployed? 5. Wt the data ate of D0 sal? 6: In theory, how many D30 cals canbe tarspoted by an OC3 fe pica? Aer multiplexing to higher On rates, wha s the praca capac of O30 cls at canbe handed by an OC fay 7. What sth pal aaa pl ve 9 87 taser nk? B. Desibe how highspeat cable modem, s0SL sence, oF cella telephone sevice extend the PON 9, nyour own words define the extent oles network LAN) 1. Inyour oun words define the eter of metropolitan aes network MAN, 11 inyour oun words define the exert ofa wie mea netrok (WAN) 12, Deeb the enapation proces inthe corte ofthe OS model 13 Atwat OS! aye docs ow contol occurt 14 nthe uncon be MAC bayer? 15 ch OS ayer provide th specctions fothe wees sneace? 16. Goto an trnet Web ste devead tthe CS ndsty and determin he present tl numberof wore Gs saber 17, Goto an ner Web te devoted to the cellphone indy and deterine the percentage of Subseribes forthe diferent major cellr telephone tedinologes (CSM, NACTDMA, CDMA, PDC, ce 18, Got the IEEE Wireless Standards Web ste, Check the stats of he IEE 02.11 wiles AN standard Wite 2 shot one puragaph repo onthe sate of oe ofthe IEE 802.11 working ous amend Ie 02.1 19, Dest a car telephone we that woud be consdred an nfotinment use 20, Compre 36 cel tlopone da ese aes with oe valle one wires LANS, Comment on te dfererce. simporantaoltion and Deplyment of Cllr Tlphoe Sytens 35 MD wise eke : subscriber devices within different systems, indifferent locations and increasingly in workdwide roaming 2 situations. ‘This chapter will attempt to give the reader a feel for the fundamental nature of wireless cellular sys tems. This will be accomplished by providing an overview of the various generations of mobile celluls systems, the new types of technology involved, and a detailing ofthe steps entailed in the standardization, option, and deployment ofthese new generational systems. Some detail of the evolution to third-genet tion systems and predictions about the fourth geaeraton of wireless ae given, but as always, no one can predict the foture. Only time wil tel how ital plays out Evolution and Deployment Of Cellular Telephone Systems saben 2.1 DIFFERENT GENERATIONS OF WIRELESS CELLULAR NETWORKS Aside from use by the military and transportation industries, some of the fist sticty land-based tyo-way rmobile radio systems commenced operation in the early 1930s in the United States. These system were ‘ypically used for fleet communications by the public service sector (e.g. police and fite deparihens). (Operating in a time division duplex mode, one mobile radio user at aime could talk and then use two-way zo jargon to indicate who should speak next o ifthe communication was over. Then in 1946, AT&T and ‘Southwestem Bell commenced operation of a mobile radio-tlephone service to private customers in St. Louis, Missout. The system operated on a small number of channel licensed by the FCC in the 150-MEz band, Ie was not until 1947 that ATS, on behalf of the Bell Opeeating Companies, petitioned the FCC for aaitional radiofrequency spectram meant for use by a mobile radio system thal Would connect the user to the public switched telephone network. The FCC granted the use of a limited numberof channels for this application in 1949. AF the time, the FCC felt thatthe interests ofthe public were better served by the legacy public land radio services than public use of this new secvice proposed by AT&T. sit tamed out, this new technology, knovn as mobile telephone service (MTS), was exiremely popula in large metropol tan areas and its capacity became totally exhausted by the mid-1950s. Technical improvements like automatic dialing were quickly added tothe MTS system making te system easier to use and more trans parent tothe use, ‘The cellular telephone concept that had frst been put forward in the late 1940s received minimal research and development effort during the 1950s, primarily due to the FCC's continued reluctance to increase the amount of available spectrum for MTS use. Even s, the celular concept and possible models for its implementation vere the subject of several intemal Bell Laboratory technical memoranda in the late 1950s that Iter served asthe basis for several publicly available journal articles published by the Intiate ‘of Radio Engineering (IRE) in 1960. Even though the Bell system petitioned the FCC for additional spec- ‘uum forthe MTS system in 1958, the FCC di not set on the request In 1964, the Bel system began to introduce Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS). This new service allowed full duplex operation (Ge, both partes could talk a the same time) and provide for automatic channel selection, direct dialing, and inore efficient wse ofthe spectrum by reducing channel spacing. However, IMTS id not increase the capacity ofthe system enough to meet the public demand. It should be pointed out thatthe other providers ‘of mobile radio services the radio common carets(RCCS), which owned half ofthe available mobile fe ‘quencies, constantly opposed the Bell system's requests to the FCC and in essence helped delay the implementation of any new high-capacity technology. Ultimately, ten years ltr, in 1968, in response to the backlog of requests for MTS and IMTS service, the FCC asked for technical proposals fora high- capacity and efficient mobile pone system to augment or replace the current system. [AT&T proposed a new mobile phone system using te cellular concept. Through the use of small cover- 2 areas or cell sits, many low-power transmitters would be used to provide coverage to a metropo" sree. Furthermore, the use of low-power uansmitters with ter limited range would allow for the the scarce number of radio frequencies or channels availble tothe entre system on the basis o” shorter specing than previously feasible wih earlier systems. Additionally, the system would pn conpiton of ihe he si £"Dacus te concerti ++ Discuss the evol is oe lent shouldbe able topatibility of mobile sat States. To ensure compatility, cedures be specified. Release of re 15136 Within a parca generational chook eee sualy man ‘othe standard ort the we of ely evhing chore enn ly Yds and changes seta allocations, and new Bolin an Dolmen of Cale Tiphne Sens 37 functionality or aotications builtin the stem. The ality to provide medium: to high-speed data access {0 and from the publi dats network over celular lephone sys has resin a al-peneaina tp that is presently refered wo as 2.5G (halfway between second- and tit-generation technology), The nec generation of cellular telephones with functionality tat mets the recently doped IMT-2000tleerotona! Mobile Telecommunications—2000) standards ae refered to as third-genetatin or 3G technology Many ae already refering to cellular telephone systems with more advanced fenctions and sear AS/0- ronous transfer mode (ATTM) data ransfer speeds as 4G technology! 2.2, 1G CELLULAR SYSTEMS As previously mentioned, the fist analog-based, voice-oriented cellular telephone systems, which became available in other countries during the late 1970s tothe early 1980s and in the United States duting 1983, ‘are now refered to as first-generation or 1G celular technology. This chapter will provide an overview of the characteristics and operational aspects of these fist-generation systems. While there are several other {ypes of first-generation systems, mos ofthis chapter's coverage Will be devoted tothe AMPS technology firs deployed inthe United Stats. though the reguremet to provide support for AMPS technology ‘now due to be phased out inthe United States by 2007. iis instructive to look at the technical characte. ties of AMPS because all succeeding generations of cellular telephone systems have evolved from this earlier technology. Introduction All first-generation eeular systerts used analog frequency modulation schemes forthe transmission of vice messages with two separate bands for downlink (fom base station to mobile) and uplink {Com ‘mobile to bate station) transmissions. This type of system is known as frequency division duplex (EDD). Also, within these twe separate bands, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is used to increase system capacity. The exact characttistics of the audio channel frequency response, ther audio-processing deals, and the allowed transmitter frequency deviation were defined by the paiular system slandeed, The chase el spacing was typically set bythe appropriate regulatory agency (the FCC inthe United States) ss weve the allowed frequency bands of operation (channels). Jacaifcation (ID) numbers were assigned to the cellular system (SID) and the subscriber's device (coobile transmitter or handset). These ID numbers are used to determine mobile status (within home area ‘2 oaming) to perform authentication ofthe mobile, and to define the mobiles telephone number for eon, "eet operation of the network. ‘The system standard further defines physical layer technical parameters such as maximum permissible Bower levels, audio preemphasis standards, and maximum out-of-band emision levels. Most important, the standard sets the required procedures forthe operations between the mobile subscriber's device and the call site transmitter or base statin. The standard also prescribes the required protocols and signals neces ‘ary for the successful exchange of messages Fstween the mobile and the base station that will implement theke operations AMPS Characteristics [Te AMPS systen began operation in the 800-Miz band with the eventual following frequency asign- ‘ents. The downlink o forward band was from 824 1 849 MHz and the uplink or reverse band was frem £69 o 894 MHz. The chnnel spacing was set at 30 kHz and each base stations transmit and receve fre. grenc’ was separated by 45 MHz. The FCC introduced competition into tbe mobile phone arena by «;Aiving the alloted frequency spectrum inio “A” and “B” bands. The A band was allocate to ote soni 5 Tovider and the B band was allocated to another service provider within a specific serving tea. These38 Inhalation Winds Tlaomomuniatin Stems end Neer vation and Deploy of Callas Téphone Stems 39 ilar to the concept of hasic and major treding areas BTAs and MTAs MTAs. In the vast majority of these market areas, one of te one of dhese service providers was the ‘incumbent Bell Telephone Company (assigned eh rannels in the B band by default), {sitaly, the A and B bands both consisted of 333 chin: thannels 1-312 inthe hi E te f es. Of these 333 channel, Channels 1-3 dander tlle channels (TCH) used forthe ubacnorscs oy channels 313-333 in the A band igure 2-1 Ansty AMPS call sem. refered to as base transceiver sitions) form cells that provide coverage to mobile subsribers over a pati: lar geographic area, The base stains ae connected tothe MTSO that isin tur connected to te public Switched telephone network (PSTN). Together, the base stations and the mobile stations provide the air saxictt | tery | samy | Berit Comr | Sytem Ba ond {inte | Chamels | Chamerts | ‘yetene inate a poe fs ieee iets apa susie ey whi cmesta te STN The NSC pts en et #25030 | e700 | * by amitehing the calls to the corect cells, interfacing wit the PSTN, monitaring system aff for bins, — 0 wo performing various diagnostic services, and managing the operation ofthe entire network. The mobile unit > wot 34990 | 578990 ei frequeney and ouput power agile radio transceiver tat has the ability to change is operating frequn- 8 [ s34r06%6 | 835.020 | so) ‘des 1 those designated by the MSC aad its output power level if so instructed. The base station provides a saad the interface between the MSC and the mobile subscriber. The base station receives both signals and insrcions frm the MSC tha allow itt receive and Sed fic othe mobile station a A || sine | sata ns the MSC tha allow ito afi he mil 0 es71077 | 845010 | ooo. ‘Typical AMPS Operations w |e “The firs partf this section wll provide an overview ofthe typical operations pesfomedby the mobiles F o 6.480 | 591.480 ton and the base station The second pr ofthe section wll give a bref overview ofthe operations that 8 [n7w7 | e650 | ae9s ‘occur Between the Base sation and the MTSO. The purpose of providing this infomation i 0 give the el 10 feader an insight into typical cellular system operation. Very litle detail wil be included aboot the exact ; — ute | econ true of the signals or the formats of te daa sent between cellular system components (he reader can a I 3 Aer LaEESSS70] ‘biain OST Bulletin No. 53 from the FCC Web ste if more detalis deste). The details of more advanced | 1102 | s24040 | 565.040 Cellular systems (Second generation and up) willbe covered in ther chapter ofthis book to to I ‘The AMPS base station uses the dedicated control channels mentioned previously (0 send a variety of 845000 | s7000 | control information o idle (turned on but not being used) mobile stations within its cell, andthe mobile sta~ for | tins use the eonespending reverse contol channel o communicate withthe ase station whem the le 10 | s69.010 mode, When he mil sation is engaged ina voice cl, contol and signaling information maybe also be ttansmited over the trafic channel being used by the mobile and base station. Figure 2-2 depicts the ow | 8910 | of information over these channels. The need to transmit “radi link status” signaling information over tetive voice channels i facilitated by the use of supervisory audio tones (SAT), also known as analog ‘lor codes. Three SAT ftequencies are wed: 5970 He, 6000 Ul, and 6030 He. Thooe tones give the base sem consisted ofthe following com fand mobile station the ability to Keep informed about each others transmiting capabilities and to confirma telephone switching office (TSO), the cuocess of fice of certain mobile operations. Th base station periodically adds a SAT signal to the CTSO), forward voice channel (FVC), thus transmitting it to the mobile station. The mobile statin, acting like ler oF MSC. The base station ions (often transponder, transmits the same frequency tone on the reverse voice channel (RVC) back to the baseForrcd Cot Chase (FOC) (Stes, a eT AMS dei cont tC hs 05 aia ame cent cmmtr) Ta Tae Sl TE TE AMES woe net pe eg ana ice ei Me a Sm lama ase Transit Mobi stati aon Fre 2-2 AMPS ona and reves conta nd ve ch . vol and voice channels splat fts0n «mobil station is capture bya interes an incon ga ei88 Mobile station, this station wll be dase sion ofa digit se station and returned SAT color code (SCC: * may also be tansmitted to the mobile Elation ond Deployment of Cellular Tephoe Sytem: 41 ® S Forward Coto! Chel (FOC) ‘a0 Figure 2-3 The wasfer of contol informatin over the AMPS forward and revere contol channel, senis data over the forward control channel while the mobile station sends data ver the reverse contol channel as shown’ in Figure 2-3. ‘The FOCC transmits three data streams in atime division muliplexed (TDM) format as depicted by Figure 2-4, These three data streams are known as Stream A, Stearn B, and the busy-ile steam. Mes- sages to mobile phones with the least significant bit of the mobile’ identification number (MIN) equal to ‘SQ ace sent on Steam A and messages to mobile phones that have a MIN with the least significant bit ‘equal to "I" are sent on Steam B, The use of Streams A and B doubles the capacity ofthe control channel ‘The busy-ile steam indicates the cutent stats ofthe reverse control channel. The reason forthe busy- idle stream is to counteract the fact thatthe RECC canbe shared by many mobile phones in a particular cell, thus creating contention forts use. With the status ofthe RECC indicated by the busy-ile steam, message collisions can be minimized to some degree by software algorithms used by the mobiles within the cel. Both control channels operate ata 10 Kbps data rat. Forward Coto Channel (FOCC) eee Each FOCC message can consist of one or more words, The types of messages to be transmitted over the FOCC ae overhead messages, mobile station contol messages, and controller messages ‘Overhead message information is used to allow mobile stations to perform the Initialization Task, to ‘update mobil stations tht aze monitoring a contol channel by providing the atest system parameters, and to support system access by mobile stations. Two types of mobile station control messages can be sent by the base station. The base station may either page the mobile station or send it an order message tht int ates particular operation. The contol-fller message consists of one “space fillet” word that is sent ‘whenever thee is no other message to be sent on the FOCC. The contoL-filer message is also used to ‘specify a control mobile attenuation code to adjust the output powers of mobile stations accessing the sys- temon the REC.Enolton end Deployment of Callan Tpione Sem 43 _HamcOMINE phone call the adit order * 1S lave int yc ie change poner nce BY te ise ation deerine Bower: the intercept order message—sed to inform ng oe eae eE ater the mobiles 40g cal the manenance order morege ea 8 ethan ae ower, onder Procedural ee has order message essage—used to check theo hasbeen mide in pl emese se odin sale ro ak he PEM a he ae eo Te SS Cites eed gto al otc ers__ [TH Men aE So ile ig ination OE NIE Son mast end ne [a Tue ile se co tat ep alerting (ringing) the wer 8? A Order mexsage—sed 1 infor athe [AMPS Secure and dene Commins artes.) Sumit? ‘Thre identification number . cea ESN), the mobi St used by the AMPS system: the mobi : oble service provider the mebile station's electron Identiication noms ane wise’ 38m identification nam ions electron seria. Tk Mahe saber ion number (MIN). The Bsn ber (SID). and umber be ea aed sane 1S na ESN is provided by the motte phone's nd tke mobile station's mobile Corl Messages ane Tansined by MS. aging ebacoet i ine we echanged es iY nbs at waa RACs tae HES nn SS) a es aie : assigned to cellar syste slr "4 mine the status of the mabe ae oat Meroe Rend MS mobile stati me or taker MSaterinion —|—=—See EE Pa ion's 10-tigttephone nam i soe 1 is ae derived rom he ig ae coe \ sos MINI and MIN2, pects ‘as Tanai Mobi Seon Son 15 i) Figure 2-5 AMPS mobile phone inttzaton . that ofthe system ID delivered toi inthe overhead message. Ifthe two system IDS are not the same, the ‘mobile station knows that itis in a roaming status and sets parameters to allow roaming operations to take place between itself and the system that its artached to. Tis action is necessary forthe home system to be ‘hl t0 update the location of the mobile phone. If Task #4 cannot be completed successfully, the mobile returns t0 Task #1 and stars over. If Tasks #2 are complete, the mobile will identify or register itself with the network by sending its ESN, MIN, and SID numbers over the RECC (Task #5). These ID nurmbers will ‘be compared against a database atthe MSC to validate the mobile station's ability to have roaming status (Task #6). Finally, the base station sends a control message to the motile to verify thatthe initialization process has been completed (Task #7). After Tasks fI-7 have been successfully executed the mobile goes into an idle mode (Task #8) during which tcoatinally performs four ongoing tasks, AMPS Ongoing Idle Mode Tasks While inde idle mode, the AMPS mobile phone wil respond to contin ‘ous control messages from the base station, The mobile phone must execute each ofthe following four tasks every 46.3 millisecond: ‘le Mode Task #1—Respoad to overhead information. The mobile must contine to receive overhead We dem tessa dane ine pe) Tesaandase i eee wilbetheupiin ranch eee | esas an compare te eee SID wi te ated SD va Ite ot ey ted SID peice mci se eee |e ts mists ens ante psn co SID aoe se. fain tie ow epee eel ocean trao,Gne het at hs ba proach ‘mobile responds to any messages rceived, if any, inthe overhead message, Tile Mode Task #2 Page match. The mobile sation must mositor mobile station control mestsges for page messages. If paged, the mobile will enter the System Access Task with a page respons. dle Mode Task #3—Onder. The mobile sation must monitor mobile station control messages for orders. ‘© scan the paging ne Wit de scomae i emsicel ot | eae erected ue mae meson oi IF this potion of the task cannot be Tle Mode Task #4-Call initialization, When the mobile subscriber desires to initiate a call, the System auempr co complete the ask win, | A&z® Tsk mustbe emered with an riginaton indication. ‘This next section wll provide several more examples of AMPS operationsSeprieded to compet this task Fst, the mobiles re? fiat mr note mene ee and an SCC that will dsignate what § one a tens ate and mobile station have switched heir commons ‘ext step of the process, the base station sends a ae oe SU Mobi i th REC St Mobi el Service Request mesage Sen #3: Ba ton sends coal mesiagea ‘tp 2: Ca ifomation is used cao the MSC (tannin prance etic inne parents frcal) = Sep: Bate a Mobile Saton wich 7 ‘ospeied vie came Step 5: Mote conto message (SA) ‘aimed onthe VEY BS ‘8p #5: Cotman meses (SAT) minor ys SSE Sep #7: al pone fom the meter “Sapient 3p #9 Calls tinned by iter be Base Water Staten TS aa inure 2-6 AMPS mobie-oiginated cll (a ‘ahscibr want to make cal ever as een ie mobile pore andthe tse salon ove te stows tee chanel Figure "AT tone fo use on the waffic channel. At tis ‘mobile contol message over the IVC with ihe oi Bolton ond Deplaent of Calas Teaphone Sytem 45 rat (ep #9). As exlind before, the mobile station esponds to this message over the RVC with the LET signal, which confiems the radio link (Step #6). The mobile station now awaits completion ofthe call the resultant signal coming from the network (MSC) (Step #7). Finally, the conversation takes place ep #8) To disconnect or complete the call either the base station sends release order messge or the ile sends signaling tone (ST) for L8' seconds, at which point the base and mobile station drop the ice channel adi link (Step #9). Land-to-Mobile and Mobie-to Mobile Calls. The motile sation can receive # call fom another mobile ation or from a telephone connected to the PSTN (a landline). For both eases, the needed handshaking ieg are the same. AS shown in Figure 2-7, the network (MSC) sends the ID of the bile tation tothe pase station (Step #1). The base station constructs a page contol message. The ID information (ESN, MIN, and SID) is added to the message a isthe initial voice channel information (Step #2). The mobile sion responds t the page by returning identification information over the RECC in a page response message (Step #3). Another control message is sent over the FOCC by the base station that containsian ISCC. value to inform the mobile as t the corect SAT to be used on the voice channel (Step #4). The base and mobile station both switch to the voice channels (Step WD) and alternately use SAT tones to ver- Pity the radio link (Step #6 and #7), After this last handshake occurs, the traffic channel is then opened to conversation (Step #8) oa Step 4: MSC sends tile iDwiheas Sep 2: The BS tami Paging esa (Dinan ESN MIN, SID) $6918: Moi mn Page epee ape ‘Sip: Con! mesa is asd (GAT nema) ‘Sep #5: ots BS nd MS oie to ik Step 5 SAT tone nent oma FV) Sep SAT need by mile (RVC) Base Teanmter Soa ‘Staton (BTS) “ gure 2-7. AMPS mobile eminated call45 ntroducont Wires Teleommenicatons Stems and Neworks ue Mawr Oban A is ng, be insvtive o ak twat pening onthe nes ta Em aes MSC and MSC PSTN ap Fgur28 sows som te satis oetions Cntr «mobic cal ee Beteein Figure 26 an a il oe, tee memes cxcged on station andthe tiene MSC andthe PSTN These mesages nese ‘ned reverie voice chanel. Either tes Paryor the mobi station may temas eon oie Oris a = Metis bent Chassis ah soap Peet Nie sscmirsme a te Tee Se BS nS Sica 1 tae Chane! pea it Pay Ae a =| Cos eye se ee Rigiae | Gime | ing bag | AU Rome Retove Convestin on FC pp Conconionoanve i hy i waite starts Terms feels Mt tn Stain Sie a on io “coro ‘phe Nanak am Fewe2-8 AMPS neck opntons fs moigoted cal oulution and Deployment of Cellular Tephone Sytens 47 ci dt i so nis te ibe i oe 9 re ch ie 2a eng pi a saa se se depicts ‘a mobile switching center connected to two or ee re Semi Bese ton Aandi acne cl FC Cem | stow Rac i ‘aes Sil Seog adn Mean Raga Seto MBC and Meares RvC Conversion ALM OO vixteewmenen | Te RAGITREEYA VIPYALAVA CO New OF ENGINEERING UBRARY = BANIGALORE PG.¢§, | genoa Ace NOB BAP. CA. Wo, Yeas 1d scunsemne coed Ls Ose vise] conten stines| —=— o Sar Reed 1 tide inet to Sting Mabtestee basen esa ta co : Figure 2-9. AMPS hand operation.tems 49 uolution and Deployment of Cllr Tpone Sy 89 mtvoducion to Wireless Telecomnications Systems and Neteorks Boner te mobile sain in wast ands moving ay om Base Station A and toward Base Wesuget® area Bate Staton & conta toni the eres signal power from the mobile sa ‘Wee the signal fom the mobile ation goes belon > ie cenmlaed threshold evel Base Station A en Pandoff measurement request to the MSC. The Mee seawests that all base stations that are oh Hae Seaton 8 sion om te spcited bite saige een its power level. fe determined ‘igs Staton B is eciving the stooges sgn rag je mobil, The MSC asigns a uate chant estat Sion B. Base Sion B responds and the henge onde is sent fom the MSC 1 Base Staton Gaz Stn A sends a andot contol signal tte Station withthe necessary new channel SOC can mobi wiches te new oie chanel ‘euly prescribed outpat power and hanist As before the mobile weeives Base Sauna SAT and returait. everything goes wel, handofCis successful a rent into operation in Japan in December of 'T (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) cellular system w pe pa NIT (Ni ee etna Sd mc te pcan teste bea gee Es pe cat eg ee STACONTACS ‘Gapanese TACS/Narrowband TACS) epee he pie Tg ASCs ie TC rn TAS it 8 tik i 1S S a s log cellular systems, {a Table 2-2) were placed in operation al other first-generation analog cellular systems (agai, refor ta Table 2-2) were pla vera other first-generat ca vo ican is eae cs ae ee eas operon Sie agentes onbecns baer One ‘note that Europe, with the introduction of the ae ee eect rae a seed ik, and Italian RTMS systems, had many incomps Sree ase Septet ca wy tne 2 ey aa ee effort 0 create a pan-Eurypean cellular system. dane onfomaion transite sth bse station from the oil tation athe AMPS system the station class mark (SCM). The SCM conning {Rformation abou the mebife staon's movin coup Conceing st SO aon details abot he moc aero ‘tility to suppon various operat onceming output power changes die 1G analog cellular ste Other 1G Systems ‘ble 2-2 Wordide 1G analog ella 5 maine] Opin | ie raat mete lg tert eta yey began oe payed oun Pein Fegan retion so int ty 98 Cosine eae siployment of advanced digit! cette | Cellar "non = cen yegttPontance ofthese sysems i limited atic a Howes iis possible that thee seen Siandaed - 69-894 Mz 30k vent inet Tg iu 8 seppred ie oft a counties ine werd fora | a 4-89 Me rope Ucn tong time, Taking abit lok at some of tines cde “tas now will help the reader develop ¢ ease ite | 935-960 be Bue —~ se a undersntig of how the clr hoor a ‘sved tit cument positon lining af ‘TAGS awe ane 2kite | United Kingdom deployed cellular systems by country and type is available at www.cwivtedy in the Wireless FAQ (fre- 005 MHz. 917-95 e nl tions) section, FACS a = ‘ueatly asked questions). [=a fsa som aerate 25xite | _Bwwope TACS Cellular —— “[sscomin [ase | Bop ton ‘The TACS (Total Access Communications System) cellule system developed by Motorola began opera- NMT 300 — 65.74 Mia 10k eeu a eel inom (38a pas oe a ee Comm) ra camaeaeey ed Powe te gicpeas Union shomy there. Ths spec, 1% 2 YraGon othe AMPS estan ander 7 = Italy 2 At 2 90-Ma ands (ater Tabled Oh ne System employed a reduced chan — SShile | 460-465 Mite ae Pes ts sine of 100 cham inthe ade soectun. Two UK service pont MTS — SMe | 125k ad Som ne este Die tae Oi mn nom | sates | ioe Ermer, tal emecy spectrum tr TAGS Tee ‘peraded stot oo ws25-9smre | 20052075 Me Extended-TACS or EACS in the UK Tae ‘lll sysiems ot some variation of ha gia errr Peseniy slemploe in ppxinnly env soutien ase tas cau Japan - a5 Me NMT Cellular MIT ese ee a os RaAMT 450 cellar system was anther variation of SUES tht wes fist deployed daring 1981 inthe Sows | MosisMis | 6 ; sisal of Denna, Fala Nermy. and Seco cre iStNMT systems operated inthe 450, setae | 12525K a an at With channel Spacing of 25 Ele, An ptanles AMT cellar syste oping in the 900 My sracsrvTacs | 9-501 iis] S42-si6te 2825 Kitz ryan i sb fe yas erin 586 whom Socing Of 12.5 KB. NMP cota, necozne | emcasti | 125ue lar systems have since’ been deployed in approximately fifty countries ‘Worldwide, ad20 induction to Wis Tekommctions Stems aed Newers Digital AMPS tem capac without tenon ving totaly change oven, eonomics mat be comidred when one of eauipnent and many mobi subenba e that ued secondo it systems. As desirable ing over to @ new sys AMPS monile phoney, neration technology but ca new technol tem. With le ine the seve provides was taka comp ee vslation and Deployment of Cellar Telephone Stems 51 ‘This continual and wnrelenting onrush of technology has quickly brought us from the fist generation of calla telephone systems through the second generation tothe lnll-geneiational step of 2-3G and beyond (@.5G#), withthe promise and implementation of the third generation of wieless cellular service at out doorstep. Introduction ‘hare are several defining diferences between fist and second-generaion systems tat will be oiined here. The most basic cifference stat first-generation systems used analog modulation techniques fo the transmission of the subscriber's voiceover te afc chanel, All ubsequeat generations of cellular sys tems conver a user's voice from an analog signal to digital form and then use some form of digital tnodulation to transmit the digital encoding ofthe voice message. This conversion toa dial format ust- aly reals inthe ability of a communications link Gi this ease, a waffic channel) to accommodate more than one user at atime. This atrbut is usally refered to as mokiplexing, The two most popular forms of rultpiexing used by second-generation cellular systems are time dvisiod mutiple access (TDMA) and cde division mulple access (CDMA) ‘The consol signals fo ist generation systems used digital modulation to send cia control messages cove the dedicated control channels and over the forward and reverse voce channels when the mobile sta- tion was in the conversation mode and thus using a trac channel, Fst-gencratin systems also relied on supervisory audio tones and signaling tones to facilitate system operations. Second-generation systems also ‘se digital modulation techniques to send digital contol messages bu have no need for analog supervisory or signaling tones. ‘Asa frther consequence of using digital encoding forthe user traffic, digital encryption may be employed tat provides both security and privacy forthe mobile network subscriber. This Was not possible Jn ist generation cellular systems and it led othe use of Scanners that could be used to listen to private conversations at well at numerous cates ofthe fraudulent we ofa subscriber’ incereptd identification sumbers (ESN, MIN, and SID) Furtbernre, the use of iia encoding and modulation allows forthe use of err detection and correction coder, the use of wich, to some extent, combats the typeof fading and cise effets peculiar othe radio channel (tore about this tole in Chapter 8). The AMPS system worked remarkably well when it was first deployed in the United Sates Subscribers could move country-wide between diferent service provider systems and as long as they were ina cover- ge aca they could receive servic, Roaming was nota problem within the United States since ll systems tid to be compatible, This was not so in other areas ofthe worl. As just ouined, many diferent ystems were deployéd in diferent eptons ofthe worl, This situation was nowhere more troubleséme than inthe European countries. ‘Therefore, in the erty 1980s, the European counties began working together to develop a pan-Euro- ean collar system, This process was sein mation when, in 1982, the Conference of European Poss and Telegraphs (CEPT) formed a Groupe Spéiale Mobile study group to research and then develop this new system. The study group proposed thatthe new system meet certain operational eiteria and in 1987 the Global System for Mobile Communications was fomall initiated by the European Commission in the fox of sdietive. In 1989, responsibilty forthe continuing development of the new system was trans fered tothe Buopesn Telecommunication Standards Insitute (ETSI, In 1990, the fist phase of the GSM standards wete published and commercial operation commenced soon afterwards in lat 1992, The system chases used digi technology and becaa known a the GSM cellar system. General Characteristics of 2G Systems Only a brief overview of the general characteristics of second-generation systems will be provided here since these systems and their succeeding implementations will be covered in much grester detail in subse- ‘quent chapters50 pili ‘ni ils Teams Sytems sind Nedcorks pene one coat Ape epee fe Jn this system, at the transmitter, each user's dot ented a Barta eee I lecode or recover the orig ‘bt seeam. The spe fo aaa th ecinecoting uncon ive ange a ines tnemenc acetate ee en aah an a sgl ay esas tested on te ane er . a pared | ver digits lulation set Seve renee recs . channel For TDMA systems, since both forms ef Sar cmone, eae ter cea Canes ‘frequency simultaneously. een lial code is used to ds th i bmn ae frm en igi oe ine vans ever ta led ae iil rn shee ane ey cn einen tin Fe Ca ose, cl oy wali ot a ea ing ea wet maine oer ve i geen la sen, sexy Sit ce base and succeeding a x scent eli cas ting dt oat the EST eas any cellar sass ris digg Now Fitgeneraton caller sys swine a aod way by once GSM i Were capable of modem, cDMA Inthe early 19905, 40 response tothe Cellular Te formance requiremer *lecommunicat a Code at te next enertin of wiles sev, oa oe a eet Conte ar na Mil Actus CDMA vas ely by Qu Cee mae en nnn Re tr 195 vo dpe nf CDMA comarca ea ee te, COMA em tne eae et a the cellular and PCS bands exeensivel ads extensively in the United Stas id growth an es and througout "id roth and presen 138 oft ese a fe so he wold CDMA hs enprnced lar telephones use this technology, ed very ———— Evolution end Deployment of Clr Teliphone Sens 53 ‘TDMA Jpite nied Stes awe second genston TDMA sytem was developed fo usa ie $00 nt Jn OOD Mil: PCS bans. Tis TDMA sytem is published as 15-136 andi bas many sims 19 se ady its known 8 Nor American TDMA (NA-TDMA). Curent, oly 10% ofthe words fata subscribers use this technology. ppc 1h 1989 the Japanese Ministry of Post and Telegraph began a development sty with te oimate os of a oer sytem ith common interface rom this sway ene the pees Pesan rat umuricatons PDO) pte in 1 Using TDMA tecoog sim t18-8 in bt he $0- Oi SOD Mie ands, PDC systems supplied by Motrela were deployed starting in 1993, Curent, aa poo the wes call subsorbers se PDC technology 5 i PCS Systems ! ‘ovo the mi190s, in expose tthe Onis Buget Act of 1953, te PCC aston off portions of ear gnats spe inthe United States for use by commercial mobile raio sence provides. a eC hd aloaed 153 MH of spextum for Personal Communication Services (PCS) ad took the To athe moratlace shou itt the we ofthis speci. Many celular servic providers bid on sane tfoquency blocks avble in the fiy-one major trading areas (MTAs) and the 453 fequeney to able fr base trading areas (BTA). large numberof these Ticenes have been used 10 ee etluler coverage bythe cela service providers. In only a mite numberof eases, service suerte spy pre FCS aetwors (epi PCS and T-Mebie). Typically, CDMA, OSM igd nat NA-TDMA technology have Deen ued to provide service in these PCS bands 2.4 2.5G CELLULAR SYSTEMS [After second-generation cellular systems began operation there was an increasing deste for mobile data vey, Dating the 199s, the PC had ben in existence for overa decade and he Inert was satin is Seplonve growth, Workvide, more and mote tecommanications was Pscoming compu o-compuer rey aed society had become exttemely motile through the growth and efficiency of moder trans saration systems. Several proprietary systems had been developed early inthe ie oe of 1G systems, rn t90n IBM and several mobile carers published a specification for a system calle cellular digital racket data (CDPD) tht coud e ova on te AMPS sytem, Although an improvement tot alowed rare cncless e-mail acces, ile transfer capabilites, andthe like, CDPD service coud only deliver dat at ‘very limited transfer rates (ypically, 9.6 kbps) Evolution of Mobile Data Services With the advent of all digital second-zeneration cellular net ea ia gate uanser ates ove cellular ystms twas not Tog before the sevice providers andthe ) sera ards organizations set their sighs on third-generation celular systems tat would offer Tigrspeed data ts and many more features tied tthe access of the PDN by thir eabcibrs Het ae eine appropriate technology and slit frequency speci exists to build thse stems, 28 em. Titeary aymoch owpsraing the existing cellular sysiems was outlined bythe interes pais, ranted of 3 specifications has already Bee nid ot, at fr most systems operation, how ‘ever, we must passthrough 2.5G and 2.546 frst! works came the very teal likelihood ofuolution and Deployment of Clr Telephone Sptems 55 HSCSD Although HSCSD (ti , aon ae fer rates up 1043.2 Kops, Betti vee ae . Figwre 7-10. The CDMA terotig incon ne, reat is elghttimesiots. Si i i 7 . om te in joes (6. ice ‘and video), and global roaming. These standards are being Sa Sar en: tm a ea et cone “Figure 2-11). In the late 1990s, the ITU formed tie Intemational Mobile Telecommunication- 2000 (IMT- : 2 mt le td cage ee evolutionary phases of the 3G standard are used to build out the systems. Presenly, the 3G Parmer onset pats {ject GPP) group and the 3GPP2 group are overseeing these ‘efforts on behalf of the GSM and being ‘mobile systems stakeholders, respectively. utenti ‘kbps. Interestingly, i is felt ‘Gr areas sie Packet Data over CDMA Te COMA ys eda ne sof oc dt (we ipe 210, Bae SIN and he mode cen ystems S950), te maxima peat Packt da the IWF provid the nine oe Figure 2-11 Organizations involved with the developmen ofthe 3 eli andar Introduction semua Jel their fan icesing dean ‘The deployment of second geen cla tens nl served fuel . ea ere agaly and new sevis 20 systems pac provi vie Serie even tough they ‘revolutionized the data market. The could also support low data rate services. The arrival of the tenet+ 56 “Invedastono Wiel Tekcanmanicaton Stems and Networks lta ca Mazo cat, (Sth) Eoluion and Depleymentof Cllr Telephone Sens 57 fale 2-330 haces by cll da and inh peed. Cat Tipe Global Cell | MenaCell | Macro Cell | Micro Cell [ Pico Celt "Maximum Cell ro00'sofim | 100-soo%m | 35km Lin 50m | Rade ‘Operating Global Regional | Suburban | Urban | In-boilding Environment ow user | high user density) | density) Installation Type Satellite Suetiies | Toweror | Building | Inside GEO, MEO, LEO building | facadeor | ofa LEO) mounted | lamp-post_| building “Data Rate 100'sofkips | 100'sotkbps | 144kbps | 384ubps | 2mbps toseven! | toseveral mbps ‘mbps ‘Maximum Mobile WA NA. 500k | 100km/a | 10k Speed (Kh), | ‘Naty be Oran 3G systeins must beable to support varying data rates by providing bandwidth on demand to the sub- setiber. 3G subscriber devices (SDs) or end terminals (ETs) will be required to support multiple technologies and frequency bands and have the ability to be reprogrammed by their home cellular system. Today's mobile phones have dual-band snd t-mode capabilities, can provide limited video multimedia suppor, and have lied reprogramming features, Advanced, reconfigurable, multimedia mobile phones oF Subscriber devices based on software radios are under development now. Additionally, 3G systems must be table to support multiple simultaneous connectioas, IP addressing, and be backward compatible with 2G networks 3G Radio Interfaces “The IMT-2000 requirements for radio eansmission technology (RTT) are driven by the basic 3G require- rents, Therefore, the radio teebaology used to implement a3G system must have the ability to support all ofthe features referred to inthe previous section. As mentioned before, the vast majority of cellular sub- fesibers use either GSM, CDMA, or NA-TDMA technology. Many different proposals were submitted to IMT-2000, but only five were accepted by the Intemational Telecommunications Union (ITU), Presently there ate only two major 3G cellular technology proposals moving forward. They are edma2000 and UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access or UTRA (Universal Wireless Communication —136; UWC136 tas recently been dropped a5 a vable alternative). A brief overview of these technologies wil be given net. “More in-depth coverage ofthese systems is given in Chapters 5 and 6. umTs Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Terrestrial Radio Access Network or UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access or UTRAN is the evolutionary pathway to 3G for GSM mobile systems. This system was, ‘proposed by ETSI and is supported by the UMTS Forum (see www.umtsferum.org) and several major ‘manufacturers. This 3G system is slated to use present spectrum allocatiogs and new frequency allocations inthe 2-GHez band and to also employ combinations of wideband COMA (W-CDMA) technology and cither time division duplex (TDD) or frequency division duplex (FD) CDMA technologies depending58 Intrduction 0 Wires Teomineicatons Stems end Netorks on spect svailiy. The we of TDD ox FOD CDMA tl jun coma fo poe diferent UMTS servic neds for sametial an anne {pater recent pt otis evolution isthe use of TD-SCDMA (tne division - synchronous CDMA ens2000 is tha it will support several diferent radio link o link bandh ‘ate, The fist phase ofthe evoludonary pathway for edma2000 | UWC-136EDGE Soed Uae 3G Proposal for he evolution of NA-TDMA cellular systems. This proposal was devel: Mitta sed Wieless Communications Consortium (UWCC) tat consist of Nec TDMA Frey eve rovers As ofthis wating, the UWCC hasten sanded wit ie mine fect by the GSM Association. The TIA has already published TDMA 3G standens wo TWAPEIA-136, Rev C. It appears a his time GAIA Rev. appear that most NA-TDMA operators have opted to follow the 3G Mobile Network Evolution femtemiperesnne en try rte eas srt tne en er de oy ea a Sea mes Elton and Deployment of Cllr Tsphone Stems 59 ration of cdma2000-based proposals from the Telecommunicatons Industries Association and oth- "Addonally, an Operators Harmonization Group bas been formed to try to bring together the 3GPP SPP? initiatives to support single end user terminal concept and global roaming. The lst concept i fred to a# G3G or Global 3G, 6. 4G CELLULAR SYSTEMS AND BEYOND. eo before 36 colar echnologies hae Been fly roe out, furth-generaion motile commrications "gobi) iniatves and technologies are being sided by academia and the wireless indus. 40 at Involves « mix of aew concepts and ecologies. Some of these new ideas are decd fom 36 and refoe evolutionary wile some ideas involve ne approaches and new technologies andar he evolutionary. The goal of 4G is the convergence of wireless mobile with wireless acess Siacaions technologies. A converged broadband witless system appesr to be the fre tend nthe ar indy. This converged system wll evolve In response othe ass of bandwith efficiency, ic bandwidth allocate, quality of service, sun, next-generation digital rasciver technologies, Eoaringneotis, ad fue concrs that have yet to be recognized. 46 mobile networking wl retire an al-P architecture and connectivity fo anyone, enywhee a nj- rly 4G mob network data aes are expected to reach over 20 mbps and evenly provide ATM cd wiles connectivity. Many in the witless nduty fee that evenly winless ATM wil provide Framer forthe next generation of wireless communications wor freless ATM ‘concept of wireless ATM was fist introduced in the early 1990s asa way fora variety of mobile ter- [rigals to connect to an ATM network. Inthe late 1990s, a wireless ATM (WATM) working group was under the banner ofthe ATM forum (see www atrforum.com). The group developed a vision of an {4o-end ATM network that had the ability to suppor a variety of wireless technologies for inteconnec- vty between various portions ofthe backbone network. However, a number of fundamental physical layer alleges tothe technology derailed this efor from the fast tack desired by the WATM group and pat it on slower track. The most severe problem faced by this technology was that ATM was designed for use over exiremely reliable fiber-optic transmission channels. However, the wireless channel i inherently very reliable and therefore imposes serous limitations on wideband transmissions. Te slower track pursued by the WATM group involved active parcipatio in the standards activities of wireless LAN industry groups, in particular HipesLAN/2, a European-based effort. Research on wireless ATM and wireless sible ATM (wmATM) networks Continues ona worldwide bass. The AIL-IP Wireless Network The extemely rapid acceptance of the Internet and wireless mobile technologies i paving the way toward new and innovative digital services forthe mobile user over emerging high-bandwidth, high-speed mobile etwors. The rapid ansformation of wireless stems fom voice-only networks to multimedia-capable gal networks will user inthe mobile information society much faster than anyone coud have predicted ay few short yeas ago. With ateady more tan bili mobile pooe users, many, incloding this @ ether, predict thatthe use of some type of mobile appliance or end terminal wil be Ge most common ‘meod of connecting to the Internet inthe very near future, With the introduction of 3G technologies, the ‘mobile industry has started moving toward that goal. Major efforts are underway by the service proviers to sippy services and applications tothe mobile subscriber over a packet-switched IP (Internet Protocol) net- Work: The ultimate goal is to eliminate circuit switching (the PSTN) and thus totally reconfigure the Aicture ofthe existing wireless cellular network.volaton ond Deployment of Cllr Tephone Stems 61 00 Induction to Wire Tcommaictins Stes ad Newer ai tmae. This isthe nature ofthe bist, soto speak. In many cases, standards bodies have started to the next generation of wireless technology before it is even technicaly feasible to implement these effors have beca on a regional level and have continued io evolve in that fashion, 1 TNT-2000, a global forum on the future of wireless celular motile systems was foe the evolution of 3G cellular that moves toward a single global rears before it becomes c tnd plan To many cass, ily in the form of fd. That forum mapped out a pathway "That process is sill continuing but will most likely need many mor ye Billing, QoS issues, proicca ete Wa hoa * a ra guinness oi Pe et a pane aaa pr nt er sect tee tt groups presently ctve in the em ttee TR-45 ofthe TIA, GSM Assocation, and so on. See the IEEE Wireless Standards Web siteifor aformation about the activites of typical implementation working group. IEEE 802.20x Talat 2002, an IEEE 802 sta study group was formed atte eq ‘category of Local and Met 3 fequestof the IEEE Coy » Repetition ascent, bape Air Interface for Mobile Broadband W {ie “Local and Metropol lity —Physical and Medi 'ireless Access Systems Supporting Ve scope and purpose is s follows vec Zk a adn oi ore with ea do ae SEES Syms, erating in licensed bands 35 Gi opumicd oir ae a ronmeat and targets spectral efficieacies, susai da esd aber tatava sein hier onan metic en at = okt pn Tee i pte vee yen ant elt a i ened wesc en ne ra ei rads wc es ipo Inco acy ac ek a ‘This initiative, by the IEEE 802.20 ana rao LANG (RLANS Regional Organizations eyional standards organizations receive developed standards rom implemen groups. The repional esadons ae wed with approving te sandr. Usually, members ofthe perient ubeommits of serena organieation will vote onthe standard. Some ofthe more well-known regional organizations se Fe Guropean Telecommuniations Standards Insitute (ETSD, the Telecommunications Technology ‘Genmitce (TTC) and the Association of Radio Industies and Businesses (ARIB) in Japan, he Telecom ‘puntalons Techology Association (TTA) ia Korea, ke China Communications Standards Assocation {CESA) in China, Commitee I ~ Telecommuniaton (ANSI-TI in the United Stas, andthe EIA/TTA {Glecwoncs Industries Aliance/Telecommonications Inlusty Association) National Organizations ‘The most well-known national standards organization that exists in.the United States isthe American National Standards lnstiute or ANSI. The TIA and EIA develop North American wireless standards and forward them to ANSI for final approval asa cational standard. Other national organizations have been slready mentioned, study group forthe Us on eae a te sadaizing of wit are known a ew cls puzzle as we move toward 4G mobile networks, 2.7. WIRELESS STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS Global Organizations entation and speed in brit Global standards organizations receive peed in bringing services to the marke] organizations give the final approval fr aa international stand tations: the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the International Standards Org ensure interoperabili lity of equipment from differen lifferent vendors on a worldwide basi ldwide basis. Standards organization (SO), and the International lectroechsical Commission (HEC). recommendations from regional organizations. These worldwide ard, There are thre global standards org nization tei fo the a soit telconmncaons rea con develo plions ha bull won anda Po si ler of inter and MSC ng ee te er evel of te OST model. Te msages seat betwera he MS, Ree fata tS citer LAPD (mies for mobile LAFD) or MTP prc lenny Layer 2or Sa eg tans. The iype of radio signal, modulation and ining spent eed tc oe ton tod meta Lo Pavel ier charters. In Chapter he sue afraio eases cree cellar aearay anagemen pens wil be presented in ail ifere! view ae te Seon cellular architecture are presented sen eee Nona, Sep 0: When he MS eon oh aig es, aetna cmp ebie te atin deren cons aimed ec Sateen ase Mobile-Originated Call iganting mobile sub sit ate a ois ote st shown ng 18, Sep The rinngmeieab A molite-rgnated channel wing commen contol reqs by te nl for sigaaing nol mel sieve actin a rte eaacrgr wpe MS inca that Wants sevice fromthe sytem Te VLR set he at fei oy Sep 3: Aatbeaticaon and spo apron Sup The ol ie op of ove it wants (assume a voice call andthe numberof VLR scot Gestanace va teas © Se ee eee rere gine eee OTC “a 3 sequin of ef cael ees seve sie: the MSC eu the BSC 0 get tafe chanel be BSC checks oe if ea ie ch ria le BSC cds mee te RBS oats hel he DS sea eng ako BS in ean ta he hae has ee crated te MS sons on te aie! lhe BC ls abertat th MSC inate be canes ely, nd inal he MSCIVLR at te a message back sent the mobile inte tha he ; aleing message is a {Sgt angi tone The inging te ena inte PSTN exgsas stig eee ay being sent ringng tone The Sp eeeiemernn mare ir eamsated though the MSC back to the mol Seed The le retums 4 Comest Fetes ome i in es ‘owed mesa hal competes thecal ep proces ‘Mobile-Terminated Call anne tileerminatd call consists ofthe steps shown in Figure 3-17. Sep #: Any incoming call © 2 | ‘mobile system from the PSTN is frst routed to the network Hep {2 When the wireless mobile sytem detects an incoming cal athe GMSC the pe system must ins ile subsets i reginere in. Using SS7 (SCCP) the MSISDN i oomeded Mae ing the MSRN, the GMSC route the cal tothe MSCVER, Step Fs Ween ge serving MCIVER receives thecal i uses the MSRN number to reteve the mobik’s MBISDN nek oint the MSDN aT | © 49 cope 1S a0m0 se wsevervamt_ |, Sept 12s ron aol Ge son ‘Stop #4 sas spss 5 ee ee Fwe 317 Mae emit tn Con Co Fgue 3-18 Mobi gtd alloperaions86 Iaaducton wo Wires Teecsnicatins Stems and Neaools Call Release Call release iiite by the mobile consss ofthe steps shawn in Figute 3-19. Step #1: The mobile sends Disconnect message fo the RBS, the message is passed on tothe BSC where it s sent through a signaling link tothe MSC. Step #2: The MSC sends a Release message to the MS. Sep #3: The MS sends a Release Complete message back wo the MSC as an acknowledgement thatthe operation is complete. Step #4: The network initiates a chanel release by sending 2 Clear Command message from the MSC to the BSC. The BSC sends the Channel Release message to the mobile tough the RBS. Step #5: At his point, the BSC: sends Deactivate message to the RBS telling itt stop sending periodic messages to the mobile on 8 con- ‘wo channel. Step #6: When the mobile gets the Channel Release messge, it disconnects the trafic channel and sends the LAPD disconne:t Frame. The RBS sends an LAPDm acknowledgement frame back tothe mobile. Step #7: A Release Indication message is sent from the RBS to the BSC. Step #8: The BSC sends ‘an RF Channel Release message to the RBS that is acknowledged a5 shown, as soon asthe RBS stops ‘eansmiting onthe traffic channel. Aflera short period (Fepulated by a BSC system timer) a Clear Com- lets message is set tothe MSC from the BSC. a ag ‘eAccH seem —— meio Duat ete Mewget cyt |g aces) as Bore pane Di un ete Coe sere ese Ces | recta Ciscoe . fie wecomant | tine en ee ari acer) | sfs.. 7 ets [oe fu fe [se pw Ce Ee a ee Traffic Channels | 2 2B mu | 2s 26 a 8 2» 30 31 2 33 uM 35 * [7 @ [ele be pepe ys «| #0 | a | m | am) ae | as “16 vield a larger possible subscriber base 18 dB was available. This value of S/ ical AMPS system was deployed with ac Wireless Network Archit ad Operation 95 ‘note how exch call has a chanel spacing of 7x 30 kia = 210 KEL and that this canoe aloaton Axtesincahelosef 7 als, Anoierway of ining channels wen the cer sis? wil ento- ioe Hater ee __ 3. CAPACITY EXPANSION TECHNIQUES cellar mobile leone sevice ge in ppuaity daring the 19905, the need to xpi stem ake ge. Mot clr poe wil naly implement eis sys by proving sr It Fe telat amount of nal investment (te eat mmbe fel ste) As demand [oro onem weal ene i onc so de ed “here ae a err a ence provider may increase capacity. The ist ad simplest medi obtain ee een specu, Alouah ths Sounds Uke a fay saightorvard approach, as proven aon ike mest expensive, Goverment ancions have ol tequncy spectrum 0 Sve proves 1 ral aroun i wold Te aly recent actions of he PCS bands in the United Stes bythe se 190s yihed aproxinatly $20 lion, The resuks of hse high pits cssd eke roe badder for at spasm to eventually declare banksy. note peolem wil thi approach fo i tances Ure sn fequncy spect avalble tobe antes of In the United States 3 ta manic wordwie, previous spectrum alleaions and incumbeat allo seis o applica: 2 in ay bing and on some cases preventing the expansion of new advanced wireless mobie - ically based on the status or state ofthe mobile. Some of the typical measures used to determine the ‘mobiles status and hence determine the need to perform the updating algorithm are elapsed time, total dis- tance traveled, call pattems, numberof diferent LAs entered, and soon. Paging Messages ‘An incoming call or message toa mobile station will initiate the paging of the mobile, Paging consists of the broadcasting of a message either toa cell r toa group of cell that is meant to bring a fesponse from a single particular mobile. This response will start the process by which communications between the PSTN orthe PDN will be established with the mobile. Te paging of a mobile is more efficent if the exact cell the mobile is registered in is known. However, as pointed out, this information is not always availble. ‘Therefore, several different strategies for paging exist. Sometimes a scheme known as blanket paging employed. Tis type ofa page will be broadcast o all cells in a particular location area If sucotsful the mobile wll respond after te fist paging cycle and delays wil be kept to a minimum. Otherwise a scheme ‘of sequential paging i used. In this paging strategy, the cell where the mobile was last regisered is paged108 i 08. snaduton o WnelasTelecmmuniatins Ses ond Networks Wires Network Architecture and Operation 109 ser has network privileges. Communication between a remote HLR and MSCIVLR occas using & re Sgnalng protcolove an $S7 network. Te second ease would ocur when the asx i vey sor er home location Now the motile registers with he VLR of another MSC a “orig” et Bet posi refs the at tht te sbserber i sil onnecing ths okra sevice tes grave bt dileat MSCVLR is coving the ea whet he abe now ote = Gove oregnnetwerk belongs toa iffeen service provider (his typeof conection is caled roam Miia thse situation, the MSCIVLR mast send a message to the subscriber's HLR.to verify me Maton infomation about the mobi. The HLR wil respond othe request by tansmitng the inr- rn back tthe requesting MSCIVLR over the SS7sgaling network spree comments aout he communications between MSCIVLR and HLRS ae appropiate. Fora = Gmeclsr system and mst ther modem syems, he S57 system is wsed to communicate these mes- ae Se signaling done ove tis network ie acomplished using message taster pat (MTP) athe ae roar ad sigaaing coon contol part (SCCP) to provide the atonal functionality to Soe aework dasbuses GHLRs and MSCIVLRG) witht any speech conection ocang during his ‘Berson. More dea abot these operations wil be given elsewhere in hs ext. : ‘Transmission ofthe Location Information betaceen Network Elements teat putg eed ey eae Eerenaeiin ae en htt to a enn repens an ake esse aunts sd hone lane GL) mandy aces oe ee | eer ly colocated with the mobile switching center (MSC) and also st ms 7 hh spa te a On database known as the visitor location regier | - Handoff Management It adtion tothe lation management functions already scribed, acellular system needs to be able to tack the location of subscriber as that subscriber moves within a coverage area and tobe able to maintain the subscriber's connection othe system, Ifthe subscriber moves from one cel to another, the cellar sys- tem must have th ability to reconfigure the connection to the mobile from the curent base station to the ‘ew BS in the new cell, This connection handover process is known as handoff. re por first-generation cellular systems, the handoff process for voice calls could cause a noticeable inter- “ptien ofthe conversation (a hard handof) and in some severe casts dropped cals. Second-geneation ‘Calla systems using digital technology have mitigated some ofthese problems with seamless handoffs, Gad CDMA systems have incorporated soft handoffs into their systems thus all but eliminating interrupted falls. For data transmissions, handoff can result in dropped packets, But this i not as severe a problem for bursty oc packet data traffic sine this ype of traffic only needs intermittent connectivity and retransmis sion can be employed to countecact los packets "As showin in Figure 4-16, handoff basically consists ofa two-step process, First, handoff management ‘gorithm determines that handoff is required and initiates the process. The second step consist of actually plyscalysestructuring the connection aad then updating the network databases about the new conaeetion tad location of the MS. For the handoff process to be successful the network elements involved in the Adivery of either voice or daa services tothe mobile must be aware of all changes tothe mobiles point of fess, On the air interface side ofthe system, the former serving point has tobe informed about the change oF dissociation of the mobile while the mobile is reasociated with the sysiem through the new serving point On the network side, the varius databases must be updated to reflect the correct location of the MS. ‘This is all necessary fr the comect routing of data packets or voice cals. The next sections will provide note detail about these operations. Handoff Control ‘The algorithm used to determine when tb make a handoff canbe located in a network element or in a mobile terminal, For cellular systems the network controls the handoff for voice calls and this is known as network controled handafT or NCHO. If the mobile terminal controls the handoff, this is known as mobile-con- ttlled handoff ar MCHO, and if information supplied by the mobile belps determine when handoff should ‘cecur, this is known as mobile-asssted handoff or MAHO. In all cases, the handoff-conrllng ety uses some particular algorithm that employs various measures of system performance to make 8 decision about the need for handoft, : Wins area nwo ee awe ; ely evenly MSC wed , nuitec peice ee 37 MSCs ed spr te evo pe sien. Dena on pcr mele new logy ah SC sa as I ede - rere fa fe alternately, single HLRs (configured as an MSC/HLR/VLR) might service a = igre 4-19, Fora smal system arate posiy fata Gassey Hise eee | ony MSC anise usr ie mh see HLR te into gp of ined SC testa nek wih aber sees kth PSTN Figure 4-15. A gical cellar ten. At this time, let us examine several network. The first possibility has ‘wea. The mobile registers with cg een ance casters rand sa caso110 fevdution to Wireless Tecommunicetions Sytem: and Netaorks Wires Network Architecture end Operetin 111. | Drewtsr Tyla lettanate Seneca Handoff Operations uot management reuires the ansmission of messages between various network clement to facilitate handoff process. As depicted in Figure 4-16, signal power levels being receive by the current and. tandoff candidate radio base stations and the mobile station are first relayed to the radio base station and nn the base station contoler (BSC). When thse levels mec he rtera fr a handoff, the proces is nite. A handoff message is sent to the mobile from the curent radio base station that requests the obi station reser with anew radio base station tats ls denied inthe message. When the mobile pairs tis as, the MSCIVLR is upénted to reflect the new motile pont of atachment (Le. the new RBS) end any other changed system parameters. Ifthe MSCIVLR mst recealy efstered with snot he ands te lst then the new VLR mist end an nerogation message tothe home HL to obtain the sub- ier profile and authentication information. The HLR responds over the SS7 network withthe atenteain information fhe mobili authenticated, then the ew radio base station sends a message fete mobile asigning anew pairof waffic cannes tothe MS andthe RBS forthe continuation ofa voice comveration. The HLR database updated so that it knows whee the mobile andthe new VLR database isthe new mobile to is Hof subseiber emia that ae beng serviced by the particular MSCIVLR. Asa las ac the HLR sends a message to he old MSC/VLR to purge the mobile fom its list of actively tached subscriber terminals, More detail about bandover operations wll be given in Chapter 5, Adiion- {Ny ay data packets that were tended fot delivery tothe MS fom te old MSCIVLR that may have been iced in a temporary network soage area shouldbe either deleted or redzeted to the new MS access eit. ‘As oe can se, thee are many nscessary message transfers oceuring between witeles network le- Beas and subsequent operations to be perfrmed by these same elements for a sucessful mobile sation Hhandoff. There are also other types of possible handoffs that have not been addressed here such as the vari- iy ypes of inracell or int BSC handofs Since the exact deals of mobility management procedures for ferent celular systems are specific to those systems, more details will be provided about these topics in trina when vidal systems (GSM, TDMA, and CDMA) are covered. Figure 4-16 Typical elllr handof operations. Te mos come messin ed in hi posite eosned signal seng (SS) fom th sot’ pt of atachent end te RS of ent oe psi poi of acm i. ato be Sins in cet cele assed ae tm ble inh pos mee pathos cad sialic tor ad mens ere BER) aya! ost Shorr, edo A rob ah aig igal teghmetoemen ht ced seal gh can uterg exten stn he sgl fing eft at we compel radon emu Eee ‘se asim fled by be donoes of op con! anf alge vol int nots then te perceived fom te cent RS dogged tlw atest soe by RES. dod re tanin of e igtin sncar ‘ed el level sn ys pve! eons hand ees and to mate te ping pg Cet menonet xr As en salve sd ys, haw ony a ‘erie power fom a ethy RAS shove tht esved fom cet RBS by 4 cries a nde poner rome cent RBS is ao low weal eda pos lve gre 11) stows sme eanpes fhe ponte te! line wsed for han deson mg ico tn with ig pover bn ied by hare RES an te Sl pve om RBS a ae MS pcg Call sevice rover egies contin ne‘uning sytem do lens ingore ‘ys prtmance Mesure fc prance mi ints mc igs Sckng ooh roping bay, gud ine tcp un nde han at Auth ae pe ‘nas mous we opal wed wing be delve of wceele nt sey a eee th might ncn ein igh Gs hough so pvie or agus 8 aay ing talline ate ley of esines Network Arhitectare and Operation 113 112 Irraucint Wires Teeomsmniatons Sem: end Networks | pe 4.6 RADIO RESOURCES AND POWER MANAGEMENT. The efficient use of radio resources zd the ned for power management has already boon mentioned fr may be conserved. Its well known thatthe mobile consumes the greatest amount eral mes in her sections of this text. A this time, some detail pertaining to this topic willbe offal cased MS batlery power may be om se Teoma ge eto eames acs) LE pment Fo tae by the oben nce te wasmison or eepon ose Te Sete aiestoshns si) a {quency reuse and hence increase system capacity. At the same ie, the closer the spat _reaer the intrfecence produced by both the subscriber MSs and the RBSs with other MSs and ‘oth adjacent cells and cell using the same channels ‘The use of power contol algorithms forthe adjustment of both the MS output power and RBS power allow for nearly constant received signal strength at both the MS and RBS receivers. This power control provides several system advantages: the amount of cochannel interference is reduced, the ontinuous Transmission Fihng pech detection methods, a mobile may be programed to only wansit when thee speech ey ara ser The radio base station sets a dscontnnods transmission (DTX) bt to ether permit oc wade of operation and incides itn x overhead message othe mobile during ial regisre- fy te mobile Jost wsing sought speech detection metbods can cause problems de 1 he wana ag sound ofthe sysem as pected by theses. To compensate for hs, a lowpowerbackgroun Ft nie signal spread bythe obi reir dang ens of silence o > speech ati rato is als repeated at the base tation conor or TRC for the benefit of te ealing Pay oa 0 put the MS into a sleep mode when there oe ies se MS ty ero pte Mn ote ‘of no acsviy, For this scheme, the RF pocton ofthe mobik’sceiy is powered off wile ey ann nl hed mp on ss item so a oot mits a paging message bu with much less overall power consumption. Ente. /-Bfficient Designs a ree Ne 1st power-efficient semiconductor technologies is nc ly a given in sign aaa ee aca pment be sed ough eo pow main a er Howere moet alan oie ove ess ine sgn fh 9 a ct smh min th ie ign ene by Oe MS all. Se ca naa 96 depen, ston designs ae ilo se cee mr ad dese no now sem. As gia il pos DSP) ane one ae wl sate ep in te evan flowerpot a cod wir ato see haan it nger be aE CEES advantage as additional ramifications in te reduction of battery requirements, which translates (ola time between charging and lighter and smaller mobile terminals. now energy-efficient designs for both bardware and software are being implemented, and radio res ‘management is being used to enable an MS or wireless network to optimize the use of the available resources. These topics will be discussed fuer inthe next sections. Power Control {As sated previously, cochannel interference isthe limiting factor forthe reduction of cluster or ftequ ‘reuse size, N. The use of power contol alurthms forthe output power of the MS and the RBS allows system (0 use Oe Yowest possible output powers to achieve the minimum S/ ratio that canbe tolerated still provide good-quality communications. This meas that for an MS close to the RBS both devices a have t increase tet otpt power. Any reduction a oat power fom the nominal dsin power x BBS or MS will proace a redweed amount of cochanel and ace! chanel interference foe ter sing the sane requeny chanel ‘Since th power ouput of bth the RBS andthe MS must be constantly adjusted du tothe numer changes in signal suength eased by fing and any motos ofthe mobile, several different method power consol canbe employed Wises network. ‘One typical ptm algorthm for power contol usally consis of two phases. The fist phase when the MS initially egsers with he em opon power. In this phase, the MS wes the ron (ax) power tpt allowed hy the sytem, The fst mensiements of signal stength made ty RBS are used by the BSC to determine a valve of reduced MS output power. Power control messages Radio Resource Management quickly sent tothe MS to reduce its oui power; however, th first power editions usually ied) aource managenea is sed to provide several functional imgrovemens and necessary operations void the possibilty of a droped cll. In the second phase of this proces, additional measurements 4] f°" "te corect operation ofa wirl$s nena. The frst and most important aspect of radio resource ‘made and the MS power is adjusted as needed. The power output of the RBS is aso adjusted on a case-p¢f- PET™ imenference and therefore allows for sy5- is toi stem power contol hat reduces i cas basso eld the eee signal strength a the MS. In hs sian, whenever anew connec]. ATA! wo onal 9 nr ie beef of this como unin he reste ‘made, the RBS intel tansmits with its nomial of maximum output power. As done withthe MS. 84 5/e pana fe. Another improvement afforded tothe sytem is hat the MS i ected toward the best cup over of he RBS is gil educed a pit whee more ble menseens canbe made a= BMS NNEC eA pe eT is ma onl bythe costant tension then the power conval slot adjusts he ouput power asnesded If the mob is operating inthe dis HS anne comes Te anton toe BSC. Finally, thew fa wiles nt ‘continuous transmission mode, the algorithm must be modified to take this fact into account, ork radio resource management scheme enables the handoff operation. Without this network anagem Another possible power control method employs a complex algorithm that uses information about al notion, bandof could nok operate as seamlesly and efficiently ast does in today's systems, More deals «tive radio links in a system to adjust the output powers of all the RBSs and MSS to achieve maximom HEAR rai esource management functions and organization used by particular radio systems willbe pre- she ce Sf als a a ne of ie se, op ore ly ace ce voi bel114 aroduction to Wires Teommnications Sytens and Networks 4.7, WIRELESS NETWORK SECURITY Unlike wireline tlecommunications systems that usual ly ptovide some modest amount of secur inarace design ad phys isan, virkss wetolocspe ee ea e unguided nature of wireles signals exposes tem othe possibility of undesired interference amd iene ton. This sion wl present some of he ey a ‘cay reqeen frbt tea nr de instr fe wis evo ie ad eine Wiha Bi nce of ae ‘Wireless Network Security Requirements Just asthe wireline telecommanications networks requir increas UL word the security requirements of wireless netwotks are very si CER, ad ech dy be CHR eas mes Sat rts mater Hak La td operator Sr ae se: Ini oy ay olen ort ht ed yn ay cate me incusnmtoas never ements at weil sn ic na involed indentation, sthenicaton, ing ence, son, Hower, most of te ewok cle an te ansnsion ates poe ea Same level of physicel security (o lack thereod) as sane ll of (or lack thereof) a the tational PSTN or PDN telecommuniations ey Wineles etwork Artes and Operation 115: Be Fjcalac key to perform the encryption. Various encryption techniques have been used since the néed for y frst arose Most encryption tchniques are known as secre-key algorithms since the key to ip encryption is kept secret from everyone but the two end users ofthe communications channel, However, as complex as one can make the encryption proces it seems that itis always possible to break ‘code given enough computational power and time. The field of tleeommunicatons inftastrctue secu- isa very hot research topic right now with the reality of @ proliferation of attacks on the Interact as well *parcalarwiclss systems will e presented withthe paicular technology. ‘Seoutty issues concerning wireless LANs will be presented in the chaptrs addressing IEEE 802.XX QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1, What factors determine frequency reuse distance? “2, What advantage does the use of cellular architecture provide? 3. What factors limit cel size? ‘4. A cell ower located near an interstate highway would most ikely provide service to what type ize of clk |. Determine the’ fequency reuse distance fora cell radius of twenty Klometers and a ster sizeof 7. 6. Determine the frequency reuse distance fora cel radius of two kilometers anda cluser sizeof 4 7. Construct a chart that shows how a cellar system with a cluster sizeof 4 could have twenty-eight channels assigned to the system in sucha manner as to maximize channel spacing, {6 For a particular radio transmision technology, a minimum $/ rato of 15 dB is needed for proper ‘ogeration, Whats the minimum required cluster size? 9. What will be the resuing (deal increas in callular system capacity for atypical cell spliting scheme? 10. Fora cel splitng scenario, why must the call ansmit power be reduced? 11. How is cell spiting diferent from cell sectoxing? 12, What possible imitations can you conceive that would impose a practical mt on cl sectring? 13, What ithe diving force forthe adoption of microwave cellular backhaul networks? 114, What has been the traditional method used to provide connectivity between the celular network and the PSTN? 15, Ifand when te al1P core network becomes a realty, how will woice trafic be carried tothe cellular network? 16. Mobility management consis of several bai functions. What are they? 17, When does the location updating function accurt 18, What two basic operations occu during the handoff process? 19. Why is power management so important for cellular wiceles ystems? 20, Describe the proces of power control used by cellular systems 21. What is meant by the term discontinubus transmission inthe context of wireless calla systems? 22, What ismeantby the term slegp mode in the context of wirles cellar systems? 23. Describe how the CSM Association provides a form of security tits members 224. Whats the basic form of securty employed by cellular wireless systems? 25, Describe secret key encryption,“GSM and TDMA. _ Technology . ; Upon completion of this chapter, the student shouldbe able to: 4+ Discuss the basc services offered by CSM celular and the frequency bands of operation. ‘+ Discus the network components of a GSM system andthe basi functions ofthe mobile station, base station stem, and network switching system, + Explain the concept of GSM network interfaces and protocols, and thelr relationship tothe OSt model + Beplain the CSM channel concept 4+ Discuss the functions ofthe GSM logical channels. Explain the TOMA concept and how its implemented in GSM. Explain the mapping of logical channels on tothe GSM physical channels Discus the various GSM identities. 4 Explain the GSM operations of cll setup, location updating, and handover. ‘+ Discuss the CSM operations that occur over the Um interface. ‘This chapter proves detailed description of he OSM wiles cellar telephone stem andthe ime division makiple access (TDMA) technology used to implement the air iterace potion ofthe sysem {GSM cellular is by fr the most popular wiles sytem in the world with over one billion subse Because ofthis popula, this chapter resents an indepth explanation ofthe architecture ofthis system and the acces technology used to implemen it. Because ofthe amount of dtl include in ths chapter, the chaer has been erganized it thee pars an overview of GSM, GSM network operations, nd het ‘TDMA systems Part I coverage starts wih short proogue tthe eolton of GSM and the rationale behind its into < | GSM 900 £76.90 Mite oa -935 Mit rtgaing calls with specifications [| ARFCN=955..1023 | (ARFCN-1023) x 0.2 MHiz+890 MHz Uplink frequency +45.MHe_) Oo Gsm 1800 4710-1785 Mie | 190s 1980 Mi = FARRCN=St2.#85 | (ARECN-512)x02 Miles rmiorM__| Uplink requeney +95 Mite ‘channels that have a frequency separation of 200 ~~ | Gsm 1900 1850 - 1910 MHz 1930- 1990 MHz devoted GSM sys operaon tht chamcl spar By: [ARFENSSI2.a10__| (ARVCNSI2) x02 Mee taso Mis | Uk frequency +90 ME ioc prone ence soir fle naa [ane roe ae Up © gh we on 299 cr YARFCN=250.293 | (CARFON255)X02MBe«4506Miiz__| Uplink frequency 10M ‘smaso {788-46 He 888-496 Me {248 = 992 chamesfoe GSM 900 FARECN=206.240 | (ARFCN-I05)x02 MMe avs Mite | Uplink Heqeney +10 Mir