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MeTeOpOJlOraMH pa60TalOT H onuruue KanHTaHbI. Bce 3TO B CBOIO
osepens rpetiyer OT urrypsraacxoro COCTaBa BbICOKOH KBaJlHlj>HKaLlHH
B 06J1aCTH rHJJ.pOMeTeOpOJlOrHH . He06xoJJ.HMO yMe Tb nOJlb30BaTbCR
rHJJ.pOMeTeOpOJlOrH'leCKOH HHlj>opMaUHeH. yMeTb 'lH TaTb CHHOnTH'leC-
KHe (cjJaKCHMHJlbHble) xapru . He06xoJJ.HMO r nyooso nOHHMaTb cjJH3H-
xy npOHCXOJJ.HillHX B arxocrpcpe npoueccoa . He06xoJJ.HMO npHHHMaTb
rpaaoruue peurcnas B COOTBeTCTBHH C rHJJ.pOMeTeOpOJlOrH'leCKOH
06CTaHOBKoH.

~ TO H3y'l a eT MeTeOpOJlOrHR?

MeTeOpOJloniH - uayxa 0 <j>H3H'leCKHX npoueccax , nporexaroumx

B B0311.YWHOH 060JlO'lKe HaweH nnane'rst B HX B3aHMOCBH3H C nOJJ.CTH-
JlalOilleH nOBepXHOCTblO H KOCMH'leCKHM npOCTpaHCTBOM. B03JJ.ywHaH
060JlO'lKa nauiea nJlaHeTbI Ha3b1BaeTCH aruocrpepon . Ilnaaery MO)/(-
HO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK HeCKOJlbKO cnJlIOCHYTblH 3J1J1HnCOHJJ. apauie-
HHH. 3KBaTOpHaJlbHblH panayc 3eMJlH 60,1bwe nOJlHpHOrO panayca .
Eute 60JlbWilM 3J1J1l1nCOHJJ.OM 6YJJ.eT aruocrpepa. CerOJJ.HR C'lHTaIOT ,
'lTO y nOJlIOCOB aepraxansnsrc pasaepu araocrpepu COCTaBJlRIOT
OKOJlO 28 000 KM, a HaJJ. 3KBaTopOM - OKOJlO 42000 KM. .no 3THX
BblCOT seaaoe npHTH)/(eHHe cnocorino eure YJJ.ep)/(HBaTb orncnsaae
xacruua B03JJ.yxa. Pe3KoH rpaaauu arxocrpepu He cyuiecrayer .
Aruocrpepa nOCTeneHHO nepeXOJJ.HT B Me)/(nJlaHeTHYIO cpeny .

- 11-
 f1JH3H'iECKHE CBoilcTBA ATMOCf1JEPbl

B 0 3JlYWHa ll 060JlO'lKa n naa ersi aaunuuaer a aur y 3 eM JlIO OT ry 6H -

r ensa u x KOCMH'IeCKHX Jly'le H. OT KOHTp aCTHbl X CMeH reurteparypu H
llBJllle TCll nperpaJlOH JlJlll MeTeOpHTOB .

Crpoesue aTMocljIepbl

Ar uocrpepa n o CBOHM ljIH3H'IeC KHM xa p a KTe p HCTHKa M HeOJlIIOp 0Jl-

aa B BepTHK a JlbHOM H r op H3 0HTaJlbHOM a anpaan enasx. 113MeHlllOTCll
ace napaaerpu, xoropue xapaxrepaay ior COCTOllHlle aruocrpepsr:
r exneparypa, JlaBJlCHH e . nJlOTHOCTb sosnyxa, ra30BblH COCTaB ,
BJlalKHOCTb, «oa uen r pauaa lKHllKoro II r se pnoro aa posoaa , ra3 006·
pas nux npHM eceH B nosnyxe. CKOp OC Tb serpa. 3J1eKT p H'IeCKHe aaps-
llbl II IIp. Oco 6 eHH O BeJlII KH 113 MeHeH II 1l BCCX napaaer poa no BepTII '
KaJlH .
Arxocrp cpy ncasr aa CJlOII ( p IIC. 1.1 ). Mbl lK lIBCM B IIHlKHeM CJlOC
- B mponoctpepe. Tponocrpepa B y Me p eHHblx uraporax npocrapaercs
npllMepHo JlO BblCOTbl 11 KM. Bucora rponocrpepu YBeJlH'IIIBaeTc ll B
TpOnH'I eCKHX H 3K Ba TOp"aJlbHbI X 30 Ha x JlO 15-18 KM. H an n OJlIOCaMH
II npanera iounea« umpora ua se pxnaa rpana ua r pcnocoepu JlelKHT B
CpCJlHeM aa s u corax 6-10 KM. Bepra xansaaa MOlllHOCTb rponocrpe-
phI 3Ha'lHTeJlbHO H3MelllleTCll B TC'IeHHe CyTOK. )l,HeM OHa asnue, a
HO%IO MO)KeT CTaTb MeHbwe na HeCKOJlbKO KHJlOMeTpOB, 'ITO CB1I3aHO,
rJlaBHblM 0 6 pa3 0 M, C 113M eHeHHllMII resmeparypu so anyxa.
B rpon ocrpepe r esmep arypa C BblC OTOH nanaer aa Ka)KJlble 100 M
B cpennex ua 0,65°C. H a s ep xa ea r pasaue r p on ocrpepu , B mpono-
nay3e, Te Mn e p aT ypa HaJl 3 KBaTopoM COCTaBJllleT npHMe pHo 190 K
(-83°C). Han n OJlIOCa MH , a a su c orax 8 KM , resm e pary p a OKOJl O
220 K (-53°C)
B rp onocrpep e COJle p)KIITCll 75% scero aosnyxa . B rponocrpep e
cOCpeJlOT O'leH n O'l TH BeCb BOJlllHOH n ap II, COOTBeTCTBeHH O, nO'lTH
see 06J1aKa. Bee Ha6J1IOJla eMble lIaMII n o ronaue 113MeHeHHll n poncxo-
nsr B r ponocqie p e . )l,Jlll rponocrpep u xap a x r e p a o HHTCHCHBHoe s ep-
T HKa Jlb HOe n e p e sieum aaaae . C Bbl COTOH B03Jl YX CTaHOBHTCll ac e
60Jlee pa3p ll)Ke HHbI M. H a sepum aax Bbl COKHX r o p KHCJlOp OJla He XBa -
raer naxce JlJlll HOpM aJlbHOrO JlbI XaHHll .
(JlOH asnue rpono ctpe pu naauaaerc s cmparnoctbepoii. 3JleCb r o-
p asno MeH b w e s o any xa. Caaoner si JlaJl b HHX p e HCOB nOJl HHMalOTCll B

- 12 -
 neK~ U R 1. CTPOEHI1E ATMOC<1JEPbI

200
150
------
100

:E
50
----- CTPATOnAY3A

" 40
'0"
~

35
"
:li
'"
I
30
OSotIo-WM cno"
_ _ _ .c=.
25
nc".... Y"po.we 06......
20

15

\0 117.

5
- - --- - "='~;:- ........
11M'" ::

200 250 300

Teaneparypa, K

PHC. 1.1. .!I.eneHHe aTMocljlepbl Ha C.10H no TeMnepa TypHoMy npH3H3KY

HlllKHllil CJl oil cr paroc rpe p u, lJT 06bl 6blCTpee JleTCTb, 6J1aro,D,apn
MeHbweMY COnpOTlIBJleHIlIO B03,D,yxa II Hall6 0Jlee 3KOHOMIl 'l HOil B XO-
Jl O,D,HOM B03,D,yxe pari ore naa r areneti . I1HOr,D,a 11M nOMOraIOT r axxce
B~ C OKO C KO p OC T H ~ e cTp yil H ~C Te'leHIlH.
B CTpaToccjJepe Ha B~C OT a x 20-55 KM HaXO,D,IlTCH CJloil 030 Ha,
oeonoctpepa . 030H nornouiaer oxeus xopor s ae ynsrpaqiaon eroaue
BOJlHbl , 1l3J1 Y'la eMble COJlH ue M. T eM c aM~M oao aocrpepa sauunuaer
3 eMJlIO II ee 061lTaTCJleil OT Bpe,D,OHOCH Or o 1l3J1Y'lCHIl H COJlHua II
06 eCne'lIlBaCT CYlllccTBoBaHllc lKIl3HIl Ha 3TOil nJlaHeTe.
B Te'l CHHC r ona KOJlIl'leCTBO 030Ha B arxocrpepe MeHHeTCH . MaKcll-
MaJl bHOe KOJlIl'leCTBO 030Ha B y srepeau u x umporax Ha6J1 IO,D,aeTCH

- 13 -
 <P113U'iECKI1E CBoiicTBA ATMOC<PEPbI

K KOHL\Y SI1Mbl , 3 MI1HI1M3J1bHOe - K KOHL\Y JleT3 . KOJlWJeCTBO OSOHa

paSJlH'lHO H no Wl1pOTaM. MaKCI1MaJlbHOe OHO na cesepe yMepeHHbIX
WI1POT, 3 B TpOnl1'leCKI1Xpasouax (OT 30° cesepuoa WI1POTbI AO 30°
IO>KHOH WHpOTbl) CJloii OSOHa npaxepno B ABa pasa MeHbWHH .
O'lCHb KopOTKHe conaesnue yasrpaoaoacroaac BOJlHbl , nornouia-
eMble OSOHOM, necyr 60JlbWylO 3HeprHIO, H CJlOH OSOHa paaorpesaerca.
3T1IM 06bllCHHeTCH POCT TeMnep3Typbl B crparocrpepe, Ha'lHHaH C
20 KM . B CBHSH C pOCTOM TeMnepaTYP~ C B~COTOH B CTp3Tocepepe
CTP3THepHK3L\HH yCTOH'lHBaH, Bep THK3J1bHble ABH>KeHHH aosnyxa
3aTpYAHeHbl.
aruocrpepu HBJlHeTCH u esocdiepa. Ona npo-
CJlCAYlOll.I,HM CJlOeM
crapaercs AO BblCOTbl 80 KM . B 3TOM cnoe rewrteparypa C BblCOTOH
rranaer, AOCTHraH MHHHMaJlbHbl X AJIH aruocdiepu 3Ha'leHHH - MHHyC
140°C. nJlOTHOCTb sosnyxa O'leHb MaJla. C 3TH X BblCOT 60JlbWHHCTBO
raSOB HaXOAHTCH B aTOMapHOM COCTOHHHH.
CJleAYlOll.I,HH CJlOH HaSblBaCTCHmepuoctpepou. no pacseraa B HeM
aa BblCOTax csuure 600 KM revneparypu COCTaBJlHIOT HeCKOJlbKO
TbICH'l KeJlbBHHoB .B repaocrpepe IIJlOTHOCTb arvocqiepuax raSOB
TaK MaJla, 'ITO OTAeJlbHblC rasoaue 'laCTHL\bl npooeraior orposmuc
paCCTOHHHH, He acrpesaacs C ApyrHMH 'laCTHL\aMH, H paSBHBalOT
orpOMHblC CKOpOCTH aACKBaTHble CTOJlb B~COKHM rexneparypare.
CaMblH AaJlbHHH OT 3 eMJlH CJlOH Ha3blBaeTCH sxsoctpepou. 3AeCb
nO'lTH HeT rasa. 3Ksocepepa HBJlHeTCH CJlOeM nocreneanoro nepexona
K KOCMH'lecKoMy npocrpanctay.
Ha'lHHaH C 80 KM , B arxocrpepe nOHBJlHIOTCH HOHbl - 'laCTHL\bI,
necyuiae 3J1CKTpH'lCCKHH aapsn. OHH oopaayiorca nOA AeHcTBHeM
yJlbTpaepHoJleToBoro H penrreuoecxoro HSJly'lCHHH COJlHL\a . ATMo-
«pepy asuue 80 KM aaauaarcr uonoctpepoii. Bnaronaps aonocqrepe
BOSMO>KHa panaocaaas.
B sxaocrpepe, repvocrpepe H nasce B Mesocepepe B HOHH3HpOBaH-
HOM B03Ayxe Ha6J1IOAaIOTCH noanpuue CHHHHH.
nOABOAH aror, cnenyer nonuepxxyrs. 'lTO XOTH arxocrpepa oxpy-
>KaeT 3eMJlIO CJlOeM HeCKOJlbKO AeCHTKOB TblCH'l KHJlOMeTpOB, ee
nJlOTHOCTb, a COOTBeTCTBeHHO H xacca. C BblCOTOH oxeas 6blCTpO
nanaior . B orpOMHOM no ro.numue CJlOC, Jle>Kall.l,HM asnue 20 KM,
HaxOAHTCH Bcero 10~ aTMocepepHoro BosAyxa . ECJlH npeAcTaBHTb
ce6e 3eMJlIO B BHAe rnotiyca AHaMeTpoM 64 CM (BCIIOMHHM, 'lTO

-14-
 neKUHR 1. ITPOEHI1E ATMOCt1>EPbI

paa ny c 3eMJIH COCTaBJI lIeT OKOJIO 6400 KM), TO B npHHlITOM MaCWTa-

6 e 20-KHJIOMeTpOBblil CJIoil npeapautaer c s B 1 MM. I1 B 310il TOH KOil
nJIeHKe, noxpuaaicuiea 3eMJIIO, COD.eplKHTClI nO'!TH sees B03D.yX
(90%)!
Cospeaeaaue TeXHOJIOrHH n03BOJI5lIOT yBHD.eTb nJIOTHble CJIOH
nauiea araoctpepu . Ha pHC . 1.2 (CM . BKJIaD.Ky) BHD.Ha 3Ta TOH'! aHWa5l
nJIeHKa nJIOTHOrO arwocrpepaoro B03D.yxa. CHHMKH cnenaau H3 KOC-
Moca. n05lBJIRlOmeeCR H3-3a aexao ro D.HCKa COJIH ue ocaeuiaer 3eM-
uyio arxoctpcpy . Ha BTOpOM CHHMKe noxasaaa ocaeuieuaas COJIHueM
3eMJIR, y ro pH30HTa BHD.HO HaCKOJIbKO TOHKa arvocoepa.

... 3 aMeTKH H D.OnOJl HeHHR

1. n JIOTHble CJlOH arn ocdrepu noxpusaer 3eMJlIO o'!eHb TOHKHM

CJI OeM. n eBRHocTO npoueHTOB BceH MaCChi aTMocepep Horo B03D.yxa
HaXOD.RTClI B D.BaD.u aTHKHJlOMeTpOBOM CJIoe y nOBepXHOCTH 3eMJIH.
naBJIeHH e, Macca , n JI OTHOCTb, KOJlH'!eCTBO BOD.RHbIX napos B HeM
os eus 6bICTpO YMeHbwalOTCR C BbICOTO H.
2 . 06JIaKa. D.OlKD.H , caeron anu, r poau H npyr ue arvocrpep aue 5lB-
JIeHHR Ha6JIIOD.aIOTCR eute B 60JIee TOHKOM CJIoe, B caMOM Hl1lKHeM
CJIoe araocrpepu , B rpon ocrpepe .
3 . B rponocrpepe rexm eparypa C BbICOTOH nana er. B CpeD.HeM Be-
JIH'!HHa n an enas reane parypu COCTaBJIlIeT O, 65° C n a 100 M BblCOTbI.
B crparocdiepe rexneparypa C BbICOTOH pacre r. TaK KaK HaXOD.lI-
mI1HC5l TaM 030H HHTeHCHBHO norn ouiaer KOpOTKOBOJIHOBylO YJI bTpa-
epHOJIeToBylO COJIHe'!HylO sue prino C D.JIHHaMH BOJIH A < 0 ,3 MKM.

B onpocu U saoa nun

I. 'Im o Bu MO:JICeme CKa3a m b 0 eepmusansnu x pasuepax amxoctpepu?
2. 'IeM MO:JICnO 06'1> RCnUmb pa3Au ~ue pasuepoe amuocdieps: y nO/tIOC08 U
na sx ea mope?
3. Ha «axue c/t ou aeAumcIl am.uoctpepa n o mexnepamqpe?
4. Oounaxoea AU m OAU{una mponoabeps: «a sx ea m op e, 8 yMepennblX
tuupomax, na no/tlOca x ?
5. KaK U3MenRem CIl c 8blcomoil meunepam upa 8 m p o n octpep e?
6. K aK U3MeHRem CR c 8bl co moil meunepa mupa 8 cmpa moctpepe?
7. 'Im o Bu MO:JICeme CKa3amb 0 meunepamqpe 8 u esoctpepe, mepu octpepe?

- 15 -
 (M1311'IECKI1E CBOI'ICTBA ATMOC<PEPbl

8. B Ka KOM CAoe amuoapepu naxoiism cn 06AaKa?

9. Kasas: sacmu Ma CCbl amuoabepnoeo e osiup:« cocp eo o mo uen a 8 mpo-
nocdiepe?
10. Paccxascum e 0 p OJ'" U 3IW"eHUU 030Ha 8 amuoctpepe.
/I . rae 8 am u octbepe HaXOaUmCJl 0301i ?
12. PaCCKa:JICUm e 0 npocmpancmeenuou U epeuenuou pa cnpeitesenuu
030 lW B amu octbepe.
/3. B KaKOM no mOAUjUHe CAoe cooepocum cs 90% Bceii -,WCCb' amuocdiep-
HOZO 80 3a yxa ?

JleKI..\HSl 2

COCTAB ATMOCcPEPHOro B03,llYXA

aEJIh JIEKaHH: Paccuompems easoeuii cocmae

aflUfoct/Jepbl y noeepxnocmu 3eM/lu U na eucomax, olje-
nums pon« U snauenue omdensnux ZU308 8 :J/CU3HU nnaue-
mu. Oco6oe 8HUMaHue yae/lumb 030Hy.
B/leKquu paccmampueatomcn nepestennme cocmaens-
totuue amuoobepnoeo 803ayxa. Onucueatomcx npuuecu
( a3p030/lU) ecmecmeennoeo u anmponoeennoeo npoucxosc-
Beuu«,
Omae/lbHO ananusupuemcx COCmOJIHUe 803ayxa sai)
OKeaHaMU.

K/lIO'Ie8ble C/108a: aurponoreunue npHMeCH, aTMocljJepHble a3p030JlH,

araocoepasre npHMeCH, rereporeuuas arsrocdrepa, roaoreuuan
arancdrepa, HHBepCHlI, ljJoToXHMH~eCKHii CMOr.

Ilocroauaue KOMnOHeHTbl

Arvocqiepa Haweii nJIaHeTbI npencrasnser c060ii MeXaHHQeCKYIO

CMeCb pa 3.1HQHbIX ra30B. COBpeMeHHblii COCTaB arnocrpepxoro B03JlY-
xa yCTaHOBHJIClI HeCKOJIbKO MHJIJII10HOB JIeT aasan. B03JlYX B HI1ll<HeM
100 KM CJIoe HMeeT nocrosansni rasosua COCTaB. l.JI1CTblii 11 cyxoii
B03Jlyx, B KOTOpOM HeT BOJlllHOrO napa, nblJII1 11 npyrax npuxecea ,

- 16 -
 neK~H' 2. COCTAB ATMOC<1JEPHOro B03t/YXA

npeACTaB JlH e T C060H CMe Cb ra 3 0B. rJI aBHbI M 0 6pa3 0 M a 30Ta (78%
06be Ma B03J1yxa) H KHCJI OpO J1a (21 %). Hex a oro Me Hee OJ1HOrO npo-
u eHTa COCTa BJlHeT ap r OH H B o~ e H b M a JI~ X K OJI H~eCT Ba x HaXOJ1HTCH
MHOlK eCTB O J1pyrHX ra 30B - Kce HOH , KpHnTOH. yr JI e K H CJI ~ H ra a, BO-
J10 p0J1. r eJIHH H J1p. ( Ta6JI . 1.1 ).
Ta6J1Hua 1.1
r a30Bb';; COCTaB HHlK HHX C,1oeB cyxoro B03Ayxa (6e3 BOARH oro na pa)

COAep>KaHHe B % OTHOCHTeJlbHaR KpHTH4ecKa A

r a3
OT 06beMa B03Ayxa MOJleKyJlApHaH Macca r evneparypa
A30T N, 78.09 28,0 1 - 147°C
l(HCJlOPOll 0 , 20,95 3 1,99 - 119°C
Apron Ar 0.93 39.94
YrJl . ras CO, 0.03 44,00 31°C
f eJlHil He 5.24 . 10-4 4.00 - 268°C
BOllOPOll H, 5.00 .10-5 2,00 - 240°C
0 30H0 , 1,00· 10-6 47.99
Cvxoil B03ilYX 28.96

A30T . KHCJIOpOJ1 H npyrue COCTaBJIHlOmHe aruocrpepaoro B03J1yxa

HaXOJ1HTCH B aruocoepe BCerJ1a B ra3006pa3HoM CO~TOHHHH. TaK KaK
KpHTH~ecKHe r ess ne parypu . TO ecrt, r ea neparypu, npn KOT OpblX OHH

MoryT Ha XOJ1HT bCH B lKHJ1KOM COCTOllHHH. MHoro HHlKe r ex nepar yp.

Ha6JIIOAaeMbi X y nOBepXHOCTH 3eM JIH . I1cKJIIO~eHHe COCTaBJIlIeT yrne-
KHCJlbIH ras . OJ1HaKO J1Jlll ncp exona B lKHJl,KOe COCTOllHHe KpOMe TeM -
neparypu Heo6xoJl,HMO eure J10 CT HlK e HHe COCTO ll H H lI aacsnueaaa,
B arnocqiepe y rJIeKHCJlOrO rasa HeMHoro (0,03 %) H OH Ha XOJl,HTClI
B BHJl,e OTJl,eJl b H ~ X MOJle KyJl . p a BHOMe p HO pacnpeneneuaux cpena MO-
JleKyJI npyrnx aruocdic paux ra30B .
O OCTOHHCTB O ra 30Boro COCTaBa B0 3Ay xa o6ec n e ~ H B aeT CH HHTeH-
CHBH~M nepea eumaana e« JlHlKHerO CJIOll B03Ayxa. :':lTO odnopoiinan
HJlH ZOMOZeHHaJl aruocqiepa .
H a BblCOTe 60Jl bWe 100 KM YlKe Jla6JIIOJl,aeTC H rpaBH TaUHOHHoe
pa3AeJIeHHe ra30B. B CJIeJ1CT BHe AHCCOUHaUHH rasoasrx MOJIeKyJI YJIb-
T p a ljJHOJIe TOB bI M H3Jly~eHHeM COJI"Hua. na psny C MOJIeKyJIlIpH blM a30-
TOM (N 2) H MOJIeKyJlHpHblM KHCJIOp OAOM (0,) . nOHBJIHIOTCH arox ap -
HbIH a30T (N) H aTOMapHbIH KHCJIOpOJ1 (0). .

- 17-
 C/J11311'IECKI1E CBOHCTBA ATMOCC/JEPbl

C BblCOTOH BCe MeHbWe CTaHOBIlTClI TlI)I{eJlblX ra30B II, HaKOHeu,

sepxaae CJlOIl araocqiepu COCTOllT 113 CaMbIX nerxax ra30B - renns.
a 3aTeM sonopona. Taxas aeonnoponnas ar aococpa Ha3blBaeTCH
eemepoeeunoii.

POJlb II 3Ha'leHlle OCHOBHblX ra30B

KI1CJlOPOll (02) )I{Il3HeHHO neooxonaa noura ,llJlll scex 061lTaTe-

JleH nnaneru. 3TO aKTIlBllbIH ras, 011 ysacrayer B XIlMH'IeCKIlX peaxua-
HX C ,llpyrllMIl ra3aMIl aruocrpepa. Kncnopon aKTIlBIlO nornouiaer JlY-
'1IlCTY~ 3Ileprll~, oc06ellHO O'lellb KopOTKHe BOJlIlW ,llJlIlIlOH MCIlCC
2,4 MKM. ITO,ll ,llCHCTBlleM coanesuoro ynsrpadmonerosoro 1l3J1Y'leIlIlH
(A < 0,3 MKM), MOJlCKYJla xncnopona pacnanaercs na aTOMbI. Aroaap-
IlbIH KIlCJlOP0,ll, coenanascs C MOJleKYJloii xucaopona, oopaayer HOBoe
Bew.eCTBO - rpexaroaustk KIlCJlOP0,ll IlJlIl 030H (0). 030H B OCHOBHOM
HaXO,llIlTCH aa 60JlbWIlX asrcorax. TaM ero POJlb ,llJl51 nnaaersr HCKJI~­
'1IlTeJlbIlO 6J1arOTBoplla. Y nOBepxllocTH 3CMJlH 030H 06pa3ycTc51 npll
rp030BbIX paapsnax. B OTJlIl'lHe OT scex ,llPYrHX ra30B B arxoctpepe,
xoropue He HM e~T HII sxyca, HII sanaxa, 03011 HMeeT xapaarepasnl
3anax . B nCpeBO,lle C rpe'leCKOrO 513WKa CJlOBO «030H» 03Ha'laCT «OC-
TPO naxayuraii». Ilocne rposu 3TOT sanax npasrea, 011 socnpaaaaa-
eTCH KaK aanax CBe)l{eCTIl. B 60JlbWIlX KOJlIl'leCTBaX 030H 51BJl51CTC51
OTpaBJllIlOw.IlM Bew.CCTBOM. B roponax C 60JlbWIlM KOJlfllleCTBOM aBTO'
M06HJlCH, a 3Ha'lIlT H 60JlbWHMH Bbl6pocaMH aBTOM061lJlbHbIX ra30B, B
6e306J1a'lHylO HJlH MaJlo06J1a'lHYIO noro,lly no,ll ,lleHCTBHeM COJlHC'IHWX
Jly'lcii 06pa3yeTc51 030H. Fopon OKYTbIBaeTClI )I{eJlTO-CIlIlHM 06J1aKOM,
BIl,llIlMOCTb YXY,llWaeTCfI. 3TO <jJOTOXHMH'IeCKHH cxor.
A30T (N 2) - HeiiTpaJlbHblH raa, OH, He acrynaer B peaKUHH C
npyraua rasaxa araocoepu, HC ysac'rayer B nornouieuaa Jly'lllcToii
3HeprHH.
110 BbICOT 500 KM araocrpepa B OCHOBHOM COCTOIlT H3 KHCJlOp0,lla
II a30Ta. ITPH 3TOM eCJlH B HH)I{HeM cnoe aruocrpepu npeocnanaer
a30T, TO ua 60JlbWIlX BWCOTax xacnopona 60JlbWe, '1eM a30Ta.
AProH (Ar) - lleHTpaJlbHblH raa, B peaxuaa He acrynaer, B
nornouienna II 1l3J1y'leHIlIl Jly'lIlCTOH saepraa He ysacrsyer. Aaano-
rll'lHO - KceHOH, KpllnToH II MHorlle npyrue rasu. Apron - TflmeJlOC
Bew.eCTBO, B BbICOKIlX CJl051X araoctpepu ero oxem, MaJlO.

-18-
 neK~HR 2. COCTAB ATMOC<1JEPHOrO B03.QYXA

y rJIE K H C JI O r O rA3A ( C 0 2) B aruocoepe B Cpe.1\HeM 0,03% .

3TOT r aa oseas He06xo.1\HM paCTeHH5I M H aKTHB HO HMH nornoiuaerc a.
¢aKTH'leCKOe KOn H'leCTBO ero B B03.1\yxe MOlKeT HeCKonbKO lOMe-
H5IThC5I . B HII.1\YCTpHanhHhIX paa osax ero KonHlleCTBO MOlKeT y aena -
'lHBaTbC5I .1\0 0,05%. B censc xoa MeCTHOCTH , san n ecaa a, nonHMH
ero MeHhwe. Ha.1\ AHTapKTH.1\oii npaaepao 0,02 % yrnexncaoro ra sa,
r .e. nO'ITH ua 1/ 3 MeHhwe ero cpezmero KonHlleCTBa B arvocdiepe.
Croas xo xce H nasce MeHhwe ero Ha.1\ Mop eM - 0,01 -0,02 %, TaK
KaK y r JleKHcnbl ii ras HHTeHCHBHO no rn ouiaer c s BO.1\OH.
B cn oe B03.1\y xa, KOTOphlH Hen OCp e.1\CTBeHHO npHM hIKaeT K 3eMHOH
nOBepXHOCTH, KOn H'leCTBO y rne x ncn oro rasa ncnsrrsrsa er H CyTO'l- .
HhIe Kon e6 aHH5I . HO'IblO ero 6 0JlhWe , .1\HeM MeHhwe. 0 6b5lCH5IeTC5I
3TO TeM , xro B CB eTJlOe BpeMH CyTO K y rn eKHcJlhIH ra a norn oura erca
paCTeIlH5IMH , a HO%IO HeT. Pa CTeHHH nnaaer sr aa np OTHlKeHHH r ona
c epyr H3 aruocrpepsr OKOJlO 550 MJlP.1\. T H B03Bpall.la1OT B nee OKOJlO
400 MJlP.1\. T KHCJl Op0.1\a .
YrJleKHCJlblH raa nOJlHOCTblO npospaxen n Jl51 conaes uux KOpOTKO-
BOJlHOBblX JlylleH, HO HHTeHCHBHO nornouiaer TenJlOBOe HH<jJ paKpac-
Hoe H3J1 YlleHHe 3 eMJlH. C 3THM CB5I3aHa np06J1eMa n apsu x o soro 3<jJ-
<jJeKTa, no nOBO.1\y x oroporo nepHO.1\HlleCKH pasropatorcs .1\HC KyCCHH
ua crpanauax Hay'l HoH nexara , a, r JlaBHhlM 06 pa30M, B MaccMenHa.
rEJIHH (He) - oxens Jler KHH ras . 011 n ocr ynaer B arvoc rpepy H3
3eMHOH KOphl B pe3YJlhTaTe pa.1\HOaKTHBHoro pa cnana TOpHH H ypaHa .
r eJlHH yner y xnaaer ca B KOCMH'IeCKOe npocrp aa crao. C KOpOCTh y6bl-
BaHH5I r eJlH5I coorsercrsy er CKOpOCTH nocrynnenna ero H3 uenp 3eM-
nH. OT BbICOTbI 600 KM n o 16000 KM naura aruocrpepa COCTOHT r nas-
HblM 06pa30M H3 r eJlH5I. 3 TO «r en aes an xopoaa 3eMJlH» no aupaace-
HHIO Bepaancxoro. reJlHH He scrynaer B peaxuaa C .1\pyrHMH rasaxa
aruoctpepu , He ysacrsyer B JlyqHCTOM rennootiaexe.
B01l.0POll. (H 2) euie 60Jlee JlerKHH raa, Y nOBepXHOCTH 3eMJlH
ero O'leHb Mano. OH nO.1\HHMaeTC5I B Bep XHHe CJlOH aruocrpepu.
B TepMoc<jJepe H 3K30c<jJepe aTOMapHhlH Bo.nOpon CTaHOBHTC5I .1\OMH-
IIHPYlOll.lHM KOMnOHeHTOM . Bonopon - 3TO CaMa51 Bep XH5I5I , CaMa51
.1\aJlhH5I 5I 06 0JlO'lKa naurea nn aneru . Bsnue 16000 KM no aepxa ea
rpananu araocrpepu , TO ecrt. .1\0 BhlCOT 30-40 TbIC. KM, np eo ona-
naer BO.1\Opon. Ta KHM 06pa30M, XHMHlleCKHH COCTaB HaweH araocqie-
pu C BhlCOTOH npH6nHlKaeTC5I K XHMHlleCKOM Y cocrasy BCeJleHHOH,

- 19 -
 <l>11311'1ECKI1E CBOMCTBA ATMOC<l>EPbI

B KOTOpOH BOAOpOA H renHH -- HaH60nee paCnpOCTpaHeHHWe 3ne-

MeH TW.
B Ca~IOH BH eWHeH , xpailae pa 3plDKeHHOH qaCTH Bep XHe H aTMOCtjJC-
pbl, npOHCXOAHT y oe r anae H3 arno crpepu BOAOpOAa H ren HiI. Or nens-
ssre HX aTOMbl HMelOT Anll 3TOrO Ll.OCTaT04HO 60n bWHe CKOpOCTH .

n e p e Me HH we KOMnOHeHTW

BalKHeHWeH nepeMeHHOH 4aCTblO aTMOCtjJepHOrO B03Ayxa ssnaerca

BOAlI HOH nap. 3TO npoapasastk raa 6e3 UBeTa, sanaxa H s xyca. Pons
BOAlIHoro napa B arxoctpepe TpyAHO ne peoueanrs. OH san aercs aaxc-
HeHweH cocraansnouiea araocrpepu , onpenenmourea ee paLl.HaUHOH-
HbIH, TennOBOH, BOAHblH H AHHaM H4eCKHH p elKHM. B OAlI HOH n ap B
KOHe4HOM arore 3TO - oonaxa, ocanxa, TyMaHbl, H, CB1I3aHHble C HHMH
H3MeHeHHlI paLl.HaUHOHHoro 6 anaHca , a COOTBeTCTBeHHO H TeMne paTy -
pu, H na aneaaa , H ABHlKeHHlI B03L1.y xa ( UHpKyn llUHlI arxocrpepu ) H Ap .
BOAHHOH nap nocrynaer B arsrocrpepy , ncnapsscs C nOBcpXHOCTH
MHpOBoro o xeax a. Bon a acnapaerca rarose C MopeH , osep , peK , C
nossu . C paCTeHHH H lK HBOTHbIX. B peaynsrare , B arxocpepe ac erna
ecri, BOAHHOH nap. Bonsur e acero BOAHHoro napa B ca vsrx HHlKHHX
C,101lX aruoccepsr, y noaepxxocra 3eMnH . B arnocrpepe COLl.eplKHTClI
60n bwoe KonH4eCTBO BOAW. Bo B3BeweH HOM COCTOllHHH B ar x ocrpepe
HaxOAlITClI lKHAKall H rscpnas BOLl.a (KannH H xpacrannsr). O Ll.HaKO
60n bwaH 'laCTb BOAW B aruocqiepe cyiuecr s y er B BHAe napa.
MaKcHManbHo e KOnH'leCTBO BOLl.lIHOrO napa (Ll.O 4 % OT 06b eMa B03-
nyxa) B axaaropaansxsrx WHpOTaX , TO ecrs B paaouax, r ne r enno H
au nanaior HaH60JlbWHe AOlKLl.H . M aJlo BOLl.HHOrO napa B lKapKH X n y -
CTbIHlIX. Ho aaaxeasure e KOnH'leCTBO BOAHHoro napa B nOJIHpHbl X
unrporax , rne O'leHb HH3KHe r exnepar ypu B03L1.yxa. TIPH TaKHX TeM-
neparypax B B03L1.yxe He MOlKeT YLl.eplK HBaTbClI B ra300 6pa3HOM CO-
CTOllHHH MHoro BOAW (noAp06Hc e 06 3TOM B JleKUHH 0 BJialKHOC TH
B03L1.yxa ) .
K nepeMeHHbIM 'laCTlIM aruoc rpep xoro B03L1.y xa OTHOCHTC lI r aioxe
yrJICKHCnblH ra s H 030H.
B araocdiepaoa B03L1.yxe ecrs ew e lKHAKHe, r aepnsre H ra3006-
paaau e 'laCTHUW eCTeCTBeHHoro H aurp onorennoro npoacxoxcnenua
(aapo30Au) . ECTecTBcHHble npnaeca B arxocrpepe -- sr o nponyxra

- 20 -
 neK~"' 2. COCTAB ATMOCcPEPHOro B0 3tlYXA

1t3Bep)\(eHHH ByJI KaHOB, nurrsua pacr enna, nblJlb C nOBepXHOCTH 3eM -

JlH, 'IaCTHUbl ropnux nopon, COJlb C Mopeii II OKeaHOB, KanJIH II KpH-
CTaJIJlbl aonu, 1t3 KOTOpblX COCTOHT 06JI aKa, TyMaHbl, JlblMKa, oprauu -
secxae a3p03 0Jl H, KOTOpblX B arxocdiepe OqeHb ~IHO rO, II np . 113
Me)\(IIJlaHeTHOro npOCTpaHCTBa arvocdic pa non yva er exc er on ao OT
2 JlO 5 MJIH. T KOCMIt'leCKO ii n biJIH. B BepXHHX CJlOHX arnocrpe pu cr o-
paer orpou uoc KOJIH'IeCTBO MeTeopIlTOB , OCTaBJIHH Jlbl M It nblJlb.
Aar ponorexaue np HMeCH B arvocoepnoa so aa yxe - 3TO Bbl6po-
Cbl npOMbl WJIe HHblX npennpusrun It rpancnopra.
Haute sce ro a3p030JlH oxem, MaJleHbKlle II He BIIJlHbl aeaoopy aceu-
HblM r JIa30M. Haaoonce KpynHble qaCTH'IKIt MbJ BHJlIIM, aanp auc p,
B nysax COJl He'lH OrO CBeTa, nponaxaiouiero xepes neoon surae uieaa
B TeMH ylO KOMHaTy. «K aK JI y'l Te6 51 ocs euraer! Tu sees B 30JlOTOii
nbIJlII... » n llcaJla MapltHa Llseraeaa .
CKOpOCTb naaeuas (OCeJlaHIIH) asp oscn ea MaJla. Bsnip ocs; synxa-
HOB Mor yT nOJlHIIMaTbCH aa BblCOTY 30 KM II 60Jlee H coxpaasrscs B
aruocrpepe B r exeuae HeCKOJlbKIIX ner.
ECTecTBeHHble II aarponorenaue npavcca qaCTO osens 3arpH3HH-
lOT arnocoepy (aanpuaep, 4JOToXIIMII'leCKllii cuor) . Il pa 3TOM MOlKeT
YXYJlWaTbCH BItJlHMOCTb, MoryT B03HIIKaTb MaCCOBble 3a60JleBaHIIH.
O c06eHHO MHoro pa3J1 I1'1Hb1X 3arpH3HHIO lllHX eeurecra, ra3006pa3-
HbIX, rsepnsrx It )\(IIJlKIIX B ann y crpnansuu x p aaouax, Y aCTO OHII
xauuepor eunu. OHII OKa3bIBalOT onpenenen uoe BJlIIHllli e II aa KJlIIMaT
r opona . T aK, npa x ecu n penarc'ra y tor HOpMaJlbHOii Ten JIOOT.D.aqe B
arnocrpepy, 'ITO cnocoocrayer HaKOnJleHll1O r enna B rop one . Ilpa
HO'IHOM paJlllaUHOHHOM Bbl XOJlalKHBaHIiH YJlHU H cr pc ex aa, se pxnae
CJlOII ropoacxor o aosnyxa CTaHOBHTC5I r ennee - oopasyer ca rea ne-
par ypnas HHBepCII5I. OHa 3aMe.D.Jl HeT BbIXOJlalKHBaHHe, 'ITO cnocoo-
cTByeT HaKOnJleHHIO TenJla B ueHTpe ropoJla.
Han rOpOJlOM oc pasy er cs MyTHaH xynonooopaaaas neneaa, caaaa
nJlOTHaH 'IaCTb KOTOpoii YJleplKHBaeTcH HaJl ueHTpoM II. 3aTpYJlHHeT
npoaer paaaane yJlHU, npcn ar cr ny s BblHOCY H3 ropona npaa eccii.
flpltMeC Ii MoryT npcspauiars xa rtn a JlOlKJlH B pacrso pu KHCJlOT .
Yrneponncr a e H cepaacr u e JlblMbl ne rxo pacT BopHIOTCH B JlO)\(JleBbIX
KanJlHX . Cnariue pacr nopu cepaon HJl II JlpyrHx KHCJlOT OKa3bIBalOT
paapy uraren suoe neacra ae aa 3JlaHHH, na apaarypy, na cxynsrrr yp-
Hble yxpaurcaas II r .n .

- 21-
 tDIl31l'iECKIlE CBoiiCTBA ATMOCtDEPbI

Xapaxrepno H3MeHSleTCSI COCTaB sosnyxa B aaxpsrrux noveiue-

HHSlX. YBeJIHtJHBaeTCSI KOJIHtJeCTBO )].ByOKHCH yrnepona (C0 2) H
YMeHbWaeTCSI KOJIHtJeCTBO KHCJIOpO)].a (0 2) , [l03TOMY, nano He sa-
6blBaTb peryJISIpHO nposerpasa'n, noxeureaua .
CaMblH tJHCTblH B03)].yX aa HaweH naaaere aa AHTapKTHtJeCKOM
KOHTHHeHTe. ,UaJIeKO B rJIy6HHe IO)KHoro oxeaua, B)].aJIH OT scex
)].pyrHx KOHTHHeHTOB .C HX BblCOKO pa3BHTOH HH)].ycTpHeH H, COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO , C 60JIbWHMH Bbl6pocaMH B arvocrpepy, AHTapKTH)].a
OCTaeTCSI nOtJTH TaKOH JKe tJHCTOH, KaK )].eCllTKH H COTHH TblClltJ JIeT
aasan. Typucmsecxae noeanxu B AHTapKTH)].y npOBO)].SlTCll ysce
ceronus.
Y npHMeceH ecrs euie O)].Ha OtJeHb Ba)KHall POJIb B aruocrpepe .
MHome H3 HHX llBJIlllOTCll ll)].paMH KOH)].elIcaUHH, 6e3 KOTOpblX HeB03-
MOJKHbl 6blJ1H 6bI 06JIaKa, ocanxu , TyMalIbI.

COCTOllH He B03JJ.yxa HaJJ. OKeaHaM H

OKeaH 3aHHMaeT 110tJTH TpH tJeTBepTH nOBepXHOCTH 3eMJIH. OH

llBJIlleTCSI MOIUHblM nOCTOllHHO )].eHCTBYIOIUHM nOCTaBIUHKOM aspo-
30JIbHOrO BelUeCTBa B aruocrpepy. 3HatJHTeJIbHall )].OJIll a3p030JIbHblX
tJaCTHU B03HIIKaeT B pe3YJIbTaTe acnapeaaa xanens MOpCKOH BOJJ.bl II
COLlep)f(HT B OCHOBHOM nerxopacrsopaasre rHrpOCKonHtJeCKHe MOPC-
KHe COJIH .
1-13 okeana B arnocrpepy nonanaior TaKJKe pa3JIHtJHbie raau H opra-
HlltJeCKHe a3p030JIH . 4aCTHUbi opraxasecxoro npOHCXOJKLleHIIll - 3TO
aucuxaiourae H rHHlOlUH e MopCKHe BO)].OpOCJIH, II nponyxru paanoxce-
HHll ¢HTOnJIaHKTOHa. Opranaxecxae a3p030JIH - 3TO euie H nsmsua
paCTeHHH, CI10pbl, paana-nroro pona MHKpoopraHH3Mbl, BHpyCbI. MHo-
me 113 HHX nepeaocsrcs C CyWH . OpraHHtJeCKHe a3p030JIH 06pa3y1OT-
CH TaKJKe H B arxocrpepe H3 opraHHtJeCKHX MOJIeKyJI npH ¢OTOXHMH-
tJeCKHX peaKUHll X HJIII npH B3aHMOLleHCTBHH C MOpCKOH BO)].OH.
XopOWO H3BeCTHa cnoc06HOCTb tJaCTHU 6HOJIOrHtJeCKoro npOHC-
XOJKLleHHll nepexocarsca ua 60JIbWHe paccrossua . TaK , cnopu rpn-
6 0B HaXOLlHJIH B Mope ua paCCTOSlHHH 1000 KM OT 6JIII)f(aHWerO 6e-
pera . Ilsrnsua paCTeHHH MO)f(eT nepeHOCHTbClI B OKeaH na 2500 KM.
MopcKHe 6aKTepHH 06HapyJKHBaJIHCb aa cywe, na paCCTOHHHllX
60JIee 100 KM OT BOLlbl.

-22-
 fleKijHR 2. COCTAB ATMOC<1JEPHOro B03/1YXA

Hall OKeaHaMH Ha6nlOllalOTclI a3p030nH H MHHepaJlbHOrO npouc-

XO)KlleHHlI. ::ho Ha6nlOllaeTclI npa BblHoce nblJlH H3 Caxapsr B ATJlaH-
THKy, H3 nycruns UeHTpaJlbHOH A3HH B OKeaH, H3 ApaBHHcKHX ny-
CTblHb B ceaepayio sacrs HHllHHcKoro oxeaua. nblJlH 6blBaeT TaK
MHoro, qTO OHa 3HaqHTenbHO yxynuiaer BHllHMOCTb H coszraer cnoxc-
Hble ycnoans nnaaauaa. Taxoe aaneaae Ha6nlOllaeTClI y aananaux
6eperoB AcjJPHKH B cesepnoa ATnaHTHKe H B npyrnx MeCTax MHPO-
soro okeana (60nee nOllp06HO 06 3TOM B neKUHH 9).
MenKollHcnepcHall nblnb MO)KeT nepeuocxrsca na 60nbWHe pac-
CTOllHHlI. nblnb H3 Caxapu nepenocarcn aa aanan sepea ATnaHTHKy.
Co06mcHHlI 0 llblMKe B soanyxe Kapaocxoro MOpll MO)KHO HaHTH cure
B crapux CYllOBblX xcypaaaax . Ilpennonoxcenan 0 ee acjJpHKaHcKoM
npOHCXO)KlleHHH aucxaausanacs ysce B xaxane XX B. B HaCTOHmee
BpCMH nOT cjJaKT 06menpH3HaH. 1(0HueHTpaUHH nblnH B npH3eMHOM
cnoe arvocqiepu B l(apH6cKOM Mope MO)KeT nocrarari, 20 MKr!M 3 xa
paanaxuux aucorax artnors no nosepxnocra 700 rna.
BpeMH nepenoca nbIJlH qCPC3 ATnaHTHKy COCTaBnHeT B CpCllHCM
OKono HellenH . 3TO cBHlleTenbcTByeT 0 TOM, qTO a3p030nH MoryT
OCTaBaTbClI BO B3BeweHHOM COCTOHHHH npH 3HaQHTenbHOM HX KOH-
ueHTpaUHH B resenae llOCTaTOQHO 60nbworo npoaexcyrxa BpcMeHH.
nblJlb H3 Caxapsr BblHOCHTCH He ronsxo na sanan, HO H B BOCTOQ-
HOM HanpaBneHHH Qepe3 nepCHllCKHM 3aJlHB B CTOpOHy HHllHH H
MO)KeT naxce pacnpccrpansrrsca no scexy 3eMHoMy wapy.
Bee )KC a3p030neM, paanauasrx raaoccpaaasrx npHMeceH H, TeM
60nec, npaxeces aarponorcauoro npOHCXO)K.!leHHlI Hall OKeaHaMH
HecpaBHeHHO MeHbwe, QeM Hall cyurea .
B B03llyxe Hall OKeaHaMH MHoro BOllHHoro napa. OTHOCHTenbHaH
Bna)KHOCTb B cpennev COCTaBnHeT oxono 80% . B npHBOllHOM cnoe
sosnyxa COnep)KaTCH HOHbl MOpCKHX cones, QTO , no MenHUHHCKHM
Ha6nlOnellHHM, 6naronpHHTHo BnHHeT na snopoase xenosexa . MHPO-
BOH OKeaH, 3aHHMalOmHH 60nbwylO QaCTb HaweH nnauera H noxpu -
TbIH 3eneHbIMH sonopocnaaa, HBnHeTCH nOCTaBUIHKOM KHCJlOpOlla
nnH BCCM nnaae'rsr. YrncKHCJlblH raa HHTeHCHBHO nornouiacrcs MOp-
CKHMH 3eneHblMH aonopocnsan. Han OKeaHaMH B sosnyxe, KaK yxce
YKa3blBaJIOCb, B naa-srpa paaa MeHbwe yrnexxcnoro raaa, QCM B
cpenHcM nJlH aTMoccjJepbl .

-23-
 <D11311'IECKI1E CBOMCTBA ATMOC<DEPbI

,r 3aMeTK H 11 AOnO ~He H HH

I. Y nOBepXH OCTI1 3cMnl1 aTMOC¢epa CO CTOI1T B OCHOBHOM H3

n ayx r a30B: a30Ta 11 KI1CnOpOAa, a OCT a~ bHbIX r a30B HH'lTOlKHO Mano.
Bee raasr aru ocrpepe xopouro nep en euiaau , aru ocdrepa onnoponna
B
(rou oren na) n o BblCOTbl 100 KM .
2. C Bbl COTOH ra aos sra COCTaB H3M eHlleTCll. TlllKcn ble r aasr OCTa-
IOTCll BHH3Y, nerxue nOD.HHMaIOTCll s snu e. Arvocdiepa CTaHOBI1TCll
r erepor euu oa. Caasie aep xnae C,lO H aTMoc¢cPbl COCTO llT H3 r en as H
BOD.OpOna - ra 30B, HaH60nee pac npocrpaaeuaux BO Bceneu noa.
3. Pons sonanoro napa B arsi ocrpepe rp ynuo nep eouea ars. B on a
B aruoc tpepe - sr o orinaxa, r ya aasr, ocanxn , CooTBeTcTBeHHo, C
BonoH CB R3aHbl 1l3MeHeHI1ll panHaUl1 0HHOrO H r ena oaoro PClKllMOB
arx ocoepu H noncrnnaiouiea nosep xn ocra . I<aK CJleD.CTBlle, H3MeHll-
ercs 11 nHllaMHKa arx ocrpep u.
.. 4. B COCTaBe arxocrpepao ro B03D.y xa ecrs xpoxe aonasoro napa
H np y ra e n epeucxuu e KO Mn OHeHTbl , HMeIOlliHe KaK crp nu arcn suoc
3Ha'leHH e (3arpH3HI1TenH arvoctpepu), TaK H noncscarem.aoe (sn pa
KOHD.eHCaUHH ) su aseua e.
5. Ocotieana a pon s y D.ByOKHC H yrnepona (C0 2 ) , C IIHM casausa-
lOT napHI1KOBbIii 3¢ ¢ eKT 11 OH llBJllleTCll nHllIeii D.nll sc ex 3CJleH biX
pacr euus aa cy ui e H aa Mope (sonopocnea ).

Bonpocu U 3UaaHUSl

f . n o. e.wy 8 HU:JICHUX eAORX amuoapepu

He Ha 6AIOaaem eR epaeum a uuo«-
HOZO (no Maeee) pasiiesen us: za3 08 , coema8ARIOUjUX amMoetfJepHbl u 803ayX?
2. '1m o makoe ZOM02eHHaR amuocdiepa?
3. '1mo Ha3bl8aem CR eem epo eennoii amuoctpepou?
4. Paccxa scume 0 3Ha.eHUU «u cnopooa amscocdiepnoeo 8038yxa 8J'R Ha-
mea. n~1aH em bl.
5. Pa CeKa:JICUm e 3Ha.eHUU am.uoctpepnoeo 030H a aAR «tuueii nAaHembl.
0
6. MO:JICem flU 030 H 6blmb y n oeepxn ocm u 3 eMAu?
7. PaCeKa:JICUm e 0 3Ha .eHUU y ZAeKueAOZO za3a 8 AR Haw eu nAaHem bl.
8. Paccxascume 0 zeAUU 8 a mseocdiepnou 8038 y x e.
9. '1mo Bbl scosceme paccsasam» 0 eodopooe 8 amuocdi epnosc 803ayxe.
f O. UMeIO m flU oeHO BHbl e za 3bl, U3 « omopux coemou m B03ayx, '{ 8em ,
3anax, BKye?
ff . KOAu. eem BO, BUHa.wuKa U POAb YZ.1eKueflOZo zasa B amuoctpep e?

- 24 -
 fl e KijHR 2. COCTAB ATMOO1JEPHOrO B0 311YXA

/2 . Ilepeuucnurne nepeuennsie COCmaeA!lI()U{ue amuoctpepuoeo 8030yXU.

/3. Pa CCKa:JICUme 06 ecmecmeeunux U aumponoeennux npunecxx.
/ 4. Paccxascume 06 o m puua menn nou U nO,IO:JICumeAOHoii pO,IU npuuecea e
amnoctpepe.
/5. '1mo masoe ~ a 3p 030A U» ? KaK OO,1Z0 a 3p030AU Moeym «axooumec» e
e030yx e?
/ 6. Kaxue a3p030AU Moeym 6blmb e 8030yxe Hao oxeanauu?
/ 7. Cpaenume cocmae am xocdiepnoeo e030yxa Hao cuiuei; U Hao
OKeaHOM.
/8. Bunosusemcn ,IU coo mnotuenue Me:JIC0Y OC HoeHblMU ea3080lMU «ouno-
HeHmaMu 8 8030yxe ayoumopuu?
/ 9. Il onesu; e 8030yxe Hao OKea HOM omuocu men sno MaAO yZAeKucAoeo
ea3a ?
20. Pa CCKa:JICUm e 0 eooR HoM nape 8 amuoapepe.
2 / . n o , e.lly. no BaweMy MHeHUIO. eOpO:JICa He paseumsix cmpa « Eeponu U
AMepuKu cmpeusmcn :JICUm b 3a eop ooou.

JleKl\~Sl 3

nYIIHCTAJl3HEPrHR B ATMOCtPEPE

lJ,EDb DEKlJ,HH: Iloxosams, «mo COIIHfje RBIIRemCR

eOUHcmBeHHblM UCmO'IHUKOM suepeuu OIlR nnanemu. Pac-
cnompems ocotieuuocmu COIIHe 'l HOU paouauuu, U ee npo-
xosciienue «epes amMocc/Jepy. Paccmompems UIICOIIRfjUHJ,
OIlUHIIOBOIIHOBYIO paiiuauuto B ammoctbepe U paouauuo«-
IIblU tiananc. 0 6pamumb enuscanue «a pan» paiiuauuon-
nux c/JaKmopoB B siopensaeanuu.

K IIHJ'IeBbie cnoea: aJlb6e.llo , a3 p0 30JlbHOe pacceauae ,

BH.llHMall panuauaa, )J..1HHHble BOJlHbl, HHCOJlll U,Hll,
HH!/JpaKpacHall panuauaa , MOJleKyJlllpHoe paccesuae,
napHHKoBbI~ 3!/J!/JeKT, np"Ma" pa)J.Hau,Hll, paccellHHall
panuauaa , y ,1bTpa!/JHoJleToBall co.nueunast panuauna.

OCHOBHWM H np aKTH'IeCKH eAHHCTBeHHWM HCTO'lHH KOM 3He prHH

AJlll scex np0l.\eCCOB, nporexa iouiax B arvocrpepe II na nOBepXHOCTII
3 eMJlII, aann ercn COJl Hl.\e. TIo cpa saeaaro C COJlHe'lHOii panaa u aen

- 25 -
 <D113114ECKI1E CBoiicTBA ATMOC<DEPbI

Bee ocransasre HCTO'lHH KIl , r axxe KaK 3Be3Abl, nnaaer sr , JIyHa, BHy T-
peaa ee renno 3 eMJlIl, flBJlfllOTCfl HIl'lTOlKHO MaJlbIMIl.
C eOJlHe'lHOii panaauaea caasansr rexneparypa , ll.aBJICHIlC, BCTep Il
see n py r ae MeTeOpOJlOrH'IeCKlle BeJlIl'lIl Hbl Il asn ea aa . n03TOMY Al bl
Ha'lHHaeM H3yqeHHe MeTeOpOJlOrHll C pacc x or peans COJlHe'lHOii 3HeprHH.

COJlHue H eOJlHe'lHaH paAHaUHlI

Tesmeparypa H3J1 Y'laIOLUeii nOBep XHOCTH COJlH ua - rporocrp eps;

- OKOJlO 6000 K COJlHue asnysaer sne pr mo B WllpOKOM nnanaacne
ll.JlIl H BOJ1H, OT oxens 6J11l3KHX K HyJlIO no BOJIH ll.JlHH OIO B eOTHIl
KHJlOMeTpoB. Pac npenene na e sneprna B cn exrpe COJIHua no ll.JlIlHaM
BOJIH Hep aBHOMepHO. E r o MOlKHO ann po xc av a poaa n, 3aKOHOM Ilnaa-
xa ( pile. 1.3). O KOJlO 99% eOJlHe'lH Oii sxe pr n a npaxonarcs ua ll.JlIlHbl
BOJIH A OT 0,1 no 4 MKM. 3 TIl BOJlH bl xaasrsasrr K opom K U M U. TOJlbKO
Oll.Il H npouear COJlHe'l HOii saepr aa npaxon nrcs aa a AUHH bt e BOJlHbl
(A> 4 MKM). B KOpOTKOBOJl HOBOM y sacr xe COJlHe'lHOrO cn exr pa
MOlKHO BbIll.eJlIlTb ynsrpatpaoaeroaae BOJlHbI (0,1-0,4 MKM), BIlAIl-
Mbl e BOJlH bl (0,4- 0,78 MKM) Il 6J1 lllKHlle Il H<!>p aKpaeH ble BOJl Hbl
(0,78- 4 MKM).

. .

0,8 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,4 2,8

iln HII3 BonHbI , foI KM

PHe. 1.3. KpHoan nJlaHKa AJIlI COJlHu.a

Ha BIlll.IlMblii yxacr ox eOJlHe'lHOrO cn exrpa npaxonar cs no-rm no-

JlOBIlHa 3HeprHH, H3J1y'laeMoii COJlHueM. B BIlll.IlMOM ysacrxe cn exr pa
caxsre xoporxae <!>1l0JleTOBble BOJlHbl, a caaue AJlIlHHble - xpacaue.

-26 -
 neK~"R 3. nYlil1CTAR 3HEPfl1R B ATMOC<1IEPE
o
nepe~a~a pa~HaUHH ~epe3 aTMoc~epy

PaCCTOHHlle MelK~y 3eMJlcii Il COJIHUCM COCTaBJlHCT B cpensea

150 · 106 KM. K Hawcii nJlaHCTC npaxoznrr TOJlbKO KOpOTKOBOJ1HOBaH
panxauns . K BCpXH Cii rpanaue aTMOC~CPbl elKeCCKYHl\HO nocrynaer
OT COJlHua 1,38 KJllK/M 2 (cOJ1HeqHaH nOCTOHHHaH n.
K nOBcpxHOCTH
3CMJlH nocrynaer HCCKOJ1bKO MCHbwaH BCJlllqIlHa . .JJ:alKc B 6C306J1a~­
Holi Il OqeHb ~llcToli araocipepe COJ1HeQHaH pannauas OCJla6eBaeT 1l3-
aa nornourexas Il paccenaas.
B YJlbTpa~lloJlcTOBOM yqaCTKC COJlHeqHOrO cncKTpa COJlHCqHaH
pannauas nornouiaercs 030HOM (03)' B pe3YJ1bTaTe K nOBCpXHOCTIl
3eMJ11l BOJlHbl KOPOqC 0,3 MKM HC )l.OXO)l.HT. 3HaQllTeJlbHoc nornome-
HIlC COJlHCQHOii saeprnn npoacxonnr Il B 06J1acTIl 6J1lllKHCrO IlH~pa­
xpacaoro H3J1Y'leHIlH COJlHua. 3)1.eCb norJlOTIlTeJlHMIl HBJlfllOTCH sona,
yrJlCKIlCJlblii raa Il npIlMCCIl.
B arxoctpepe paCCCIlBalOTCH B OCHOBHOM BOJ1HbI Bll)l.HMOrO yxacr-
xa cnexrpa. Paccenaae aa MCJlKIlX sacrauax - aronax. MOJlCKYJla x.
KOMnJlCKCaX MOJlCKYJl npOIlCXOl\IlT TCM IlHTCHCIlBHCC, qCM KOPOQC
)l.J1IlHa BOJ1Hbl

i = B): -'I ( 1.1 )

•

rne A- )l.JlIlHa BOJlHbl , a K03~~IlUlleHT nponopuaouaasaocru .

B-
113-3a norJlOmeHllfl Il paccesuaa caJlHC~Hoii saeprxa B arxocrpepe
K nOBepXHOCTIl 3CMJlIl na C)l.IlHHqHYIO nnouianxy, nepnesnaxynapnyro
J1yqaM. npHXO)l.HT COJlHeqHOii 3HCPrHIl MCHbWC, QCM nocrynaer aa
BepXHlO1O rpanauy aruocrpcpsr

I = {pm ( 1.2)
•

rne P- K03epepllUHCHT np03paQHOCTH, BeJ1HQHHa MCHbwafl enunauu:

m - onTll~CCKHii nyrs COJlHC'lHOrO Jly~a B arvocrpepe. ::lTO 6y)l.eT
npJUWJl connexnas: paouauun - nOTOK rrapaanensnux J1yqcii. any-
mHX OT COJlHua .
OOTOK npHMoii COJ1HCQHOii pannauan aa ropH30HTaJlbHYlO nosepx-
HOCTb xaauaaior UHCOAJll{ueu

-27-
 C/l11311'1ECKI1E CBOJ1CTBA ATMOCC/lEPbI

I' = 1 sin h, ( 1.3)

rne h - BbI COTa CO J1Hua . KaK BHJlHO, HHCOJIlIUHlI MeH bw e npllMOH

COJIHe~ H O H p aJlH aUHH Ha nepne HJlHKyJIlI pHyID nOBep XHOCTb. B CHJIy
3 a BHCHMOCTH HHCOJI lIUHH I' OT BblCOTbl COJIHua , B eJIH~HH a c e Me HlI CT-
CII B CYTO~HOM H r OJlOBOM XOJlC, a Ta K)l(C C WHp OTOH Me CTa . C y ne-
JIH~ eHH e M WHp OTbl YMeH bwaeTClI n OJI YJleHHall Bbl COT a COJIHua . 3TO
n p HBOJlHT K YMe HbWC HHID HHCO,l Il UHH B Ka )l(JlbIH KOHKp eTHbIH MOMeHT
BpeMeHH, n o cpa BHe HHID C 3TOH B e JIH~HH OH B 6 0 JIe e HH3 KH X W HpO Tax .
K nO BcpX HOCTH 3 e MJIH OT acex TO'leK n eo e c noro CBOJla npHXOJlH T
e we H pacc e nnnan panaauas ( 1. 1). 4 a c To n o n UHCO,~ Rl{U eii n OHH-
Ma IDT cyMMapHylO paouauuso, T . c . npu r o x npsu oi; U paccennuoii
paiiua uuu, aa ropH30HTaJIbHy ID noaepxuocr s . I1HC OJIllUHll MO)l( eT
c n p e nena r s c s He TOJIbKO aa c e KY HJlY , HO H a a nens, MeCllU, ce30H,
ron. B TaKOM c nysae CJIeJlyeT nOMHHTb, 4TO C YBe JIH~e HH eM WHp OTbl
MCCTa H3MeHlle TCll npOJlOJI)l(HTeJIbHOCTb JlHll . )],HCBHall cy MMa HHCO-
JIlIUHH B03paCT a eT C YBeJIH~eHHeM npOJlOJI)l( HT eJIbHOCTH JlHlI. JIeToM
npHTOK cy MMa p Ho H paJlHaUHH B n OJIlI p HbI X paHOHax B0 3paCTaeT .
B JIHlI HHe He6oJl bWOH BblCOT bl COJIHua HeCKOJIbKO KOMneHcHpyeTclI
60Jl bWOH npOllOJI)l(HTe JIbHOCT bID Jl HlI . B 3 HMHee apeus cyMMapHall
pan uauns yousae r K nOJIIDCaM . B HH3K HX WHp OTax cysrxapnaa pa -
llHaUHH nO~TH He Me lllleTCll B Te'lC HHC r o n a H COCTaBJIlIeT B MCClIU
OKOJIO 600 M )],)l(/M 2.
06JIa ~1I0C Tb 3I1a~ HT eJIbHO YMCH bwaeT KOJI H~ eCTBO COJIlle'lHOH pa-
llHaUHH , n ocrynaiouie e K 3eMHO H nOB epXHOCTH. 4 a CT b COJIHe'lHbI X
JIy'leH OTpa)l(ae TCH OT 0 6 JIa KOB o6pa TH o B KOCMH'IeCK oe npOCTpaH-
CTBO. 4 e M n JIOTH e e 06JIa'lHOCTb , '1 eM HH)l(e OHa Ha XOJlH TClI, TeM
Me llbw e OHa np onycx aer COJI He'l HbI X JIy'le H K 3eMH OH n OBepXHOCTH.

B JIHlIHH e nOBep XHOCTH 3e MJIH

Ha nOBepXHOCTH 3eMJIH npospasna JlJIli COJIHe'lH bI X JIy'le H JIH W b

BOlla . B MOpliX H oxeasax COJIHe'lHble JI Y ~ H MoryT np OHHKaTb aa
3 Ha 'lHT eJIbH bl e rJI y 6 HHbi (JlO 100 M H o oa e e) . OT noaepxxocra sonu
COJIHe~Hali pallHauHlI '1aCTH'lHO o TpalKaeTcli . B BOJle COJIHe'lHall pa -
n n a u u s n ora ouracrc s H pacceuea e rcn . nOrJIOWeHHe H pac ceanae

- 28 -
COJlHC4HOH paJlHaUHH B
fleKljUR 3. flY'II1CTAJI 3 HEPrl1J1 B ATMOCtPEPE

pasnux sacrax CnC KTpa CyW.CCTBCHHO pa3J1 H-

o
'laCTCSl . I1HcjJpaK paCHblH H KpaC HblH CBCT npOHHKaCT s a HC60JlbWylO
r Jly6HH y . B 4H CTblX OKca HCKHX BO.ua X rJly6)K c npOHH Ka CT r OJly6oH
CBCT , a B MyTH blX npatipcacnsrx nonax - 3CJle Hbl H H )Ke JlTbIH CBCT.
C OJlHCqHaSl panaa uaa , xoropas nocrynaer aa nOB epXHOC Tb CyWH ,
He n p o n yc KaeTc Sl e lO, TaK KaK n OBcpXH OCTb 3 CMJlH He np03pa4Ha.
JI Y'IH CTaSl 3HCPrH Sl n o r n o utac r c a H qaCTH4HO OTp a )K aCTCSl n OBcpXHO-
CTb lO. OTpa)KaTCJlbHaSl cnoco6HOCTb, a./lb6eoo (A), 3 aBHCHT OT UBCTa
crpaacaiouiea n OBcp XHOCTH , yrn a n aneuns Jl Y4 CH H OT HX .uJlHHbI
BOJlH bI . H a H6 0 JlbwH M ansoeno o tin ana er CBC)K CBbmaBWHH cxe r . OH
OTp a)Ka CT o on ee 90 % seek n ana iouie a a a He r o Jl Y4 HCTOH 3HeprHH.
H aHM eHbw e H OTpa)K a Te JlbHOH cn oc o e a ocrioo (OKOJlO 2 %) onnanaer
cn OKOHHaSl BOJJ,a npa n OJlO)KeHHH Conaua B 3e HHTe. H o e CJlH BblCOTa
C OJlH u a MeHee 20° a Jlb6e.uo BO.uHOH n OBc p x HOCTH pe3KO B03paCTaeT
H MO)K CT n p eBbICHTb 50 % . Flos epxuocra CyWH HMe eT ansrieno B
npencnax 10 - 3 0 %. Cpennee nnanerapsoe ansoeno 3CMHo r o urapa,
BKJlI04aSl ero 0 6 J1a QHbI H nOKpOB, 6J1H3KO K 35 % .

A~HHH OB OJlHO B a Sl paJJ,HallHSl B aTMo c~ep e

TeMncpaTypa n OBc p x HOCTH 3CMJlH B CpC.uHCM COCT a BJl Sl e T 15 ° C

(288 K) . I1 Me Sl r a x y io r eran e p ar y p y . 3eMJl Sl H3J1 Y4 a e T B arnocoepy B
OCH OBHOM O./l UHHOBO./lHOBYIO undrpaxpactupo ( men./lOBYIO) ptuiun-
U,UIO. ,llJl HHa BOJlHbl , na KOTOp y lO npaxomrrcn MaKcH MyM 3 Hep rH H,
COCTaBJlSlCT 10 MKM ( p HC. 1.4).
Arvocqiepa n orn outa er 3Ha QHTeJlbHYlO 4aCTb JlJlHH HOBOJlHOBOrO
H3J1Y4CHHfl 3CMHOH nOBepXHOCTH. OCHOBHblMH nO rJlOTH TeJlSlM H JJ,JlHH-
HOBOJIHOBOH pannauau SlBJlSlIOTCSl y rJl e KHc Jlbl H raa (C0 2 ) H ocorieuuo
sona ( H 20 ) , nOCKOJlbK Y sonu B arvocrpepe MHoro . 0 6 J1a Ka COCTOSlT
H3 )KH.uKOii ( sannu). r sepnoa (xpacraansr) H raaooopaaaoa ( BOJJ,Sl HOH
n ap ) BOJJ,bl. OHII HHTeHCHBHO nOrJlOw.aIOT JJ,JlHHHOBOJlH OBOC H3J1 YQe -
HHe 3 CM JlH, n c iicra ya KaK H30JlSl UHOHHblii CJlOH, nO.Qo6HO CTCKJlSlH-
Hbl M c re u xa n n a pnnxa. Ta xoe B03.Qe HCTBHe HOC HT Ha 3 BaHH C napnu -
KOBOeo sdupexma.
E CJlH H04b n acv ypnas. TO OHa OTHOCHTeJlbHO re n n a s . E CJIH )K C
He60 6e306J1 a QHOe , TO 4aCTb 3 He p rH H, H3J1 Y4aeMaR nOBepXHOCTblO
3eM JIH , yXO.u HT B KOC MH4eCKOC n pO CTpa HCT BO H H04b XOJlo.u Ha R.

- 29 -
 4J113f1lIECKI1E CBoiiCTBA ATMOC4JEPbI

B t\HeBHOe BpeMlI noreps saeprna aa cxer t\JlHHHOBOJlHOBOrO H3J1yqe-

HHlI He3aMeTHa, TaK KaK nepeKpWBaeTClI npHXOt\lIlQeH COJlHeqHOH
3HepmCH. 06J1aKa MoryT nornouiart., crpascart, H H3J1yqaTb t\JlHHHO-
BOJlHOBYIO pat\HaUHIO. Caaa arxocrpepa TaK)I{e H3J1yqaeT t\JlHHHOBOJl-
HOBylO pat\HaUHIO . Ty xacri, t\JlHHHOBOJlHOBOrO H3J1yqeHHlI aTMOC<j>e-
pu, KOTOpOe aanpaaneuo BHH3 K nOBepXHOCTH 3eMJlH, aaasraaror U3 -
Jly ~eft U eM amuoctpepsi E a'

'"
=~
Q.

"=
HO

2 co, 8
,llJlHH3 BOJlHbI, MKM

PHC_ 1.4. I-!aJlyqeHHe nOBepXHOCTH 3eMJlH H noaocu noraouienas

Pat\HaUHOHHbIH 6aJlaHC noncraaaiouiea nOBepXHOCTH

PaaUa~UOftftblU 6aAaftC CKJlat\WBaeTClI H3 npHXOt\a H pacxot\a

JlyqHCTOH saepran . Ha et\HHHQHYIO ropH30HTaJlbHYlO nOBepXHOCTb B
et\HHHUY BpeMeHH npHXOt\HT npllMall panaauan r, paCCellHHall pa -
t\HaUHlI i H H3J1YQeHHe arxoctpepu E,. YXOt\HT orpaaceaaas KOpOTKO-
BOJlHOBall pannauas, orpaaceanas t\JlHHHOBOJlHOBall panaauas H H3-
JlYQeHHe 3eMJlH E"

R = (I' + i)(l - A) + BE, - E" ( 1.4)

rne BE, - nornouienaas 3eMHOH nOBepXHOCTblO QaCTb H3,~YQeHHlI

aTMoc<j>epbJ.

-30-
 l1eKuuR 3. I1Yl.fl1CTAfi 3HEPrl1f1 8 ATMOCQ>EPE

nepeXOA paAMaUMOHHOrO 6anaHCa 4epeS Honb npOMCXOAMT He

o
rorna, xorna Co.nnue y ropMSOHTa, a ~lHoro pansuie, xorna BbICOTa
Ccnaua COCTaBnHeT 5-10°. TIPM raxoa BblCOTe Connua COnHe'lHbIii
ny'l npoxonar B arxocrpepe 60nbwoii OnTH'ICCKHii nyrt., H SHa'lHTenb-
HaH 'IaCTb COnHe'lHOii 3HeprHM OCTaeTCH B arvoctpepe . OKaSbIBaeTCH,
'ITO Hsny'leHMe 3eMnM B 3TO BpeMH npessnuaer snepnno, npMXOAH-
utyio OT Co.nuua. K nOBepXHOCTM 3eMnM AOXOAMT TaK Mano COnHC'I-
HOH 3HeprHM, 'ITO MO)KHO cnoxoauo CMOTpeTb na Ccnaue M JI1060-
BaTbCH KpaCO'lHblMM aaxaraan .
B uenOM, AHeM M B TennblH nepaon rona panaauaonnun 6anaHC
nonoxcarexen, a HO'lblO H B xonOAHblii nepaon orpauarcaen .
llnH 3eMnH B uenoa H sa nepuon pasnun rOAY paAHaUHOHHblii
6anaHC oxono HyJIH. llnH ooaee KOpOTKMX npOMe)KyTKoB BpeMeHH H
AJIH MeHbWMX nnouianea 3TO He BbInOnHHeTCH. B TponM4eCKMX WHpO-
Tax B reseuae acero rona Ha6nlOAaeTCH Ms6bITOK paAHaUHH. BOAa B
oseanax TpOnH'IeCKOii SOHbi uaxannaaaer oom.uroe KOJIH'IeCTBO renna .
B nonspusrx paiiouax B SHMHee BpeMH Ha6nlOAaeTCH OTpHuaTenbHbIii
p3.QHaUHOHHbIH 6aJIaHC. B pesynsrare AH<jJcjlepCHUHpOBaHHoro Harpe-
BaHMH B araocdiepe H B oxeauax BOSHHKalOT ABMlKeHHH COOTBeTCTBeH-
HO BosAyxa H BOAbI.

BJIHHHMe paaaauaouusrx (jIaKTopoB H3 nepeaoanesese rpyau

B TpOnH'IeCKMX WHpOTax AHeM xopnyc CYAHa B peaynsrare nornouie-
HMH COnHe'lHOii paAHaUHH CHnbHO neperpesaerca. HenocpCACTBeHHO ua
nanyoaux nepexpurusx reaneparypa MO)KeT AOCTHraTb 60-70°C.
3TO OKaSbIBaeT aaaernoe BOSAeiicTBHe ua rpysu, 'IYBCTBHTenbHble K
BblCOKHM reuneparypaa. HSMeHHeTCH reuneparypno-anasorocrnua
pelKHM H B rptoxax nOA naayoon. B HO'lHOe BpeMH, npn orpauarens-
HOM paAHaUHOHHOM 6anaHce, xopnyc CYAHa MO)KeT CTaTb xononnee
napyzcnoro aosnyxa . Torna reaneparypa oxnaxcnaiouiaxca nosepx-
HOCTeii MOlKeT onycTHTbCH HHlKe TO'lKH POCbI rpiouaoro sosnyxa.
TaKHe Kone6aHHH oco6eHHO BenHKH B rpioxax. pacnonosccmnax HaA
aarepaaxuen . nOcneACTBHH MoryT 6bITb He6naronpHHTHbI AnH nepe-
BOSHMblX rpyaon . Oco6eHHO cnoxcasre ycnoaas Ha6nlOAalOTCH npa
6blCTpOM HSMeHeHHH cyMMapHoH paAHaUHH. Hanpnaep, npa npOXO)K-
AeHHH Cy3UKOro xanana cyMMapHaH paAHaUHH HSMeHHeTCH sa CyTKH

-31-
 <1I11311'iECKIlE CBoiiCTBA ATMOC<1IEPbI

BJ],Boe. Iloxoxcne YCJlOBllH MOrYT 6blTb B KpaC HOM MOpe , B Il epcan-

CKOM aanase. Haaoonsunte 3Ha4eHllH CYMMapHOH pannauaa Ha6J11o-
J],aIOTCH Y 6cperOB I1HJ],IlIl. Ona B J],CClITb pas npeBOCXOJ],lIT npaxon
COJl HetlHOH pan uaun a B U eHTpaJlbHOH Espone B 'ITO »ce BpCMH. .llJlH
I1HJ],1l1l nop4a rpY30B Ha cyJ],ax HBJlHeTCH nOCTORHHOH n p 06 J1 eMo H.
Taxa n 06pa30M, CJleJ],YCT Y411TbIBaTb cyMMapHylO panaauiuo npx
npll HHTllll rp y aos , ax paaa euieuaa II rpancnoprapoaxe .
.llJlR sxnnaxca YCJlOBllR nnaeaaus B TponH4CCKllX H 3KBaTOp " aJlb-
HblX WHpOTax rosce TR)I(CJlbI: BblCOKaR rcvncparypa . paCKaJlCHHaR
nan y c a, 60JlbWaR BJla)l(HOCTb B03J],y x a.

• 3aMeTKIl H Ao n O.1H e HIl H

I. COJlHue H3J1Y4ae T KopOTKHe BOJl Hbi. COJ1He'lHaR paJ],HaUHR B

arxocrpepe HeCKOJlbKO OCJla6eBaCT B pesynsrare pacceanas II norJlO·
uie aas . OCHO BHblMll nOrJlOTHTeJlRMH B arnocdiepe lIBJlHIOTCR 03 0H
(nornouraer )KeC TKHH yJlbTpaljJHOJleT) , BOJ],HHOH nap H y r JleKllcJl bIH
raa (noraouraior llHljJpaKpacHylO paaaaumo). HaH60Jlee llHTeHCHBHO
paccenaaiorcn cauu e KopOTKHe BHJ],HMbIC JlY4H. 5 0JlbWaR 4aCTb COJl-
He4HOH 3Hep rHH npOHHKaeT K 3eMliOH nOBcpXHOCTH .
2. C YMeHbweHHeM BblCOTbI COJlHua H3MeHReTCR cneKTpaJlbH blil
COCTaB COJlHe4 HOro nyua H YMeHbwaeTcR KOJlll4eCTBO COJlHe'lHOil
sueprn a, npaxonmncn K noaepxaocra 3eMJlH.
3. I1HCOJlHUHH (cyMMa npHMoil H pacceaaaoa paJ],HaUHH aa CyTKH )
3aBHCllT OT BbICOTbI COJlHua H npoJ],OJl)KHTeJlbHOCTH J],HH. I1HCOJIHUHR
BCJl HKa H np aKTHlI eCKH Hc MeHHeTClI B Telle HHe rOJ],a B TpOnH'IeC KHX
WHpOTax. JIeToM OHa He3Ha'lHTeJlbHO MeHHeTCH no WHpOTaM. TaK KaK
YMCHbweHHe .BblCOTbl COJlHua xosmencapyerca YBeJlHlIeHHCM nponon-
)KHTeJlbHOC TH J],HR. B 3HM Hee ap en s OHa 6bICTpO YMeHbwaeTClI C
YBeJlH4 CHHeM WHpOTbi.
4. 3cMHaH nosepxuocrs H arnoctpepa H3J1Y'laIOT J],JlHHHbIC BOJlHbl.
.llJlH HHOBOJlHOBaH pannauas 113J1YllaeTcH acea n c eep x n ocrsio 3eMJlH. B
TO RpeMH KaK KOpOTKOBOJlHOBaH panuauaa nocrynaer TOJlbKO aa nOJlY-
urapae, oopauicanoe K COJlHUY. Aruocoepa HHTeHCHBHO nornouiaer
llJlHHHOBOJlHOBYIO panaaumo, Oc06eHHO BeJlHKa B 3TOM POJlb sonsaoro
n apa, lKllllKOil H rsepnoa BOJ],bI. 5 J1ar OJ],apR 'ITOMy n OBepXHOCTb 3 eMJlH
B nacsrypaue H04H ropaano rennee, lICM B 6C306J1a4Hble.

-32-
 5.
neK~H. 3. nvuncrs» 3HEPrWI 8 ATMOCtPEPE

Pa.L\HaUHOHHblii 6aJIaHC nOJlOJKHTeJIeH B rponxxax H orpxua-

o
TeJIeH B BbICOKHX WHpOTax . Bucrpue H3MeHeHHH pa.L\HaUHOHHoro
6aJIaHCa MoryT 6bITb He6J1arOnpHHTHbl .L\JIH rpysos. H sro CJIe.L\yeT
YQHTbIBaTb npH npHHHHm rpysoa. HX paaaeuieuaa 11 TpaHCnOpTI1-
pOBKe.

Bonpocu U saoanu»
l . Om ueeo saeucum. KO,lU"eCm80 u3Ay"aeMOii meAOM ,l y " ucm oii suepeuu
u pacnpeiienenue ee no iJAuHaM 80AH?
2. YKa:JICUme pacnpeoenenue snepeuu no iJAuHaM 80An 8 cnesmpe
COAH~a.
3. Hmo na3bl8aemCJl COAHe"HOii nOCmOJlHHOii u "eMy OHa paeua iJAJl Ha-
uiei; nnauemu?
4. 'l mo npoucxooum. C Ay"ucmoii suepeueii, nocmynalOU{eii Ha «axu o -
Au60 nosepxnocms?
5. B pe3YAbmame "eeo npoucxooum oCAa6AeHue COAHe"HOii ptuiuauuu 8
amuoctpepe?
6. 'lmo Jl8AJlemCJl noenomumeneu COAHe"HOii paduauuu 8 am.uoctpepe?
7. 'lmo masoe MOAeKy/lJlpHOe oaccenuue? Kaxue Ay"U Ay"We pacceuea -
IOmcJI 8 amuoctpepe?
8. 'lmo nOHUMaemCJl noiJ npJlMoii. paccennnoii, cyMMapHoii paouauue« ,
UHCOAJl~ueii?
9. KaK U3MeHJlemCJl UHCOAJI~UJl 8 npocmpancmee u 80 8peMeHU?
/0. '[mo maxoe aAb6eiJo. om "UO OHO saeucum?
II. Kaxue iJAuHbl 80AH u3Ay"alOmCJl seunoi: noeepxnocmmo , amuo-
cI/Jepoii?
/2. B "eM cYU{Hocmb naPHUK080eO 3I/JI/JeKma?
/3. PaCCKa:JICUme 0 cymO"HOM U eoi}080M xooe ptuiuauuonnoeo tiasanca .
14. 06'bJiCHUme OmAU"Ue meunepamupnaeo pe:JICUMa Ha naAy6e cyiJHa om
meunepamupu 803iJyxa U 8AUJIHUe smoeo «a nepeeosuuue epuss«.

-33-
 cPH3H'IECKIfE CBOI1CTBA ATMOCcPEPbI

neKL\l1H 4

OnTW-IECKHE H 3nEKTPWIECKHE
JlBnEHHJl B ATMOCtPEPE

lJ,EJlb PA50Tbl: n03HaKoAIUmbCJI C onmUq eCKUMU U

3JIeKmpUqeCKUMU Jl6AeHUJlMU 6 amstoctbepe , «omopue
Mozym Ha6A/oOambCJI 6 MOpe . Buscnums ¢U3UKy UX
06pa306aHUJI, 6b1JlCIlUmb, 0 KaKUX 6yoylljux U3MeHeHUJlX
nOZOObl OHU Mozym eoeopums, rAaBHaJi Ije/lb - YQU-
mueams smu amuoctpepnue Jl6/leHUJI B IUmypMaHcKOIl
npaxmuxe,

K/l/OQeBbie C/lOBa: arssocrpepuaa pedipaxuaa , A Hc n c p CHll CBCTa,

AHljJpaKLlHll CBCTa, HHTCpljJCpCHLlHll .

UBCT uefia, 06J1aKOB, COJlHLla, JIYHbl, 3CJlCHblH Jly'l

J.1HTcHCHBHO CTb pacce s n n o ro CBCTa B COOTBCTCTBHH C (1.1 ) H3 MC-

a s ercs oopara o npon opuaonansa o 4CTB CpTOH CTcnC HH )lJIHHbl BOnHbl.
CHHH C sonuu npasepno B JJ.Ba p a sa KOp04C xpa cnu x nona , OHH p a c -
CCHBa lOTCll B 16 paa CHJJbHCC xpa cnsi x H oxp a umaa ior Hc6 0 B CUHUU
UBCT .
Kpynaue xacrauu , KOT Op bl MH H30 6HJl YlOT HH)f(HHC CJJOH a rv ocqre -
pu, paCCCHBalOT OJJ.HHaKOBO BCC JJ.JJ HHbl BOJJH . J.1H bI MH CJJ OBa MH . OHH
p aCC CHBalOT 6CJJblC JJy'l H. rI 0 3TOM Y Hc 60 HC CHHC C, a zO/ly6oe , a
HHo r JJ.a H tienecoe, x o rna B0 3JJ.yX 3 a M yTHcH . llBCT aeria, Ta KHM oopa-
30 M, CBHJJ.CTCJJbCT ByCT 0 4HC TOT C aru ocrpepu oro B0 3JJ. yx a .
0 6 JJaKa COCTOllT H3 x a n en s H KpHCTa JJJJOB , KOT Opbl C BCJJH KH no
cp aBHCHHIO C JJ.JJ HHa MH BHJJ.HMbIX BOJJ H. rI0 3TO MY OC BCLUC HHblC C OJJH-
UCM, OHH xaxcyrca OCJJCnHT CJJbHO 6 CJJ bI MH .
rIPH ryaax e, BbInaJJ.alOLUHx o c a nxax , B 06JJ a KaX BHJJ.HMOCT b orp a -
HH4 CHa H3-3a 6 0 JJ b W Or O BCTp C'lHOrO nOTOKa p a CC CllHH OH paAHaUHH.
B nOJJllpHMX paHOH ax H3BCCTH O o n T H 4C CK OC llBJJ CHH C noJJ. Ha3Ba-
HHCM 6eAaJl si ena . JI CJJ.HHbIC KpH CTaJJJJbl , CBcpKalOLUH C B COJJHC4H bi X

-34 -
 fleKquR 4. OnTI1'1ECKI1E 11 3flEKTPI1'1ECKI1E JlBflEHI1J1 B ATMOC<1lEPE @>
n yxax. na io r TaKOe 6 0Jl b WOC KOJlH'IC CT B O pacce a aaoa panaauaa ,
'ITO HH'lCrO HC BHJlH O HHOrJla y)KC u a paCC T OllHHH BblTllHyTOH p yKH.
,. lleem C OAHl{a MCHSlCT CSl C H3 MCHCHHCM c r o BblC OTbI OT 6cJlo r o
3<'
F AHCM JlO )K CJlTOrO H. HaKOHcu. . KpaCHOrO BC'l CpOM . Kpacxsni U.BCT
, Comma
s
y ropusoxra 0 6 b SlCHllCTClI TCM. 'ITO COJlH C'IH bI C JlY'lH B 3TOT
_ MOMCHT npOXOJlSlT B aTMOClj>C pC n p HM CpH O B 40 p as 60Jl bWHH nyrs ,
, 'lCM npa n OJlO)KC HIIH C OJl Hu.a B 3CHH TC. Il poxona CKB03b raxyio
TOJlW Y araoccepxoro aoanyxa , COJlHC'IHbIC Jly'lH T CPll lOT B PC3 YJl bTaT c
, pacc esaaa CHHIIC, a 3aTCM roJl y 6 bl C H JlP Y rH C BOJlHbl H JlO noae px -
i
~ ..
HOCTH 3 CMJlH JlOXOJlllT TOJlbKO xpacasi e BOJlH bI. YMcHbw a cTcll KOJlII'l C-
~; CTBO sa epran , 0 'leM y)K C rOBOplI JlOCb (ne x ua a 2) H MCHllCTCll c nC KT -

,~ p aJlbHblH COCTaB COJlHC'lHO r O CBe Ta . AH a JlOrH 'lHO BbIrJlllJlHT Jlyaa y

, - ro p H30 HTa . 0 6J1 aKa y ropH30HTa TO)KC Ka )K YTCSl Kpa CHbI MH.
••~ M Op en JlaB aTeJlH B OTKpbI TOM MOpC MoryT YB HJleTb seneneu: ,ty'l.
•
" Perppaxuaa ( lIc Kp HBJl e HHc) COJlH C'l HbIX Jly'lCH B a r uocrp epe co n p O-
; BO)KJlaeTC ll HX JlHCn CpcHcH ( p a 3J1 0 )K CHHCM n o c n e x r p y ). CBCT OBbl C
~. Jly'lH HCKPHBJllllOTCll BbmYKJlOCTblO B CTOp OHy M CHCC nJlOTHOrO 8 0 3-
: n y x a , T .e. 0 6 bl'lHO BB CpX. n OC JlCI-\HHH Jly'l 3aXOl-\lImCrO Conaua, pa s-
" narasc s B c n e x r p, o ri p as yer Beep u.BeTHbIX JlY'l CH_ YroJi paCXO)KI-\C -
•
;,,-'
HHC KpaH HIIX Jly'lCH BH JlHM Or O cnCKT pa (lj>HOJICTOBWX H KpaC HWX)
~__ ' CO CTaBJIlle T B c p ena e u 38" . 4eM MeH bW C I-\JlHHa BOJl Hbl nyx a , Te M
~ 60Jlee CIIJlbH YIO perppaxumo OH IIcnbITbIBaCT. TeM CHJlb HCC OH 6 Yl-\CT
'Ii npanonaaaarsca s a ever petppaxuaa . Korna COJlHU.C norpy xca e rcs
~ nOA ropa soar. npO HCXOJlHT 6bl cTpa ll CMeHa u.Be TOB OT x p a c n oro K
.~ 3eJle HOMY H n OCJlCA HHH Jly 'l aaxonsuiero C OJl Hu.a OKa3 bIBaeTCll llpKoro
~

,. H3yMpy I-\HOrO u s era . CHHH H H lj>HOJleTOBbIH Jly'lH TepHIOTCll B CII HeM

~ n efie . npOAOJl>KIIT eJlbHOCTb 3 CJl CHOro nys a s ce ro HeCKOJlbKO cexynn.
•
-; .lJ.,nll ero Ha6J1IOJlCHHll He 06xoAHMbi or xpurun r o p H30HT. 'l HCTbIH B0 3 -
' ",

i I-\yx, cB060AHaSl OT 06J1aKOB cTopoHa ro pH30 HTa co CTOp OHbJ Conaua H

" OTCyTcTBlle BOJlHeH IIH . 3 TO llBJleHll e MO)K HO Ha 6 J1IOJ1a T l> H y TpO M.

~ YAJlIIHeHIIC AHS!, pacumpenae II cylKeHHe ropH30HTa ,

~ Mllpa>KH B oxeaue
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t• J-f3-3a peqipaxun» COJlHU.C. Jlyaa H 3BC3AbI BHAHb! Jl a )KC ro r na •

." KOrJ1a B JlCHCTBHTCJlbHOCTH OHH HCCKOJlbKO HH)KC r opH 30HTa . 3T O
'{
;. CJlCAy CT Y'l Il TblBa Tb n pa OnpCA CJlCHHII BblCOTbI CBCTHJl .

r. -35 -
 011311'1ECKI1E CBoilCTBA ATMOC0EPbf

Peqipaxuna CBeTOBblX Jly'leii npHBOL\HT K paCWHpeHHIO ropH30HTa

H YBeJlH'IeHHIO L\JlHHbl L\HfI (pHC. 1.5). YL\JlHHeHHe L\HfI YBeJlH'I HBaeTCfI
C pOCTOM WHpOTbI MCCTa. Ha cesepaov nomoce Conaue noaanaerca
He B L\eHb BeCCHHero p a BHOL\CHCTBHlI , a HHOrL\a na c e Mb L\Heii paasuie
H HC'I e3aeT Ha ceMb L\Hcii n03)1(e oceHHcro paBHOL\eHCTBHlI .

aJ renJlblH BOJll.yX

.......--- - - ---....... ---ca.

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-...7':::: ==:= ZC: .

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xonOIlHblH B03,llYX __ _ "~

--=--~ ~:.:-=- !i!_~_ =__ :2-=:::= "e.. :~

~-~- .---- -- -- -
-
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P HC. 1.5. Pacuiapcu ae H Cy"'CHHC ropH30HTa

Flpa Heo6bI'IHO 60JlbWHX rpanaeirrax nJlOTHOCTH B HH)I(HHX CJlOllX

B03L\yxa MO)l(eT B03HHKaTb aaoaansnas peqipax una. Il pa uueepcuu
rearreparypu (YBeJlH'IeHIlIl rexneparypu C BbICOTOii), oco6eHHO
e cnx OHa COnpOBO)l(L\aeTClI 6blCTPblM YMeH bWC HHeM BJla)l(HOCTll , npe-
JlOMJleHlle Jly'leii 6YL\eT 60JlbWe, '1eM 06bI'IHO. 06beKTbi Ka)l(YTClI
npano a u e ru xu . S IlL\HO o s eus L\aJleKO ( HHOrL\a L\O 80 KM) Il BOL\Hall
nOB epXHOCTb xaxcerca He TOJlbKO nnocxoa, HO naxce sornyroil .
S neoe MoryT nnuri, Kopa6J11l. Y1x osepraaaa 3bl6KH, pacnnsrauarsr.
TaKoB nC'IaJlbHO H3BecTHblii « fl e T y 'l ll ii rOJlJlaHL\el..l». 3TO BepXHHii
MHpa)l( , Mupa:JIC - OnTH'IeCKOe lIBJleHHC, npa KOTOpOM o6beKTbl
Ka)l(YTClI HCKa)l(eHHbIMH . CL\BIlHYTblMH (nOL\HlITbIMH HJlH nOHH)I(eHHbl-
MH) , YBeJlH'I eHHbIMH, YMHO)l(eHHblMH HJlH nepesepayruva H3-3a
aTMocepepHoii perppaxuaa .
SCpXHIlC Mll p a )l(ll Ha6J1IOL\aIOTClI '1aCTO B BblCOKIlX umporax , rne
BOL\a 60Jlee XOJlOL\Hall, '1eM B03L\YX HaL\ Heii , T. e. B B03L\yxe IlMeeTClI
HHBepclloH Hoe pacnpeL\eJleHHe TCMnepaTypbl .

-36-
 JIeKUHR 4. OnTl1'lECKIIE II 3JIEKTPI1'IECKIIE JlBJIEHWI B ATMOCq,EPE <lt1>
CJlOlKH bl e MHpalKH Ha3bIBalOTCR Fata morgana .
Korna nan eaue TeMn epaTypbl C BbI COTOIi MHor o 6 0Jl b W e , '1eM
06bI'I HO, TO peo paxuas MeHbwe HOp MaJl bHOli, HJlH MOlKCT 6 bl Tb naxc e
B npOTH BOn OJlOlKHOM nanpaaneuaa, T. e . Jly'l H Mo r yT HCKPHBJlRTbCR
BHH3 BbInYKJlOCTblO . BH.D.HMblli ropH3 0HT KalKeTCR 6J1 HlKe K Ha6 J1 IO.D.a-
TeJlIO . Korna p erppax u as nOJIHOCTblO H3 MeH e Ha , M OlKCT B03HH Ka Tb
HHlKHHii ~1HpalK . B6J1H3H sxsaropa, r.D.C BO.D.a TCnJlCC B0 3.D.yxa , ropa -
30HT cyxcaerca . M Op enJi a BaTeJlH 3.D.e Cb BOO'lH IO y6elK.D.alO TCR B TOM ,
'I TO 3 CMJlR xp yrn as . I1HOr.D.a Ka lKe TCH, 'ITO HOC c y nn a HaXO.D.HTCH yxce
ua Jl HHHH ropH3 0 HTa . C Y.D.HO, nORBJlRlOlLleeCR H3 -3 a rop H30HTa, OKa -
3 bI Bae TCH p H.D.OM. Bee pR.D.O M H see Kpy n HOC. BOJlHbI y sx a a ro p a
npe.D.CTa BJIRIOTCR o o aee xp yn nuxa , '1CM OHH CCTh n a c a MOM J1.CJlC.

Panyra , ran o, aeuuu

_ _ sceu H3B eCTHaR n yra KOHl..\eHTpH'ICCKHX l..\Be THbIX nOJlOC,
BH.D.HMbl X, KOr.D.a COJIHe'lHble Jly'lH OCBe lLlalOT nana toum e H3 Ky'lCBO-
.D.OlK.D.CBbIX 06J1aKOB xanna .D.OlK.D.R (pHC. 1.6, BKJl a .D.Ka ) . H a6J1IO.D.aeTClJ
p anyra B BC'ICpHCC BPCMR, '1aCTO nocne rp oa si . UCHTp n y r a - a HTHCO-
JlRpH a R TO'lKa (B 180° OT COJlHl..\a ) . COJlHl..\C , Ha6J1IOJ1.aTCJlb H a HTHCO-
JlRpHaR TO'lKa J1.0JllKHbl 6bITb aa o.D.Holi JlHHHH . Pannyc caMoli RpKOIi
panyra - 42°. Bussauo 3TO peqipaxuaea, BHyTpCHHHM OTpalKeHHCM ,
J1.HljJpaKUHcii H nuc nepcaen COJlHC'IHOrO CBCT a Ha KanJlRX. Kpacnsni
I.\BeT HaXO.D.HTCR aa BHCWHCii CTopOHe, CHHHii H ljJH OJI eTOBhlii -
Ha BHyTpeHHcii CTOpOHC. 4 a CTO 3 aMC THa H BTopaR pa.D.yra pa.D.HycoM
OKOJlO 50°. nOpR.D.OK UBCTOB B Hcli 06pa THbl li . B PCJ1.KH X c .nyxas x
CJIa6 aR pan yra 3aMeTHa aa Toli lKC CTopOHe, 'ITO H COJIHu e. E e pannyc
H n OpRJl.OK UBeTOB TOT »ce , 'ITO H B n epnox panyre .
n OJ1.06HOe MOlKeT 6bITb H npa CBCTC JIY HbI. UBcTa nOJI OC B 3 TOM
cn ysa e O'leHb cnaoae . n OCKOJIhKY JIHBHCB ble J1.0lKJl.H Ha.D. OKc a HOM
HaH60JIcc '1aCTbI HO'lblO, y MOpCnJIaBaTCJI c li CCTb B03MOlKHOCTb yBH -
.D.CT b nyanu e p anyra .
Fano. Perppaxuaa, HJIH KOM6HHaUHR perpp a x uaa H orpasce aa s CBe Ta
JlC.D.RHbIMH Kp HCTaJlJla MH Bbl COKHX JIC.D.RHbl X 06JIaKOB (Cs. CM. JICKUHIO 8)
MOlKeT C03J1.aBaTb r a n o . HaH60JIee 06 bI'I Ha R .D.JIR Hero ljJopMa - UBe T -
Ho e KOJIhUO panayc oa 22° HJlH , p eace , - 46° C COJIHUe M HJIH JIyH o ii
B ueu r p e . I'ano 06hl'lHO cJIa60 OKpa W CHO, KpacH blii UBCT Ha XO.D.HTCR

-37 -
 <1JU3U'IECKUE CBo iiCTBA ATMOC<1JEPbI

BHy Tp H (pHC. 1.7, a xnanxa}. Fano MO)KeT HMeTb H 60Jlee CJJO)KHble

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I'ano MO)K e T 6blTb npo rHOCT H'IeCKHM npH3H aKoM n pH 6 JlH)KeHH R
re n n o ro <jJpollTa , a , cnenoaa ren s u o , YXYllW CHHR noronu,
Benuu. Korna C OJlHUC ( HJlH JI yH a ) BHllHO CKB03b TOHK Hii CJlo ii
06JlaKOB, OHO OKa3blBaeTCR oKpY)Ke HHbIM Rp KHM CBeTOM, aaasi a a e-
MblM 8eHu,oM (KOpOHOU HJlH opeoAOAt). B CHUbl OTJlH'IaIOTCR OT ran o
~lH oro Me HbWHM p an a y c o v . Kpon e Toro, OHH n en ocpencraeu no npa-
MblKa lOT K CBe THJly. Ilopsnox UB eTOB y HHX 06paTHblii - KpaCHblii
UBeT na BHeWHeii CTopOHe .
oxpaureausra BCHCU r OBopH T 0 TOM, 'ITO xanna, n a KOTOpblX
5lp KO
OH oopaayerc a, HMelOT onnnaxo asre pasaepsr . B n p OTHBHOM c ay-rae
Be HUbI 6eJleC ble .
PaLlHYC s eu ua 06paTHO nponopunoaane n p aax ep y xanens. 5 0 Jlb-
W He pa axepu s e n na YKa3 bl BalOT a a Ma JleHbK He x anna, E CJlH a eseu
yxen surae rcs B paaa e p a x, TO no oaaaxa er, 'ITO x anna ¥BeJlH'IHBa-
IOTC R. H MO)KeT Ha'la Tb CR LlO)KJI,b.

3 JleKTpH'IeCKHe RBJleHH~ B aTMoc<jJepe

Fposoeu e paspnou . Ilpoueccu ncnapen as . KOHJI,eHCa UHH H cy 6 -

JlHMa UHH, Koa r yJlRUHH H Jl,p06JleHHR 06Jl a'l HbIX 3 JleMe HTOB npHBOLlRT
K n OR BJleHHIO B 0 6 Jla Ka X H ryaaaa x orposiaoro '1HCJla 3JleKTpH'leCKH
3 apR)Ke HH bIX 'laC THU. Oc06 eHHO CHJl b Hble 3Jl e KT p H'l e CKHe aapaziu
B03HH KalOT B Ky'leBO-JI,O)KJI,eBbIX 06JlaKaX , COJl,ep)Ka UlH X x p y n aue xan -
JlH H xpncrannu . B CHJlY npe o o n anarouia x HHCXOJl,HlllHX H BOCXOJl,R-
umx nO TOKOB B pa3JlH'lHbIX '1aCTRX Ky'l eBO-JI,O)KJI,eBbI X 06JlaKOB npOHC-
XOJl,HT paan en eaxe 3 a p HLlO B, T . e . CKOnJleHHe 3Jle KTp H'IeCT Ba OJl,HOrO
3 Ha Ka B p a 3HbIX 06JlaCTHX rp030BbiX 06JlaKOB. OCHOBaHHR xyseao-
Jl,O)KJI,e BbIX 06JlaKOB , c onc p xca uiax npenayuiecraemro xp ynnue xan -
JlH, s ec yr n OJlO)KHTeJJbHbl ii c yMMapHblii 3 apRJI,. Llesrpaasaas 'laCTb
r p030BblX 06Jla KOB HMe e T 0 6 111HH OTpHuaTe JlbHbl ii aapsn, a Be p W HHbI
ax , COCTOHlllHe as JJ CJI,RHbl X MeJlb'laiiwHX KpliCTaJlJlOB, aapa xce nu
nOJlO)K HTeJlbHO . HanpR)KeHHOCTb 3JleKTpH'leCKOrO nOJJR B 06JlaKa X
H MC)KLlY 06JlaKaMH H 3 e MJle ii (cyMMapHblii aapsn 3CMJlH crpuua -
Te JlbHblii ) MO)K eT Jl,OCTH raTb orpOMHbIX 3Ha'leHHii (nopsnxa COTe H
KliJlO BOJlbT n a 1 M). ::lTO n p n aonnr K B03HHKHOBe HHIO Me)KJI,y 06Jl a-

- 38 -
 fleK~UR 4. OnTl1'lECKUE U 3flEKTPI1'IECKUE flBflEHWI B ATMOC<1JEPE ~
KaMH, ero OT.1\eJIbllbIMH 'IaCT5IMH, HJIH 06JIaKaMH H 3eMJIeH HCKpO-
BblX pa3p5l.QOB - MOJIHHH , conpOBQ}K.QaeMbIX 3BYKOBblMH KOJIe6a-
lIH5IMH - rpOMOM.
HaH60JIee 'laCTO Ha6JIIO.QaIOTC5I JIHHeHHble MOJIHHH. JIHHeHHa51
MOJIHH5I - CHJIbHOpa3BeTBJIeHHa51 HCKpa .QJIHHOH 2-3 KM npn paaps-
ne MC?KJlY 06JIaKOM H 3CMJICH H 15-20 KM npn paspane Me?K.Qy 06-
JIaKaMH. CHJIa TOKa B KaHaJIe MOJIHHH MO?KeT .QOCTHraTb COTCH KHJIO-
axnep, a MrHOBeHHa51 MOW,HOCTb - MHJI,1HOHOB KHJIOBaTT. Teunepa-
rypa raaoaux CTCHOK CTBOJIa .QOCTHraCT 2 · 10 4 K.
MrHOBeHHhlH uarpes ra sas MO.~HHeBOM KaHaJIe npHBOAHT K PC3KO-
My paCWHpCHHIO B03.Qyxa , B pC3Y,~bTaTC xcro B03HHKalOT 3BYKOBblC
KO,1e6aHHll - epou. 3 By KOBo ii 3tPcjJeKT yCHJIHBaeTCH 06pa30BaHH CM
rpexrys ero rasa B KaHaJIe MOJIlIHIl •. TaK KaK a a cser BblCOI\H X re unepa-
Typ BOAa paaJIaraCTCH Ha KHCJIOpOA H BOJlOpOJl. 3ByKH OT JlJIHHHOrO
.IHJlHCTOro KaHaJIa MOJIHHH JlOXO.QHT .QO Ha6JIIO,UaTCJIH JIHWb nocnezto-
BaTCJIbllO. B pesyai.rare n05lBJI5IIOTC5I xapaxrepauc pacxaru rpoua.
MOJIHHeBbIH paapsn B CyJlHO MO?KeT Bbl3BaTb noxcap, BbIBCCTH Ha
CTpOH aHTCHHbl HJIH paJlHOnpHCMHblC ycrpoiicrna, BblaBaTb nepexar-
HH'lHBaHHe npH60pOB.
OeHU cestmoeo 3AbMa. THXHC paapsnu B BH.QC CBCTllW,HXC51 nyu -
KOB sa OCTpHHX (ua sepxyurxax Ma'lT H aa npyrnx OCTpblX npCJlMC-
Tax) npn O'iClIb 60JIbWOH Hanp5l?KeHHOCTH 3JICKTpH'lCCKOrO nOJIH ar-
MoccjJepbl. Ha6JllOJlalOTCH OHH npa lIH3KOH Ky'leBO-JlO?KJlCBOH 06JIa'l-
HOCTH, OC06CHHO npH rpoaax, MCTCJlHX, nblJIbHblX 6yp51X H MoryT
cOnpOBO?KJlaTbC5I nOTpCCKHBaHHCM HJIH WHnCHHCM.
Ilo.ascpnou: CUJlHUJl. Ocooaa rpopxa CBC'lCHH5I BCpXHHX paspaacen-
HblX CJIOCB arvocdiepu B nonapnux WHpOTax. 06bl'lHO npeooaaziaior
?KCJITO-aeJICHbIC OTTeHKH, peace 6bIBalOT xpacaue, CHHHC H cjJHOJICTO-
aue. ::lTO xpaco-ruoe HBJIClIHe 06HaaHO CBOHM npOHCXO?KJlCHHCM Mar-'
HHTHOMy nOJIIO araocdiepsi H COJIHC'lHOH aKTHBHOCTH.

T 3aMeTKH H nOnOJIHeHHH

I. PacceHHHCM CBCTa B aruocrpcpe 06b51CH51lOTCH MHorHe onrx-

'ICCKHC HBJleHHll , B TOM 'lHCJle rOJIy60H UBCT ueria, xpacnoe COJIHUC
y ropuaoura. 6eJIbIC 06JIaKa, rOJIy6aH JlbIMKa, xoropoa nonepuyru
naJICKHC ropu H np .

-39-
 <P11311'1ECKI1E CBoiicTBA ATMOC<PEPbI

2. P e¢>paKUH eH CBeTOBblX Jly 'le H B aruoc rpep e 06bllCHH IOTClI pac-

urapen ue r opH 30HTa, YAJlI1 HeHHe AHH, MHp a)l<l1 . P e¢>paKUHIO cnenyer
Y'l I1 TbIBaTb rrpn o n p en cne n a a BbICOTbl COJlHua, JIYHbI H npyrnx CBC-
THJI . P e¢>pa KUHH H AHc lle p c HH CBeTa l103BOJlHIOT y BHAeTb B THXOM
Mope YAH BHTe,1bHoe HBJleHH e - 3eJleHbI H Jly'l .
3. Panyra - 3TO p a3J10lKeHH e (na cnepcxa) CBeTa aa KPYllHblX
xartnax , aunanaroumx H3 Ky'lCBO -AOlKAeBbIX 06J1aKOB B cropon e npo-
THBOllOJlOlKHOH COJlHUY. Fano - 60JlbWHe xpyra HJlH ti onee CJIOlK-
Hbl e ¢>Hry pbI, oo p aayio umecn nnorna npn llpOCBe'lHBaHHH CO JlHua
HJlH JIYHbI CKB03b TOHKy lO n en eay KpHCTaJIJlH'lCCKHX 0 6JIaKOB s epx -
Hero sp y ca. Ilpn llpOC BC'lHBaHHH CBeTHJI (COJlHua , JI yHbI, 3Be3A ,
llJlaHeT H AalKe ¢>OHapeH Ha Ma'lTax) CKB03b 6~Jl ec HH3KHC 06J1aKa
" o6 p a3YIOTc H MaJlbl C xpyrn - BeHUbl HJlH OpeOJlbl. .
4. 3 J1 eKTpH'leCKOe H MarHHTHoe llO JlH HaweH nnaueru nopoxcaa-
lOT p RA OllTH'leCKHX, 3J1eKTpH'leCKHX H 3BYKOBbIX RBJleHHH B aTMOC-
¢>epc . 3TO MOJlHHH , p ac k aru rp oua. OfHH CBHTOfO 3J1bMa, nonspnu e
CHHHHH HAp.

Bonpocu U 3aaaHUR

/. Kaxu e U3 8UaUMb'X Ay,eu xo potuo pacceueatomcs 8 am u ocdiepe, aA R

Ka KUX Jl y , eu amuoapepa R8ARe mCR o m Hoc u meAbHO npoepa sn o t: cpedoa ?
K KaKUM o n m u , eCKUM RBAeHURM sm o npueooumi
2. n O,eMY aHeM He BUaHb' seesiiu?
3. Paccenn ue ce em a B amuoctpepe nOM o za em Y8U aemb np eaM em bl UAU
3a mpyaHRem ?
4. n O, eMY ocnenumensn o 6eAb' cmopouu 06A aKo8. oC8e~eHHble COAHljeM?
5. K a K U n o, eMY 8 m e,eHu e aH R MeHRem CR lj8 em COAHlja?
6. 0 6'bRCHUm e ¢U3UKY B03HUKH08eHUR 3eAeHOZO Ay'LO .
7. Il pu Ka KUX YCA OBURX B03HUKa em 3eAe Hb'U Ay '?
8. lJm o ma x o e p edipa su u« C8em 08biX Jl y , eu . U K KaKU.lI on mu,eC KUM
R8AeHURM smo npueodu m?
9. Bceeiia II U Ha6JlIOaae mCR petppaxu u«, , mo nOHUMalOm n oir HopMaAb-
HOU U aHOM aAbHOU p e¢paK lj Ueu?
/0. Kaxue o n m u ,eCKue R8AeHUR Ha6AIOaalOmCR npu HopMaAbHou U aHO-
MaAbHOU pe¢paK lj Uu?
I I . 0 6'bRCHUm e R8JleHue " Jlemy, uu zOAAa Haelj».
/ 2. 06'bRCHUme RBAeHue eep x u eeo MUpa:JICa. HU :JICH eZO MUpa :JICa . B KaKUX
iuupomax , np u KaKUX YCAOBURX OHU x oeum Ha6A lOa am bcR?
/3. 'lm o ma xoe «Fata morgana »?

-40-
 fleK~HR 4. o nTM4ECKilE 11 3flEKTPI14ECKilE f/ BflEHIlf/ B ATMOC<1JEPE ~
/4. Kaxue onmuuecxue 3¢¢eKmbl KpoMe MUpa:JICeU CBR 3aHb' C petppaxuuei;
B HU3KUX tuu pomax ?
15. Ilepesucn ume yCAoBUR. np u «omopux 803HUKae m pa8yza .
/ 6. B KaKOU cmopone ZopU30Hma U B «axoe 8peMR cumo« Mo:JICH o
yBu8emb pa8yzy? MO:JICHo .1U y 8u8emb pa8yzy HO%IO?
/ 7. C KaKU.llU o6AaKaM u C8R3aHb' p a 8y zu?
18. Ilpu Ka KUX YCA 08URX otipasue mcn eas o? Ilpoenocmuuecs u.u npusua-
KoM «eeo MO:JICem 6b,mb eano?
/9. Beueti ~ em K UU U RpKO oKpa weHHb'u . a
«e... sm o eoeopum?
20. Beneu YM eHbw a em CR. a
~ e.1I sm o eoeop um ?
2/ . Ilonesu; HeAb3Jl 08HoBpeMeHHo Ha6.1108am b BeHe" BoKpyZ JlYHbl U
BOKpyz 3Be3a?
22. ~ 02HU CBf/ mOZO .9AbMa ceem smcs , yeeJlB ti op m eeo u cuacmu »
( H. r yMuAeB) . a ~ eM uiiem soec» pe ~ b?
23. KaK B03HUKalOm MoAHUU. ep ox?

Fnaaa 2. METEOPOIlOn1YECK""E BEIl""Y""Hbl

"" METEOPOIlOr""YECK""E flBIlEH""fI

ATMOCtPEPHOE tlABnEHME

IJ,EJlb JlEK IJ,H H : Ilpueecmu nepesen» OCH06HblX no-

«smuii; «omopue 6yiJym noiJp06HO U3Y'lambCJI 8 nocneiiq-
IOUjUX II eKqUJlX.
Il oxasams, smo iiaenenue Jl811J1emCJI ctLlloii 3Ha'lUMOii
scemeopono euuecxoii 8eIl U'lUHOii. Paccn ompems U3MeHe-
Hue iJa811eHUJI no eepmuxanu, no eopusonman u U 80 epe-
MeHU. Pasotipams , KaK na MOpCKUX cyiJax Baenenue npu-
80aUmCJI K yp06HIO MOpJl.

KllIO'le8ble CII08a: 6aplt4 eCKa 51 crynens, 6aplt4eCKa51

'reuneuu un, UepTItKaJlbHblH 6aplt4eCKltii rpaaae ur .

-41-
 ilII1311'iECKI1E CBOI1CTBA ATMOCilIEPbJ

OCHOBH~e nOHHTHH

.uJlH KOJlH4eCTBeHH OH XapaKTepHCTHKH COCTOHHHH aruoctpepu

acnonsayerca nO HHT He uemeoponoeuwecsae 8eAUltUHa . 3 TO Te Mn e -
par ypa, Il.aBJleHH C, BJla)KHOCTb a oanyxa, CKOpOCTb fI HanpaB,~ CHHC

s erpa, KOJlH4eCTBO 06J1aKOB fI BblCOTa HX HfI)KHeH rpaaauu, KOJIfl '

4eCTBO fI flHT CHCHBHOCTb OCa)l.KOB , MeTeOpOJlOrfl4CCKaH )l.aJlbHOCTb
BfI)l.HMOCTfI, nO TOKfI JlY4HCTOH suepran H np .
B MeTeOpOJlOrHfI npflMCHH eTCH TaK)Ke noaxrue amuoctpepnoe
R8AeHue. I1MeeTcH B BHAY onpenenenaua ¢fl3f14eCKflM npouecc ,
COnpOBO)K)l.alOW.HiicH pe3KflM fl3MeHeHHeM COCTOHHflH aTMOC¢CPbl.
K aTMoc¢epHblM HBJleHHHM OTHOCHTCH: nblJlbHaH (necsasas) 6ypH,
rpoaa, rOJlOJlC)l., H3MOp03b, HHeii, TyMaH, MeTeJlb, 06J1e)l.eHeHHe, ocan-
KH, noaspaue CHflHHSI, poca, WKBaJi H np,
Henpepusaoe H3MeHeHfle COCTOSlHHSI arxrocrpeper npHBO)l.HT K H3 -
MCHCHfllO MeTeOpOJlOrH4CCKHX BCJlH4HII H aruocrpepaux HBJl eHHH .
ct>H3H4CCKOC COCTOHHHe arnocrpepa B onpeneneanua MOMeHT H,~H
n p o ve xcy r o x BpCMCHH HOCHT Ha3BaHHe noeooa. Ilpn 3TOM MO)KHO
rOBopflTb 0 noro)l.C B On pellCJleHH OH T04Ke npOCTpaHCTBa, a norO)l.e
paaoua, a norene no MapwpyTy H r .n .

ATMoc¢epHoe )l.aBJleHfle

Cpenx scex MeTCOpOJlOrfl'leCKflx BeJlH4f1H OCHOBHOH BeJlH4HHOii ,

onpenenmourea noronaua pe)KHM araocrpepsr fI COCTOHHHC BO)l.HOii
nOBepxllocTH , HBJlHeTCSI AaBJlCHHe B03)l.yxa . B MeTeOpOJlOrHH Il.aBJlC -
HHe fl3MepHIOT B reKTOnaCKaJlHX (rna), HHOrAa B MHJlJlH6apax ( M6 ) ,
HHOr)l.a B MflJlJlHMeTpax pryrnoro croatia (MM. pr. CT.) . C OOTHow eHH H
Me)K)l.y 3TflMfI e)l.flHHllaMH cnen yiouiae :

1 rna = 100 Ila = 102 H/M2 ,

I M6 = I rna,

I MM pr . CT. = 1,333224 rna.

Aruccqrepa OKa3bIBaCT Il.aBJICHHe na nOBepXHOCTb, HaXO)l.Hw.YIOCH

B Heii H neacrayer BO acex HanpaBJleHHHX O)l.HHaKOBO. Arvocrpepaoe
-42-
 fleK~"R 5. ATMOCtPEPHOE fJ,ABflEHME

llaBJleHlle 113 ypoBHe MOp H H3 nJl3HeTe 1l3MeHHeTCH B npelleJl3X OT

. 940 rna /10 1050 rna 1iI penxo asixonar aa 3TIl npenenu . Hopvaas-
Hoe (H31l60Jlee '1aCTO Ha6 J1 IOIl3 IOll.leeCH) 3nlOcepepHoe D.an.' Cllll tnJ a
yposse MOpR COCTasnReT 1013,2 r n a

H3MeHeHIle AaBJl eHIl H e BblCOTOii II no r opa aourana

Arvocrpepxoe naanenne paB HO secy asnnenescaumx CJlOeB B0311yxa
B ,AaHHOM MeCTe (pile . 1.8). CJle,AOBaTeJlbHo . araocoepuoe naancune
C BblCOTOii YMeHbW3eTCH . Ilaneuue ,AaBJleHIlH dp C BblCOTOii dz
onllCblB3eTCH OCHOBHblM ypaBHeHlleM CT3TIlKIl

dp = -go dz, ( 1.5)

rne g - ycxopen ae cBo6o,AHOrO naneaus :

p -- nJlOTHOCTb B0311yxa_

BepxHHH rp3H Hua a TMo e~ epM

.-
I
I Bee B03Ayxa B cToJl6e
I paBeH AaBJleH H10 H3 «X»
I 1I
I I
I Ilonep xnocn,
~:7 .-'
./
,.
EAHHHua nnouiana

PHe. 1.8. Aa BJleH He paBHO eecy eTo,,6a B03Ay x a

-43-
,
tr: ClJI13WI ECKI1E CBOUCTBA ATMOCClJEPbI
!fit"-"-~.

'C" Bepmutcanunu i: 6apu ~ eCKUU epaiiuenm H3 ( 1.5) pase n

.~r:·,', " .i.. ·. ..._.. . ~ .4+ :
h .: "•.
dp p ~ : , I
G = - -= gp = g - ( 1.6)
Z dz RJ '
~..~ r~_ rn e R, - YJlCn bHaH ra30BaH nOCTOHHHaH cyxoro aoanyxa paBHaH
"~ .I'
~"-,,.;.,
287 ,ll.m/(Kr · K).
, :.
~ ,,-

;;~ . n pH JlaBneHHH y nOBcp XHOCTH 3eMnH 1000 r na H TeMnepaType

'"
~~~
1'"",> ,". 273 K BepTHKanbllblii rpaan enr JlaBneHHH COCTaBnHeT 12,5 -ns/ roo M.
, tfo a,
tloi _,
.1',.....
B enHtIHHa, 06paTHaH aeprn xansnoay 6apH'!ecKoMy rpanaenry, na sa-
f ~c':;
;fi," BaeTCH tiapuuecxou cmunenuo. 3TO BbICOTa. aa KOTOpy lO JlOCTaTO'! -
,
~~ :.
110 nOJlHHTbCH (onycrursca) JlnH roro, '!T0 6 bl naanena e y MeHb wH -
t>'"' ..
J "!'::"

}fA
~ - 7. _
noes (YBeJlH'!HJloCb) aa 1 rna

. ::
"t ~ •
'"
ft""
t & ,.
i.:J.i ," ,. h= - dz = --!.- = RJ '" 8000 (I + a f ). ( 1.7)
•~.... dp gp gp p

i>< ~
Ilpa rex m e y cnosa sx OHa COCTaBnHeT 8 M/rna. 5 apH'! ec KHii rpa -
!ll"'!, , nn enr H 6apHtIeCKaH cryncns He HBJlHIOTCH KOHCTaHTaMH. GHH 3aBHCHT
~'~ OT rexneparypst H JlaBJleHHH. 5 apH4CCKHii rpaJlHCHT C BblCOTOii CTaHO-
'" ~,' BHTCH BCC MeHbWC. a 6apH4eCKaH crynens ace 60Jlbwe. Ilpa npO'!HX
t~ paBHblX YCJlOBHHX B XOJlOJlIIOM B03JlYXC JlaBnCHHe naaaer 6b1CTpec, '! eM
;t'" B TenJlOM, B CYXOM B0311yxe 6blCTpee , '!eM BO BJlamHOM B0311yxe .
~£'.: n OCKOJlbKY JlaBn eHHC 04eHb CHJlbHO 3aBHCHT OT BbICOTbl MCCTa
~;. (pHC. 1.9), OHO npn MeTeOpOJlOm'!ecKHx Ha6J1I011eHHHx npHBollHTCH K
,~A

:: _ eJlHHoMY ypOBHlO, aa xoropua npHHHMaeTcH ycnoBHblii yposens MOpH.

•~~. ,ll.eJlaCTCH sro aa MeTeoponorH'!ecKHx CTaHUH HX 04e Hb T04HO, n o 6apo-
I V;" ••

~i;. MeTpH'!ecKH M <jJopMynaM . Y4HTblBaeTcH BnamHOCTb B0311y x a H 3aBHCH-

~ i MOCTb yCKopeHHR cB060JlHOrO naneaas g OT ura porst cp H BblCOTbl
::. MeCTa z . Ha cynne 3TO MomHO cnenars JlHWb npH6nH3 HTCJlbHO. 3a
;;,: ypose as MOpH npHHHMacTcH ypOBCH b MOpH B JlaHHOM MeCTC. Hcnons-
;:, syerca oapnvccsas crynexs H n pHHHMaeTC R OHa pas u o a 10 Mirna .
r.:;; :'····
~ '. Hanpnaep, ecnH BblCOTa 6apOMCTpa Hall BaTepnHH Hcii COCTaBJlHCT 5 M,
....
>"
,~'
TO JlJIH npHBellCHHR llaBnCHHH K y pOBHIO MOpH nano npH6aBHTb 0,5 r na;
eCJlH BblCOTa 6apOM eTpa Hall sa repmome a 14 M, TO nortpasxa nn n
•
i'" npHBClleHHH K y pOBHIO MOp H 6YlleT pasua +1,4 r n a; ecn a BblCOTa
f ~ '" .
;fi; MOCTHKa (6apOMeTpa) Hall yposnea BOllbl 10 M, TO naaaen ae na ypos-
.... ' He MOpR npnuepuo na I rna 60JlbWe , 4CM sa MOCTHKe.
r.;. :.
l!<-. -4 4 -
II;1\:. .".
~ ;,
.
.',*' ..
 neKUHR 5. ATMOC<1JEPHOE tlABnEHIlE

nJIOTHOCTb sosn y xa,

0,4 0,8 1,2 2,0

-
'" ,~
f-
naBIJeHHe
8 20
:ll
co ~ II'
nJlOTHOCTb
200 400 600 800 1000
naBlleHHe sosnyxa , r na
PH C. 1.9. IhM eH e HH e Jla BJleH HH H n Jl OTH OCT H C Bb lCOTOH

B nepaoii JI eKUHI1 paCC Ka3b1BaIlOCb, KaK 6blCTpO YMeHbwaeTCH C

BblCOTOM nJIOTHOCTb soan yxa, a 3Ha'lI1T, 11 Macca 11 n a aneu ae. B HHlK-
HeM n HTH KHII OMeTpOBOM cllo e COllep lK HTCH nO'I TH n OJI OBHHa BceM
MaCC bl ar v o crpep a or o so sn yxa . .llaBll eHHe x a ,n OM Bbl COTe sns o e
MeHbwe, '1eM aa nosepx uocrn 3eM II I1 H COCTaBII Sl eT OKOII O 500 r n a.
B r pon ocrpcp c COJlep)f(HTCSl 75 % MaCCbl aosnyx a. B rpanuaraxnno-
MeTpoBoM CJIoe - OKOIIO 99% . .llaBJIeHHe na BblCOTe 30 KM COCTaB-
IISleT scero OKOJIO 10 r na (nopa3HTeJIbHO KaK MaJIO, scero OllHH npo-
uear MaCCbl araocrpcpaoro s o an y x a, COJleplKHTCSl B orpOMHOM n o
TOlllUHHe cnoe OT 30 KM no aepxnea rpa\lHUbl araocrpepul) .
!.JaCTo B xasecrne 'Bep TI1 KaJI bHOM KOO pJlHHaTbI BMeCTO BblCOTbl
ncnonsaytor JlaBJIeHHe. Ilosroxy n pasenea BblCOTbl, npaaepno COOT-
BeTcTBylOlUHe ortpenenea aust llaBJIeHI1SlM :

P. rna 1000 850 700 500 100 10 1

Z. KM 0.1 1.5 3.0 5.5 16 31 48
flo rop H30HTaJIH llaBlleHHe H3MeHHeTCH 3Ha'lHTCJIbHO MeJlll eHHee.
::lTO 11 nOHHTHO, TaK KaK sepruxansnue H rOpl130HT aJIbHbie pa saepu
araocqiepu HeC0I13MepHMbI. n o BepTI1Kall11 pasxep u arn ocrpep sr (no
pac n p en ea emno MaCCbl soanyxa) HCBCJIHKI1, no ropusourann - 'lTO
nosepx aocrs BceM nnaueru . fl o se pruxan u H3MeHeHHe acex MeTeo -
pOIIOrH'I eCKHX BeJII1'1HH n pOI1 CXOllHT 6blCTpO, n o rOpl130HTall H - MeJl-
lIeHHO. 11 ocooenuo 'lTO OTHOCI1TCH K JlaBJIeHHIO eosnyxa. Bcc BepTI1-

-45 -
 <P11311'1ECKI1E CBOJ1CTBA ATMOC<PEPbJ

KaJlbHblC r panne uru paCC'lH TbI BaIOTC SI ua 100 M BbICOTbl, a rop H30H-
ra nsuue rpa n n earu - na 100 KM. nOap06 HCC 06 H3MCHCHHH naane-
HHSI no ropH30 HTaJl H 6yacT H3J10*CHO B JlCKUH H 11.

H3MCHCHHSI n a B~C H H SI BO BpCMCHH

H a nOBcpXHOCTH 3 CMJlH n p OHCXOa HT O'lCHb Hc60Jl b W HC CHHyC O-

Ha aJlb Hbl C CyTO 'lHbIC KOJlc6aHHH ar x oc qiepnoro J:\aBJlCHHH. Y1 x p a sa a x
(OT Ma KcHM yM a no MHHHM yMa ) COCT a BJl HCT MCH CC 3 rn a . TaK
'I TO n OJIHOC H3M CHCHHC J:\aBJlCHHSI COCT a BJl HCT npHM cpH O O .2 6 ~
(p HC. l.l 0, a) . Bbl HBJl HIOTCSI J:\Ba MaKcH M yMa, OKOJlO 10 'laCOB yrpa 51
B TC * c cav sre 'la Cbl BC'lCpOM . C YTO'lHbIC KOJlc 6 a HHH aruoc rp e p a o ro
J:\aBJlC HHH 06YCJlOBJICH bi CyTO'l HbIMH KOJIc6 a HHHM H r evneparypu H
anlOc<jJc p HblMH n p HJlH Ba MH. n OCKOJlbKY KOJlc 6 aH HH O'lCH b HCBCJlHKH,
OHH Mo r y T 6blTb 3a MCTHbi TOJlbKO B TpOnH'lCCKHX p a a onax , r ne 06 b1'lHO
OTCyTCTByCT UHKJlOHH'lCCKa H aCSlTCJlbHOCTb . T ponHKH COCTaBJIHIOT 3Ha -
'lHTCJlbHYIO '1aCTb Hawcii nnaae'ru . P OBHbl ii BpCMCHHOii x o n a a BJlCHHH
Ta M r OBopH T 0 cTa6 HJIbHOCTH noronsi . Hap yuieaae CyTO'lH Or O xona
aaBJlCH HSI B TponHKa x HBJlHCTCH npH3HaKOM 6JIH30CTH TpOn H'lCCKOrO
UHKJlOHa, penxo ro, HO O'l·C Hb o n ac noro a ruoctpe p aor o HBJlCHHH.
B 6 0Jlcc BbiCOKHX W HpOTax UHKJlOH H'lCC Ka H aCHTCJIbHOCT b HHTCH-
CHBHO p a3BHTa . C BH3a HHblC C Hc ii H3M CHCHHSI naBJlCHH SI npeauuraior
Hc60JlbWH C Cy TO'lHblC KOJlc6aHHSI, H CyTO'l HbI H XOJ:\ CTaHOBHTCSI HC3a-
MCTHbl M (pHC . 1.10 . 6), B cyM Cp CHHbl X urapo'r a x n aJ:\CHHC a aBJ1 CHIHl
rO Bop HT 0 np H6 J1H* CHHH U CHTp a" UH KJlOHa. T CnJIOrO cjJ POII T3 , !J 06 ·
m eM, 06 YX YJ:\WCHHH ncroau B 6J1H*a iiwcc BpCMSI .POCT aaBJlCHHH
YKa 3 b1 B a c T x a yn yx tue une noronsr. llJlSl yxepenuu x WHpOT 6apo-
u emousecxan ( 6apU'IeCKaJl ) menoenuus SlBJlSlCTCH O'lCH b Ba*Ho ii
x a paxrep acrmcoa . B TCOpCTH'lCCKH X pa ri orax 6apH'l CCKaH TCH.QCHUHll
OTO*J:\e CTBJlSlCT CSI C npo xa s onxoa J:\aBJlCHHH no Bp CMCHH dpfdt ,
n o JlCHTC 6ap o rp a<jJ a onpCaCJlHIOT « BCJl H'lHHY » 51 « x a p a x r e p a c r a x y »
6apoMc T p H'ICCKOii TC H.QCHU HH. B CJlH 'lHHa 6apOMCTpH'lCCK Oii TCHJ:\CH-
UHH - 3TO H3 MCHCHHH aruoctpepaoro .QaBJlCHHH aa TpH s a ca, ripen-
ur ecra y iouia e CPO KY Ha6 J1IO.QcHHH, co 3HaKOM nmoc HJlH MHHYC .
Xap aKTcpHcTHKa ·6 a p H'Ic c KOii TCHaCHUHH onpCaCJISlCTCSI no <jJOpMC
KpHBOii 6aporpa<jJa sa YKa3aHHblii npoMc*YTOK BpCMCHH : .QaBJlCHHC
pacr er, nanaer HJlH OCTaCTCH HCH 3M CHHbIM . B COOTBCTCTBHH C

-46-
 I, IMONDAy'31 st . . .

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PHC. 1.10. J1eHTbl 6aporpaq,a JVHJ TponHKOB (a) H ,lJ,JlSJ yMepeHHblX WHpOT (6) ; . ~
 C1JJ13U4ECKJ.1E CBOMCTBA ATMOC$EPbl

MelKnyHaponHbIM CHHOnTH4eCKHM KOnOM, KOHKpeTHOH XapaKTepHCTH -

Ke TeHAeHUHH npHCBaHBaeTCH onpe~eneHHaH UH¢pa. 3TH naHHwe
BMeCTe C .up y n I MH MCTeOpOJIOrH4eCKHMH BeJUP-IHHaMH, B CHHonTH4ec-
KHX TcnerpaMMax nepe~a~TCH B nporHOCTH4ccKHe ueHTpw .

~ 3aMeTK~ ~ AononHeH~R

AaBneH~e Ha vposue MOpH koriefinercs B npezienax 940-

1050 rna. Hopwaneuoe AaBneH~e COCTaBnHeT 1013 rna
~. В e pTHI<aJIbHbI H nopuans-
6 a p H l i e c KHi-l r paaneirr COCTaB.J151eT ,UJl 51
HbIX yCJ10BHJ1 12,5 rna na 100 M BbICOTbI. 'uocTaTo4Ho nO,QHHTbCH ua
8 M H naanenae H3MeHHTCH aa 1 rIla (oapavecxas crynens).
B MOpenJIaSaHHH 6apHtIeCKaH crynens npHHHMaeTcH paanoji 10 M/rIla
11 HCnOJIb3yeTcH rrpH npHBeneHHH .uaBJIeHHH K ypOBH~ MOpH.
3. no ropH30HTaJIH AaBJIeHHe H3MeHHeTCH MenJIeHHO H nJIaBHO.
Pacc4HTbIBalOTcH ropH30HT3JIbHbIe rpannerrrst .naSJIeHH5I (KaK H .npy-
rHX MeTeOpOJIOrHt-ICCKHX BenJflIHH) H3 100 KM paccronnaa. TaK)Ke
MeAJIeHHO AaBJICHHe H3MeHHeTCH BO BpCMCHH.
4. Y axaaropa o6HapyIKHBaeTcH cJIa60 Bblp2IKeHHblH CYT04HbIH
xcn naBJIeHHH. B yvepeuaux illHPOT2X OH 32TYllJeBbIBaeTcH 60JIee
3Ha4HTCJIbHbIMH KOJIe6aHHHMH j],aBJIeHHSl, CBH3aHHbIMH C HHTeHCHB-
HOH TaM UHKJIOHH4eCKOH AeHTeJIbHOCTbID. HapyweHHe cYTo4Horo
xona n3SJIeHHH B ueHTpe TponHKOB rrpOHcxoAHT rrpH B03HHKHOBeHHH
TponH4ecKHx UHKJIOHOB .

Bonpocu U sadanun
/. Hmo nonusuiemcn noo scemeoponoeuuecxou eenuuunoil?
2. l.fmo nOHUMaemCR noo MemeopOA02UtleCKUM RBAeHueAt?
3. Ilaume onpeiienenue notcsmuto «noeoda».
4. ({e.Jty paeno HOPMQJlbHoe daenenue «a qpoene MOpR, 8 KaKUX npeiie-
Aax OH.O U3MeHJlemcR?
5. C KaKOU CUAOU oaeurn amuoctbepa «a 3eAtAIO?
6. 311aJl. umo noeepxuocms 3eMAu S = 4JfR2 , eoe R = 6370 KM, paccuu-
maiime nonnoe Baenenue amuocdieou na nnanemu.
7. I1cnoAb3yJl pe3YAbmam eaiianust 7, pacc cumaame Macey amuo-
ctpepnoeo eosiup:a na nauieu nnaneme.
8. Iloueuu Mbl He 0WrYWraeM iiaenenue eosiiqxa, He pcsoaeeenu cmon»
60.l1bUlUM Baenenuen?

-48-
 fieK~uR 5. ATMOCtPEPHO E IlABfiEHI1E

9. nO~eMY a.1R U3MepeHUR aa8,IeHUR 8 pmqmn o» 6a po.ll empe ucno Ab3y-

emc s pm ymo ?
/0 . MOJICHO AU usu epums aa8"eHUe 80aRHbl... 6apOMempOM?
I I . KaK080 aa8AeHUe noo 80aOU Ha eAy6uHe ' 0 M, 30 ... ?
/ 2. Kax oe dae n enue Ha eucom e 5000 M Ha a 3eMAeu?
13. '1eMy pa8H O npuuepuo Baenenue «a 80l come nOAema naCCa JICUpCKOeo
AauHep a?
/4 . nO~eM!I eooos as« npu noiJ",eMe iJOAJlCHbl Besom » npooonocu m en snu e
ocmauoexu?
/5 . KaK U3M eHRemCR oaenenue C eucomoii?
/6. '1eM.y paeeu eep m u x asen u « ep a iiuen m iJa8 AeHuR y noeep xnocmu
3 eM.AU np u HopMa.10HOIX yCA08URX?
/7. f{8ARemcR AU 8epmUKaAbHOIU 6apu~e CKUU ep aiiuen m xoncmanmou?
/8. Fiie 6 blcmpee naiiaem aa 8Jle HUe C eucomoa , y noe epxnocmu 3eAt-iU
UAU 8 8epXHUX CAORX mponoapepu?
/9. r ae 6btCmpee naiJaem aa8 AeHUe C 8b/COmOU , 8 menAOM U.1U XOAOiJHOM
803ay Xe?
20. Foe 601cmpee naiiaem Baenenue C 80lco mou 80 8Aa:JICHOM eostup:« U.1U
CYXOM eos injx e?
2 / . '1m o maxoe 6apu~ecKaR cmunen s? KaK sma 8eAU'WHa ucn on ssuem cn
ua cyiJax?
22. 3a~ eM oaenenue npueodumcs IC yp08HIO MOpR?
23. '1mo maKoe tiapoxempus ecxas: (6apu~eclCa R ) meniienuun?
24. ECAU tiapoepad: nOKa3bl8oem ruuien ue aa8,IeHUR. mo 0 lCalCux U3M e-
HeHURX noeoii« smo MOJICem soeop um s?
25. '1eMy npuuepuo paeno iJa8AeHue HO 80lcome 5 KM, na eucome 20 ICM?
26. Cpaenu me eepmuxannnui: u eopueonman suut: tiapu necxue epaiiuen-
mOl. BeAUICU AU pa3AU~UR MeJICiJy HUMU?
27. Ka« u3MeHRemCR oaes eeue 80 speuenu?
28. Foe Ha nAOHeme 30Mem eH cy mo~ H blu xoiJ iJa 8AeHuR. 0 eiJe U no~eMY
OH He 3QM emeH?

- 49 -
 t1II1311'1ECKI1E CBOMCTBA ATMOCt1IEPbI

neKlIlMl 6

BETEP •
Il,E//b //EKIl,HH: Iloxasams snauenue eempa MOP- 8
CKOU npasmuxe. Ilpueecmu nepesens OCH08nbiX nousmua.
Paccnompems onpeiienenue ucmunnoeo eempa na OBUJlCY-
U{eMCJI cyoHe 8u3yaAbno no cocmosuuto BOOHOU noeepxno-
emu u c nOMOU{blO nputiopoe. Pasotipam» zpa¢U'leCKUU
cnoco6 naxO:J1CoenUJI cxopocmu U «anpaenenun ucmunnoeo
eempa.

KAIO'le8ble cA08a: 6J1H33apA, BeAYU\HH nOTOK, secrepnaasr,

6paBbie aecru, aerposaa TeHb, aananuue aerpsr,
JlHHHH TOKa, naserpenuaa CTopOHa,
noneerpeauaa CTopOHa, CHe>KHble aapsnsr, WKBaJl.

BJlHllHHe BeTpa Ha nOBeAeHHe CYAHa BeJlHKO H HeOAH03HaqHO .

Berep BbI3bIBaeT BOJlHbI (pHC . 1.11, BKJlaAKa), xoropue MorYT ripen-
CTaBJlllTb 3HaQHTeJlbHYID onaCHOCTb AJIH CYAHa. BOJlHeHHe yCHJlH-
BaeTCH C YBCJlHQCHHCM CKOpOCTH BeTpa H npOAOJllKHTCJlbHOCTH ero
B03AeHCTBHH.
Ilpu BCTpeQHOM CJla60M (MeHee 10 MI C) serpe cyna TCPHIOT CKO-
pOCTb, npa nonyruou - Ha6Hpa1OT. Ilpa 60JIbWOH CHJIe serpa rrpo-
HCXOAHT CHOC CYAHa, Hero CKOpOCTb scerna YMeHbwaeTCH . 3TO npo-
HCXOAHT KaK npa BCTpeQHOM, TaK H npn nonyruoa eerpe. BeTpOM
C03AaeTCll AaBJleHHe Ha nepneHAHKyJlHpHylO nOBepXHOCTb, nponop-
UHOHaJlbHOe xsanpary CKOpOCTH . Hanpaxep, serep, HMelOU\HH CKO-
POCTb 20 M/C, OKa3bIBaeT AaBJleHHe He B 5, a B 25 paa 60JlbWee, QCM
6pH3 , AYIOU\HH co CKOpOCTblO 4 M/c . CJleAOBaTeJIbHO, Aa>Ke npa ne-
60JlbWOM YCHJleHHH aerpa AaBJIeHHe OQeHb 6bICTpO B03paCTaeT .
I1MCHHO 3TO H HBJlHeTCH onacasix. I1MceT 3HaQeHHC H napycnocrs
CYAHa. CHJlbHblii serep oxaasrsaer eoaee He6J1arOnpHHTHoe B03Aeii-
CTBHe aa 60JIbWOH nOJlHOCTblO 3arpYlKeHHbIH KOHTeHHepOB03 HJlH
po-po, QeM na nOJlHOCTblO aarpyxceuasra raaxep rroAo6HOH AJlHHbl.

-50-
 •
n eKUHR 6. BETEP

Ber ep C031laeT rese aan, CKOpOCTH KOTOpblX B HeKOTOpblX MeCTax

IlOCTHralOT 4 H n asce 5 y3J10B (2-3 M/ C) . OHH Mo ryT c yUleCTBeHHO
YMeHbwaTb HJlH YBeJlH'lHBaTb BpCMlI ne pexona. B npaopexcaux pas-
onax aer ep C031laCT cronu H narouu sonu . Ilpn cr OHC B MeJlKOBOIl-
Hbl X npH6pe)l{HblX paaoa ax nOllBJllIlOTClI MeJlH, H nnaaanae CTaHOBHT-
ClI HeB03M O)l{HbIM. Haooopor, npa narcaax nonanaerca B03MO)l{-
HOCTb cBo6ollHoro np OXOlla 'lep e3 TaKHC MeCTa.

OCHOBHble nOHlITHlI
,,•..
Ar a oco epa HaXOIlHTClI B uenpepsr anoa IlBH)I{CHHH. [ OpH30HTaJlb-
Hall COCTaBJI lIlOUlall IlBH)I{eHHlI aoan y xa aaauaaerca eempou . B 031lYX
• cr pea nrcn nep eiira H3 06J1aCTH , rne naaaexue 6 0JlbWOe r yna, rile
naaneane MeH bWC. npH'lHHOH nonsaenas serpa lIBJllIeTClI pasuocrs
,'. llaBJleHHH, TO ecr t, r opH30HTaJlbHblH rpazmear naan eann .
BCTCp -- BCKTopHall BeJlH'lHHa , xapaKTcpH3yeTclI HanpaBJleHHeM H
CKOpOCTblO. Flon aanpasneanea nOHHMaeTClI Ta sacrs ropH30HTa, OTKy-
na nyer serep. TaK, CCBepHbIH serep - 3TO serep, IlYIOUlHH C cesepa.
0
IO)I{HblH - C iora, Hanpaanenae aerpa MO)l{HO nasars B rpanyc ax (0
HJlH 360 - ceaepuu n aerep, 900 - BOCTO'lHblii H T.Il. ) H B pyM6ax :
0

C HJlH N - ceeepnsnr, CB HJlH NE -- cesepo-aocroxnsrii H T.Il.

CKOpOCTb serpa H3M ep lllOT B MeTpax B cexyuny, B y 3J1aX, B KHJlO-
MeTpax B 'l ac, B 6aJlJlax no uncane Botpopra . Ilepexon OT OIlHHX
ellHHHU K IlpyrHM He COCTaBJllIeT TpYJla.
• P03a eempoe - naarpaaxa, naiouiaa aa r JllIllHOe npeJlCTaBJlCHHC
.. o pacnpenenenaa serpa no aanpasaeaasa. OHa 06 bl'lH O HM eeT BO-
"e. ceMb JlHHHH, npOBCJlCHHblX OT UCHTpa. COOTBeTcTBylOUlHX C, CB, B,
lOB, 10, 103, 3 H C3 pyM6aM . ,lJ,.nHHa JlHHHH COOTBeTcTByeT nOBTO-
plleMOCTH aer pa C 3TOH CTOpOHbI rOpH30HTa, TOJlUlHHa JlHHHH COOT-
• BeTcTByeT pa3J1H'lHblM CKOpOCTlIM. B uearpe noxeutaior noaropse-
MOCTb WTHJleH (pHC . 1.12). TaKHe IlHarpaMMbl noaeuiator na aaanra-
,,. UHOHHblX xaprax . Ha HHX MO)l{HO yaaners npeotinadatotuuii eemep
(HaH6oJlee 'laCTO BCTpe'laIOUlHHclI) B JlaHHOM paaoue , paCC'lHTaHHblH
r
IlJlll onpen ene usor o MeClIua no MHOrOJleTHHM llaHHblM . Ha pHC . 1.12
3TO ioro-aanannera aerep .

-51 -
,
'.
 1l>113W'i ECKI1E CBoiiCTBA ATMOCIl>EPbI

0% 10 20 30 40 50
I I I I I I

n OBTOp Re MOCTh , %

-el====c.-
1-3 4 5-6 7 8-12
CHJla serpa no Boqiopry

PHe. 1.1 2. POJa BeTpOB

OnpeAeneHHe CKOpOCTH H HanpaBneHHH BeTpa

u a A BH>Ky we Mc H cYAH e

I1CTHHHbIH serep HaJJ. BOJJ.HOH nOBepXHOCTblO MO>KHO onpenennrs:

1) BH3yaJIbHO,
2) HHcTpyMeHTaJIbHO C nOMOWblO npnoopoa,
3) no epaKcHMHJIbHblM x apran .
Pacser no xapran noronsi 6YAeT H3nO>KeH n03>Ke. Ceasac pac-
CMOTpHM BH3yaJIbHblH H HHcTpYMeHTaJIbHblH MeTOAbf.
Busuanonou: uemoo. a aerpe B Mope MO>KHO CYIl HTb no COCTOH-
HHIO BO)].HOH nOBepXHOCTH . Il pa He6oJI bWOH CKOpOCTH serpa ero
n an p asn e nne onpenenstcr n o IlBH>KeHHIO CHCTeM HaH60JIee MeJIKI1X
BOJIH, 6erYlllHX no nOBcpXHOCTH xpynaux. Il pn 3Ha 4HTeJIbHOM serpe
aa BOIlHOH nOBepXHOCTH oopaayercs nena, Hanpasneaue serpa onpe-
lleJIHIOT no ABH>KeHHIO nOJIOC neau. Ber ep nyer nep neHIlHKyJIHp HO
IlBH>KeHHIO CHCTeM MeJIKHX BonH B nepaov CJIy4ae H nOJIOCaM nenu
(oa paunca a} BO BTOpOM. Il pa 3TOM CJIeAyeT paCCMaTpHBaTb BOJIHbl ua
IlOCTaT04HO 60JIbWOM YAaJIeHHH OT CYIlHa .
4 allle scero, OIlHaKO, BOJIHOBali n OBep XHOCTb MOpli HMeeT xaOTH-
4eCKHH BHIl. Oaa HBJIHCTCH c yn epno auu a c a caa ux pa3HbIX BOJIHOBblX
IlBH>KeHHH: pa3HOH BblCOT bI, IlJIHHbI, Ha npaBJIeHHH. nepHO)].OB. ::lTO
Mory T 6 bl Tb aerpo aue aonasr; OIlHOBpeMeH HO C 3THM, 3bl6b, npnur en -
wall H31laJIeKa; BOJIHbl , OT HaXOIlHlllerOCH rne-ro -rponasecxoro u ax-
JIOHa; orpaxceaaue OT 6epera BOJI Hbl H IIp. Onpenenar s aanpa anenae
aerpa B TaKOM CJIy4 ae n o BHIlY BOIl HOH n OBep XHOCTH 6bIBaeT CJIO>K'
HO, a TO H BOBce HeB03MO>KHO.

-52 -
 neK~ UR 6. BETEP

n~H BH3ya~ b Ho H OueHKH CKOpOC TH BeTpa B MOpCKOH np aKTHKe

nO~ b3Y IOTCH WKa~O H 5 0cjJOpTa (Ta6J1 . 1.2). OHa npcnnoxcesa B 1805 r .
a llM H pa ~OM 5pHTaHc Kor o KOpOJleBCKOr o cjJJlOTa C3 pOM 50cjJOpTOM .
B urxane Boqiopra nacres COCTOHHHH BOllHOH nOBepXHOCTH B 6aJlJlax .
H OJl b COOTBeTCTBye T W TH~IO , a 12 - yparauncay aer py , 3TO on aca-
HHe 11 HaCTOHwee BpeMH nonxpenneao COOTBeTcTBylOWHMH cjJoTorpa·
cjJHHMH H OUC HKOH CKOpOCTH BCTpa B Y3~ax H MeTpax B CCKyHlly .
Illxana Boqiopra oxasanac s HaCTOJlbKO Yllo6HOH, 4TO BOT yxce nae
COTHH ~ eT He BWXOllHT H3 ynoTp e6J1eHHH.
HHcmPYM eHmaAbHbtU (npu60pHbIU) u emoii. H cmUHH blU serep
llyeT OTH O CHTe~bHO llen OllBH)\(H OH T04KH aa 3C MIlOH nOBep XIlOCTII .
Ka J/Cy w,u ucJl s er ep B03 HHKae T OT HOCHT e ~ b HO llBH)\(y we roc H r ena .
Ha npnaep. B n O~HbI H W T H~ b CYllHO nn er B IO)\(HOM uanpaan eaa a CO
CKOpOCTblO I0 Y3~O B (n pu vepao 5 M/c) . B TaKOM C~Y4ae aa na n y o e
oyne r ouiy ut ar sca IO)\(HbIH s erep CKOpOCT blO 5 M/c. 3 Ty CKOpOCTb
noxa aan ObI aHCMOM eTp . Cnenoaarcnsn o. llBH)\(.eHH e c yn na npn-
BOllHT K nOHBJl eHHIO aerpa C io r a , HMClOwero CKOpOCTb 10 Y3J1 0 B
(5 M/c) . 011 naa usa erca KypC08b1M. E CJlH 6 bl lleHC TBHT eJlbll O B
Mope H a 6~I011a Jl Cli IO)\( HbIH BeTCp CKOpOCTblO 10 y 3J10 B, TO ua cyn ue
6 blJlO ow OTM e4eHO 20 Y3J10B. T aKH M o6pa30M , Ka)\(YWHHcH s er ep
npellCTaBJl HeT C0 6 0 H BeKTop Hy lO CyMMy HCTHHH oro H Ky pc oBoro
serpa.
Coapeveanue cyna 4aCTO YKoMnJleKToBaHbI llHCTaHUHOHHblM H3·
MepHTeJl eM CKOpOCTH H aanpasneaus s erpa, n 03BOJlHIOWHM nenoc-
pellCTBCHHO Ha MOCTHKe CHHTb C llHCnJleH CKOpOCTb H HanpaBJlCHHe
xaxcyuteroc a serpa. H a aexor op u x cynax c pasy na llHCnJleH BblllalOT-
CH pac c4HTaHHble BeJlH4HHW Han pa BJleHHfl H CKO pOCTH HCTH HHoro
BCTpa. E CJlH sroro HeT, TO nan o npoaonars H3M epeHHH CKOpOCTH H
nanpaanenan s erpa . CKOpOCTb x axcy uier oc a BCTpa H3MepHeTCH ane-
MOM CTpOM na HaBCTpeHHOH nany oe. H anpaBJl CHHC xaacyuierocs BCT-
pa onpen ea ser c a no KOM nacy. Ilpa 3TO M ua llBH)\(yweM cH cynae 0
Ka)\(ymeMcH BCTpe MO)\(HO CYllHTb no BbIMneJl Y. cjJJllOrepy, serpo aoay
KOHyCy (KOJlllYH4HKY), no llblMy H3 rp y o u . B eTCp llOJl)\(e U nyrs B
KOMnac . Ero aa npaan ea ae H3MepHIOT B rpan y cax ,
Y1 CTHHHbIH s erep paCC4HTbIBalOT no KypCOBOMy H Ka)\(ymeMYCH .
Y1CTHHHbIH serep nyer B TOT )\(e 60pT. 4TO H Ka)\(YWHHCH. 3TOT
nOCJlellHHH oyner n uaro nan sro napa nnenorpaaaa , CTOpOHW xor o poro

- 53-
 Taonaua 1.2
CHJla serpa no uncaae Bodropra
,
Cnoaecuoe CKOPOCTh Be1Pa
Bannu BbJCOTa
orrpeJIeJIeHHe COCTO~ntHe MOp.ll
B<>4>opl"a Y'lJlhl M/c BOJJH, M
canu BeTPa
0 Illram, 1 0-0,2 3epKaIlhHorJJ3JlKOe Mope -
1 TlfXUH 1-3 OJ-l,5 P,,-6b, neHLJ Hn rpefiaxx HeT 0,1 (0,])
2 JIerKHH 4-6 1.6-3,3 KOpOTlCHe BOJlHhI, rpe6HlI lie onpOKHllLIDaIOTC'l 0,2 (0,3)
Koporxae, XopOWO BbJpaJKeHHbIe BOJIHhl, rpeOHH, onposxnasaacs, e
3 CnaoblH 7-10 3,4-5,4 06pa3YJOT
oapannm
CTeKJIOBUltuylO DCHy, aspenxa 06pasylOTCJl MaJ1eHhKHe 6eJJble 0,6 (1)
~
.c
I'l1
4 YMepeHllhlH 11-16 5,5-7,9 BOJIHbJ YltJIHHeHHLle. 6apauu<H BUltHLl BO MIIOfHX MecTaX 1 (J ,5) Q
Xopouio paasarue xpynaue
~
B AfBtHY, HO He O'IeHb BOJIHbl, UOBCIOJlY
5 COO>KHH 17-21 8,0-10,7 2 (2,5)
BH)lHhl 6eJJbJe 6apaillKR (D OT)Iem.HhfX CJI}l1laRX OGPaJ}'lOTCB opb13nt)
"I
6 22-27 10,8-13,8
Ha-rauaiot o6pa.108L.1BRThClJ spyrmue ROJlHM. Benue rreuncrue rpednu Q
Con
CWlbHWH
33HlfMalOT ~lHatfHreJlbHble nnomanu (aepOIITHbJ OPbJ3nl)
3 (4) o
~ ~t

~
BOJlubJ rpOM03.!VlTCJI. rpe6HH CPblBaIOTC${, nella n())KHTC~ no..1OCnMH no
7 Kpel11mji 28-33 13,9-17.1 4 (5,5)
neTPY
YMCpCIIHO BLICOKHC lUUfHHWC BOJIHbI. 00 KpaHM rpe6HCH HaLJHUmOT ::b
8 Osem, KpenKHH: 34-40 17.2-20,7 5.5 (7.5)
B3;1eTan 6pW3J"H. nOJlOCE.I nenu .10iKaTC~ pg,naMH no nanpaanemuo nerpa ~
BhJCOKHC BOnHhT. Ileua WHPOKllMIf llJ10THhlMH nOJlOCaMH llmKltTC.lI. no o
9 LllTOpM 41-47 20,8-24,4 serpy, fpe6HH 80.111 HalumalOT OnpOKHJIhlOaThCl H paccsmarscx B 6pbl3rn. 7 (10) ~
I'l1
~
DPh13rH MOfYT VXVJIIIIHTb BH,!1HMOtTh
Oseus BblCOKne BOJlHb1 C ltJIl1HHblMH JafH6alOUUtMltCR HUH3 rpe6UJlMH .
06pa3ylOlUaJJC'I nena BhJJlYBaCTC}i Be1pOM 60m~llll1Mn X.l0nMIMlt B BH,'le
]0 CHJlhHWH nrropa 48-55 24,5-28,4 9 (12,5)
rycrux OeJ1hlX nonce. nOBepXHOCTh MOpJl or neuu CTaHOBHTCSI 6enon.
fpOXOT sonu CTIlftOBHTCR CJfJlhHLIM It nOJI06eH y1t3paM. BHltRMOCTL JlJJOX~
HClmlOliHTeJlT.HO BblCOKHe flOJJHhI. CYM Hc60.'lbIlIOro n cpenuero
paavepa speMeHuMH CKpMBalOTCR "3 HH,na. Mope Bee noxpuro lV!HHHhIMH
u )J(ec'fOKJdi urropa 56-63 28,5-32,6
6ellIDm XJ10nb1lMH nenu, pacnonarurouuesaca no aerpy. Kpux nonn
11,5 (16)
noacionv C,uYBaIOTCJI B nCIlV, BHlllfMOC'fb nnoxas

]2 32,7 H Bo3,UYx HanOJlHCH nCHoH H 6pbl3raMH. Mope BeC nOKpitITO nOJlOC<1MIi

Yparaa 64 Ii 60nee ~14
GOJIce nCHLJ. OlfCHb flJIOXaK BHJllfMOCTb
 neKUHR 6. BETEP

IlCTIlHHblH Il KypCOBOii serep . PaCCMOTpllM npnxep . nYCTb cynao

naer xa cesep co CKOpOCTblO 18 Y3JIOB. Ka)KYLUIlHc5I serep IlMeeT
CKOp OCTb 5 M/C Il nanpaaneaae 45°. Hano HaiiTIl IlCTIlHHblii sercp.
Peureaae:
I )llpllBCllcM BCC BCJIIl'lIlHbl B OliHY CIlCTCMY CliIlHIlU.. Y3JIbJ nepe-
,f BOlillM B MCTpbJ B cekyxny. KaK 1l3BeCTHO, OllHH Y3CJI paBCH OllHoii
•
MOpCKOii MIlJIe (1852 M) B 'lac. Ilonyxaea

1852
18 y3 = 18 · 60.60 = 18·0,514 = 9,26 '" 9 M/C.

CTpOIlM rparpax, npOBOllHM OCII - ceaep-s-ior Il BOCTOK -3anali.

CXeMaTIl'lHO PIlCYCM cynao, CJICllYIOLUec ua cesep (puc . 1.13). Ha
CYliHO neacrsyer xypcosos BeTCp, IlMelOLUIlH ceaepnoe aanpasneane
• Il CKOpOCTb 9 M/C. OT ueurpa nepeceseaas ocea (OT uenrpa cynaa]
OTKJIall~BaeM B ceBepHOM HanpaBJIeHll1l B npOll3BOJIbHOM MaCWTa6e
9 M/C (TO'lKa K). B uanpaaneaaa 45° (B CCBCpO-BOCTO'lHOM nanpas-
JICIIIlIl) OTKJIallblBaCM B TOM )KC MaCWTa6c 5 M/C (TO'lKa M) . B COOT-
BeTCTBll1l C nocrpaaaaea napaJIJICJIOrpaMM . J11l111l5l,
npaBIlJIOM,
napaJIJIeJIbHa51 CTOpOHC KM Il lIanpaBJICHHa51 B CYllIIO, 6YllCT IlCTIlH-
HblM BeTpOM . Ero CKOpOCTb paaaa llJIIlHe croponu KM B npansrov
•
! Macwra6e - 6,5 M/C, a nanpaa-
e N
JICHIlC COCTaBJI5IeT 147° (onpe-
;
,
,<.
lleJI5ICM TpallcnopTllpOM OT
KypCOBoH BeTep K
ceBepa no '1aCOBOH CTpeJIKe).
TaKIlM o6pa30M, B npllBoliHOM
CJIoe Ha6JIlOliaeTC5I IOrO-BOCTO'l-
HblH BCTCp CKOpOCTblO OKOJIO
l(alKYIUHiicR
6 M/C . seTep
Peunrn, aanasy HaXO)KlleHIl51
w---t-- ,-+++-E
IlCTllllHoro BCTpa MO)KHO II
aHaJIIlTIl'lCCKIl, nYTcM pCWCIIIl51
TpcyrOJIbHIlKa no TcopcMaM CIl-
HyCOB Il KOCIlHyCOB. B CCBacTo- I1CTHHH brii
nOJIbCKOH MOpCKOH o6c cpBaTo- seTep
· pllil aa OCIIOBC rpatpasecxoro s
, MeTOlia pa3pa6oTaHa CnCu.llaJIb- PHC_ 1.13. Onpeneneaae HCTHHHoro
Ha51 JIIlHCiiKa (xpyr CMO). serpa rpa<jlH'IeCKHM MeTOAOM

,- -55-
··
 11J11311'IECKI1E CBoiicTBA ATMOCI1JEPbI

- 'Y 3aMeTK H H AOn OJl HeHHlI

1. C HJlbHblH BeTCp npeACTaBJIH eT JJ.nH cynna OnaCHOCTb na xce

xorna OH nonyrau a .
2.
B eTep -- BeKTo pHaH BeJlHqHHa , x a p aKTe p H3ye Tc H Hanp aBJle-
HHeM H CKOpOCTblO . Ilon HanpaBJIeHHeM nOHHMaeTCH Ta sacri, ropn-
30HTa, or xyna OH nyer. Hanpaanexae sanaerca B r panycax HJIH
pyaoa x, a CKOpOCTb - B MeTp ax B ce xyany. B Y3J1ax HJlH KHJlOMeT-
pax \l xac.
3 . Baayansao 0 HanpaBJIeHHH s er pa MO>KHO CYllHTb no llBH>KeHHIO
caasix MeJlKHX BOJIH . a CKOpOCTb ouenars no WKaJIe Bodiopra. D OJIee
r osaste pe3YJIbTaTbI 6YllYT nonyseuu npa HC n OJIb30Ba HHH aHeMOMeT-
pa H xox naca .
4. I1cTHHHblH (AeHcTBHTeJIbHbIH) serep nyer B TOT >Ke 60pT , qTO
H Ka>KYWHHc R, ero nanpaaaeaae H CKOpOCTb JIerKO MO>KHO onpene-
JIHTb rpa<jJHq eC KH M cn oc060M .
5. B A<jJHHa x IlO HaWHX llHeH COXpaHIfJIaCb DaWH R BeTp OB, nocr-
poeaaas BO II sexe IlO aaurea sp u, Bocsaurpanaas 6awHH, opaeura-
posaauaa no CTopOHaM CBeTa, yxpaureaa 6apeJIbe<jJaMIf 60rOB s crpa.

Bonpocu U sadanun
/ . Paccxascume, KaK SAUJlem eemep Ha osu'lICyU{ eecJl CyOHO.
2. 80 CKO,ibKO P03 eemep cx opocmmo 30 101/C oKa3b,saem ii aese nue 60Ab-
w ee, qeM eemep cxopoc msso 3 101/ c?
3. 'lmo masoe CZOHHb,e U HaZOHH ble JlSAeHUJl ?
4. 'lm o nOHUMaemCJl nod uanpaenenueu eemp a?
5. 8 KOKUX eOUHu/iax usn ep nemcn nanpaeneuue sempa?
6. '[mo nOHUMaemCJl nod cxopocmuo eempo? 8 KaKUX edUHU/iaX U3M epJl-
emcs cxopocm» eempa?
7. POCCKO:JICUme 0 pose eempoe.
8. 'Imo maxoe cnpe06AoOOIOU{Ua semep»?
9. KaK Ha osu:JICyU{eM CJl cy oHe onpedenumu cxopocm s U «anpaen enue
eempa? Has oeume u emoou.
/ 0. Hanpaes enue ucmUHHOZO eempa onpeiiensuom no OSU:JICe HUIO 60Ab-
Ul UX U AU M eJ1KU X BOlin?
II. KaK pacnona eaiomcx epetinu SOAH U,IU neHucmb,e 60pOWKU omHOCU-
meAbHO «anpaesenun eempa ?
/ 2. PaCCKO:JICUm e 0 lUKaAe Botbopma.

,- 56 - .
 neK~ H ' 6. BETEP

- /3. 0 6'b fl CHume. '1mo maKoe Ka:HCY/JiUUCfl eem ep , KYPC080U eemep, uc-
mUltlt blU eemep,
/4 . KaK pacnonaeaemcn eesmop «ascusueeocn eempa omltOCUme,1bltO
eex mopoe ucmun noeo u KYPC080Z0 eempa?
/ 5. Kaxoeo coom noiueuue .lIe:HCay pa3,tu "lt bIMll eaUltul{a,lIu cxopoc mu
eempa (Y3,1b' , «empu 8 ceKYlta y . «unouempw 8 'lac)?

neKltlo151 7

TEMnEPATYPA H SnAJKHOCTb S03~YXA

IJ,EJIb JIEKIJ,HH: Iloxasams He06xoaU,\lOcmb y'lema

mesmepumqps« U 8AU:HCHOCmU 803ayxa 8 lUmYPMaHCKou
npaxmuxe. Paccuompemu npU,\leHReMble 8 HaCmOJlUjee
8peMJI mesnepamupnue IUKaAbl U coomnotuenux MeJICay
HUMU. Kpamxo cxapasmepusoeamu meunepamqpnuii
peJICUM amuoctpepu, 8KA/0'IaR npoqeccbl naepeeauun U
POAb oKeaH08 8 smou; pacnpeiienenue mennepamqpi« no
8epmUKaAU; cmpamutbutcauuto U C8R3aHHbi e C neto R8Ae-
IIUR, UMelOUjue suaxenue aAR surpennaeauu« ; meunepa-
mypy 803ayxa 8 npU80aHOM cnoe 8 pasnux paiiouax Mu-
P080ZO oseana.
B AeKlj uu UJAaZalOmcR xapasmepucmuxu 8AU:HCHocmU 803-
ayxa U POAb 8oaJlHOZO napa 8 npoueccax nepedasu mensa 8
amMOc¢epy.

KAIO'IeBble CA08a: aAB eKI.\Hll , KOHBeKI.\Hll, CTpaTH$HKaI.\Hll ,

drasoeue nepexonu BOAbl, qiaaoeoe COCTOllHHe.

H eT H""r ero sropocre rte ano ro B npn p one ... B blCOKHe r ev ne p arypa
H BJl2JKHOCTb H3HypHTeJlbHbI Ami mOJleiL T aKHe YCJlOBHSI Ha6 J1IOJl2IOT-
CSI B C Y3l.\KOM K2H2J1e, D ep CHACKOM 32J1HB e, y 6 eperOB I1HJlHH H B
npy rn x MeCTax Tp OnHQeCKO ii 30 HbI. T SlJKeJlo n ep eHOC5ITC SI H HH3KHe
r eunep ar y p sr non apasrx WHpOT.

-57-
 <P11311'1ECKI1E CBOHCTBA ATMOC<PEPbI

TeMnepaTypa H BRalKHOCTb B03Ayxa MoryT C03AaBaTb He6RarOn·

pHSITHble MeTeOpOJlOrH'IeCKHe yCROBHSI B TpIOMaX . ::lTO:
- 06pa30BaHHe nReHKH BOAbl, YBRalKHeHHe nOBepXHOCTH HRH
naxce npOMOKaHHe nepeB03HMbIX rpyaos:
- 60RbWaSi OTHOCHTeJlbHaSi BJlalKHOCTb H 60JlbWHe rpanacuru
ll.aBJlCHHSI BOASIHoro napa MClKll.Y B03AYXOM B rprone H nepCB03HMbIM
rpysox , oco6eHHO xorna rpys fHrpOCKOnH'ICH;
- C03AaHHe OnTHMaJlbHbIX yCJlOBHii reaneparypu H BJlalKHOCTH
Il.JlSI pa3BHTHSI nJleCHeBbIX rpH6KOB H MHKpoopraHH3MOB, HaHOCSlll.lHX
spen rpysaa:
- pa3BHTHe KOPP03HH H3-3a oonsuroro COAeplKaHHSI conea B B03·
nyxe H noasnneunoa BRalKHOCTH.
Ilepexonu H3 XOROAHbIX paaouos B rerrnue H naooopor conpnxce-
Hb! C 06pa30BaHHeM CblpOCTH B rprouax. CYAHO HAeT 6bICTpO. I'pyau
nexoropoe BpeMSI coxpaHSIIOT Ty reuneparypy, KOTOpylO OHH HMeJlH
B nyuxre OTnpaBJleHHSI. ECRH TenJlblii H BJlalKHblii B03AYX HOBbIX
pailonoa npOHHKaeT B TpIOM, rae reaneparypa nOBepxHOCTH rpysoa
HHlKe TO'lKH POCbI npnrexaxnuero B03Ayxa, TO na 3TOH nOBepXHOCTH
B03HHKaeT nnenxa BOAbl. OHa pacrer TeM HHTeHCHBHee, 'IeM CHJlbHee
npOBeTpHBaeTCSI TplOM H 'IeM 60Jlbille CKOpOCTb CYIl.Ha. Korna CYAHO
HAeT H3 TenJlbIX paiioHoB B XOJlOAHble nJleHKa BOll.bl C03AaeTCSI Ha
CTeHKax TpIOMOB .
B rennux cexropax UHKROHOB, npa nepecexeana arnocrpepnux
<jJpOHTOB B rpioxax C03AaeTCSI He6J1arOnpHSITHblii rcemeparypno-
BRa>KHOCTHbIH pelKHM.

Tesmeparypuue WKaJlbl
)],Jl51 H3MepeHH51 resmeparypu ncnonsayior TepMoAHHaMH'IecKylO
HRH aocomoruyro uixany reuneparyp B KeRbBHHax (T, K), urxany B
rpanycax UeRbCH51 (t "C), urxany B rpanycax <t>apeHreHTa (t , OF) H
np, TepMoAHHaMH'IeCKaSl, HJlH a6COJllOTHaSi resmeparypaaa uncana,
aaasraaexaa eute WKaJlOH KeJlbBHHa, HMeeT eAHHHuy reaneparypu,
paBHylO no SeJlH'IHHe eAHHHue reaneparypu crorpanycnoa WKaJlbI
UeJlbCHSI (1°C = I, K). CooTHoweHHSI MelKAY IlIKaJlaMH caenyioume :

( 1.8)

-58-
 • fleK~HR 7. TEMflEPATYPA 11 BflAJKHOCTb B03,llYXA

, t °C
100
t of - 32
180
( 1.9)
!
~
,
<
I Illxana resmeparypu B rpanycax <!JapeHreiiTa npHMeHSlJ1aCb H AO
• aacroauiero BpeMeHH npHMeHReTcR B nexoropsrx aurJlOR3bI'lHbIX
crpanax . OHa MOlKeT 6bITb aa <jJaKCHMHJlbHbIX xaprax H B MeTCOpo- ·
JlOrll'lCCKHX 6IOJlJlCTCHHX. Ec MOlKHO BCTpeTHTb na CTpaHHl\aX npOH3·
BeAeHHii ,lllKeKa JIoHAoHa, 3pHeCTa XeMHHry,lR H Apymx aaepnxau-
CKHX nncarenea.

Ilpoueccu uarpesauun araocmepu

Arxrocqi epa aarpeaaercn OT noncrn.narouief nOBepXHOCTH. COJl·
He'lHble .1 y'lH npOXOART arvocdiepy, npaKTH'leCKH He narpeaas ee .
,llJlR COJIHe'lHbIX KOpOTKOBOJIHOBbIX JIy'lcii arvocdicpa B 3Ha'l HTeJl b·
Hoil CTeneHH npcapauna. Harpenaercs noncrnnatoutas nosepxuocrs.
Harpesancs, nOACTHJIaIOlllaH nosepxuocrr, naurca nJlaHCTbJ (oxe-
aa, cywa) H3JIy'laCT AJIHHHOBOJIHOBylO paAHal\HIO. KaK MbJ YlKe 3HaeM
(JIeKl\HH 3), .l\JIH TenJIOBOil .l\JIHHHOBOJlHOBOH panaanax aruocrpepa
HB,lHeTCH aenpoapaxnof cpenoa. BOAa B aruocrpepe. yrJICKHCJIbIH
raa, MeXaHH'leCKHe 'laCTH'lKH B arvocrpepe nornouiaior, H3J1Y'laeMble
noaepxnocrsio 3eMJlH, BOJlHbl. CooTBeTcTBeHHo, B03AYX narpesaer-
CH. OnHcaHHLIH npouecc nepenaun renna Ha3bIBaeTCR JIy'lHCToil rerr-
JlOnpOBOAHOCTblO. Euie 60JIee HHTeHCHBHblM npOl\eCCOM HBJIHeTCH
Typ6yJIeHTHaH TenJIOnpOBOAHOCTb. OrpoMHoe KOJIH'leCTBO TenJIa no·
cTynacT B aTMoc<jJepy npH KOHAeHCal\HH H cy6JIHMal\HH BOAHHoro
napa , acnapneurerocn C nOACTHJIaIOllleH nosepxaocrn. T.e. npa <jJa30·
BblX nepexonax BOAbI. 3TO Ha3bIBaIOT CKpbITOH TenJIOnpOBOAHOCTbIO.
Ocorieuno BeJIHKO 3Ha'leHHe raxoa nepenasn rertna B arvocrpepy HaA
npocropaan MHpoBoro oxeaxa. OKeaHbI HBJIHIOTCH MOlllHbIMH axxy-
MyJIRTOpaMH rerrna. YAeJIbHaH TenJIOeMKOCTb BOAbI , a oc06eHHO Map·
cxoa, BeJIHKa - 60JIee 4000 ,lllK/(Kr · K). ,llJIH cpaBHeHHH, AJIH
B03Ayxa ara xapaxrepacruxa COCTaBJlHeT OKOJIO 1000 ,lllK/(Kr · K).
MHpOBOH OKeaH HaKanJIHBaeT B TenJIOe BpeMH rona 60JlbWOC KOJIH-
'leCTBO renna, xoropoe 3aTeM MeAJIeHHO OTAaeT B XOJIOAHOe BpeMR.
B BOAax TpOnH'leCKHX WHpOT aKKyMyJIHl\HH sneprna HAeT KpyrJIblii rOA.

-59-
•
C/J11311'1ECKI1E CBOI1CTBA ATMOCC/JEPbI

MflpOBOii oxean 3all flMaeT nO'lTH Tp H ser sepra nOBepXHOCTH Haweii

nn aaeru fl HrpaeT c yurec r sca ayio POJI b B aarpasaann aruocrpepu .
6 e3yCJlOBHO, ecn, ewe H MOJleKYJlflpHall TCnJlOnpOBOllHOCTb, HO ee
POJIb Hfl'lTO)KHO MaJia no cpaaneumo C .llpyrHMfl n poueccaa a nepenasu
r enna.

Pac npeneaeune TCM ncpaTy p bl no BCpTH KaJlH

B peayasrare onncaxasrx asnue rtpoueccos , reancparypa B03.llY-
xa C BblCOTOii naa aer . Il aneane rere neparypu B rponoc diepe, KaK MbI
yxce 31laeM fl3 nepsoa JleKUflH, B cp ezmea COCTaBJIfieT O,65°C na
100 MeTpoB BblCOTbl.
YMeHbweHfl eM TeMn epaTypw C BWCOTOii 06 b ll c HlIeTc lI HaJlH'lfle
CHe)KHbIX uranox na aepunmax rop naace B 3KBaTOpHaJlbHblX unrpora x
(rop u KeHHlI fl KHJlflMaH.ll)Kapo B AeppHKe). 3TO f1BJllIeTCfI OCHOBHOii
n pH'lHHOii r or o, 'I TO a6COJIlOTHblii MHHHMyM rexneparypu sa ncsep x-
HOCTH 3 eMJlH (-89°C) Ha6J11O.llaeTCfI HMCIlHO B lO)KHOM nony ura paa, B
ueurpe Axrapxrnast , r ne BblCOTa uan ypoBHeM MOpll COCTall.1f1eT
eoaee 4000 M. B ceaepaoa nonyurapaa a6coJilOTHblii MHHHM yM TeM-
neparypu COCTaBJIfieT - 69°C. H a6J1 1011aeTClI OH B 5!Ky THH, npavepao
sa ypos ne MOpfi.
Yxaaaa nast BeJl H'lHHa rpanneura rexneparypsr B r ponocoe pe Ha-
6J11O.llaeTClI JlHWb B cpennea. B K3)K)l.OM KOH KpeTHOM MeCTe pacnpe-
n enenae ren neparypu C BblCOTOii MO)KeT 6bITb paanua. H anpa a ep,
aaauane rexneparypa C BblCOTOii naa aer . 3 33TeM Ha'l flHaeT paCTH
flJlH )KC OCTaeTCll nOCTOllH HOii. POCT revnepary pu C BbICOTOii H33bI-
BaeTClI uneepcueii, nOCTOllHCTBO r eu nepar y p u C BblCOTOii H33bIB3eT-
CfI usomepuueii (pHC. 1.14).
a 15 8

.
:;
.
:;
...
o
u u u
eno;;
CO " "
CO "
CO H30TCP MU"

Tesmepar ypa Tex neparypa

PHe. 1.14. HHBepcHH (a - npu aesruan , 6 - npa nonus ran )

H H30TepMH lI (e) r eemeparypu R arsiocdiepe

- 60 -
 fleKUHR 7. TEMnEPATYPA 11 BflA)/(HOCTb B03/JYXA

CTpaTHljJ HKa llHR anlOc ljJepbl H noroua

ECJIIl r eaneparypa C BblCOTOii 6blCTPO nanaer (6oJICC 1°C ua

100 M BbICOTbl). a 3TO Ha6JIIOAaCTC5I xorna nOACTIlJlalOw.a51 nosc px-
HOCTb TCnJIa5l, a B03AYX XOJIOAHblii , B aruocdiepe pa3BI1BaIOTC5I BCP-
TI1K aJIbHblC A Bll lK CHI1 51. Ta KaH cmpamuipuxauun (pacnpCACJI CHI1C
TCM nep a Ty p bl C BbI CO TOii) Ha 3blBa eTCH u eucmouuue oi: (pac 1.15).

~I

5 10
Texneparypa, · C
PHC. 1.15. Pacn penea eua e resmeparypu no BepTH KaJlH np u H eycr o H~HB o H
crpaTH IjlHKaUH H ( a) . npu YCTOH~ HBOii cTpaTHljlHKaUH H (6)

as epx, B0 3 HHKa eT repnasecxaa KOH -

T e n JIbl ii B03AYX nOAHHMaeTC5I
BeK/{uR . B 0 3MOlK HO oopasoaaaae Il p a 3 BI1T He KOHBeKTI1BHOii o 6 JIa 'l-
HOCTI1 co BCCMIl conyTcTBylOW.HMH 5IBJIeHH5IMIl (JIIlBHCBblMIl ocaaxa-
MH, rpoa aaa, rpanoa 11 np .) .
HCyCTOii'lHBO crparmpxunpoaan B0 3Ayx B 3 KBa TOp il aJIb Hbi X WHpO-
Tax. B yMcp eHHblX Wl1pOTa X HCyCToii'lHBa51 CTpaTlHpH KaUH5I Ha6JIIOAa-
CTCH B Tbl JIOBbl X '1aCTHX UHKJIOHOB H rpanava umx C HHMH nepmpepa-
51X aHTIlUHKJIOHOB . BHAIlMOCTb TaM xopouras a a IlCKJIIO'IeHHCM 30Hbl
asmanaioumx o caAKOB .
Op H HH BCpCIlOHHOM p a c npen en exaa r e sinepar ypu C BblCOTOii
crparutpuxauxs B03A yxa y cmouIl UBaR. I1HBepcH5I MOlKeT 0 6 p a30 -
BaTbC5I uenocp encrae u no y nOBCpXHOCTil 3CM JIH (CM . p a c 1.14, a ) B
PC3YJIbTaTe panaaux oanoro OXJIalKn eHIlH c a a o r o HHlKHe ro CJI051 B03-
nyxa, 3 TO MOlKe T nponsoam H B HCKOTOpO M CJIo e , ynaJIeHHOM OT n o -
BCpXHOCTH 3eMJIH (CM . pac . 1.14,6). 0PH'IHHOii MOlKeT 6blTb aoeexuun

- 61 -
 <l>11311'1ECKIlE CBOMCTBA ATMOC<I>EPbI

(ropuaoaraasusn; nepeuoc) TenJlOH B03JJ,yWHOH MaCCbI HaJJ, CJlOeM

XOJlOJJ,Horo B03Ayxa HJlH ~e pe3YJlbTaT onycKaHHR H HarpeBaHHR
B0311yxa . TaKOH YCTOHqHBblH CJlOH B aTMOCcjJcpC oopaaycr KaK 6bl
nOTOJlOK llJlll KOHBeKUHH, xepea KOTOpblH OHa npocarscs He MO~eT.
D OA HHBepcHeH CKanJlHBalOTCR npaaecn, SlAP a KOHAeHcaUHH , sons-
Hble napu . npaxeceuaue ciona KOHBeKTHBHblMH TOKaMH 1'13 HH~HHX
CJlOC B araocrp epu . Hasepcaa llBJllleTCll BCp XHHM npenenou , HH~e
KOToporo 06pa3ycTcSI CJlOHCTaSl HJlH CJlOHCTo-KyqeBall 06J1aqHOCTb.
CTpaTHcjJHKaUHSI arvocrpepu 6YAeT YCTOHq HBOH H npu H30TCpMHH,
TO ccri, npu nOCTOllHCTBe renneparypu C BblCOTOH, 1'1 naxcc npn
nancnnn r cancparypu C BblCOTOH, CCJlH 3TO naACHHC MCll bWC, qCM
1°C ua 100 M. YCTOHqHBall CTpaTHcjJHKaUHll npenarcrnyer pa3BHTHlO
BCp THKaJlb Hbl X ABH~CHHH . B TaKHX YCJlOBHllX HCB03MO~HO 06pa30Ba-
HHe H pa3BHTHe KOIIBeKTHBHOH 06J1aqHOCTH. B XOJlOAHOe Bp eMSI rona
npn YCTOHqHBOH CTpaTHcjJHKaUHH oopasytorca TyMaHbl. Bo BCC ape-
MeHa rona C TaKOH CTpaTHcjJHKaUHeH CBll3aHO yxymuenae BHllHMOCTH,
YBeJlHqeHHe KOHueHTpaUHH npHMeceH B aTMOCcjJcpC.
I1HBcpcHOHHoe pacnpeneneaae revneparypu C BblCOTOH Ha6JlIOAa-
er c s HaA 06WHpHblMH nOJlllpHblMH paHOHaMH. I1MeHHo TaM , KaK Mbl
3HaCM , qaCTbl MHpa~H H npyrae OnTHqeCKHe SlBJleHHR. B yMepeHHblX
umporax HaJI OKcaHaMH POCT r exm ep ar y p u C BblCOTOH Ha6JllOJIaeTCll
aa cjJpOHTax, B TenJlOH B03JIYWHOH Macce, Hall XOJlOJIHbIMH TCqeHHRMH.

H3MeHeHHll reaneparypsr no ropH30HT3J1H H3 nJl311eTe

B ueaoa. na rrnaaere C YBeJlHqeHHeM WHpOTbl MeCTa r eaneparypa

nanaer . OJIHaKO JlHWb B osens rpyooa npH6J1H~eHHH MO~HO rOBO-
pHTb 0 TOM, qTO pacnpeneaeuae TeMnepaTypbl na 3eMHOM wap e CO-
OTBeTCTByeT npHXOAY COJlHeqHOH panaauaa K 1I0B epXHOCTH 3eMJlH H
HMeeT WHpOTHblH xapaxrep. B 3TOM yuacr ayer MHoro rpaxropoa :
6JlH30CTb BOJIOeMOB , TeqeHHSI, sananasrc HJlH BOCTOqHble oxpaanu
MaTepHKOB, 06J1aqHOCTb H MHoroe npyroe. B peaynsrare , ropH 30H-
ram-nee reurteparypaoe none HMeeT CJlO~HbIH xapaKTep.
Caasre BblCOKHe TeMnepaTypbl aa nOBcpXHOCTH 3CMJIH Ha6J1IOJIa-
IOTCll He B 3KBaTOpHaJlbHblX, a B TpOnHqeCKHX WHpOTax . A6COJIIOT-
HblH MaKcHMyM resmeparypu (OKOJIO 60°C) Ha6J1IOJIaJlCH B rponauec -
KHX n ycTblHllX AcjJPHKH H Apaaaacxoro nonyocrposa . 06bllCHCHHC

-62-
 fle KL/HR 7. TEMnEPATYPA U BnA)/(HOCTb B03t/YXA

3TOM y B TOM, 'ITO aa 3KBaTO pe 6 0JlbWall 06J1a'lHOCTb aarpynn aer

npnxon COJlHe 'lHOH panaau aa K nOBep XHOCTH 3eMJlH, a ua WHpOTax
30° no 06 c cropousi OT s xsar opa 6e306J1a'lHOe He60 . Kpovc roro. na
sx sarope nourezuua s 110 noncrunarourea no aepxn ocra con nesaas
311eprH lI , B 3Ha'lHTeJlbHOH CTeneHH 3aTp a'lH BaeTClI Ha Hcn apeHHe
06 HJlbHO aun anaioiua x TaM ocaJ\KOB. Y axsaropa p ac nonaraerc n
WH pOKaH nonoca, B xcropoa rexneparypa MaJlO MeHH eTCH B r ex eua e
r Olla H COCTaBJlHeT 24--28°C.
3H MOH B ceBepllOM nOJlywapHH oco 6 eHHO BeJlH Ka (6oJlee 50 °)
pa3HOCTb r esmeparyp MelKllY TpOn H'IeCKHMH H nOJlHp HblMH umpora-
MH . JIeToM OHa OKOJlO 20°.
Caau e HH3KH e r exneparypu B IOlKHOM nonyurapnu Ha6J1 I011a IOTClI
ua nOJlIOC e, a B cesepnox nonyurapaa caasr e HH3KHe r eaneparypu
OTMe'laIOTCH B r Jly 6HHe eepaaa acxoro KOHTHHeHTa , rne CTaUHoH Hpy-
er CH6HpCKHH aHTHUH KJlOH.
TOT !paKT, 'ITO na CCBepHOM nomoce 3Ha'lHTeJlbHO r enn ee. '1eM na
IOlKH OM, 06b HCHHIOT, KpOMe nposcro, euie H TeM, 'I TO YlleJlbHaH Ten-
JlOeMKOCTb COJleHOH BOllbl 60JlbWe , '1eM npe cao ji. JI Cll APKTHKH COJlC-
HbIH, norox y 'ITO 06pa30BaJlCH H3 BOllbI Cesepnoro Jlenosur oro OKC-
asa. 06pa30BaHHe Jlblla H3 MOpC KOii BOJ\bI co npoecoxnae rca asin en e-
HHeM 60JlbWOr O KOJlH'IeCTBa r enna . 06pa30BaHHe n pec sor o nsna B
Anrap xrune TaKH M rennoaunenenaea He c onposoacna erc s .

Oco6eHHOCTH pacnpeneneuns reemeparypsr Hall. OKeaHaMH

Bnanx OT eeperos r eunepary pu B0311.y xa H BOllbl nO'lTH OllHHaKO-

Bbl. Ha pHC . 1. I6- I. 19 npencraan easr rexneparypsr B0311yxa H no-
BepxHocTH OTKpblToro OKeaHa 3HMOii H JleTOM, B MeCHUbl HaH60Jlee
HH3KHX H HaH60Jlee BblCOKHX HX 3H a'leHHii B OKeaHe. B nepBoM npH-
6J1HlKe HHH pacnpenenena e r ex nepar y p MOlKHO onacars KaK WH pOT-
Hoe. WHpOTHoe pacnpeneaeaae H30TepM Ha6J1 I011aeTCH B ueurpam-
HblX '1aCTH X Taxoro H A TJlaHTH'IeCKOrO OKeaHOB. ::lTO ocooenuo cn pa-
BCllnHBO nns roxcaoro nonyurapas, rne KpOMe HeCKOJlbKHX HCKnlO'I C-
HHii, H30TepMbi CJlellYIOT cr poro BllOJlb napannen ea, B COOTBeTCTBHH C
3THM, caa u e BblCOKHe reanepar y pu B03J\y xa H BOJ\HOii nOBepXHOCTH
(11.0 28°C) ll a6J1I011aIOTCH B rp onuxax , ECTb OTHOCHTeJlbH O HeMHoro
o6naCTeH, r ne ren neparypa BOllbl llOCTHr aCT 29°C. Cavan BbICOKa5I

-63-
 rpI1311'1ECKI1E CBOHCTBA ATMOCrpEPbI

1 I

120° 12ll"

PHC. 1.16. Tesmeparypa 803Ayxa 8 "H8ape

2
-' •
20--"....-
15
1 4

-1
1
12ll"

PHC. 1.17. Teaneparypa 803Ayxa 8 HlOne

-64-
 fleK~H' 7. TEMnEPATYPA 11 BflA>KHOCTb B03JlYXA

.". 10
5''':'- --
15
20
25

,
5
4 20
1 15
o '0
5 5
o

PHC. 1. 18. Tea neparypa nosepXHOCTH oxeaua B ljleBp aJIe

~',

, o
,.

,•
,
PHC. 1.19. Tesmcparypa nosepXIIOCTH oxeaaa s asrycre

- 65 -
 f1>H3H'IECKI1E CBoilcTBA ATMOCf1>EPbl

resmeparypa BOllbl ( 33°C) Ha6JI10llaeTC51 B uear pan snof lJaCTH Il ep-

CHllCKoro 3aJl HBa B aBry cTe.
Tesmeparypa aosn y x a B npHBOllHOM cn oe TpO n HlJeCKOii 30HbI ( OT
30 ° C. W. no 30° 10. w.) panna HJlH lJyTb HHlKC (no 0,5°C) revn epa -
r yp u aonu . B cpenaa x WHpOTax B03llYX JleTOM HeCKOJlbKO TCnJl Ce
aonu, a 3HMOii xonon nee. Ca MaR HH3KaR r esme par y pa MOpCKOii BOJIbI
orpan axe aa TOlJKOii 3aMc p3aHHR (- 2°C), a npa HH3KOii COJleHOCTH
TOlJKa 3aMep3aHH51 OKOJlO O°C. TaKHc TeMne pa Typ bl Ha6J1IOJIaIOTCR
y AP KTHKH H A HTapKT HKH , B6J1H3H JleJIRHblX none a. Tesm epar ypa
sosnyxa TaM MOlKeT JlOCTHraTb 3HalJ HTeJl bHbIX OTpHu aTeJlbHbIX ae-
JlHlJHH.
W HpOTHOCTb B pacnpeneneana re smep aryp nap y uraercs H y oe pe -
r OB. B 3HM HCC BpeMR CyLUCCTBC HHbl pa3JJHlJHR B re a neparypxon PC-
lKHMC aanaanux H BOCTOlJHblX no6epelKHii MaTepHKOB B yMepeHHbIX
WHpOT ax . Y aan annu x n o6epClKHii MaTcpHKOB 6J1 arOJlap R np ar oxy
B03JIyxa C oxeana rean eparypa sosnyxa OTHOCHTCJlbHO BbICOKa51 . T aK,
y aananasrx H ccsepo-aananau x 6cp crOB Esponsr, non BJJH51HHCM Fen s-
cjJCTpHMa H rocn O.QCTBYIOLUcro sanaauoro nep enoca sosn y xa C A TJJaH-
THlJeCKOrO oxeana , KJlHMaT HCKJllOlJHTeJlbllO MRrKHii, caMblii Ten Jlblii aa
'lTOii WHpOTC aesmoro urapa . Hya esaa r eurtep ar ypa aoaa y xa 3HMOii
OTMelJaCTC51 B pa iioHax C CBcpHor o fl CJlOBHTOro OKc aHa B 30HC J1c ii ·
CTBH51 Fonsrpcrpxaa. B OJlbWa51 xacrs Bapesuesa MOp51 He aax epaaer .
B l1 CJlaHJlHH resmeparyp a OKOJJO HyJJ51 . B 51KyTHH na sr oa lKC WHpOTe
CTORT rpecxyuae MOp03bl (resirtepar y pa on y cxaercs no -GO° C).
Y BOCTOlJ HblX no6ep elKHii MaTepHKOB , ococenuo Hall 51n oHcKHM H
r peHJJaHllcKHM MOpRMH C03llalOT CR 60JlbWHC r op naoaran suuc rp a-
llHeHT bl reaneparypu. 3TO 06JJ aCTH oc o6e HHO PC3KHX CMCH nor onu
H CHJlbHbIX BeTpOB.
Xononnue TelJeHHR nOHHlKalOT reuneparypy soanyxa H aapyuraior
ee WHpOTHoe pacnpcncn eaxe. Taxoe, aanpaaep, Ha6JJIOJlaeTCR B IOlK'
HOM nonyurapaa y sananaux 6 cperOB AcjJPHKH H AMCpHKH . Ha nooe-
pexcse Il epy (MOJlJlCHllO, 17° 10. W., TponHKH) CPCllHRR resmepary pa
HIOJlR 15°e. TaM npOXOJlHT XOJlOllHOC Ilepyaucxoe TClJeHHe. Ha r pon a-
xe Kosepora B Caaxorrxysne (22° 10. W., Arppa xa ) reun ep ar y pa He
rtpeauuraer 13°e. BHHOii TOMy XOJlOllHOC BeHreJlbCKOC r eueuue. Ha rne
60JlbWC B TpOnHlJeCKOii 30He HeT TaKHX HH3KHX TeMnepaT yp .

-66-
 JleK~"" 7. TEMnEPATYPA 11 BJlA>KHOOb B03,llYXA

rOAOBOH 11 CyTO'lHblH XOA rcsmeparypu B03Ayxa

.;,_.
HaA OKCaHaMI1

Teaneparypa B03Ayxa Hall, MHPOBblM OKeaHOM HMeeT MaJlbIH rOAO -

~-
BOH XOA. B 3KBaTOpHaJlbHbIX H TpOnH'leCKHX WHpOTax OH oc06eHHO
MaJl (He 60Jlce 2°C). TeM He MeHee. na sxaarope Ha6J1IOAaIOTCH ABa
MaKcHMyMa H ABa MHHHMyMa TeMnepaTypbI. MaKcHMyMbI Ha6J1IOAa-
IOTCH B AHH paBHOJIeHCTBHil. KOrJIa COJlHue HaXOJIHTCH sa sxsarope.
MHHHMyMbl Ha6J1IOJIaIOTCH B JIHH nernero H 3HMHero COJlHueCTOHHHii.
Ha JIpyrHX WHpOTax Ha6J1IOJIaeTCH OJIHH MaKcHMyM H OJIHH MHHHMyM.
B yMepeHHbIX WHpOTax aMnJlHTyJIa ronosoro
rexneparypu B03-
XOJIa
nyxa HaJI OKeaHOM COCTaBJlHeT 5-10°C. B nOJlHpHbIX paaonax, HaJI
OTKpbITOil BOJIHOH nOBepXHOCTblO, rOJIOBOH XOJI TeMnepaTypbI crna-
lKeH . B Ceaepaoji ATJlaHTHKe y HCJlaHJIHH reaneparypa JleTOM OKOJlO
8°C H. KaK YKa3blBaJlOCb ssnue, 6J1H3Ka K HyJlIO 3HMoil. B THXOM
OKeaHe HeCKOJlbKO 60JlbWHH AHana30H H3MeHeHH" TeMnepaTyp .
Euie MeHbwe pa3Max CyTO'lHbIX KOJle6aHHii TCMnepaTypbl B03Ayxa
Hall, BOJIOH. OHa cnenyer sa rexneparypu BOJIHOH nOBepxHo-
XOJIOM
CTH. xoropas npaKTH'IeCKH He MeHHeTClI B resenne CyTOK . CYTO'lHble
.-. aMnJlHTYJIbi rexneparypu B03JIyxa COCTaBJlHIOT MeHCC onnoro rpany-
ca ua scex unrporax .

BOAHHOH nap B arssocqiepe

BOAHHOii nap nOnaJIaeT B aTMoccjJepy B pe3YJlbTaTe HcnapCHHH C

nOBepXHOCTH MHpOBoro oxeasa H CyWH, C paCTCHHil H lKHBOTHbIX.
Caaoe 60JlbWOe KOJlH'IeCTBO BOJIHHOrO napa COJIeplKHTCH B B03JIyxe
3KBaTOpHaJlbHbiX WHpOT - AO 4% o6beMa B03JIyxa . MaJlo BOJIHHOrO
napa B B03JIyxe TpOnH'IeCKHX nycruns. Euie MeHbwe BO,!J,HHoro napa
B B03JIyxe AHTapKTHJIbI. 3TO CBH3aHO C O'leHb HH3KHMH reancpary-
paMH AHTapKTHJIbI , npa KOTOpbIX B B03Ayxe He MOlKeT YAeplKHBaTbCH
BOJIa B ra3006pa3HOM COCTOHHHH. TaK. aanpnxep, KOrJIa TeMnepaTy-
pa HHlKe -80°C JIaBJleHHe HaCblll.\eHHH COCTaBJlHeT acero 0,001 rna.
B B03,!J,yxe npaKTH'IeCKH HeT BOJIHHOrO napa, OJIHaKO OTHOCHTeJlbHaH
BJlalKHOCTb pasaa 100% , a JIecjJHUHT BJla)l(HOCTH - HOJlb. ,ll,JlH cpas-
HeHHH, npjr reanepar ype B03JIyxa 30°C JIaBJleHHC HaCbIlI.\eHHH co-
CTaBJlHeT 42,4 rna.

- 67 -
 <1JU3U'IECKUE CBo iicTBA ATMOC<1JEPbJ

H aw a nnaaera 3eMJlll - el1HH CTBeHHall H3 BCeX nn aue r COJlHe'l-

HOH CHCTeMbl, na KOTOpOH BOlla MOlKCT B eCTeCTBeHHblX YCJlOBHllX
HaXOl1HTbCll BO sc ex rpex <jJa30BblX COCTOllHHllX. B Yl1b 3 eMJlll He-
CKOJlbKO 6J1 HlKe K COJlHUY, He 6b1J1o 6bl aonu B TBep110M COCTOllHHH.
BYl1b 3CMJlll HCCKOJlbKO n an sure OT C OJlHua, a a HeH He 6 blJlO 6bl
lKHnKOH sonu. Bona Ha nna aere B peaynsrare npoueccos acn apeuaa
H KOHnCHcaUHH nOCTOllHHO nep exonHT H3 onHoro <jJa30Boro COCTOll-
HHll B n pyroe (pHC . 1.20). KOHl1eH CaUHll asrasmaer TaKHe MeTeOpOJlO-
r H'leCK He llBJleHH ll KaK poca , HHeit, l1blMKa, TyMaH , 06 J1aKa, ocamor.

BbJAeJJ eHl-t e renaa

KOHn.eHcaUiHJ
.....
)
n ap Jl ellY

/!>
I Hc napesae
3aTpaTbI re naa
PHC. 1.20. <Pa30Bble nepexonu BOlI.b1

C np oueccaMH Hcna pc HHll H KO Hne HcaUHH CBll3a H H n cpeHoc TenJla

OT no aepxaocra 3e MJlH B arxoctpepy. KaK H3BeCTHO , aa ncn ap enu e
1 xr son u sarpasuaa erca 2500 .LllK. 3Ta BeJlH'lHHa naauaaerca
yneJlbHoii r ennor oa napootipaaosaaaa HJlH, aaase, CKpblTOH TenJlOTOH
napooopaaoaauas (ac nape aaa), B aru ocrpepe 3Ta su epras Bbll1eJlll eT-
Cll npu xo aneacauaa H 06 pa30BaH HH 06J1aKOB HJlH TyMaHa (l1bIMKH).

Xap aKTepHCTHKH B.1alKHOCTH B0311yxa

B 0l111 HOH nap -- ne pe MeHHall COCTaBHall 'laCTb aTMoc<jJep Horo

soaayxa. 3 TO r aa 6e3 UBeTa, san axa H exyc a. M OJleKYJlbl aon sr pac-
rtpenenensi MelKl1Y MOJleKYJlaM H n pyr xx ra30B arnocdi epa oro B03l1y-
xa . Conepxcauae aon aao r o napa B ara ocrpep e oueuaaaercs C nOMO-
lltblO x apasmepucmu« BAa:JfCIiOCmu B 03 8yxa .
Il apuutinsnoe Baesenue Bo8 RliOcO napa (e). B 0l111HOH nap, KaK H
JlI060H upy r oji raa , HaX0l111lltHHCli B COCTaBe aruocqrepnoro sosnyxa,
OKa3b1BaeT naBJleHHe e Ha nOBepXHOCTb 3 eMJlH H Ha Bce HaXOn ll lltH-

-68-
 1'.

JIeKijHR 7. TEMnEPATYPA 11 BJIAJKHOCTb B0 34 YXA

eCH na HeH npena er u , Il pn KOHKpeTiIOH reuneparyp e AaBJIeHHe BO-

AHHoro napa e He MO)f(eT npeasnuars nexorop oro npen en ss or o 3Ha·
'I eHHH E, saasr aaeaoro Baenenuesc Ha CblU{eHUJl . llaBJI eHHe aa csuue-
HHH yB eJI H'I HBaeTCH C yBeJIH'IeHHeM T eMn epaTY P ~ .
Ilapuaansaoe AaBJIeHHe BOAH Horo napa e H AaBJIeHHe aacsnnexas
E B~pa)f(aIOTCH B reKTOnaCKaJIHX (rna) C TO'l HOCTblO AO Ae C H T ~ X , a
npa renneparypax B03Ayxa HH)f(e 7,0°C - C TO'lHOCTblO AO COTbIX.
Iletbuuum nacu uieuun (d) - paa nocrs Me)f(AY AaBJI eHH eM nacsnue-
HHH E H $ aKTH'IeCKHM AaBJIeH HeM BOAHHoro n ap a "e npH KOHKpeTHoH
r esmepar ype:

d = E - e. (1.1 0)

lle$Hl.\HT HaCblmeHHH d supaacaerca B rex me eAHHHl.\aX H C TOH

me TO'lHOCTblO, 'ITO E H e.
A6coA IOmlW Jl 8 AaJICHOCmb ( a ) - Macca BOAHHoro napa B eAHHHl.\C
06beMa B03Ayxa. Pa3MepHOCTb 3TOii BCJIH'IHHbl - rpaMM ua Ky6H'Iec-
KHii MeTp (r/M 3). M elliAY a6COJIIOTHOii BJIa)f(HOCTblO a H nJIOTHOCTblO
,
BOAHHoro napa p. cy iuecrayer O'leBHAHa H CBH3b a = 103p. '
'"
Omnocumensnan 8 A a JIC HOCm b (f) -
OTHOCHTeJIbllaH nacenueu-
HOCTb B03Ayxa BOAHHbIMH nap astx . r .e . OTHoweHHe $aKTH'IeCKOrO
KOJI H'ICCTBa BOAH HbIX napos B B03Ayxe K MaKCHMaJIbHO B03MO)f( HO MY
KOJI H'IecTBy BOAHH bIX n ap es. aupaxceauoe B n pOUC HTax . O THOCHTCJIb-
HaH BJIa)l{HOCTb MomeT 6~Tb non yseaa, nanpn v ep . KaK

(1. 11 )

06bl'lHO f aupaxcaerca C TO'lHOCTblO AO ueaux.

MaCC08aJl iJOMI 80iJR HOZO na p a (s) - Macca BOAHHoro napa B
-. 1 x r BJIa)f(HOrO B03Ayxa . 113MepHcTcH B KHJIOrpaMMax xa KHJIOrpaM M
v.-
(Kr/Kr) , B rpaxaax sa KHJIOrpaMM (r/Kr) HJIH B npO ~IH.1JIe (%0).
.
," "

TO ~ Ka POCbl (td) - re a neparypa, np a x or op os B03Ayx AOCTHraeT

COCTO HHHH HaCblmCHHH BOAHHblM napoa npa nOCTOH HH OM 06 IllCM
aTMoc$cpHOM AaBJIeHHH.

-69-
 r1>U311'1ECKIlE CBoilCTBA ATMOCr1>EPbl

... 3aMCTKil 11 JJ.On O.1 HCHHSI

1. B JIlo60e BpCMH r o n a B OTKpblTOM MOpC re anepary p a B03JJ.yx a

HHa R. 4CM sa 3 TOH lKC WHpOTC aa cywc. Fnaanas OC06CIlHOCTb KJlHMaTa
MOpCH 3aKJIlO4aCTCR B TOM, 'I TO n a MOpC HHKo rn. a HC npOHCXOD.H T TaKHX
4aCTbI X H PC3 KHX H3M CHCHHH r eaneparypsr B03JJ.y xa , KaK n a c y we, H
B03D.yX HMCCT TCMn c p aTypy 0 4CHb 6J1 H3 KYIO K TCMn cpaTypc BOD.bl. Boc-
XOD. H 3aXO A COJlH ua MaJlO CKa3blBalOTCH s a r e a n e p a r y p e B03D.yxa B
OTKpblTOM MOpC. B PC3 YJlbTaTC H D.HeM H HOlJblO OHa n04TH OD.HHaKOBa.
2. P a 3J1 H4 HH B rex n eparypc B03D.yxa MelKJlY 3HMOH H JlCTOM HaJJ.
MOpCM TaKlKC rO pa3D.O MCll bWHe , 4 CM HaJJ. CyWCH . O CCHb lO H 3 HMOH
B03Ayx HaD. MOpCM 3 Ha 4 HTCJl b HO TCn JlCe , a BCCHOH H JlCTO M 3H a tJH-
TCJlb HO n p OXJl a D.H CC, 4CM HaJJ. Cy WC H . Bee no npHD.aCT KJl HMa TY
MopeH CBoHcTBeHHylO CMy MHrKOCTb . MOpCKOH B03D.YX BCTp a MH no-
CTOH HHO n e p eHO CHT CH na c y wy H 3HatJHTeJlbH O CMHrtJ aCT KJlHM aT
npH Mo pcKHX 06J1 aCTcH .
3. Texrtepa r ypa aa CyJlHC MOlKe T cyurecr se u uo OTJl HtJaT b CH OT
TCMncp a TypbI B03D.y x a HaD. BOD.HOH nO BepXIlOCTblO . B T pon HtJCCKHX
WHp OTa x xo p rryc cyns a B n OJlYD.CHHbl C xacsr, B PC3YJl b TaT C nornoure-
Il HR COJlHC4HOH p aD.HaUHH, Ha rpCBaeTCH D.O 60--70°C. H OtJblO , npH
OTpHuaTCJl bHOM p aD.HaUHOHHOM 6a Jla HCe , Ko p nyc cyJlHa CTaH OBHT CR
x ononn ee aa pyxc soro B03D.yxa.
4. Bnaacnocrs B03D.yx a B Mop e no 4TH BCCrD.a 6 0JlbWe , 4CM aa
c ywe , Ta K KaK MOp CKOii B0 3D.yX nOCTORHHO YBJla lK HHc Tc H BCJleD.CTBH e
a c n apen aa MOpC KOii BOD.bl. OTHOCHTCJlbHaH BJlalKHOCTb B03D.y xa B OT-
KpblTOM MOpC peD.KO 6 bl Ba CT MeH e c 50% H sa ute scero COCT a BJl HCT
80-85%.
5. Il pa ncpCB03KC rpyao a, OC06C HHO rnrpocxonnx uu x , pace-or -
TblBaCTCH T04 Ka POCbI B TplOMC H r e v n e p a r y p a uapy acu o ro B03D.yx a .
no HX COOTlIOWeHH IO npHHHMa eTCH p CWCHHC 0 ueJl c C0 06pa3H ocTH
BCHTHJlHUHH Tp IOMa .

Bonpocu U sadanun
I . K a K 8AUJlIOm meunepamupa U 8Aa :HCHOCmb 803ayxa Ha nepeeosuuue
epy3 bl.
2. Bu eeiiume coom notu en ue ...e:HCay ep aaycaM u lles scus , <1>ap eHu um a U
Ke,t b8UHaMU.

-70-
 fleKijHR 7. TEMnEPATYPA 11 8flA}/(HOCTb 8031lYXA

3. Haepeeaemcst AU amuoctpepa npu npOXO:HCOeHUU «epes nee COAHe<HbIX

Ay <eu?
4. KaKuM o6pa30M nepedaem csi menAO om noeep xuocmu 3 eMAU 8 am-
Moc¢epy?
5. POJIb OKea H DB 8 amscoapepu.
Ha zpe8aHUU
6. KaK 080 eepmuxasonoe pacnpeiienenue meMn epamypbl amsioctpepe?
7. lfm o maKoe uneepcust? YKa:HCUm e, 8 KaKUX cAy <a fl X MO:HCem 6blm b
UH 8epCUfi meunepamupm.
8. Ifmo maxoe usom epuun?
9. KaKo8 aocon iomnut: MUH UMyM mexneoamuou Ha nAa Heme, zoe OH
Ha6AIOo aemcR u nO'IeMy?
10. Kaxoea MaKCUMaAbHafi meunepamupa 80 30y xa na nnaneme, zo e OH a
Ha6AIOoaemCfI U no<eMy?
/ 1. 'tmo «asue a emcn ycm ou<u8oU cmpamutpuxauu eu ? Ka sax noeo iia
C8f13aHa C yc m ou <u80U cm pa m udnuca uueu?
12. '1mo Ha3bl8aemCfI Heycmou<u80U cmpamudiuxauueu? Kanan noeoiia
C8R3a Ha C neq cm oiiwueot: cm pa m udi u xa uueu?
/3 . '1eM omA u<aemCfI cy m o<Hblu U Z00080U xoo m euneoamupu Hao 800-
HDil. noeepxnocmuto U Haa cuiueu?
14. Hasoeum e x apasmepucm usu 8Aa:HCHocmU 8030yxa , uMelOUjue pasuep-
nocmu Baenenu» . Kasoeo coomHOUlenue ,«eJfCdy HUMU?
/ 5. Iia ame onpeoenenue om HocumeAbHOU 8Aa:HCHOcmu . KaK U3MeHflemCR
om HocumeAbHafi 8Aa:HCHOCmb c U3MeHeHueM mex nep a m up si , C U3MeHeHueM e,
C U3MeneH.U eM t ?
d
16. Ecau meunepamupa 8030yxa paena mouxe POCbl m o, KaK080 coo m -
HOUleHue Me:HC0Y e U E?

- 71-
 ClJI1311'1ECKI1E CBOMCTBA ATMOCClJEPbl

JleKIlHH 8

06nAKA H OCA/lKH

Il,EJIb JIEKIl,HH: 03HaKOMumb C OCH08HbiMU l/JopMa-

MU 06AaK08: 8HelUHUM 8UaOM, MUKpoI/Ju3U'IeCKOU cmp ut>
mypou, eoiinocmsto, nnomnocmsto, eunaikuotuusu: U3 nux
OCaaKaMU. Ilos asams «axue o6AaKa Mozym 6blmb npeiiee-
CTn/JUKaMU yxyatueHUlI nozodu.
Paccuompems ocaoxu, OCa:JICaaTO~UeclI nenocpeii-
cmeenno U3 eosouxa.

06J1a Ka COCTORT 113 xpouresuux xanenex sonu Il (HJlIl) JleJl.RHbI X

KpH CTaJ1J10B, xoropue 06pa 3ylOTcH B pe aynsrare KOHJl.eH CaUlHl
BOJl.HHOrO napa . 5IJl.paMH KOHJl.eHCaI..\HIi HBJlHIOTCH MliKpocKonli4ecKlic
4 a CTIlI..\bI , nan OKcaHaMIi 3TO B OCHOBH OM xpucrannu MOp CKOH
COJlIi. 0 6J1aKa, n c xca uia e aa nOBepXHOCTIi 3 eMJlIi , Ha3bIBalOTCH TyMa-
HOM.
<!lopM a , paaxepsi, Bbl COTa Hli)l(H erO OCHOBaHliH, eep ruxansuas
MOIJ..lHOCTb , Ii xa p a x r e p 06J1aKOB 3aBliC HT OT YCJlOBliH, npn KOTOpbIX
OHII 06pa 30BaJlIICb. n03TOMY, OHII CJlY)l(aT HHJl.liKaTOpaMH pa3J1H4HblX
np0l.\eCCOB, npOliCXOJl.HIJ..lliX B arnocrpepe . B03MO)l(HOCTH pacno ana-
aars pa3J1114Hble cjJOPMbI 06J1aKOB, H saauue conyTcTBylOIJ..lliX liM YC -
JlOBII H IIcnOJlb3YlOTCH B npencxaaauaa noronu .
XOTH p aaucoopaaae 06J1aKOB 6eCKOH e4HO. ax MO)l(HO KJlaCCllcjJlIl.\H-
p oa art, no 0 6 IJ..lII M npu snaxaa . n o BblCOTe Hli)l(HeH rpaanuu OHIl
rp y nnapyiorca B Tp H spyca . 06J1aKa aepxaero spyca HaXOJl.HTCH aa
BbICOTax rio.nee 6000 M. Tev nepar ypu TaM crpuuarensaue Ii 06J1aKa
COCTOHT npenayurec'raenx o li3 JleJl.HHbIX KpliC TaJlJlOB. 06J1aKa cpen-
Hero Hpyca HaXOJl.HTCH aa BbICOTax Me)l(Jl.Y 2000 Il 6000 M. B renno e
Bp eMH r o n a OHIl )I(1IJ1.KO-KaneJlbHble , XOTH BepXHHe IlX CJlOII COJl.Cp)l(aT
JleJl.HHbl e KpIlCTaJlJlbJ. 06J1aKa HlI)I(Hero Hpyca HaXOJl.HTCH ua BbICOTax
MeHee 2000 M. B TenJlOe BpeMH rOJl.a DHIl COCTDHT nO JlHOCTblO 113
xan e.ns , 311MDH - 113 KpIICTaJlJlDB . YKa 3aHHble BbICOTbI xapaxrepnsr
Jl.JlH p ICp CHHbl X unrpor. B HH3KliX uiaporax OHIi pacnonoxcenu ssnue,
a B nonspau x panonax - aa MeHbWliX BbICOTax . Kpove 3TIIX Tpex

-72-
 n OKU'" 8. 05nA KA II OCAIiKIl
•••
•
rp yrm ecrs xoropu e n ax a ua -
ewe 06J1aKa aepraxaasuoro paaauran,
IOTCll B c aMOM HIl)f( HeM spyce Il MoryT n p o c r a p ar sc s 110 rpononayau .
Bunensror 10 OCHOBHblX <jlOp M 06J1aKOB (puc. 1.2 1). Y1x Ha3BaHIlll
COCTaBJleHbI H3 paanusnu x KOM61l HallHH cnenyioumx JlaT IlHCKHX CJlOB:
Cirrus - HHTIl IlJlIl n Y'lKIl BOJlOC,
Cumulus - r p Ylla, CKOn JlCHHe,
Stratu s - CJlOIlC Tble ,
Alto - BblCOKHe,
Nimbus - ocallKH.

H<l KOS3.1bll51
.,,' ~ ' _ ' - -':~"

.
",

'.
,.. ·"\raJlo
:
,~. nep HCTO-CJlOHCTbTe Cs

~?-~.~
~.~-=-= -e:
-=--::--a::-=.-
_"'~
~. 4I: - .=
BblCOKG- CJlOHCTl.le As
,'
'0
'.
;....:

~',:,

PHe . 1.21. <l>OPMbl 06,1aKOB

Or nensnue <jlOpM bI 0 6 J1aKOB Il MelOT p a 3J1Il'lHbl C 8 HllbI H pa s n o -

r""
8HllHOCTIl .

06J1aKa oepxHero llpyca

Cirrus (Ci), p yc cx o e Ha3B aHHe nepucm ue, - ornensnae 8bICO-

KH e, TOHKHe , 8 0JlOKHIlCTble, 6eJlo r o 118eTa, 'la CTO WCJlKOBHCTbl e 0 6J1a·
xa . Y1x BOJlOKHHCTbIH Il nepacruk 8Hll Bbl 38aH Te M, 'lTO OHH COCTOllT
,. H3 nennau x KpIlCTaJlJlOB.
Cirru s n0 1l8J111IOTCli 8 sane: H30JlH p08a HHbIX nyv xos: llJlIlHH blX
TOH KIlX JlIlHllii; n epsea , nOXO)f(IlX x a llblM08bIe <jlaKeJlbl ; 1l30rHYTbiX
nonce. Il epncr u e 06J1aKa MoryT paaa euiar s c a n apan n en s n sn r a none-
caa a , x o r op ue ne p e c e x a ror He60 H, xaxcercs . cxonarcs 8 ollHo ii

-73 -
 cDM3M'iECKME CBOMCTBA ATMOCcDEPbl

T04Ke Ha rOpH30H Te. 3TO 6YAeT HanpaB~eHHe Ha 06~aCTb HH3KOrO

AaB~eHHR. Hs-sa HX BbICOTbl OHH CTaHOBRTCR OCBCmeHHbIMH pam-me,
4eM npyrae 06~aKa yTpOM, H OCTalOTCR OCBemeHHblMH nocne TOrO,
KaK Conaue 3aHAeT. Cirrus sootiuie casaanu C lICIIOH noronon, HO
eC~H aa HHMH c~eAYIOT 60~ee HH3KHe H oonec nnoruue 06~aKa, TO
B lla~bHeilweM MOlKeT 6blTb AOlKAb H~H cser.
Cirrocumulus (Cc) , pyccxoe Ha3BaHHe nepucmo-xpseeue, - Bbl -
COKHe 06~aKa, COCTOllmHe H3 Ma~ eHbKHX 6eJIblX xnonses. 06bl4110
OCBemeHHOCTH OHH He YMeHbwalOT . Paaxeuiaiorca OHH sa netie OT-
Ae~ b H bI M H rpynnaMH H3 napa~~e ~bHbIX ~HH Hii , 4aCTO KaK pR6b, no-
XOlKaR aa neCOK ua notiepexcse H~H BO~Hbl aa Mope . Cirrocumulus
COCTORT H3 ~ eAlIHblX xpacrannoa H conyrcrsyior lIcHoil norone.
Cirrostratus (Cs), pyccxoe lIa3BaHHe nepucmo-cnoucmue, - TOH-
KHe, 6e~ble. BblCOKHe 06~aKa, HHOrAa noxpueaiourae He60 nO~HOC­
TblO H npxnarouute eray MO~04Hblil OTTeHOK, 60~e e H~H MeHee OT4eT-
~HBblil, HanoMHHalOmHil TOIIKYIO sanyrannyio CCTb. JIeAlIHble KpHC-
rannsr, H3 KOTOpblX OIlH COCTORT, npe~oM~RIOT CBeT, H 06pa3ylOT
rano C CO~Hl.leM H~H JIylloil B uearpe (CM . pIIC. 1.7, BK~aAKa). EC~H
B Aa~bHeHweM 06~aKa yron uraiorca H nomoxarorca . TO MOlKHO
lKAaTb BbInaAeHHR ocaAKOB npaaep ao xepes 24 saca. 3TO 06~aKa
CIlCTeMbl rennoro !j>poHTa.
06~aKa sepx nero apyca ocaAKOB He AaIOT.

06~ aK a cp enue ro apyca , OcaAKH

Altocumulus (Ac). pyccxoe Ha3BaHHe eucosoxqweeue, - otinaxa

cpena ero apyca, COCTORmHe H3 cnoa 60~bWHX ornensnux wapoo6-
pasnux Macc . Altocumulus (Ac) nOXOlKH aa 06~aKa sepxnero ap yca
cirrocumulus. nOCKO~bKY OHII nescar HHlKe. HX n~ OT H O C T b , BOIlHOCTb
H paauepu OTAe~bHbIX crpyxrypuux 3~CMeHTOB 60~bwe. 4eM y
cirrocumulus . Altocumulu s (Ac) MoryT pa3~1l4aTbCR no romnane .
GHII MoryT 6bITb OT ocnenarensao 6e~blx. eC~H OCBCmCHbr CO~HlleM ,
AO rexno-cepux. eC~H aaxpusaior ace He60 . I1 x 4aCTO oWll604HO
npHHHMalOT aa stratocum ulus . Haorna ornensasre crpyxrypasre sne-
MeHTbl C~IlBaIOTCR H 06pa3ylOT pRll 60~bWIl X Ba ~OB, nOAo6HblX OKe-
aHCKIlM BO~HaM. C noaocaua caaero He6a MelKAY HIlMIl. 3TIl napan-
~ e~ bll br e non ocu OT~1l4aIOTCli OT cirrocumulus TeM, 'iTO OHH nORB~R-

-74-
 fleK~U' 8. 06flAKA 11 OCAI/KI1 ....
••• •
IOTCH 60JlbWIIMII nJlOTHblMII MaCCaMII . I1HorAa Altocumulus nOHBJlH -
IOTClI nepen rp030H. OcaAKoB OHII, KaK npaBIIJlO, He AaIOT.
Altostratus (As), pyccxoe saaaaane eucoxocnoucmue, - 06J1a-
K3 cpenaero Hpyca , IIMelOll.\lIe BIIA ceporo BOJlOKHIICToro CJlOll .
COJlHue 1IJ111 JIyH3 , eCJlII OHII BIIAHbl, npOCBe'lIlBaIOTCH, KaK xepe a
MaTOBOC CTCKJlO, 'laCTO C BCHUaMII soxpyr CBCTIIJla . I'ano B 3 TIIX
06J1aKaX HC 06pa 3ylOTcH . ECJlII 3TII 06J1aK3 YTOJlll.\aIOTCH, nonasca -
IOTCH, 1IJ111 npeapaurarorcs B HII3Klle paauue Nimbostratus , TO 11 3
~ ...
HIIX Ha'lIlHaIOT esmanars ocaAKII . Torna CJlCAYCT OlKlIAaTb 3aTHlK-
HblX AOlKACH 1IJ111 cnera (na npoTHlKcHlI1I HCCKOJlbKIIX sacou) .
B TenJlOC BpCMH rona KanJlII 113 altostratus, acnapascs, HC AOJleTa-
lOT A O nOBepXHOCTII 3CMJlII . B 311MHee BpeMH OHII Mory naaars 3Ha-
'lIlTeJlbHbIC cneronaau.

06J1aKa HH>KHerO spyca. OcaJJ.KH

Stratocumulus (Sc), pyCCKOC saaaaane cnoucmo-tc uueeu e - H1I3-

xae 06J1aKa, BblrJlHAlIT MlIrKIIMlI, cepuxn Ma ccaMII, nOXO>KIIMII aa
BOJlHbl. OHII MoryT 6blTb C<jJOpMllpOBaHbI B AJlIIHHble , napaan ensusre
B3J1bI, nOA06Hble altocumulus. I1HorAa 113 HII X asmanaior ocaAKII.
Stratus (St), pyccxoe aassanne cnoucmue, - HII3KIIC OAHOPOA-
Hble 06J1aKa , HanOMIIHalOll\lIe TyMaH . lJacTo IIX HII)I(HHH rp aaaua
HaxOAIITCH sa BblCOTC He 60Jlce 300 M. 3aBcca nJlOTHblX stratu s npa-
naer nefiy TyMaHHbIH BIIA. OHII MoryT JlClKaTb na caMOH nOBcpXHO -
CTII 3CMJlII II IIX rorna naauaaror myMaHOM. Stratus MoryT 6blTb
nJlOTHblMlI , II TaK nnoxo nponycxars COJl He 'lHbI H CBeT, 'ITO COJIHUC
aooouie He BIIUHO . OHII, KaK OAeHJlOM, nOKpblBalOT 3eM JlIO . E CJlII
nOCMOTpeTb cBepxy (np0611BWIICb H3 Ca MOJlCTe CKB03b TOJlll.\y 06J1a-
KOB), TO ocaeuteunste COJlHueM, OHII OCJlCnllTCJlbHO 6CJlble . CIIJlbHblH
aerep IIHorAa paapsraaer stratus B KJlO'lbH, Ha3bIBaCMbiC stratus
tractus.
.
e.' -
lob 3TIIX 06J1aKOB 311MOH MoryT asmanars JlerKIIC AeaRHble uenu,
3 B JlCTHC C BpeMH MOpOCb - O'lCHb MeJlKlle KanJlII, asaeuienaue B
B03AYXC II nOCTeneHHO OCCAalOll.\IIC . MOPOCb 6blBaCT 113 CnJlOWHblX
HII3KIIX stratus 1IJ111 113 JlelKall\IIX aa nOBepXHOCTII 3eMJlII , TO CCTb 113
ryaana. TyMaH acerna O'leHb onacea B MOpenJlaBaHIIII . Ilepeoxna:« -
UCHHall MOpOCb MOlKCT Bbl3BaTb 06J1eAeHeHIIC cyUHa.

- 75 -
 f1II1311'1ECKIlE CBoilcTBA ATMOCf1I EPbI

Nim bostratus (Ns), py cc xoe Ha3BaHHe cnoucmo -Boscdeeue.

HIl3Klle. TeMHbIC. CJl OIlCTble , 6ecqJOpMellHble 06J1aKa. nO'lTH O,QHOP0,Q-
nsre, 110 HHor ,Qa C BJi aIKHbl MH KJlO'l bHMH n on HHIK HHM OCH OBaHHeM.
Nimbostratu s 06bl 'lHO OXBaTblBalOT orpoan sre r eppuropnn, H3MepH:
eMblC COTHHMH KIlJlOMCTpO B. H a Bce H 3TOH orpouuoa r eppn ropun
onuoapeaeuno an er CHez HJlH aOJICa b. O ca,QKH aunana ior n on rae
'1aCbI (,QO 10 '1aCOB H oonsure), xa nn a HJlIl CHeIKHHKIl HMelOT He6 0Jl b-
wile pasa epu . IlHTeHCHB HOCTb neoonsuraa. HO aa 3TO BpeMH MOIKeT
Bbm 3CTb 31l3'1HTeJlbHOe KOJlHtleCTBO OCaJl.KO B. I1x lIa3 blB31OT o 6l1oJIC-
HbIMU . AHaJlOrll 'lHbl e OC3,QKH MoryT sunanars eme H3 Altostratus, a
IlHOr.lla H 113 Sirat ocumulus.

06J1aKa BepTIlKaJlbHOrO p3 3BHTHIl. OCaJl.KH

Cum ulus (C u), pyccxoe nasaaaae KY 'l e8ble. - nncrnae 06,1aKa,

oti paayro um ec a B nOJl.HIlMalOmeM CH no BCpTIlKaJlH soanyxe . Il pa
nom.ev e B03Jl.y x annaoarnvecxa oxnascaaerca. Korna er o r cnn epa-
Typa .llOCTllr aeT TO'lKH pOCbI , Ha 'lIlHaeTCH KO HJl.eHCaUHH II B03HIl K3eT
06J13KO. Cu m ulus IlMelOT ropuaosransaoe OCHOBaHlle, BblnYKJI YIO eepx-
HIOIO H 60KOBble nOBepXH OCTIl . Cu mulu s nOHB.1HIOTCH B sane ornens-
HbIX xxonsen, II HIlKOrJl.a He 33KpbIBalOT see He60. Korna sepr axan s-
Hoe paasarne nerionsuroe, 06J1aKa nOXOIKIl H3 KJlO'lhH saru IlJlIl UBeT-
HylO xan ycry, C umulus naau aaiorc a 06J1aKaMIl «xopoureii noronu ».
O HII 06bl'lHO noxsn suorca K nOJlY,QHIO, a K sesepy HC'Ie3aIOT. O,QHaKO
Cu MoryT cnasarsca C altocum u lus, HJlH aupacrars H npeapa uiarsca
B rpoaoa sre cum u lon imbus. Cumulus OTJlH'Ia IOTCH 60Jlbwoii KOHTpac-
THOCTblO 6eJl OH. oca euieanoa COJIHueM, H r eaesos CTOpOHb!.
Cumulonimbus (Cb ), pyccxoe Ha3BaHIle KY'l e80 -aOJICa e8ble, -
MaCCHBHbIC 06J1aKa BCpTHKaJl bllOrO pa3BHTHH. nO,QHHMalOmCCCH rp o-
Mal\HblMH cToJl6aMH sa 60JlbWylO BblCOTY (puc . 1.22, axn anxa), 3TIl
06 J13K3 113'1IlHaIOTCll B caMOM HIlIKHCM apyc e II npocrapa iorc a 1\0
rpononaya sr, a Il HO r.lla aax onsr II B HIIIK HIOIO crparoc diep y . O HII
auure cansix BblCOKIl X rop aa 3eMJle. O c06 eHHo aenn xa HX sepr u-
Ka Jl bH3H MomHOCTb B 3KBaTOpllaJlbHbIX II TpOnH'I eCKIlX uiaporax.
Bepxaas '1 aCTb cumul onimbu s COCTOIlT 113 Jle,QlIHbIX KpIlCTaJlJlOB.
'1aCTO pacr ar aa aioumxc a no ser py B cjJopM e HaKOBaJlbHIl . B Mop e

-76-
 neKU'" 8 . 06nAKA 11 OCA/lKI1 .....
••••
BepWHHa cumu lo nimbus MO)KeT 6bITb BHl\Ha na 60JlbW OM pa c-
CTO HHHH , KOr l\a OCHO BaHHe 06J1a Ka ewe HaXOl\HTCH 3a ropH 30HTOM.
Cu m u l us H c u mu lon i m b us naaa aaior 06J1aKaMH Bep THKaJl bHOrO
pa 3BHTHH . O HH oopaayiorca B p eayn srar e TepMH'leCKOii H l\HHaMH-
,- xe cxoa KOHBeKllHH. H a XOJlOl\HblX eppoHTax cumulonimbus B03HHKa-
·.... lOT B p eaynsrare l\H HaMH'leCKOii KOHBeKllHH .
3TH 06J1aKa Mor yT nOHBJlHTbCH B XOJlOl\HOM sosnyxe B TbIJlOBOii 'laCTH
llHKJlOHa H B nepel\Heii 'laCTH aHTHllHKJlOHa. 3l\eCb OHH 06 pa3ylO TcH B
PC3YJlbTaTe TCpMH'leCKOii KOHBeKllHH H naior, COOTBCTcTBeHHo, BHyTpH-
MaccoBble, JlOKaJlbHble nueneeue ocaoxu. Cumulonimbus H CBH3aHHbie
C HHMH JlHBHH Hal\ OKeaHaMH saute 6blBalOT B HO'lHOe BpCMH, xorna nan
," BOl\HOii nOBepxHocTblO B03l\YX TepMH'leCKH HeycTOii'lHB~ii .
•.
,•.. Oc06eH Ho MOWH ble c u m u loni m b us pa3BH BalOTc H BO BHyT pHTpO-
nH'leCKOii 30He KOHBep r eHllHH (y sxaaropa) H B TpOnH'leCKHX llHKJlO-
s ax . C cumu lo nimbus CBH3 aHbl TaKHe arsiocrpep uue HBJleHHH KaK
JlHBHeBblii l\O)Kl\b, JlH BHeBblii cser, CHe)KHaH x pyna, n enasa a xpyna ,
1':.,-
rposa. rpan, p an y r a . H MeHlI O C c u mulonimb us CBH3aHbl CMCp'lH
(rop aan o), HaH6 0Jlee HHTeHCHBHbl e H HaH60Jl ee 'laC TO Ha6J1IOl\aIOWH-
,
eCH B TpOnH'leCKHX um por ax (pHC. 2.18, 2.19, axnanxa) .
;:- Jlusneeuu 8o:JiC8b (cnee] xapaxrepxayercs Kp ynHblMH KanJlHM H
( XJlOn b HMH cuera) , aaeaanaua Ha'laJlOM , BHe3anHbIM OKOH'laHH eM,
3Ha'lIlTeJlbHOii HHTeHCHBHOCTblO H He6 oJlbWo ii n p Ol\OJl)KHTeJlbHOCTblO
(OT 1-2 MHH no 2 xa coa). JIH BHeBblii l\O)Kl\b ( pHC. 1.23, axnanxa)
t:
JleTOM 'laCTO COn pOBO)Kl\aeTCH rpo30ii .
Jleiinnan Kpyna npencra an a er c060ii ra epnsre uenpospauaue
Jlbl\HHKH paaaepaun no 3 MM , csepxy BJla)KHble. JI el\HHaH xp yna
s sman aer BMeCTe C JlHBHeBblM l\O)Kl\eM aecaoa H ocensio .
Cnescnax Kpyna HM eeT BHl\ a enp oap axau x MHrKH X xp ynau o x
6eJlo ro u se r a OT 2 no 5 MM B l\HaMeTpe. C He)KHaH xpyrta Ha6J11O-
naercs npa WKBaJlHCTOM YCHJleHHH aer p a. 4 ac To CHe)KHaH xpyna
Ha6J1IOl\aeTCH Ol\H OBpeMeHHO C JlHBHeBblM CHerOM.
Fpad asmanaer TOJlbKO B renaoe BpeMH rolla HCKJlIO'lHTeJlbHO npa
JlHBHHX H rp osa x 113 HaH6 0Jlee MOWHblX c u m u lo ni m bus II n p on on xca-
eTCH 06~ 'lHO He 60Jlec 5-- 10 MH H. 3 TO KyCO'lKH Jlbl\a CJlOHCTOii
crpyxr ypu BeJlH'lHHOii C ropowHHy , HO 6b1BaIOT H MHoro 60Jl bWHX
pasa epoa.

- 77 -
 C/l113I1'iECKI1E ceoacte» ATMOCC/lEPbJ

)l.py rHe OCaJJ.KH

HepeJ\KO Ha6J1IOJ\aIOTCH OCaJ\KH B BHJ\e x an ens, KpHCTaJlJlOB HJlH

n sna Ha nOBepXHOCTH 3 eMJl H HJlH npeJ\MeTOB, He aunanaiourae H3
0 6J1aKOB, ·a ocaxnaiouiaecs H3 B03J\yxa n pn 6e306J1a 'l HOM aeoe, ::ITO
poca, HHeH, H3MOp 03b.
Poca - xanna, xoropue nOHBJl HIOTCH aa nan yoe JleTOM B HO'lHOe
BpeMH. Ilpa OTpHu aTeJlbHOH r esin ep arype oepaay ercs uneu. J13MO-
P03b - xp acrann si JlbJ\a ua npoa ona x , OCHaCTKe CYJ\Ha, CTOHKax ,
penx, Ma'lT ax . Oopasyerca H3MOp03b HO%IO, x auie, xorna TyMaH HJlH
Abl MKa, npH r esm eparypax B03J\yxa HHlKe - [ [ Oe.
r OA o A eJ -'1pe3BbitJ aHHO onacuoe HBJJ eHHe. ::ITO JJ eJ\HH aH x op x a,
B03H HKalOlllaH OT 3aMep3a HHH ne peoxnaxcncnao r o TyMaHa, MOpOCH,
xanens J\OlKJ\H HJlH xanens na n ep eOXJJ alKAeHHbI X rtp en sr erax , OCO-
6eHHO aa naser penaux nOBepXHOCTH X. n OA06Hoe HBJJeHHe B03HHKa-
er H OT 3a6pbl3rHBaHHH HJJH 3aJJ HBaHHH n aJJy6bl MOpCKO H BOJ\OH npn
OTpHuaTC,1bHbIX rcsmepar ypax B03J\yxa (pH C. 2.14, BKJlaJ\Ka) .

Onpeneaeuue BblCOTbl 06J1aKa

B MOpC BblCOT bl 06JJaKOB tJa CTO onp eJ\CJJHIOTCH n pH6 JJH3HTeJlbHO.
::ITO - TpYJ\Ha H sanaxa , oc 06eHHO HOtJblO. BblCOTa HHlKHero OCHOBa-
HH H 06JJa KOB aepr u x an s nor o pa3BHTHH (JlI06aH p a3HOBHJ\1l0CTb
cu m u l u s ) , eCJlH OHH 06pa 30BaJlHCb B pe3YJlbTaTe TepMHtJeCKOH KOH-
BeKUHH, MOlK CT 6bl Tb o n p CJ\CJJCHa no nOKa3a HHHM n c ax p onerp a.
BblCOTa , x a KOTOp ylO B03J\YX J\OJJlKeH n OJ\HHTbClI, npescne tJCM HalJ-
aerca KOHJ\eHcaUHH, nponopuaoaaasna pa3HOCTH MelKJ\Y r eu nep ar y-
poil B03J\y xa 1 H TOtJ KOH POCbI t d' B Mop e, 3Ta pa 3HOCTb, YMHOlK aeTCH
aa 126,3 H ncnysaerca BblCOTa HHlKHeH r paaausi KYlJeBbIX 0 6JJaKOB
H B MCTpax. ::ITa 3Mn HpHtJCCKaH !j>opMyJJa Bblr JJHJ\HT:

H = 126,3(1 - Id ) . ( 1.12)

Hanpxaep, reanep arypa no CyXOMy repaoxerpy 26,8°e, H TeM-

nep arypa no CMOtJ CHHOMy r epx oa er py 25,Ooe, TO'lKa POCbl 24°C, 'ITO
na 2,8°e HHlKe, tJeM TeMnepaTypa B03J\yxa. BblCOTa OCHOBaHHH KylJC-
BblX 06JJaKOB 6 YJ\eT panna 126,3 ·2,8 = 353,6 "" 350 M.

-78-
i.-
··
neK~"R B. OSnAKA 11 OCAIlKI1 ..•••
•
BblCOT3 OCIIOB3HH51 CJlOHCT006p33HbiX 06Jl3KOB HH)l(HerO sp yca
(S t. SC, Ns) MO)l( eT 6 blTb o n p en enena n o 3 Mn Hp Htl e CKHM qlOpMy Jl3M :

, ( 1.1 3)
•
, H = 25(102 - fl, (1.14)
•,-
·r
t rne f- OTHOCHTeJlbH351 BJla)l(HOCTb .
s
;,c
;c

,,~ T 3aMeTKH H A OnOJl HeH H51

•• I. OcaAKH CB5133HbI B OCHOBHOM C AByM51 <jJopMaMH 06Jl3KOB : CJlO-

HCTO-D,O>KAe BbIMH (Nb) H KytleBO-AO>KAeBbIMH (Cb).
,• 2. CJlOHCTOo6pa3Hble 0 6Jl a K a HH)l(He rO H cpenn ero 5lp yCOB iNs,
As). a x acr o H se px uero ap y c a (Cs) , Ha6JllOAalOTCR o nnoapeaenno
H3 orp OMHblX npOCTpaHCTBa x . OHH np eACTaBJlRIO T C060H e A H HylO
i MHOr OKHJlOMeTpo BylO 0 6 Jla tl HYlO Maccy, npo c rnpaiouiyioca OT HH>K'
Hero 5lpyC3 A O Bep XHero 5lpyca . 3TO nOJle 06JlatlHOCTH TenJlOrO
<jJpoH Ta. 113 3TH X 06JlaKOB BbJn3 AalOT 06JlO)l(Hble o canxu B BHAe
MeJlKHX xanens (B r ennoe BpeM51) HJlH CHe)l(HHOK (B XOJlOAHOe spe -
M51 rOA3 ) .
r. 3. Kyseso-noxcneaue 06JlaK3 (Cb) 06p33y1OTC 51 aa XOJlOD,HOM
r <jJpoHTe. O HH BbIT51rHB3IOTC51 cpaB HHTeJlbHO n e ur u p o x o a nOJlOCOH

,~. .
BD,OJlb JlHHHH rpponra H D,3 1OT JlHBHH, WKB3JlbI H np , aruo cqrepnue
~ RBJleHHR (r poasr, rpan, CMeptlH, P3D,YrH). TaKHe 06JlaKa Mor yT 6blTb

·£~ .
H He<jJpoHT3JlbHbIMH, B03HH K3Tb B He ycTOHtlHB O CTp aTH<jJHUHpoBaH-
HOM B03D,yxe. 33HHMaTb He60JlbWHe nJlOWaD,H H naaars noxansaue
;
·•, JlHBHeBble OC3D,KH .
4. 3H3tlHTeJlbHble np06JleMbl B MOpenJlaBaHHH C03D,aIOTClI CJlOHCTbl-
••• MH 06JlaKa MH (Si ), Jle )l(aWHMH Ha nOBepxHocTH 3eMJlH - TyMaHoM _
,,•••
•~c Bonpocu U sadanun
• I. Ha Ka KUX Bblcomax I-W XOOflmCfl 06AaKa eepxueeo flpy ca? '1mo Bu
CKaJICeme 06 ux BOOI<OCmu . nn om n ocm u , oalOm AU OI<U ocaoxu, YMel<btualOm
AU OI<U oCBeUjel< I< OC m b?
2. M ozym AU 06AaKa BepXI<e20 flpy ca paccuampuea mscs KaK npoeuoc-
m U ll eCKUU npU31WK u3.~ eH eKUR noeoiiu ?
-79-
 a>U3U'lECKUE CBoilCTBA ATMOCa>EPbI

3. KOKue onmu ~eC Kue Jl8••eHUJl scoeqm tiu m» C8Jl30 Hbi C 06AOKO."U se px -
«e eo Jlpyco ?
4. Ha KOKUX 8blco m ox HOXOaJlmcJl 06AOKO cp eiin eeo Jlp y co ? '1mo Bu
CKO:JH:eme 06 ux eoiinocmu , nAomH ocm u . OOlOm AU OHU OCOOKU. YMeHbUlalO m
/ lU OHU oceeusennocms?
5. Ha KOKUX 8b1comox HOXOaJlmcJl 06/IOKO HU:NC HU O Jlpyco? '1m o B bl
CKO:JH:eme 06 ux eoiinocmu , nAomHocm u. OOlOm AU OHU OCaOKU. y ...ensuuua m
,tu OHU o cee iuen nocms?
6. Kasu e 06Aa Ko 06p0 3y lOmCJl 8 pe3YAbmame KOH8eK~uu?
7. Kasue 0 6/IOKa 06pa3 ylOm CJl npu Heycmou~u80i1 cm p a m u dnnca u u u?
8. H 0 308u m e t/JOp."bl 06Aa K08 ycm oi1 ~u80i1 cm pa mu tpuxauuu.
9. Ilepesucnume t/JOp."bl 06Aa K08 . o OIOUjue ocaiixu
10. Kasue o6AaK a OOlO m MOpOCb? POCCKO :JH:Um e, wmo ma x o e MOpOCb.
II .H3 KOKUX 0 6AOK08 eu naoaiom AU8He8ble OCOOKU? Ilaame x ap a x me-
p ucmuxq .tu 8He8blX ocaiix oe .
12. H 3 Ka KUX 06,IOK 08 eunaoaiom 06AO:NCHble oc aii xu? K OKue OCOaKU
Ha3bl8alOmCJl 06AO:I/CHbIMU?
13. C KaKU."U 06/IOKOMU C8Jl30 Hbl epao, Zp030?
14. C Ka KUM U 06A aKOMU C81130 Hbi cuepuu, po ayzu . LUK80Au cm oe y cu,teHue
eemp a?
15. C KaK UMU 0 6A OKOMU C8 113a Hbl OCO OKU HO o ~ eHb He60A blUuX np o -
cm p a ucm eax ( /lOKaAbHbl e) ?
16. C KaKUMU 06/IOKaMU C8Jl3aH bi OcaOKU "a o~eH b 60.t blUUX m eppu m o -
pUJlx?
17. Pa CCKO:JH:Um e 06 ocaox a x , «o mop ue He C8Jl3a Hbl C 06AOKOMU. a c ease-
oa tam cx U3 80.3ayxa .

-80 -
 neKL\l-1Sl 9

BH,QHMOCTb. TYMAHbl

IJ,ERb REKIJ,HH: Ilam» npedcmaenenue 0 '1pe3BbI'WU-

HO onaCHOM dAJl uopennaeauun JlBAeHUU - nAOXOU euiiu-
nocmu U3-3a myMaHa, MZAbl U dp.
B AeKlj uu pticcuampuetuomcn epu3uKa ux 06pa30Ba-
HUJl, CUHOnmU'IeCKUe yCAOBUJl U pauoHbl pacnpocmpaneuun
mipsanoe U MZAbl. 06paU{aemcJl euusuinue na ocotiennoc-
mu npoxoxiienux B nux 3BYKOBblX U enexmposuienumnux
BOAH. Paccn ampueasomcn deUCm 6UJl cyd060dumeAJl 6
YCA06UJlX n,lOXOU 6UaUMocmu.

KAIO'Ie6b1e CA06a: x apera'ran, uiawaa, Mope MpaKa , TyMaH

TpOnH'leCKOrO B03JJ.yxa, CMor.

BHJlHMOCTb lO aaau aa icr TO MaKCHMaJl bH Oe p a CCTOSlHHe n o ro p n -

3 0HTaJl H, ua KOTOpOM npenu er MOlKeT 6 blTb o rt penene u no BHJleH H
p 3 c n 0 3H3H n p u JlHeBH OM CBeTe . OpH OTCyTCT BHH KaKHX-JIH60 npnae-
c eH B a o snyx e OHa CO CTa BJIHe T JlO 50 KM (27 MOp CKHX MHJIb ).
B Ha CTOHw.eH JIe KUHH Mbl 6YJleM paCCMaTpHBa Tb nn oxyio BHJlHMOCTb,
KaK onaCHo e HBJIe HHe B MOp enJIaB aHHH .
BHJlHMOCTb CHHlKae TCH H3- 3a HaJIH'lHH B s o sn yxe lK HJlKHX H rsep-
lI b1X 'laC THU. BHlIH MOCTb yxyn uraior lIblM , n bIJIb , n eCOK, By JIKaHH 'l eC-
KHH n erten . Taxoe Ha6 J1 lOJla eTCH , xorna CTOHT T y MaH, c xor, MrJla, npa
BbmaJle HHH ocansoa. n a JlbHO CTb BHJJ.HMOCTH yosra aer OT opsrsr B
Mope B WTOpM OBy lO n oro JJ.y npH CHJIe BeTpa 9 H 60JIee 6aJIJIOB
(40 y3JIOB, OKOJIO 20 M/C) . BHJlHMOCTb CTaHOBHTCH XylKC n p H HH3KOH
cn JlOW HOH 06J1a'l HOCTH H B cyaepx a x .

MrJla

MrJIa - nOMyTHeHHe arsroc rpepsr H3-3a B3 BeweHHblX B Heii TBe p-

JlblX 'laCTH U, TaKH X KaK nblJlb. neCOK, ByJIKaH H'leCKaH n blJIb, a raxxce
H3 -3a JlbIMa. ra ps H np, O p H CHJlbHOii MrJIe BHJlHMOC Tb n OHHlKaeTCH JlO

- 81 -
 C1>11311'IECKI1E CBoilCTBA ATMOCC1>EPbI

COTCH, a H HHor,Qa ,QO ,QCClIT KOB MCTpOB, KaK np n rycr ox TyMaHC .

Mrna. KaK npas uno. lIBJllICTCn CJlC,QCTBHCM n hl Jl hH hl X (nCC'laHhI X)
B B03,QYX CHJlbHblM BCTpOM
6 yph. nO,QHHMaJOTClI ,Qa }K C cpaBHHTCJlbHO
xpynaue xacrnua. :':lTO TH nH'lHOC lIBJlCHHC nycruas H pacnaxauaux
cren ea. Kpynssre xacraua pacnpocrpassnorca B caMOM HH}KHCM CJlOC
H OC CllaJOT B6J1H3H csoero ox a ra . MCJlKHC xacruusr pa3HOClITClI TC'lC -
HHlIM H B03,Qyxa a a 60JlhWHC p a CCTOllH HlI , a BCJlCIlCTBHC Typ6yJlCHTHO -
CTH B03,Qyxa n p OHHKa JOT BBCpX n a 3Ha'l HTCJlb HYJO BbI COT y . M CJlKO,QHC-
nepcaas nbIJlb coxpauaercs B B031lyXC IlJlHTCJlbHOC BpCMlI , 'laCTO npa
n OJlHOM OTCyTCTBHH BCTpa . lI,BCT COJlHlJ,a CTaHOBHTClI KOpH'lHCBa ThlM.
()TH OCH TCJlbHall BJla}KHOCTh npH 3THX lIBJlCHHlIX HH3Kall.
O blJl b H3 Caxapu CCBe pO-BOCT O'l HbI MH BCTpaM H BbIHOCHTClI B
ATJlaHTHKy. 5 hl Ba CT , 'I TO H3-3a MrJl bl y OCTpOBOB 3eJleHOrO Mhlca CO -
3,QaJOT c lI Tn}K eJlbl e YCJlOBHlI nnasa ana : n noxas BH.llHMOCTb, HH3Kall
OTHOCHTCJlb Ha ll BJla}KHOCTh B03,Qyxa , .llHCKOM¢OpTH bIC YCJlOBHlI .llJl ll
3KHna }Ka . O bl Jl b CJlOCM noxpusaer nanyoy , B oc060 HHTeHCHBHbl X
c n y s aa x npHXO.llHTC lI aaneaart, MaCKH. Obl Jl h npOHH KaCT BO se e
uieaa , s acopser BCHTHJllIl\HOH Hble x an a n st , MO}K e T BbIBO,QH Th H3
crpos n p n o o p u . 4 a CTb ATJlaHTHKH y f BII Hc iic Ko r o n ooe p e xc s a nO JlY-
'lIlJla Ha3BaHHC MOpll MpaKa .
OblJlh MO}KCT n epexocarsca Ha 6 0JlbWHC paCCTOllHHlI, Ona OTMC -
xanac s n a 50JlhWHX II M a Jl bI X AHTIIJl bCKIIX OCTpOBax. O hlJlb 113 Ap a -
BIIH CKHX n y c r u n s B03,QYWHhlM H TC 'lC HlI lIM II BblHOCH TClI B Kpacuoe
MOpC II B OCPCH,QCKHii 3a Jl HB.
H see }KC, n p a Mrne HHKOr.lla HC 6blBaCT CTOJlb nnoxojl BH,QHMO-
CTH, xaxa a Ha6J1JO,QaeTClI npa r y a aa a x .

TyMaHbl . Ofiuiaa xapaKTCpHTHKa

T y Ma Hhl npC,QCTa BJllIJOT O,QHY H3 Hall60Jl bWHX onaCHOCTcii .llJlll

MOpCnJlaBaHHlI (pHC. 1.24, axnaaxa) . Ha IIX COBCCTH MHoro asapaa,
'le JlOBC'lCCKHX }K H3 HCii , 3aTo HyB w HX CY.llOB . Pacca orpna T y M a Hbl
nonpocno.
() r y a a u e r o n o p s r , xorna r op a ao u r an s u a s BH,QHMOCTb H3-3a co-
n e p aca uia x c s B B03,Qyxe xa nen s HJlH Kp HCT a JlJl OB BO.llbl CTaHOBHTClI
MeHCC 1 KM . ECJlII BH,QIIMOCTb 60Jlee 1 KM, HO HC 60Jlcc 10 KM , TO
r axoe YXY,QweHIIC BH,QH MOCTH Ha 3 hI Ba e T ClI ,QblMKOiL ()THOCHTeJl h Ha ll

- 82 -
 neK~H. 9. BMt/I1MOCTb. TYMAHbI

BJlalKHOCTb B0311yxa npn TyMaHe 06bI'lHO 60Jlee 90% . CaM no ce6e

BOllHHOi\ nap BlIlllIMOCTII HC YMCHbwaeT. BlIlllIMOCTb CHlIlKalOT KanJlII
II xpa crannu sonsr, TO ecrs nponyxr sr KOHlleHcaUlI1I aonxaoro napa.
KOHlleHcaUIIH npOIICXOlllIT, npll nepeHaCWLUeHIIH B0311yxa BOllH-
HblM napov II HaJllI'lll1l snep KOHlleHcaUIIII . Hall MopeM 3TO, B OCHOB -
HOM, MeJlKlle 'laCTIIUbl MOpCKOi\ COJlII. Ilepeaacuuteane B0311yxa BO-
llHHblM napox npOIICXOlllIT npa OXJlalKlleH1I1I B0311yxa 1IJ111 B cayxasx
nonomnrrensnoro nocrynneann aonsnoro napa, a IIHorlla B pesyns-
rare CMeweHIIH llBYX B03.ll.YWHbIX Macc. COOTBeTCTBeHHO, pa3J1I1'lalOT
TyMaHbl OXAa:JICaeHUR, ucnapeuun U CMelUeHUR.

TYAtaHbl oxnascoenu»

BOllHHOi\ nap «ouneucnpyercs B pe3YJIbTaTe OXJIalKAeHIIH B03Ayxa

AO TO'lKII POCbl. TaK oopaayrorca TyMaHbl OXJIalKlleHIIH - Ha1l60JIb-
uras rpyrma TyMaHOB. OHII MoryT 6blTb paAllaUIIOHHbIMII, aABCKTIIB-
HblMII II oporpaqnorecxaua .
Paouauuonnue myJ,taHbl. OOBepXHOCTb 3CMJIH 113JIy'laeT llJIHHHO-
BOJlHOBYIO pannauato. lI.HeM norepu sneprau nepexpuaaxrrcs npuxo-
1l0M COJlHe'lHoi\ paaaauaa. HO'lb1O panaauaouuoe 113JIY'leHlle npIIBO-
llllT K nOHlIlKeHHIO rexneparypu nOBepXHOCTII 3eMJIII. B acnsie HO'lIl
, oxnaxcnenae noncrnnarouiea nOBepXHOCTH npOIICXOlllIT HHTeHCIIB-
'"
• nee, 'leM B nacaypnyio norony, OXJIalKAaeTCH II npanerarouiaf K no-
BepXHOCTII B03AYX. ECJIII oxnaacaeaae 6YAeT AO TO'lKII POCbl II HIIlKe,
TO B 6C3BeTpeHHylO norony oopaayerca poca. lI.JIH 06pa30BalIIIH
TyMaHa He06xOAIIM CJIa6blii serep . B 3TOM cnyxae. B pe3YJIbTaTe
Typ6yJIeHTHOro nepeaeurasannn, OXJIalK.ll.aeTClI HeKHii 06beM (cnoa)
B0311yxa II B 3TOM CJIoe oopasyerca xoanescar. T.e. TyMaH. CIIJIbHWii
serep npaaoaar K nepeMeUlIIBaHHIO 60JIbUlIIX 06beMOB B0311yxa.
pacccsamo KOHAeHcaTa II ero ncnapeumo. TO ec-rs K IIC'le3HOBeHlllO
ryaana,
Panaauaouaua TyMaH MOlKeT npocraparscs AO BblCOTW 150 M.
, OH AOCTllraeT MaKCHMaJlbHOii IIHTCHCIIBHOCTH nepeA, llJIII BCKOpC
nOCJIe BOCXOAa COJIHua, K MOMeHTy aacrynnenaa MHHIIMaJIbHOii TeM-
neparypu B0311yxa. YCJIOBIIH, Heo6xoAIIMble AJIH o6pa30BaHIIH paAII-
aullOHHoro TyMaHa :
- 60JIbWaH BJIalKHOCTb B0311yxa B HHlKHIIX CJlOHX arnocqiepsr:

-83-
 QM311'iECKME CBOI1CTBA ATMOCQEPbI

- YCTOH4HBafi cTpaTHqJHKa UHfi arn ocrpepsr;

-- MaROo6Ra4 Ha R HRH RCHaR n Oro A a ;
- cR a 6 bl H BeT Cp.
Hcsesaer Ty Ma H Cnporpenaaaea 3eMHOH nOB ep XHOCTH n OCRe BOC-
x on a C ORHua . Tenneparypa B03Ayxa pacrer H KanRH acn apsnorcs .
HaA BonHOH n OBc p XHOCTb lO TaKHe TyM aHbI He 0 6pa3ylOTCfI . CYT01I-
a sre KORe6a HHR reunepar ypsr nOBcpXHOCTH BOAbl , a COOTBCTCTBCHHO
H B03Ay xa, 04eHb MaRbl. Tean eparypa H04blO n04TH TaKaR »ce , Ka K H
AHCM. PanHaUHOHHoro Bbl XORa)KHBaHHR He npOHCXOAHT, HeT H KOH-
A e Hc a UHH BOA RHoro na p a . T e M He MeH c e , pa A HaUHOHHble Ty MaHbl
Mor yT C03AaBaTb np0 6R CM bi B Mop cnRaB aHHH . B npH 6pe )KH bl X pa iio-
u ax Ty Ma H. KaK ena uoe uenoe , CTeKaeT C XOROAHbl M , a 3Ha 4 HT TR)K e -
R bl M, B03AyXOM H3 BOAHylO n OBep XHOCTb . 3 TO MO)K e T YCHRli Ba T b c R
euie Ii HO'IHblM 6pH3 0M C CyWH . .lla)K e 0 6 Ra Ka , 06pa3 0Ba BwH cc R
H04blO Ha A B0 3BbI weH HblMH n 0 6 epe)KbRMH , Mor yT n e pe aoc n r s c a H04-
HblM 6 p H30M n a n oae pxs o c -n, BOAbl , 4TO Ha 6 R IOAa e TCfI n a MHo r HX
nooepcacss x yucp euau x WHpOT . Ha p HC. 1.25 (BKRaAKa) np encras-
RCHa <j> o To rpa<j>HH n opra rH6paRTa p . 0 6 Ra4Hafi uranxa C XORMa
4aCTO CTe KaCT BHH3, aaxpuaa a nonxonsr K 6 epery . H e 011HH pa s 3 TO
npHBoAHRO K CTORKHOBeHHRM CYAOB.
Aoeekmuenue muu ak »: B0 3H HK31OT B peayn srare a ABCK UHH ( r o -
PH30 HT3R bHo ro nepeaoca) renno ro BRa )KHOrO B03Ayxa n a x ORoA HylO
nOACTHRalOmylO nOB cpXHOCTb .
A AB eKTHBHble TyM a Hbl Mor yT onaospe aenuo OXB3 TbiBaTb o rp o x-
HbIe npoc rpaacraa n o r opH30HTaRH (vao rnc COTHH KHRoM eTpoB), a
no Bcp THKaRH npocrap arscs AO 2 KM. OHH He HMelOT Cy T04 HOro XOA a
H MoryT cy uiecrsoaan, J\RHTeR bHoe Bp eM R. HaJ\ cyweH H0 4 b lO OHH
YCHRHBalOTCfI aa C4eT paJ\HaUHOHHbI X <j>aKTopOB . B TaKOM c n y xae HX
aaaus aicr aJ\Be KT HBHo -p aJ\Ha UHOHHbI MH. AJ\B eKTHBHbIC TyMaHbl 6 bl -
BalO T H npa 3 Ha 4 HTeR b HblX s erpax, npn yC ROBHH, 4TO CTpaTH<j>HKa-
UHR B03J\yxa YCTOH4HB3 R.
3TH TyMaHbl Ha 6 RIOJ\3IOTC fI HaJ\ cy we ii B XOROllHoe s pe xs r ona
npH 3aTOKa x Ha Hee OTHOCHTeRbH O TenRoro H BRa)KHOrO B03J\y x a C
BOJ\HOii nOBepXHOCTH. TaKoe npOHCXOJ\HT B TyMaHHoM A Rb6HOHe ,
3anaJ\HoH Esp one. n p H6 p c )K HbI X p aaoaax . B nOCReJ\HeM cnysae ,
e CRH TyMaHbl OXBaTblB alO T c p a BHHTeR b HO He 6 0 RbwHe re p pnr o p s n,
OHH H33bIBalOTCfI npHMopCKHMH.

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 neK~H. 9. BI1IJI1MOCTb. TYMAHbI

A.llBeKTHBHble TY~laHbl - HaH60Jlee xacrtae TyMaHbl B oxeane,

6blBalOT y no6epellmii H B rJly6HHe OKeaHOB. Ona sccrna CT05JT nan
XOJlO)lHbIMH TeqeHH5JMH. B OTKpbITOM MOpe HX MOll<HO BCTpeTHTb
TaKlI<C B rcnnsrx cexropax UHKJlOIIOB, B KOTOpblX Ha6J1IO)laCTC5J ncpe-
1I0C aosnyxa H3 oonee rennux paiiOHOB oxeana.
Y 6eperOB OIlH MoryT BCTpeTHTbC5J B JlI060e BpeM5J rona . 3HMOii
OHH, ocpaayacs nan cyweii, MoryT QaCTl1qHO CnOJl3aTb aa BOtlHYIO
nOBepXHOCTb. JIeToM anaex'rnausie TyMaHbl 6blBalOT y 6eperOB B rex
cJlYQa5IX, xorna TenJlblii BJlall<Hblii B03tlyX C KOHTHHeHTa B npouecce
UHpKyJlHUHH nepeXOtll1T Ha OTHOCI1TeJlbHO XOJlOtlHYIO BOtlHYIO nOBep-
XHOCTb.
0p113HaKI1 CKoporo HCQe3HOBeHI15J atlBeKTI1BHOrO TyMaHa:
a) H3MeHeHI1e HanpaBJleHI15J BeTpa;
6) HCQe3HOBeHI1e TenJlOrO ceKTopa UI1KJlOHa ;
B) HaQaBWHiic5J tlOll<tlb.
Opoepatpuuecsue muuaru» HJlI1 trujuan»: CKJlOHOB 06pa3ylOTC5J B
ropHoii MCCTHOCTI1 npl1 MaJlOrpatlHeHTHOM 6apl1QeCKOM nOJle. OHH
CB5J3aHbl C )lOJlHHHbIM BeTpOM H Ha6J1IO)laIOTC5J TOJlbKO AHeM. B03tlYX
AOJlHHHblM BeTpOM nOAHI1MaeTCH BBepx no CKJlOHY 11 atlHa6aTI1'1CCKH
oxnascnaercn. KaK TOJlbKO renneparypa )lOCTl1rHeT TO'lKI1 pocu,
Ha'lI1HaeTCR KOHtleHCaUI15J H o6pa3yeTC5J 06J1aKO. ,Ll.Jl5I lI<l1TeJleii CKJlO-
na 3TO oyner TyMaH. TaKHe rysransr MOpenJlaBaTeJlH Moryr BCTpe-
TI1Tb y ropncrux oeperoa OCTpOBOB H IWHTI1HeHTOB . TyMaHbl MoryT
3aKpblBaTb aa CKJlOHax Ball<Hble Opl1eHTl1pbI.

TyMaHbl ucnapenust

KOHlleHCaUH5J B01l5JHOrO napa MOll<eT npOHCXOtll1Tb He TOJlbKO B

pesynsrare OXJlall<)leHI15J, HO H npa nepeaacuuieauu sosnyxa BO)l5JHbIM
napou H3-3a acnapeuas BOAbJ. Y!cnapRlOlUa5JCR BOAa nonxcaa 6bITb
rennori, a B03AYX XOJlOAHbIM, pa3HOCTb resmeparyp - He MCHCC
10°C, CTpa TH<jJHKaUHR XOJlOllHOrO B03Ayxa - yCToii tll1BOii . OPI1 3TOM
B caMOM HH)KlleM npanonuoa cnoe YCTallaBJlHBaeTC5J HCYCTOiiQl1Ba5J
CTpaTH<jJHKaUI1R . ::lTO auauaaer nOTOK 60JlbWOrO KOJlI1QeCTBa BOAR-
nero napa B aruoctpepy. 011 TyT »ce 6ytleT KOHAeHCI1pOBaTbC5J B
XOJl0tlHOM B03Ayxe . B03HHKaeT TyMaH acnapenas . l.J:aCTo OH HeBeJlI1K
no BepTHKaJlH, HO ero nJlOTHOCTb OQeHb 60JlbWa5J H COOTBeTCTBeHHO

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 (/lff311'IECKI1E CBOHCTBA ATMOCtPEPbI

BHllHMOCTb osens n JlOXaH . !1Hoii pas HS ryxaaa ropsar TOJlbKO Ma'l-

TbI cynna . TaKHe TYMaHbl Ha6J1I011aIOTCH Hall TenJlblMH Te'leHHRMH .
OHH caoiicrseaaa paaony Hsiorpaynnaeana, ua CTbIKC rennoro rexe-
HHH rOJlbcjJCTpHM H XOJlOJJ.Horo Jlaripanopcxoro Te'leHHH. 3TO paiiOH
HHTeHCH BHoro CYllOXOllCTBa, 'ITO YBeJlH'IHBaeT onaCHOCTb.
TyMaHbI HcnapeHHH MoryT 6b1Tb H 60JlbWHMH no BCpTHKaJlH .
B C eBepHOM JIeJJ.OBHTOM oxeaae H B Ceacpaoa ATJla HTHKe OHH ua-
6,11OJJ.aIOTCR Hall OTKpblTblM MopeM B SHMHee BpeMR. CIOJJ.a resenae
rOJlbcjJCTpHM npHHOCHT rennue BOJJ.bI HS HHSKHX WHpOT. B 9THX paii-
onax nOTOK cxpuroro renna OT okeana MO)l{eT 6blTb enaacrsexnoa
HJlH nO'lTH CJJ.HHCTBeHHoii nOJlO)l{HTeJlbHOii COCTaBJIRlOmeii TenJlOBOrO
rianauca . B peaynsrare, reaneparypa BOSJJ.yxa SHMOii SJJ.eCb MHoro
auuie cp eJJ.HeWHpOTHOii H JJ.JlR nee xapaxrepna MaJlaH BpeMeHHaR
H3MeH'IHBOCTb. TaK, B !1CJlaHJJ.HH rearteparypa coxpannerca OKOJlO
O°C BCIO SHMy.
Y 6eperOB CKaHllHHaBHH , y KOJlbCKOr O nOJlyo cTpoBa H JJ.aJlee K
ceeepy TyMaHbI O'lCHb sactsr. Ilpa XOJlOllHbIX serpax C 6epera ryxa-
HbI CTaHOBHTCH euie 60Jlee I1J10THblMH H 60Jlee BbICOKHMH.
B SaJlHBe CBHToro JIaBpeHTHH TyMaH HHorlla npOCTHpaeTCH no
BepTHKaJlH JJ.O 1500 MeTpOB. Ilpn nOM rewneparypa B03JJ.yxa MO)l{eT
6blTb HH)I{e goC Moposa H aerep nO'lTH WTOpMOBoii CHJlbl. TyMaH B
TaKHX YCJlOBHHX COCTOHT H3 JleJJ.HHbIX KpHCTaJlJlOB, OH nJlOTHbIii C
ouens nnoxoa BHllHMOCTblO. TaKHe nJlOTHbIe MOpCKHC TyMaHbI nOJlY-
'1HJlH Ha3BaHHe MOP03HblU abtM HJlH apKTH'IeCKHii MOpCKOii JJ.blM H
npeJJ.CTaBJlHIOT cepseaayto onaCHOCTb .
BMeCTe C TeM npa HeycToii'lHBOii CTpaTHcjJHKal.lHH BOSJJ.yxa 6blBaeT
He6oJlbWOe JlOKaJlbHOe napenue MOpR He npeJJ.CTaBJIHlOmee onacao-
CTH llJIH aasarauaa. BOlla KaK 6bl KHnHT (pHC . 1.26, BKJlaJJ.Ka), Hall
Hcii nOj.lHHMaIOTCR cTpyiiKH « n a p a» H TyT )l{e pacceasarorcs. BCTpe-
'1aIOTCR TaKHe RBneHHR B CpeJJ.H3eMHOM Mope, y rOHKOHra , B
MeKCHKaHCKOM 3aJlHBC (npa OTHOCHTeJlbHO XOJlOJJ.HOM CCBCpHOM BeT-
pe «Norther» ) H B npyrax MeCTax.

TyMaHbl cmetuenun
Oripasoaauae ryxana B03MO)l{HO eure npa cMeweHHH JJ.ByX B03-
llYWHbIX Macc, Ka)l{llaH H3 KOTOpbI X HMe eT BblCOKYIO OTHOCHTeJlbHYIO

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 fleKijWR 9. BI1j1I1MOCTb. TYMAHbI

BJlalKHOCTb. CMeCb MOlKeT OKa3aTbCR nepeaacuuieanoa BOllRHblM

napox. Hanpnaep, ecnn XOJlOllHblil B0311yX BCTpe4aeTCR C Ten JlbIM Il
BJlalKHbIM , TO nOCJlellHllil 6YlleT oxnascnarsca aa rpaaaue CMeWeHHlI
H TaM MOlKeT B03HIlKHYTb TyMaH. TyMaH nepezi TenJlblM (jJpOHTOM HJlH
(jJpOHTOM OKKJl103HIl 06bl'leH B yaepennux H BblCOKIlX UIHpOTax .
Taxoa TyMaH CMeweHlllI 1l3BeCTeH KaK (jJpOHTaJlbHblii. Bnp04eM, ero
MOlKIIO paCCMaTpHBaTb Il KaK TyMaH ucnapeaaa, nOCKOJlbKY Oil B03-
HHKaeT npll IlcnapeHIlH TenJlblX KaneJlb B XOJlOllHOM B0311yxe .
TyMaHbl CMeweHHR 06pa3y1OTclI y KpOMKH JlbllOB H nan xononau-
MH Te'leHHRMH . Ailc6epr B oxeane MOlKeT 6b1Tb oxpyscen TyMaHoM,
eCJlH B B0311yxe 1l0CTaTO'l1l0 MHoro BOllRHoro napa.

reorpa(jJHR TyMaHoB

B 3KBaTOpllaJlbHblX H TpOnH'IeCKHX paiiOHax OKeaHOB TyMaHoB He

6blBaeT. TaM renao, HeT pa3J1H4llil B rexneparype Il BJlalKHOCTH
B0311yxa llHeM H HO'lb1O. T.C. nosra ner cyroxuoro xona .3THX MeTeo-
pOJlOrH'ICCKHX BeJlH'IHH.
Y1CKJlIO'ICHHe COCTaBJIR1OT HeCKOJlbKIlX MeCT. 3TO 06WHpHbiC paiiOHbI
y rieperoa Ilepy (lOlKHaR AMepIlKa). HaMIl6HH (lOlKHaR A(jJpHKa) H y
Mblca rBaplla(jJyil B COMaJlH . 80 scex .3THX MeCTax Ha6J1I011aeTClI aneen-
/lUHiJ (nozrsea XOJlOllHblX rJly6HHHblX BOll). TenJiblil BJlalKHblil B0311YX
TponIlKOB. narexas na XOJlOllHYIO BOllY, oopasyer ansexruaaue TyMaHbl.
TyMaHbl B rponxxax MoryT acrpexarscs y KOHTHHeHTOB. TaK, nopr
rll6paJlTap YlKC ynovuaancs. B nopry Caaranyp He IlCKJl104eH TyMaH
(8 llHCil B rony), B A6HlllKaHc 110 48 llHeil C TyMaHaMH . HaH60JlbWee
IlX KOJlll4CCTBO B aanase Pllo-lle-)KaHeilpo - 164 llHR B ron,
8 yMepeHHblx uiaporax TyMaHbJ oseas pacnpocrpaaeaaoe RBJlC-
Hlle. 3Jl,eCb OHH Ha6J11011a1OTCR y oeperos Il B r Jly61lHe OKeaHOB. OHH
3aHIlMa1OT orpoauue repparopaa, 6blBa1OT BO see ceaoau rona, HO
oc06eHHo 'IaCTbI 3HMOii.
OHH xapaxrepuu H llJlil nonspnux paaoxos y rpanau JlelllIHblX
nonejt . B Cesepuoa ATJlaHTHKe H B CCBepHoM JIcllOBHTOM OKeaHC .
Kylla npOHHKalOT rennsre BOllbI Foastpcrpaaa. B XOJlOllHOC BpCMlI
rona CTOlIT nOCTORHHblC r yaausr . 4acTbI OHIl y KpOMKH nsna H JlCTOM.
Haaoonee 'IaCTO TyMaHbl B03HHKa1OT aa CTblKC rennux Il XOJlOllHblX
Te'leHHil H B MeCTax, rne nOllHHMa1OTCiI rJly61lHHbie BOllbl. BCJlIlKa

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 cDI1311'I ECKI1E CBofiCTBA ATMOCcDEPb/

nOBTOp5l eMOCTb TyMa HoB y n06 epe)l(Hii. B 3 HMHe e BpeM5I OHH B0 3HIl '
KalO T n p a al\BeK UHH r enn o r o BJla)l(HOrO s o an y x a C okea na n a cy wy,
HJlIl xorn a XOJlOl\Hblii KOHTIlHeHTaJIbHblii B03l\YX CTeKaeT BHIl3 sa OT'
HOCIlTeJl bHO TenJlYIO Bony . B JIeTHe e BpeM5I B03l1.YX C KOHTIlHeHTa,
nonanas n a OTHOCIlTeJIbHO XOJIOl\HYIO BOl\HYIO n OBep XHOCTb , roxce
naer ry aa n.
C TO'IKII 3peHIl51 CIlHOn T Il'leCKOr O nOJIO)l(eHIl5l , TyMaHbI 31lMOH na-
6 JlIOl\aIOTClI B Ten,10M cexrope UIlK,10Ha, nepen TenJibIM cjlp OHTOM II
<!>POH TOM OKKJlI0 31l1l. T YMa HbI MoryT 6blTb CB5I3aHbI II C 06JIaCTllMIl
suco xoro l\aBJIeH Il5l . T a K, n03l\Heii aecuoa II paHHIlM JIeTOM, B CeBep·
HOM MOpC, noll. BJlllll HlleM 06JIaCTIl a u coxo r o l\aBJICHH5I Hall. CKaHl\Il '
HaBHeii , <!> 0p~lIlp yeT clI c ,1a6bIH BOCTO'lH bI H, l\OCTaTO'l HO YCTo ii 'lIlBbIH
n OTOK aosn yxa ua BOCTO'l HOe notiepeacse B eJIHK06pIl TaHHIl . C XOJI Ol\-
Hoii n OBep x HOCTH BOl\bI n p HXOl\lIT C BOCTO'lHblMH Be TpaMH TyM aH HJIH
HIl 3 KHe CJlOIlCT ble 06JlaKa . C yw a B 3 TO apex s y xce OTHOCHTeJI bHO
npo rpera . Hrrrepecao, 'ITO B HeKOTopbIX MeCTax TyMaH npHXOl\HT C
n p HJlIl BOM, C XOJIOll.HOH MOpCKOH BOl\OH, H YXOl\IlT C OTJlHBOM, nOCJlC
xero 06Ha )l(IlBWIlH C5I neCOK sucrynaer y)l(e B pOJI H nOBep XHOCTIl
3eMJIH .

neii CTBIlR CYl\OBOl\IlTeJIH npll nJIo x oii BIll\IlMOCTIl

PaiiOH bl , OXBa 'lCH Hble TyMa Ho M, cn en y er 1l36 eraTb Ha CKOJIbKO 3TO

B03MO)l(HO. 06WIlpHbIe paiiOHbI TyMaHoB B JIeTHllii n e p a o n MO)l(HO
o6oiiTIl , Bbl6paB nYTb B 60JIee HIl3KIlX umporax. 113-3a 3TOro nepexon
CTaHeT l\,1IlHHee , HO BpeMlI n epe x o n a MO)l(eT OKa3aTbClI MeHbWIlM,
6Jlaroll.apll TOMy, 'ITO He Hy)l(HO 6Yl\eT CHll)l(aTb CKOpO CTb. D OJIe e r o r o,
YMeH bWIlTClI YCTaJlOCTb 3Kll na)l(a , a o aaa x a iouia a acnencr aae n OBbI-
w eHHblX Tpe60BaHIlii K 6l\HTeJIbHOCTIl npa He c eHHIl BaX TbI.
OnHIl M H3 Ba)l(HeiiwllX <!>aKTopoB, xoropue He06xol\IlMO n p " HI Ma Tb
BO BHIlMall lle npn asmon uenaa nnana nc pexozia IlJIIl np a npllHlITll 1l
peurex an OTHOCIlTeJlbHO OTKJIOHeHHH OT Hero , lIBJl lllOTCR « Me TeOp OJIO'
ras e cxae y CJIOBIl 51 o c06eHHO B paxoaax, 1l3BeCTHblX '1 aCTblMIl nepaona-
Mil nnoxoii Bllll.IlM OCTIl ». TaK aarnrcano B P e3 0 JIIOUIl ll A .893(21)
« P YKOBOl\CTBO n o n JiaHllpOBaH1l1O p eiic a » , npll HlITo ii KOMIlTeToM no
oeson acnocr « na Mo p e M e)l(l\YHap0Jl.H Oii MOp CKO ii o p ra a aaau a a ( I M O)
na A CCaM6Jlee 25 H05l6pll 1999 r.

- 88 -
 n eKUHR 9. BMtlMMOCTb. TYMAHbl

E C,lH BCC IKC cynao OKa3blBaCTCll B r yu aue, TO uano llciicTBOB aTb

B COOTBCTCTBHH C M ClKllYHapOllHblM H n OJlOIK CHHll MH:
- YMCH bW HTb CKOpOCTb xona cynsa:
-- nOllaBaTb 3 By KOBo ii CHrHaJl;
-- HllTH C BKnlO'IC HHblMH o r HllM H;
- 6llHTen b HO Be CTH BH3 y a n b HbiC (BbICTaBHTb BncpCllCMOTpmUHX)
H pana p sue Ha 6 J1 lOlleHH ll ;
- OToiiT H no B03M OIKH OCTH OT c ep eros .
n p a 3 TOM CJlCAYCT nOMHHTb 0 6 o c oo e n uoc r a x npoxosczreaaa 3BY-
KOBblX CHrHaJlOB H 3neKT po Ma r HHTHbiX KOJle6aHHii B ryaaae.

CJlblWHMOCTb 3BYKOBbiX CHrHanOB B TyMaHe

I13Be cTHO, 'ITO 3B y K n ep enaerc a '1CPC3 araocrpep y C HCKalKe HHll-

MH. ::lTD BalKHO n OMHHTb n pa p a CCMOTpeHHH paccron a an , aa KOTOp OM
MOIK HO OIK Hlla Tb cnblWHMOCT b sey x oaoro c n rua n a . B r yv ane n n o x o
npo xonar BblCOKHe 3ByKH. Jlyxure npOXOAllT HH3KHe 3B YKOBbiC CHrHa -
nbl . T aK KaK n nOTHOC Tb T yMaHa MeH lleTC ll B n p OCT pa HCT Be H BO
Bp e Me HH, n p OXOlKllCHHC 3 ByKa oxaa sraaer cs cnOIK Hbl M H H3 MCH'IH-
BbIM. Kpoue Toro, OT crexsr TyM aH a MOIKC T HllTH OT pa lKeHHblii CHr -
Han. C BHllCTcn bCTBO 3TOMy - 3XO , KOTOpOC '1a CTO CJlbl W HO OT rynxa
CYAHa .
,llalKc npa 6e3BCTpHH, 3 By KH C pasnux CTOp OH HllYT C HeOAHHaKO-
Boii CKOpO CT b lO. Ilpu serp e 3B YK OBble caraansr nyxur e cnblWHbl C
Toii CTOp OHbl , o r xyn a A yCT aerep H n noxo CJl blWHbI C To ii CTOpOHbl ,
x y n a OH n yer. I.JCM 6 0Jl b WC CKOpOCTb aerpa, TeM 6 0 nbW C 3TO T 3<p-
<p eKT. PaCCTOllHH e OT HCTO'lHHKa 3 ByKa TPYAH O n p aB HJl bHO o ue HHTb
H B TOM, H B n pyro» cay-rae . I1 HorA a B r ya au e Mo r y T 6 blTb 06J1aCTH,
B KOTOpblX 3 ByK a o o o uie He cnu ureu. ::lTO CB1l3aHO C np HnOllHll TblMH
H/l Be p CHllMH . K p o MC r o ro , '1aCTO nnoxo CJlblWH bI 3ByKH H3-3a uryaa
BCTpa II MOp ll . M OPll K AonlKCH 6 bl T b nOCTOll HHO n a s e x y . ouea a sas
p aCCTOllHHC llO 06be KT a H cro a3HMy T n o CHJlC 3 ByKoBo ro CHrHa n a .

HCnOJlb30BaHHe paAapa B TyMaHe

CHrHaJlbI panapa npOHHKalOT B TyMaHc aa cpasnarem.ao 6 0 JlbWHe

paccroauns, '1eM 3 BYKOB bl e . O llHaKO nOMeXH, 0 KOTOpbl X rOBOpHJlOCb

-89-
 4>1f311'IECKIfE CBOI1CTBA ATMOC4>EPbI

AJIH 3B YKOBbIX CHrH aJIOB (HHBepCHH r e v n eparyp, q>JIyKTyaUHH nJI OT-

HOCTH B r ya aa e), COXpaHHIOTCH H AJIH CHrHaJIOB panapa . OT CTe HbI
r y x aua (AO)KllR, rp ana, c nera, nua a) MO)Ke T HIlTH CHJlbHblii OTpa)KeH -
Hblii CHr Ha Jl . Ero MO)KHO n p HHHTb aa BCTpeQHOe CYIlHO . r Opa3A O
onacuee cnca ar s o o paray io oWH 6Ky, aanpnaep , npHHHTb Cy AHO aa
CTCHy r yxana.

~ 3aMeTKH H AOnOJlHeHHR

l. T yMaHbI nec y r OnaCHOCTb CTOJIKHO BeHHii, YAJIHHHIOT BpeMR

p eiic a H3 -3a Heo6xOAHMO CTH CHH)K eHHR CKOp OCTH, Bbl3blBa lOT yTOM-
JIHeMOCTb 3 KHna)Ka Ka K pe3YJIbTaT q>H3HljeC KHX H He p BHbIX u a r p ys o x .
He 6JI arOnpHHTHbI llJl H n epe B03H Mbi X rp ya os .
2. B paiioH ax HaH60JIce HHTeHCHBHoro CYA OXOACTBa, B y Me pe H-
HbI X WH p OTaX A TJIaHTHKH H THXOro oxeaua TyMaHbl Olje Hb pa c n poc-
rpa s e ano e HBJle HHe . OHH MoryT 6bITb pasaof npaponu , H o see OHH
OIlH llaKOBO ortacasr, TaK Ka K CHH)Ka IOT BHllHMOCTb.
3. Aneekruaaue Ty Ma Hbl , xapaxrepnue AJIH x o pc x o r c B03Ay xa,
ABH)KywerocH B BblCOKHe WHp OTbI aa ac e 60JIe e XOJlOAHYIO nOACTH-
JlalOmylO n OBe pXIIOCTb. a e p enxo COn pO BO)Klla IOTCH MOp OCblO.
4. Il epeoxaaacnexau a TyM aH C MOpOCblO B BbICO KHX ura porax
MO)K eT BbI3 bIBaTb 06J1eAeHeHHe CYAHa .
5. nJIOXaH BHAHMOCTb MO)KeT 6blTb euie pe3 YJIbTaTOM lIaJIHIjHH B
B03A y x e x a n en s AO)KAH, KpHCTa JIJIOB JIbAa ( c x er a) H rsepnux QaCTHU.
BHAH MOCT b yxynur aer c s H n pa IIH3KOii cna o umoa 06J1a IjIlOCTH, H B
cyxepxax.

Bonpocu U sadauun
1. Il epexu cnume onaCHocm u. C8J13aH Hb,e C nAOXOU 8u8 uMOCmbIO 8
MOpe.
2. [lepeu ucn ume Jl8AeHUJI. y xy 8wa lO/J1u e 8u 8uMOCmb 8 Mope.
3. KaK 8AU JlIOm euruuiato tu ue oca8KU na Zop U30HmaAbHYlO euiiuuocmu?
4. K aK 8AUJl lOm menAbte meqeHUJI Ha euituuocm s?
5. K a K 8.1U JllOm xOAo8Hble m euen un Ha 8u8uMocm b?
6. BAUJllOm AU au c6epzu ua eu iiuuocms?
7. B Ka KUX paiionax MUP080Z0 oxeana soscem 6blmb nAOXaJl eutiuuo cm »
u3-3a MZAbl?

- 90 -
 J)eK~HR 9. BI1/lIlMOCTb . TYMAHbI

8. 'lm o Bu .woxeme CKa3a m b 06 omuocumen sn oa 8AaXHocmu 803iJyxa 8

.WOp RX mpOnU~eCKOU 30Hbl (KpaCHOe x op e. n epcuiJcKUU 3aAU8, ssea mopuans-
Hble paUOHbl)? KaK08a maJol 8AaXHOCm b 803iJyxa 80 8peMR MeAbl?
9. 0 6'bRCHUme npouecc 06p a30Ba HuR nupca no e oxn aocdenu s :
/0 . 0 6'bRCHUme npouecc 06pa308aHuR m yMaH08 uc napeuu s ,
1/ . 06'bRCHUme npouecc 06 pa30B aHuR m yMa H08 CMeweHUR.
/ 2. Ilepesucnume euou myMaHoB oxn abciien u«,
/ 3. nO ~ eMY B omxpsunou oxea ne He JolO3ICem 6blmb paiiuauuonn ux m y -
MQH 0 8 ?
14. Bu eaiom AU mYJol aHbl Y sxea m op a?
/ 5. Bueaiom AU myMaHbl B mponuuecsux iu upomax?
/6 . Kaxue mYJola Hbl nautios ee «acmu HaiJ os eanauu?
/ 7. M oeym AU p airuauu onnue mYJolaH bl tium » onacnu sui iJAR uopensa-
8aHUR.?
/8. Koeoa myMaHbl ~ a U{e Ha6Jl lOiJa lOmcR, 3UJolOU UJlU sem ou ?
/ 9. TyMa Hbl ~a U{e B omxpstmox OKeaHe UJlU y no6epexuii?
20. Hx esom JlU m yMa Hbl cym o ~ H bl ii xoiJ, eoiJoBoii xoiJ?
2/ . Hasosum e paaon«, 8 «o mopux mYJol a Hbl Joloeym Ha 6Jl lOiJa m bcR Kpye-
Jl blU eoiJ.
22. B KaKUX tu up om ax myMaHbl «a utios ee eep on m nu?
23, K KaKOMY onaCHOMY s emeooos oeuwecxoxu R8Jl eHU IO KpOMe yx yiJwe-
HUR 8uiJuMocmu MO:JICem npue ecmu my MaH B 8blCOKUX tu up omax npu ompu -
qa meAbHblx m eunepamupax B03iJyx a?
24. Ka K npoxodnm 38YK08 ble CUeHaJl bl 8 m uxau e?
25. Ka K 8.' URem eemep Ha npox o ii usc ocm» 38YK08bl X cu eHa.,o8 8 my-
x ase?
26. KaK 8JlURIOm un eepcuu «a npoxoiiuuocm» 38YKOBbi X CUen aJl OB B
myMaHe?
27. Ka K npox ods rn snekmpou aen um n ue KOJle6aHUR (c uenass: paiiapa] B
myMaHe?
28, Il epenucs ume Beacmeun cy iJo8o iJu meA R 8 YCJl08URX nsox oa BUiJU -
Mocmu.

-91-
 Paaaen 2
EiAP~lfECK~E OEiPA30BAH~~
HA,Q OKEAHAM~

Fnaaa 3. KAPTbl nOrO,QbI.

PACnPE,QEnEH~E ,QABnEH~~ ~ BETPA
HA 3EMHOM WAPE

neKIII1S1 10

'1TEHHE H AHAI1H3 KAPT nOrO~bl

IJ,EJIb JIEKIJ,HH: Ilosuasonums uumamenx C cuuon-

musecxunu xapmamu. II osasam», «mo cunonmuxecxue
«apmu JlBAJllOmCJl nOAJlMU memeoponoeunectcux BeAUflUII.
Paccuompems mpexstepnue U iJ8gMepllble nOAJl, 8 mOM
«ucne none ammoctpepnoeo iJa6Ae1lUJI, usotiapusecsue no-
eepxuocmu U U30AUIIUU paenoeo imenenux.
B AeKI{UU npueoiiumcst nepeweus ocnoenux nonnmuii,
«omopue 6giJgm noiipotino u3gflambcJI 6 nocAeiJglOll{eM.
B60iJJlmCJI nonnmux 0 tuipuxecxux cucmeu ax nouuscenno-
ZO U noeutuennoeo iJaBAenUJI.

KAIOfle6ble CA06a: 6apH'IeCKHe CHCTeMbl, Bceaupuaa

MeTeOpOJlOrH'IeCKall Oprauasauas (BMO), Bceuupuan
CJly*6a Iloronsr, xaprsr 6apH'IeCKoii TOIIOrpaljJHH .

nOJlll MeTeOpOJlOrH'IeCKHX BeJlH'IHH. [lcne AaBJleHHlI

Coaoxyn aocrs 3 Ha 'l e HHii MeT e Op OJlOrH'Ie CKOIi BeJIH'IHHbl BO s c ex

TO'lKa X npo cTpaH c T Ba Ha 3bl BaeTCH n em eop on oeuwecxusc nOAeM 3TOli
BeJlH'I HHbl (n o n e .n.aBJle HHH, non e rex neparypu, none uer p a , n on e
06J1a'lHOCTH H n p . ) . H aH 60Jle e WH p OKO p a CCMa TpH Ba e TClI B Me T e opo-

- 92 -
 l1e KfjHR J O. '1TEHUE U AHAI1U3 KAPT norotu»
RorH H 6ap H~eCKOe nORe . E CRH B Tp e XMepHOM nORe coeAH HHTb TO~KH
C OAHHa KOBbIMH Aa BReHH llMH nOR)"la TCR usotiapuuecsue noeepxnocmu.
O HH B arn o crpepe n p OXOAllT nOA O~CHb Ma Rbl M yrnoxt (AORH r p anyc a)
K n ROCKOCTH r opH30 HTa. E CRH A a BReH He H3M e HReTCR K TOMy lKe H BO
BpeMeHH, Ka K "lTO 06bl'IH0 H 6bI Ba CT, TO 6apH~ C C KOC non e 6 YA eT npo-
CTpaHCTBeHHO-Bp eMeHHbIM .
A HaRHTH ~ eCKH r pcx v c p noe He CTaUHOHapH o e n o n e MOlK HO aa n a-
c aT b B BHA e <jJyHKUHH npO CTpaHCTBeH H~X Koo pAH Ha T H BpCMe HH

F = F(x .y. z, t ). (2.1)

me x, y, z - xoopnn na r u TO~ KH ; t - Bpe MR . Fpadnorecxa H306pa-

3HTb e r o TP YAH O. TI 0 "lTOMY npHHRTo paccaarpnaars nORR F, 3 a <jJ HK -
cuposaa xacr s Ko opAHHa T. nanpanep , 3a<jJHKCHpOBaB AB e n epexea-
Hbl e z, t. T aK, eCRH n ep ecess rpexuepu oe tiapusecx oe n on e r o p H3 0 H-
TaR bHOH n OBcpXH OCT b lO n a yp OBHC Z B <jJH KCHpOB3HHbI H MOMe HT sp e -
MeHH t, TO n OR Y~ HM AByMep Hoe n o n e B BHA e H3 0 RHHH H paBHbI X Be RH -
~HH . .ll,Rll AaBRC Il HR "lTO 6YAyT usotiapu: O HH, KaK 14 H306apH ~e CKHe
nOBepXIlOCTH, He ne peccsaiorcs , a 33MbiKalO TCll H3 C3MH X ce6ll HR H
3aK a H'! HBaIOTCll H3 KOHType xapru .
k-. Taxoe nayve puoe HRH nROCKOC n o ne n OK33bIB3eT pacn p e n enexae

~~­
B eRH~HHbl F (uanpnaep. A3BReHHll ) n a He KOTopOH ropH 30HTaRbHOH
~.
" nR OCKOCTH B KOHKpeTHblH MOMeHT spesrenn H o n HCbIB3 e TCll y p 3BHeHH e M
.
•
F = Fix , y) . (2.2)

.ll,Rll 06Rer~eHHR pacseroa, rparp n xe c xax n OCTp o e HHH H 3 H3 J1 H3a

" AaHH bIX. H30RH HHH n p OBOAllT T3 K. ~T06bl P3 3 HOCTb 3 Ha~eHHii BeR H'!H -
Hbl MelKAY HHMH /).F 6blR3 nOCTOllHH OH n o s c e n y n ORIO.
0 6bl '!HO B MCTeOpOROrH H pa CCM aTpHBalOT nsyue p aoc 6ap ll ~eC Koe
non e p = pix , y ), OTRH~HTeRbHoii o c 0 6 e HHOCTb IO nons A3BR eHHR HB-
ns ercs OTCyTcTBHe MCRKOM3Clll T36HblX B0 3 MYl.l.l e HHH. .ll,aBReHH C
0 6 bI ~ H O Me AReHH O. n R3BHO H3M eIlHeTCll B npOCTpaHCTBe H BO epe x e-
HH. TI 0 3TOMY H3063pbl He Mory T HMeTb KPYT ~ X H3rH 6 0B H H3RO MOB.
r RaAKOCTb non a A3 BRe HHll n03 BORll e T RerKO 0 6 H3 PYlKHTb cyutcc rao -
Ba HHe 6ap u ~ eCK UX cucmeu CHHOn T H'leC KOrO M3C lllTa6a . B AByMep-
" HOM none ARll KOHKpe TH o ro MOM eH Ta Bpe MeHH ( 3 3 cjJH KCH p OB3 HO t)

- 93-
~ --- 6API1'iECKI1E
- -- 06PA308AHl1R
' - 'HAJJ. -OKEAHAMI1
-----
nsooapa na yposae MOpSl (3a<jJHKCHpOBaHO Z) O'lep'lHBaIOT 06J1aCTH
nOBblWeHHOrO H nOHH)KeHHOrO A aBJleHHSI (pHC. 2.1). K 6apH'IeCKH M
CHCTCMaM nOHH)KCHHOrO AaBJleHHSI OTHOCSlTCSI nenpeccna , JlO)K6HHbl.
BTOpH'IHble (uacrnue) llHKJlOHbl. K 06J1aCTSlM rtoauureaaoro nasne-
HHSI - 6apH'IeCKHe MaKcHMyMbl, 6apH'IeCKHe rpe6HH, orporx H BTO-
PH'IHblC (sacrnsre) aHTHllHKJlOHbI. Pa3J1H'IaIOT euie CCJlJlOBHHbl, nps-
MOJlHHeHHble nsooapu H paaasrroe 6apH'IeCKOe none. B ueurpax
6apH'IeCKHX CHCTCM CTaBSlT 6yKBbl B (aucoxoe ) H H (HH3Koe).
B aHrJlHHCKOM sap aaure - COOTBeTCTBeHHO H (high) H L (low ).
B 0 3 MOlKHbi H npyr ne 0603Ha'leHHSI .
5apH'IeCKHe CHCTeMbl 6YJlYT nOAp06HO H3Y'laTbcSI B JlaJlbHCHwCM .

/
"
B ""

---~, ~
-
PHC. 2. 1. OCH o BHble 6a p H'IeCKHe CHCTeMbi
(a - JlenpeCCHR, 6 - 6apH'IeCKHH MaKcHMyM. B - JlolK6HHa.
z- rpefiea s, iJ - CeJlJlO BHHa)

C HHOnTH'I eC KHe K3pTW

I'eorpadnorecxae xapru, H3 xoropue llH<jJpaMH H YCJlOBHWMH 060-

3H3'1eHHRMH HaHOCSlTCSI pe3YJlbTaTW OJlHOBpeMcHHblX Ha6J1IOJleHHH aa
cern MeTeOpOJlOrH'IeCKHX cra nuas, B TOM 'IHCJle H CYJlOBble Ha6J1IOAe-
HHR, Ha3b1B3IO TCSI CUHOnmU'IeCKlu.lU. Kapru n03BOJlSllOT OJlHOBpeMeH-
HO 0603peBaTb noronnue YCJlOBHR H3A 06WHpHbIMH reorpa<jJM'IeCKHMH

- 94-
 neK~HR J O. '1TEHI1E l1 AHAnl13 KAPT tio r oa u

paHOH 3MH, npOBO)l,HTb, TaK Ha3blBaeMblH, CHHOnTH'leCKHii aHaJlH3.

CnOBO « CUHOn m U'IeCKUU» B nepeBO)l,e C rpe'leCKOrO 0603Ha'iaeT
« O)l,HOBp e Me HHO ooospeaaeasra». 3TH xaprsr HBJlHIOT CH )l,ByM epHbIMH
(nnOCKHMH) nOJlHMH MCTCOPOJlOrHlleCKHX BeJlH'IHH .
l,;'. CHHOnTH'IeCKaH K3pTa MO>KeT OXBaTblBaTb TCppHTOpHlO OT nOJlY-
ie'
r~,
urapnn HJlH acero 3eMHoro wapa no He60Jlbl1JOrO pa fiona . Ha 6JlaHKH
;' xapr H3HOCHT xourypsr M3TepHKoB. n p HMCHHIOTCH KOHH'IeCK3H , Mep·
,. xaropcxaa, crepeorparpasecxaa npoexuaa.
•
Pa3JlH'IaIOT npH3eMHble xaprsr noronu H xapr a 6apH'IecKoii TO-
" norpaqiaa (nucoraue ) . Ilpaseanue xapru COCTaBJlHIOTCH B ranpoae-
•~ TeOpOJlOrH'IeCKHX l.\eHTpaX no pe3YJlbTaTaM MeTeOpOJlOrH'IeCKHX Ha-
r!,,1
6JlIO)l,eHHii B OCHOBHble (cHHOnTH'IeCKHe) CpOKH - 0, 6, 12 H 18
~.. '1aCOB no cpenxexy rpHHBH'IcKoMy BpeMeHH (Cf'B HJlH B aHrJlHiicKOM
1 sapnaare UTG - Universal T i m e Greenwich). MeTeOpOJlOrH'IeCK He
r"
~,. Ha6JlIO)l,eHHH xapaxrepnayer ennxas MeTO)l,HKa Ha6JlIO)l,eHHii, O)l,HO-

...f, THnHOCTb npaoopoa, O)l,HHaKOBaH nepBH'IHaH 06pa60TKa, O)l,HHaKOBoe

". KO)l,HpOBaHHc MeTeOpOJlOrH'ICCKHX nanasrx.
~ 2.2. noxasana cxeaa naneceaxs aa xapry HHljJopMal.\HH ,
Ha pHC .
~: nOJly'leHHoii C cynua. MCCTO, orxyzia nocrynana HHljJopMal.\HlI, J1,aCT-
l' ClI Kpy>KO'IKOM . WTpHXOBKOii 0603Ha'iaeTCH ocuiee KOJlH'Ie CTBO 06-
k
e., naKOB, crpenxoa C onepea nest - aanpaaneuue H CKOpOCTb BeTp3 .
Fi:' Boxpyr - MeTeOpOJlOrH'IeCKHe BeJlH'IHHbl H HBJleHHH . H a K3PTY n a -
r'" HOCHT e uie rearteparypy BO)l,bI, x3paKTepH c THKH BOJlHeHHll H noaus-
• . Hble Cy)l,H3 .
,"
, , . . - - - - - 06.1UI CpUHefO MBtpuera Ilpycoa
•
, Kypr
, 06mtt II.6.Ul'ItCTlO 06.11101 "'\ It CIl.0POCTb CYAH:l

~
~ Tunepnypl louyxa _ . . --I t2 ~ J{U.1eIUlt IOJJyu
:: BIAM'IlOCTb It noro)la I rpol 27 \o..AJ 137 __ Eiapillecui TeHAtHUHi
~" .. 6.1~A,"" - 96 ~ ~ 20\..4
e: TO'lU poe... - ~ n
~.;.- n Ol blBMOM CyAH3 ~ 24 ~ 20604'-"- epHDA M aLleora B0.1H

t"
t'i- TtMnepuypa nOBt pXHOCTil BO.1b1 - . . .
~ CALL
21
181008 ..... n,p"'Hao ,.6.
.. 241504 ......
Hanpal.leHMt MClI.opoc,~ Itrpa BTOPHIIHilll 3w6b

.
r;
e
,. .....- - - - - 06.1111 HII~IUle ro RpyU
':
'<Plt c. 2.2. Cxexa uaueceuas CYJl.O BbIX lIa6J1IOJl.eH HH

-95-
 6APH'IECKI1E 06PA30BAHI1R HAA OKEAHAMH

H a n p H3eMHOH xapr e noronu npoBOAHTCH usooapu . H a OTe4e-

CTBe HHblX H HeKOTO pblX npyrax xaprax n oronsr HX n pOBOAlI T xepea
5 rn a, na xaprax aHrJlOll3bl'IHbiX crpan - xepea 4 rna . H a xapra x
c npenea aior 06J1aCTH aucoxoro H HH3Koro AaBJleHHH , nOJlOlKeHHe HX
uearpos H B03M OIKHbie r pae krop na nepeaeuieaa s . rtpoaoas r JlHHHH
pasn caa p a3J1 H4Hb1X B03AYWH bl X Macc (aru octpepxu e <j>pOH Tbl),
BblACJllIlOT 30HbI ocaAKOB, TyMaHoB II npyruc xapaxrepacr axa noro-
Abl. Ha c yna npuxonnr <j>a KcHMHJlbHbl e xaprsr , na KOTOpbl X, KaK
npaaano, B OCHOBHOM noxaaanu nsooap u H <j>POHTbl (pHC. 2.3 ) .
Kapru 6apH'leC KOH ronorparpaa COCTaBJlHIOTCll no a3pOJlOrH4eC-
KHM Ha6,l lOJleHHllM B 0 H 12 4aCOB cpensero r pHHBH4cKoro BpCMCHH .
::lTO peaynsraru BepTHKaJlbHOr O 30 HAHpo BaHHlI arsiocqiepu . Ciona
OT HOCHTCll, npexczie scero, H3MepeHHlI serpa, arvocrpepsoro naane-
HH ll , re sinepatypu H BJlalKHOCTH B03Ay xa aa sucorax OT noaepx-
HOCTH 3eM,lH AO 40 KM . Bucornue xapru 6bIBalOT AByX BHllOB - a6-
COJlIOT HOH (AT) H OTHOCHTeJlbHOH (O'I') ronorpatp aa. H a nepastx rtp n-
BOAlITClI BblCOTbI Hall y pOBHCM MOpll OnpeAeJleHHOH H306 apH4eCKOH
nOBepXH OCTH (p = canst ), uanpnn ep , AaBJl eHHH 850 ( A T 850) HJlH
500 rna (ATsoo) ' H a xaprax a6COJllOTHOH rortorpadnm BHAHO, 'ITO
06J1aCTllM C HaH60Jlee BblCOKHM nOJlOIKCHHeM H306apH4CCI(HX rtoaep-
XHOCTeH COOTBeTcTByeT ooaee su c o xo e naanenxe , a HaH60Jle e
HH3KHM - HH3Koe.
AHTHUHKJlOHbl B BepTHKaJlbH OM paapc se HMelOT BblnYKJlblH, KOJlO-
KOJlo06pa3HblH BH.ll. U HKJlOHbl B BepTHKaJl bHOM paapese HMelOT BOrB y-
TblH, BOPOHKoo6 pa3HblH BHA (pHC. 2.4) . Kaprsi a6COJl lOTIl OH rortorpa-
<j> HH TeM caMblM xapaxr epaayior COCTOllHlle oapasecxoro nOJlH.
Ha xapr ax OTHOCIITeJlbHOH ron or parpa a (O'T) npencraaneuu OTHO-
carensnsre BbICOTbl , T.e. npessnueaas O.llHoli asooapase cxon nosep -
XHOCTH P2= cons t HaA HIIIKeJleIKaUleH P, = cons t. H aH 6 0Jl ee 4aCTO
nenaercs ;lT0 AJI H TOJlUlHHbl CJlOH MelKAY H306apH4eCKIIMH 1l0 BepXHO-
CTHMH 500 II 1000 r na, xap'ra a T; :. B XOJlOAHOM, 60Jl ce llJlOTHOM,
B03Ayxe naane aue C BblCOTOIi nan aer 6blcTpee, 4eM B TenJlOM
( pHc . 2. 5 ) 3Ha4HT , paccroaaae MelKAY H306apll4ecKHMII nosepx-
HOCTII MH B XOJlOllHOM B03Ayxe MeHbwe, 4eM B TenJlOM, t!>Z2< t!>Z, .
TOJl UlIIHa CJlOH MelKAY 11306apH4eCKH MII nOBepXHOCTHMH nponop -
UHOHaJlbHa cpenues rexneparype. 1130JlHHHH BblCOT aa xapre OTHO-
CIITeJlbHOH rono rparpna aT; : 3KBHBaJleHTHbi H30TepMaM cp enu ea

- 96-
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PHC. 2.5. n allellH c llaB.1eHHR B TennOM H xonOIlHOM B03JlYx e

rex neparypu HH)I(HerO nllTHKHJlOMeTpOBoro CJlOH soan y xa (scnou -

HHM , 'I TO ua BblCOTe 5 KM AaBJleHHe np auepao COCTaBJl HeT 500 r fla).
H a x aprax 0603Ha'ia1OT 06J1 aCTH XOJlOAa H r enn a. MaJlbl M npesuui e-
HHHM coorser craytor 06J1aCTH XOJlOAa, a 6 0JlbWHM - 06J1aCTH renn a,
Kapru a6COJlJOTHOH Ii OT HOCHTeJlbHOH 6 ap H'I eCKO H ron orparpan
n03BOJlHJOT on pen eaar s r op H30HTaJlbHbl H n epeHoc - aABeKUHH r err-
na H xonona.
Kpoa e 3THX xapr, B Fnnp oaeruexrpa x COCTaBJlHJOTC H ewe scno-
Mor aTeJlbHble - MaKCHMaJlbHblX CKOpOCTCH serp a, BOJlHeHHH, onac -
HblX HBJleHHH noron u , ocan xcs H n p. COCTaBJlHJOTCH TaK)I(e npor s o-
CTH'IeCKHe x ap rsr ( Surface for eca st) pa3HoH 3a6J1 arOBpeMcHHocTH.
D PH3c MH bl e xa pru no ronsi ( Su rface analys is), npOrHOCTH'lCCKHe
( Surface fo recas t ), auccrua e. BOJlHeHHH , s erpa H np . MoryT nocry -
nars B BHlle cjlaKcHMHJl bHbl X xapr JlJlH ro r o paHoHa, B KOTOpOM cyzmo
HaXO.llHTCH B .llaHHblH MOMeHT. B Mope MO)l(HO TaK)I(e rton y sart, xapr u
(tpo r orparpun) C MeTeOpOJlO rH'I eCKHX cn yTHHKoB ( pHC. 2.6. nxn an xa ).

-98-
 neK~HR 10 . '1TEHUE U AHAnU3 KAPT n oro a u

,r 3 aMeTKH H AOn OnHeH HH

1. CHHonTH4ecKHe KapTw AanH uenoe HanpaBncHHe B pa3 BHTHH

MeTeoponorHH, xoropoe rton ysna o Ha3BaHHe «C HHonTH4ecKaR MeTeo-
pOnOrHR ». 3aKOHOMepHO, 4TO ne pasre CHHonTH4 eCKHe xaprtr cran
COCTaBnRTb MOp llK, KanHTaH 5 pHTaHCKor o <!>nOTa , KOH Tp-aAMHpan
P06epT ¢HupoiL ::lTO 6blno B cepcnane XIX sexa. B uacrosuree spe-

••l MR CHHonTH4eCKall MeTeoponorHR 3aHHMaeTC R aHanH30M H npo rHO-

30M nor OAHbIX ycno aail .
t
2. Bo acex T04Kax MHpoBoro oxe aaa c yna o c ec nesenu rpaxc a-
• MHnbHblMH npH3eMH WMH H nporHOCTH4eCKHMH Kap TaMH noronsr, Me-
i• r eop onorxuecxaaa 6lOnn eTeHlIMH , WTOpMOBblMH npenynpeosneaas-
l MH. Kpoae aroro, MopennaBaTenH MoryT nonysar s BbICOTHble xapru
: noronu , xapru BonHeHHR, serpa , r ex neparypst BOAbl, n enoaoa 06-
!
• CTaHOBKH, KapTw -<!>oTorpa<!>HH C MeTeoponorH4ecKHx cn yTHHKoB H
,f• npyryio MeTeoponorH 4ecKylO H oxeanonor-auecayio HH<!>0pMaUHIO .
Ilonesao H B03MO)l{HO nonaepaoss ars rtoc r oaaayic CB1I3b C MeTeopo-
noraMH H nonyvar i, HH<!>opMaUHIO H peKoMeHAaUHH.

Bonpocu U saiiauun
I . 'lmo maKoe nOAe sc emeoponoeuwecs ux 8eAu'tUH?
2. 'lmo maKoe «usotiap usecs ue nosepx nocm u»?
3. n OG KaKUM y eAoM K eopU30HmaAU npoxoiisim usotiapuuecx ue noeepx-
nocmu?
4. Ka K 8bU~lflGfl m usotiapuuecsue noeepxuocmu 8 ~uKAoHax?
,
, 5. KaK 8bl2.tfl Gflm uso tiapusecsue noeepxuocmu 8 aH mU~U KAOHax?

•I, 6. Ka K 8bl2.tfl GUm G8yMepHoe cma uuo nap noe nOAe Ga8~,eHufl ?
7. Moeym ~IU uso tiapu nepecexamscs, u oeum AU OH U UMemb ocmpue
, yCAbl?
f
8. 'lmo maxoe CUH onmu.eCKafl xapma ? 3a KaKue tbuxcup oeannue MO-
MeHmb' 8peMeHU euxooxm CUHon mu . eCKu e xapm u ?
9. 'Imo maKoe 6apu.ecKafl cucmeua ? Ilepenu cnume tiapuu ecx u e cucm e-
Mbl nOHU:JICeHHOeO Ga8AeHUfl .
10. Ilepeuucnume tuipunecxue cucmeMbl n08buueHHoeo Ga8AeHUfl.
• I I . 'tm o maKoe 6e3epaGUeHmHOe (MaAOepaGUeHmHoe) tiap uwec xoe nO' le?
,
K aK 8ble.1flGfl m usotiapu' 8 maKOM nos e?
f /2. Kaxue Ga HHbl e np eiicmaenenu Ha q,aKcuMu.'b HblX np U3eMHbiX «a p-
ma x noeoiiu?

- 99 -
 6 APlf4ECKifE 0 6PA30 BAHlfJl HA,4 OKEA HAMIf

13. 'lmo maxoe !fiaKcuMuA.HaR «apma noeoou? Hanuui um e Ha3BaHue

npu 3e.~ H o u «apmu noeoou Ha aHeAUUCKOM Jl3.IKe.
14. Hapucuiime o6Aac m. nOB.,U/ eHHoeo Baesenu« U «aimuiuume U30-
6ap., .
15. Hapucuume otis nc ms nOHU:JICeHHOeo oa BAeHUJl U naimuiuume U30-
6ap.I.
16. Hapucy ilm e ceoAoBuHy U naiinutuu me usotiapu. Hapucqum e tiap usec-
KylO AO:JIC6u Hy u naiinuiuum e usotiapu. Hapucyilme 6apu~ecKuil epetie n » u
«adnuiuume usotiaou .

PAcnPEaEnEHHE /lASnEHHR H SETPA

HA 3EMHOM WAPE

ll,EJIb JIEKll,HH: Paccu ompem» Z/106aJlbHOe pacnpe-

Benenue aa8AeHuJI «a 3eMHOM tuape U, censanuue C 3mUM,
aIlU:JICeHUJI eosouxa na no e ep x no cm u nnauemu, m .e.
o6U{ylO qUpKyAJl qUIO amuocdiepu, Iloxasams ocotie«-
«ocmu pacnpeiienenun iiasnenus. U eempa no ce30HaM
eoda.

K AIO'Ie8ble cnoea: 3an aJl.HblH n ep eu oc, naccar sr, MyCCOH bl.

O PHlIHHOii B031lHKHOBelllUI serpa HBJlHeTCH aepaaaoaepuoe pac-

np eneneune AaIlJle HHH. B 03AYx H3 paii ona C 60JlbWHM naanenaea
CTpeMHTcH nepejirn r yna, me naanenae xeusure. TaKHM o6pa30M,
non s ll3BJlell HH H aerpa B3aHMOCB5I3aHbl. 3HallHT JlH "lTO, xro nocra-
ros no 31l3Tb 63pHlIeCKoe none, lIT06bI npeJlCT3BJl5ITb, none serpa?
Bc e r opasno CJlOlKHee. Ha H3weii BpaIl.l31011.1eiic5I nn aaere na llBHlKe-
IlHe B03llYX3 OK33blB31OT BJlH5IIlHe H npyrne CHJlbl , xoropue H3MeHH-
lOT cro 1l3np3BJlCIlHe, H CKOpOCTb. A ua cywe orpoxaoe BJlHHHHe na
aerposoa pelKHM OKa3bIB3eT euie H peJlbe<jJ MeCTIlOCTH .

- 100-
 neKijH~ 11. PA CnPE~EnEHI1E ~ABnEHI1J1 11 BETPA

reorpa!jJH'leCKHe H Ce30HHble OC06eHHOCTH

r nons )I.aOJleHHH
!
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rr 3KO aTOpHaJlbHOH 30He HaWeH nJlaHeTW HaXOnHTCH nonc nOHH-
lKeHHoro na BJleHHH. OH HeCKOJlbKO nepex euiaerc a H3 ozmoro nOJlY-
, uiap ns B npyroc BCJIen aa C OJIH UCM (p HC. 2.7, 2.8).
,,,l H a WHpOTax 30- 35° HaXOn HTClI 30Ha MaKCHMaJIbHblX naBJIeHHH.
, O Ha ocooe nao xo pow o aupasceua Han OKeaHaMH , Ha.n KOTO pblMH
,,f ynep xca aaerc s B r eve uae scero rona, Han MaTc pHKaMH Bbl COKOC
naBJIeHHe coxpansercs TOJIbKO 3HMOH. JIeToM, BCJIe.nCTBHC 3Ha'lH-
,f TeJIbHOrO nporpeBaHHlI MaTepHKOB, 30Ha pacna.naeTClI Ha OT.neJI bHWe
r• cycr po rrasecx ae aHTHUH KJI OHbl. B ceeepnon nonyuia pn n 3TO asopc-
,! KHH MaKcHMyM, oopasyioumacn B cy6TpOnH'leCKHX WHpOTax A TJIaH -
i
•• TH 'leCKOrO okeana, H c eBepOTHXOOKeaHCKHH (raBaHCK HX) aHTHUHK-
! JlOH, naxonsumaca B THXOM oxe aae. B Ten JI Oe ape x s rona OHH pac-
,j npOCTpaHflJOTCfI B CTOpOH y BblCOKHX WHpOT H 3aHHMaJOT 60JIbWyJO
~
'laCTb A TJlaHTHKH H Taxoro oxeaxa no cpaBH eHH JO co CBOHM 3HMHHM
nOJI OlKeHHeM. Lleur psr cy6TpOIlH 'leCKHX aHTHUHKJI OHOB pacn cnaraior -
CfI y A30 PCKIIX II raBaHCKHX.OCTpOBOB , HO ce s epau e HX n epmpep nn
f
t noxonsr no yMepeHHWX um por . I'peo eus (orpor) asopcxoro aIlTIIUHK-
i JlOHa pa cnpocrpaaserca He TOJIbKO na c ese p, HO H .naJIeKO aa BOCTOK.
i OH aaxsaru aaer JOlKHyJO II ueurpaasnyto EBpOIly II YKpallHy. HM eHHO
;,
~: OH 06yCJIaBJIIIBaeT B YKpallHe 3HOHHyJO, C TeMnepaTypoH .no 40°C,
[.;
• noron y Ha npOTfllKeHlI1I HeCKOJlbKIIX .nHeH.
,•
, C 06JIaCTlIMH noasnuenaoro .naBJIe HlIlI CBlI3aHa scaa s MaJI o06JI a'l -
j
~ aas nor ona, CJla6ble aer pu , OTHOCIITeJlbHO cJI a60e aer posoe BOJI He-
,,-
,, HHe. ::'lTO oanavaer, 'I TO B TpOIlH'leCKIIX H yuepeaaax WHpOTax JIeTOM
,, cpaBHIITeJlbHO CIlOKOHHwe yCJIOBllfI nJIaBaHll fI.
JIeToM ua MaTepHKax, xoropue IlporpCBaJOTCfI CIIJIbHee, 'le M oxea-
~
; HbI, pacnon ar aior ca 06J1aCTII nOHHlKeHHoro .naBJIeHHfI. 3HMOH B yMe-
I

peHHblX WHpOTax aa MaTepliKax , xoropae B 3TO apeas r ona oxnascna-

JOTCfI CHJIbHee, o6pa3yJOTCfI 06J1aCTH suc oxoro .naBJIeHHfI (pHC. 2.8).
O c06eHHo BblCOKoe n aaae ua e 3HMOH OTMe'laeTCfI B ueHTpaJIbHOH 'laCTH
A3Ha TcKoro KOHTHHeHTa B cli6 HpCKOM aHTliUHKJlOHe. B OT.neJI bHWe
r ona naaneuae TaM npeasnuaer 1050 rn a.
Ha cea epaoa rpanaue 30HbI yw epeaau x WHpOT (60-65° C. w. )
naxonarc s noaoca IlOHHlKeHHor o .naBJIeHHlI. 3H MOH B ee np cn en ax

- 101-
 5APWiECKUE 05PA30BAHUJI HAil OKEAHAMU

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fleKLlHJl 11. PACnPEIJ,EJ1EHYfE IMBflEHYfJl /11 BETPA
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XOpOWO Bblpa)f{eHbl OKeaHH'I eCKHe nenpeccan B paaon e I1CJlaHllHH -

ucaannc xas ne n peccas H IO>KHee AJllICKH - aneyrcxas nenpeccas.
B XOJlOllHOC Bp e~lI 3TH llCn pCCCHH CTaHOBlITClI 60JlbWHMH H paCWH-
PlllOTC lI K tory. C HHMH CB1I3aHa nacaypaaa C oc anxana H CHJlbHblMH
BeTpa MH norona . B 3H MHHC MCClIUbl B ATJlaH THKC H B TIIXOM oxeaue
YCJlOBlIlI naaaanna rnxcensre. Bonee nonpooao Mbl 6Y.l\eM no pac-
cMaTplIBaTb B llaJlbHeiiwcM .
JIeToM 06J1a CTb nOHII>KeHHOrO naaneana OKOJlO I1CJlaHllHII aupa-
>KeHa cnaeo, a aJl eYTCKllii UIIKJlOH nornouiaerca JlO>K6I1HOii a311aTC-
KOH nenpeccnu.
B IO>KHOM nonyurapua, KaK II B CC BCpHOM. ua umpora x 30-35°
HaXOlllITClI 30Ha nOBblweHHoro llaBJleHlIlI. 3TO Tpll OKeaHII'ICCKHX
aHTIIUIIKJlOHa : IO>KHOaTJlaHTII'ICCKIIH, IO>KHOHHlllliicKIIH II IO>KHOTHXO-
OKCaHCI<IlH . JO>KHee pacnonaraercs npenaarapxrusecaas 30Ha nOHH-
>KeHHOrO nasneuns. B nonapnux 06J1aCTHX ocoax nonyurapaa B HII>K-
Hcii rponocdiepe npC06J1allaCT nOBblWCHHoe naanenxe,
Paccuorpeanue KJlIIMaTII'IeCKHe nons nasaeaas lIBJllIlOTClI MaKpo-
MacwTa 6HbiM <jJOHOM. na KOTOpOM pa3BHBalOTclI noronootipasyoumc
arvocdiepasre npoueccu co CBOHMH HHllHBHllyaJlbHblMH crpyxrypaua
6apH'Ie CKoro nona , I1HllHBHllyaJlbHbie nons llaBJleHlIlI MorYT cyuie-
CTBe HHO OTJlH'I aTbClI OT CpellHHX MHOrOJleTHIlX.
B caau x ooumx seprax MO>KHO C'IIITaTb, 'ITO B cpenuev aa ron y
sx uar opa naanenae H1I3Koe. y WHpOT 30° oooax noayurapaa - asr-
COKoe. y uiapor 60° - HH3Koe , a y nOJlIOCOB - BbICOKoe.
Ha pac, 2.9 rrOKa3aHO naanenne B Cesepaoa ATJlaHTHKe 3HMOH H
JleTOM .

OCHOBHble B0311YWHble Te'leHH" B CIlCTeMe o6uleii

IlHpKy.111I1.HII arsrocoepu

ECJlI1 6bl 3eMJlR 6blJla nJlOCKOH 11 He spautanacs, TO B0311YX nepe-

MewaJlClI 6bl 113 06J1aCTcii BbICOKoro naanenas B CTOpOHy HH3Koro no
x par xaaurc a y paCCTOHHI1IO. Ha apauraioiuesca 3eMJle 113-3a lleHCTBlIlI
CIIJlbl Kopnonaca B0311YX OTKJlOHlIeTClI OT llBII>KeHlIlI BllOJIb Mep",ll"-
aHOB. T aK. 113 TpOnI1KOB. C nepllljlep llH cy6TponH'IeCKIIX aHTIIUIIKJlO-
HOB . serpu nanpaanenst B CTOpOHy sxaaropaansuof nenpec cau.
OTKJlOHlIlOwaH CIIJla apauieuus 3eMJlH (cana KOpHOJlHca) npnnaer

- 104-
 neK~HR 11. PA CnPE~EnEHI1E ~ABnEHI1R 11 BETPA

so w

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PHC. 2.9. JlaBJIeHHe Ha il Ceeepuoll AT.1aU THK oii , 3HMOii (a) H n eTOM (6)

-105 -
 EiAPI1'IECKIlE OEiPA30BAHI1J1 HA~ OKEAHAMI1

11M BOCT04HYlO COCTaBJIHIOll.lylO. OHII JJ.YIOT B CeBepHOM nonyuiapan C

ceBepO-BOCTOKa, a B IOlKHOM C IOrO-BOCTOKa B CTOpOHy sxaaropa. 9TIl
aerp u Ha3bIBalOTCH naccamauu. (pac, 2.10). CKOpOCTIl IlX He6oJlb-
wile. OHIl YCTOH41lBbi II He MeHHIOT caoero HanpaBJIeHIlH B re-reuae
sccro rOJJ.a. 113 cyorponnuecxoa 30Hbl asrcoxoro JJ.aBJIeHIlH ae rpsr
JJ.ylOT II B CTOpOHy notnoxeaaoro JJ.aBJIeHIlH yMepeHHblX urapor. 9TIl
s erpu npaoopcraior aananayio COCTaBJIHIOll.lYIO Il Ha3blBalOTCH
3anaOHbiMU eempauu . B pe3YJIbTaTe OCHOBHaH Macca arxocqiepsr
cosepuraer apaurarensnce JJ.BHlKeHlle C aan an a aa BOCTOK, 06rOHHH
co6CTBeHHoe apauienae 3eMJIIl B 3TOM lKe uanpaanenaa.
B nOJIHpHblX 06JIaCTHX oooax noayurapns npeorinanaer asicoxoe
nasnenae. Berpa 113 3TIlX 06JIaCTeH aanpasneau B CTOpOHy yMepeH-
HblX urapor II HMelOT BOCT04HYlO COCTaBJIHIOll.lYIO.

PIIC. 2.10. PacnpcACnCIIIIQ RCTpOB ua 3CMIIOM urape

-106-
 JleKqHR 11. PACnPEIJEJlEHI1E IJABJlEHl1f1 11 BETPA

TaKHM 06pa30M , H B naCCaTHOIi 30He, H B yMepeHHblX WHpOTaX, H

B nonspnux paaosax Ha6JIlOAaeTCSI 30HaJlbHblii nepenoc B03Ayxa. OH
ua spauiaiouicaca
S1BJl51eTC51 OCHOBHbIM BHAOM I.J.HpKyJl51I.J.I1H B03Ayxa
3eMJle. B yMepeHHbIX Wl1pOTaX, rae 3TOT nepeuoc c o s n an aer C sa-
npaancunea Bpaw.eHH5I 3eMJlH , CKOpOCTH serpa 60JlbWHe. K iory H
cesepy OT yuepenuetx WHpOT, rne 30HaJlbHblH nepenoc H aanpaane-
HHe Bpaw.eHHSI 3eMJlI1 npOTHBOnOJlOJKHbl, CKOpOCTH BCTpa MCHbWHC .
Ha Haweli nnanere ecrt, euie MycCOH.H.a51 I.J.HpKyJlSlI.J.HSI (pHC . 2.11
H 2.12). OHa OXBaTbIBaeT oourapasre paaoau H 51BJlHeTC51 '1aCTbIO
o6w.eli I.J.HpKyJlSlI.J.HH aruocrpepu . MyccoHHa51 I.J.HpKyJl51I.J.H5I pa3BI1BaeT-
C51 aa BOCTOKe H lOrO-BOCTOKC orponnoro a311aTCKoro KOHTI1HeHTa .
ClOAa He AOXOA5IT sananuue aerpu. B CHJlY OXJlaJKAeHHH MaTepHKa
3HMOli 3AeCb oopaayercn orpoMHblli CH611pCKHii aHTHI.J.HKJlOH. Hall.
OKeaHaMH 3HMOli AaBJleHHe HH3Koe . neToM TepM06apH'IeCKHe nOJlH
MeHSIIOTCH MeCTaMH. B pesynsrare nonrona (B 3HMHHe MeCHI.J.bl) BeT-
pu AYlOT C CyWH na Mope, a CJleAYKlw.He no.nrona - C MOp51 na cywy.
Berpsi C CyWH aa Mope uecyr CYXYlO norony. BCTPbI C MOp51 ua cyw y
IIpHHOCSIT AOJKAH . 3TH BeTpbl '1aCTO HMCKlT 60JlbWylO CKOpOCTb.

.".. . " . ,',• • . .-., : • • "!'*>o...".: :. ~ · · . < · > ·.':B ·;. :- » .

- " 1fPB' .
: ~ : : : ~: -.": ' : ~ : ::.: :. : ::.' " ' :~--:-:-:: ' , ~~~: ' , : ..:.,.';' .' _:.'
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, -'v

60" 120"

PHC. 2.11. .ll.aBJIeHHe H serep Hall IOJKHoii sacrsso A311H 11 I1HIIHiiCKI1M

OKeaHOM B HHBape

-107-
 6APU'IECKUE 0 6 PA30 BAHUR HAil OKEAHAMU

I /

"""- 1020

'\ B
'024 -,
..
.
30"
60" 90" l:zoO
PHC. 2. 12. .IJ.aBJlCHHe H BCTCp HaA IO)f(Hoii qaCTblO A3HH H HHAHiicKHM
OKcaHOM B HIOJle

H a BO CT04HWX n06ep e*bHx aaHaTCKoro MaTepHKa , Ha ceBepe

HH JlHikK Oro o xeaua C anpe.ns no cearaops YCTaHaBJlHBaeTCH JlO*Jl-
JlHBblH ceson . YCJlOBHH nJlaBaHHH B 3TOT nepnon raxc ernae . Boaee
nOJlp06110 06 3TOM 6YJleT paccxassraarsca B JlaJlbHeHWHx JleKllHHX
(BO BTOpOH xa cru xypca),
MYCCOHHbIH ran llHPKYJlHllHH Ha6J11oJlaeTCH H ua cesepe ABCTpa-
JlHH H aa c eaepo -aocr o x e n06epe)l{bH IO)l{HOH AMepHKH B Bpaaunaa .
Xapaxrepnu e xepru 061.l.leH llHPKYJlHllHH araoctpepu npocncsca-
BalOTCH ua e)l{eJlHeBHbIX CHHo n TH4eCKHX xaprax. OJlHaKO OHH B TOH
HJlH HHOH CTen eHH 6blBalOT aaayanapoaaau CHHonTH4eCKHMH rrpouec-
c asta. BoaHHKHOB eHHeM. nepeaeuie unea H paapyureuaea llHKJlOHOB H
aHTHllHKJlOHOB .

T 3aMeTKH H JlOIIOJlHeH HlI

I. B JleTHCC BpCMH nan OKeaHaMH npeoonanaior 06J1aCTH BbICOKO-

ro JlaBJlC HHH C OTHOCHTeJlbHO cnoKoHHoH (CJla6bIH serep) H MaJlo06-
Jla4HOH nOrOJlOH . B 3HMHee BpeMH nan OKe3H3MH H3XOJlHTCH 06J1aCTH

-108-
 fle K~HR 11. PACnPEI4EflEHI1E I4AB(lEHI1R 11 BETPA

HH3Ko ro naanenas . ::lTO o aa a x a e r s er ep . 0 6 J1a ll HOCT b , OCallKH . COOT-

BeTCTBe HHO, JleTO M B ATJla HTHKe H B T HXOM oxeane YCJlOBHH n nasa-
HHH B OCHOBHOM XOp OWHe, 3 HMOH - oseu s CJlO>K HbI C.
2. B c e s epnof lIaCTH HHllHHcKoro o xea aa siyccon aa n UHp KyJl H-
UHH C03n a eT TH>K eJlble YCJlOBHH n JlaBaHH H B n eru e e BpeMH H o o n ee
c no K o H H ~ e B 3HMHHC MeCHU~.
3. OCHOBHblM BHllOM UHpKyJI l1UHH arsroctp cpu Ha aaur ek n JIaH e TC
l1BJIHeTCl1 30 HaJl b H~ ii n epeao c sosnyxa .B yuepeanax uniporax -
3 ana.uH ~ii ncpe uoc , B r pon nxec x ux H nona pnux W Hp OTa x - serp si
C BOCTO'lHOH COCTa BJll1lOmeH . 3a n a.uH ~e serp u no Ha n p a BJIe HHIO co-
ananaior C .uBH>KeHHeM 3 e MJlH ao xpyr csoek OCH H HMelO T 60JIbWHC
CKOpOCTH. Bocrosnue serpu npOTHBOnOJIO>KHbl Bpa m e HHIO 3eMJIH H
HMelOT 3Hall HTeJIbHO Me HbWH e CKOp OCT H.

Bonpocst U 3aaaHUJI

l. Kaxoe Baeseuue 8 sxeamopuannnu» tuupomax ?

2. Kaxoe aaBAeH~e B ey6mponu.eeKux tuupo max?
3. Kaxoe Baenenue B yMepeHHblX uiupomax?
4. Ka xoeo «an paenenue eempa 8 m ponuuecxux tuupomax?
5. Kaxoeo «anpaenenue eempa B YM epeH HO'X iu upomax?
6. Kaxoeo na npaese nue eempa B nOAllpHO' X iuupomax?
7. 'Im o Ha3b'Baem ell MyeeoHHoii Z;up KyAllz;ueii ?
8. Paccxascume 0 m epuotiapuvecxox nOAe B 3 ~M Hee ep esc« (B AemHee
epexx ) Ha eocmo xe Asuam cxoeo scamep uxa u np uneeatotu ux BOaHO'X npo-
cmpaucmeax Tux oeo u HHauii eKoeo OKeaHOB.
9. n o',eMy om 3UMb' K Aemy MeHll em ell xapaxmep mepsc ooap u uecx oeo
nOAll «a 8ocmOKe Asuamcxoeo xon munenma?
/ 0. Ka xoeo Han pa BAeHue eempoe 3u.woii ( ,lem oM) Ha so cmo x e A3UU ?
Ka xax noeooa CBll3aHa e 3mUMU eem pauu ?
II. Kawoeo ua npa enenue eempoe 3UMOii (AemoM) na toeo-eocm oke A3UU
8 cmpa uax H HaOcmaHa u HHaOKuma ll ? Kaxa« noeooa CBll3aHa c 3muMu
ee mpauu?
/2. 'Imo Bu MOJICem e CKa3a mb 0 na eeamax ceeep uoa .acm u HHaUUcKoeo
oxeana?
/3. r ae e/1ie «a nAa Heme Moeym Ha6AIOa ambell MyeeoHHo,e eempu?

- 109 -
 5API1'1ECKI1E 05PA30BAHI1R HAil OKEAHAMI1

neKI.lI-151 12

MECTHblE BETPbl

IJ,E/lb /lEKIJ,HH: Paccmompem» eempu, C «omopuuu

J>lOpenAa8ameAU Mozym ecmpemumscn y no6epe:»cuii.
B AeK~UU daemcn «naccudiuxauu« uecmuux eempoe, tPu-
3UKa 803HIIKH08eHUJl U ocotiennocmu ux 8 pasnux paiionax
no6epe:»cuii Muposozo oceana.

K AIO'leSble cnoea: aHa6aTH'leCKHii aerep, CMep'l, BO;'VIHOii CMep'l,

6opa, 6pH3, ropHO- AOJlHHHble aerpsr, KaTa6aTH'leCKHii serep, ljJeH.

Ha IjJOHc 0611.lCH UHpKyJl5lUH H araoco epu, B TCpMH 'leCKH H o por-

pacjJH'lCCKH HCOllHOP OllHbI X paaonax. T. C. Y n 0 6 Cp C)f(Hii HJlH B r o p a x ,
MO)f(CT paaaaaarscn CBOH, MCCTHa51 U HpKy JlHUHH B03Ayxa . ::h o MC30-
MaCWTa6HblC aer pu , ropasour ansnue pa3Mcpbl KOTOp bIX 06 bl 'l HO HC
npeau uraior nepsof COTHH KHJlOMCTpOB . B HSJlCHHHX ra xoro pasa epa
CHJla K OpH OJl HCa CTaHOBH TC5I MaJlOOl1.lYTH MOii . M CCTHbl C serpu MoryT
Ha6J1IOAaTbCH npH Ma JlOrp aAH CHTH OM (6C3rp aAHCHTHOM) 6a p H'ICCKOM
rr one, ::lTO 6 p H3bl, rop HO-AOJlHHHbIC H JlCAHHKOSblC SCTpbI. MCCTHblC
serpu MoryT 6blTb H npa 60JlbWH X 6apH'l CCKHX rpanaenrax - oopa ,
cjJ eH , CTOK OSblC SCTpbI.
B xananax, 3aJl HSaX, y MbICOB, Y Kp y TbIX oeperos MoryT Ha6J11O-
AaTbC 5I MCCTHbl C YCHJlCHHH HJl H OCJla 6 J1CHH5I BcTpa H H3MCHCHHH c r o
Ha n p a BJlCHHH .

6PH3bl

Bpusi« - no a erpu , B03HHKalOl1.lH c na 6cpcrax MOpCH, OKc a HOB ,

60Jl bW IlX 03C P , pC K (puc. 2.13), OC0 6CH HO B YCJlOBIl5lX MaJlOrpa.nHc HT -
Hor o 6apll'lCCKOrO nOJl5l.
)J.HCSH OH, HJlIl HHa'iC MOp CKOH , 6PH3 AyCT C MOp51 a a CYW Y II
Ol1.lYl1.laCTC5I B MOpC y xc e B 20, a TO 60JlbWC KHJlOMCTpax OT 6cpcra .
BrJly6b KOHTIlHCHTa OH MO)f(CT nponaxars ua paCCT05lHH5I .nO 100 KM.
C KOpO CTb MopCKoro 6 p H3 a 5-10 M/c. TaM, rne Hall CyWCH .l!.HCBHOH

- 110 -
 neK~U. 12. MECTHbiE BETPbI

,
r
e
lleHb

,
•
•
•

PHC. 2.13. 6pH30oaH H ropHO-AOJlHIIHaH I\HPKYJlHI\HH

6PH3 3aKaH'IHBaeTCH, B pe3YRbTaTe KOHBeKUHH TenRoro B03~yxa

• oopaayicrcs xyseasre 06RaKa. xoropue pacrtoaaraicrcs rpanoji na-
,
f

-F, pannensao 6epery. 3TO, TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH. 6pH30BbIH nOHC . OH BH-

nen B Mope HaMHoro pansure 6epera.
B TpOnH'IeCKHX WHpOTaX ~HeBHble 6pH3bI aa BOCTO'lHbIX nooepe-
lKbHX COBna~aIOT C naccaraaa H YCHRHBalOT HX. H a sanannsrx norie-
pexcsax OCTpOBOB 6pH3bl ~ORlKH bl npeonoaeaaru naccar, O HH nOIIB-
RHIOTCH aa nooepexo,c B 60Ree noannee apesra B BH~C np oxaanau x
H BRalKHblX nopsraxcrisx serpoa.
CMeHa MopcKoro 6pH3a aa 6eperoBoH npoacxonnr sesepov. Hex-
HOH (6eperoBoH) 6PH3 nyer C CyWH na Mope H pacnpocrpanaerca
B Mope na MeHbwee paCCTOHHHe, 'IeM ~HeBHOH xa cywy. CKOpOCTb
6eperOBoro 6pH3a 1-2 Mfc. HO'lHbIM 6pH30M C CyWH aa BO~HYIO no-
sepxaocrs MOlKeT nepcxocnrsca pa~HaUHoHHbIH TyMaH (06 3TOM
roBOpHROCb B ReKUHH 9) . CMeHa 6eperoBoro 6pH3a na MOpCKOH npo-
HCXO~HT B yTpeHHHe 'IacbI .

rOpHO-~OJlHHHaH ~HPKYJlRUHR

Fopno-oosunnue eempsi Ha6J1IO~aIOTCR MelK~y

ropasra xpeoron
H ~OJlHHOii . .ll.HeM CKJlOH nporpesaercs. o6pa30BaBwHHcR CJlOH Ten-
noro sosnyxa nO~HHMaeTCH saepx. 3TO 6y~eT ~OJlHHHblH serep. Boc-
xO~llmHH aerep naauaaior euie anatiamusecsuu. Hossio CKJlOHbI
OXRalK~aIOTCR cansxee , 'IeM oKpYlKalOmHH B03~YX. XORO~HbIH B03~YX
CTeKaeT C BblCOKHX MeCT B ~OJlHHY . 3TO ropnua HRH HH cxo~RmHH ,
«amatiamuuecsuii, aerep.
nO~HHMaHcb no CKJlOHY B03~YX a~Ha6aTH'IeCKH
oxnaacnaercn H,
eCRH ero rexneparypa noaaxcaercs ~O TO'lKH pocu , oopaayercs

- 111-
 5API1'1ECKI1E 0 6 PA3 0 BAHI1R HAp, OKEAHAMU

KOHJleHcaT. C MO p il 'lTD 6YJleT BblrJlilJlCTb KaK 0 6J1aKO, a JlJlll )I(HTe-

Jlcil CKJlOHOB 'lTD TyMa H. Oporp 3ep H'I CCKH e TyMa Hbl, 0 KOTOpbl X uin a
pe-n, B JleKUHH 9, csaaaau C ro p HO-llOJlHHH bIMH BCTpaM H.
H a r OpH CTbJ X nooe pesc sax r OpHO-JlOJl HHHall UHpKyJlllUH lI CJlH BaeT-
CII C 6pHsoBoil uHpKyJlll UHeil , BsaHMHO YC HJl HB311 Jlpyr npyra, KaK 'lTO
nOK3S3HO aa pHC. 2.13.

J1eJJ,H HKOBbIH aer ep

Jleiinuxoeui: eemep - K3Ta6aTH'IecKHii serep crop , noxpsrr u x

JlbJlOM. Bercp JlyCT BHHS no Te'leHHIO JlCJlHHKa . OH 06yCJlOBJlCH OXJl3lK-
lleHHeM soanyxa xano JlbllOM. PaJlH aUHoHHblii 6aJlaHC llellTeJlbHoil no-
s ep xaocrn OCTaeTClI oTpHuaTeJlbHblM HO'lblO H JlHeM, H JleJJ,HHKoBblii
ser ep ro c non c ra y er xpyraue CyTKH. Ilpa 'lTOM HO'ibIO OH 6blBaeT
CHJlbHeC , '1eM JJ,HeM.

6 0p a

Bopa - CHJlbHbl ii H nopblBHcTblii serep , HanpaBJleHHblii BHHS no

ropuoxy CKJlOHY H npHBollilWHii B SHMHee BpeMlI K CHJlbHOMY noxo-
JlOJla HHIO. Ha6J1I011aCTClI T3KOH serep B MeCTHO CTlIX, rne HeBbICOKHii
r o p Hblii x peo er rpaHH'IHT C MopeM. Bu saer 60pa npa 60JlbWHX oapa-
4eCKHX rpanueurax . 3a x p ec r o a B orpore 3HTHUHKJlOHa CKa nJlHBaeT-
CII XOJlOllHbl ii soan yx . H all OTHOCHTeJlbHO TenJlblM MopeM naanenae
HHS KOC. Xononaua aosnyx, neperexas xepea HeBblcoKHii nepeaan,
n paocperaer 6 0JlbillylO CKOpOCTb . .lI.BHlKeHHe sosnyxa CBlIsaHO He
TOJlbKO C r opH SOHTaJlbHbl M r p aJlHeHTOM JlaBJleHHiI, HO H C CHJloil
TilIKCCTH. Ha 6e pe r H H3 BOllHYIO n OBepXHOCTb 06py w HBaeTClI serep .
CKOpOCTb XOJlOJlHOrO aosnyxa MO)l( eT JlOCTHr aTb 45-50 M/C, a B
nopusax H r o r o 60JlbillC. KaK BClIKH ii HHCXOJlllWHii nOTOK, onycxaio-
w HilclI B0311yX n arpeaa er cs. Onaaxo B CHJlY He6oJlbillOH pasuocra
BbJCOT H O'leHb HHsKoil revn ep ary p u eroprarourerocs sosnyxa 'lTOT
'lepepeKT, KaK npasano. He 3aMeTeH. Iloarouy 60pa lIBJllIeTClI XOJlOll-
HblM serpov.
3TO lIBJleHHe B uesoropsrx MeCTax no6cpeIKHH np aoo pe raer onac-
Hblil x apaxrep . Bopa H3BeCTlla B CpeJlHSe MHOM Mo pe, y 6 epe r OB
CKaHllHH aBII H, na HOBOH 3eMJle H B zipyrnx MeCTax. 5 0JlbWHe CKOpO'

- 11 2 -
 fleKljJ1n 12. MECTHbiE BETPbI

CTH serpa, HH3KHe orpanarem-nue rea neparypsr, WTOpM aa MOpe,

06JlelleHCHHC Cy1l0B, - 3TO oopa B HOBOpOCCHHCKC (pHC. 2.14,
sxnanxa). Bopa O'lCHb JlOKaJlbHOC lIBJlCHHC . B HOBOpOCCHHCKC CCTb
MeCTa, B KOTOpbIX 60pa ouryuiaercs ocotienno CHJlbHO . Bo spexa
60Pbl BCC parioru B nopry npexpauiasorcs, a cY1l0BOllHTeJlH 1l0Jl)KHb[
. npHHlITb Mepbl llJlll otiecnexenan oesonacaocra.

eJ>eH TO)KC Ha6JllOllaeTClI npH 60,1bWHX 6apH'IeCKHX rpanaenrax.

::ho CHJlbllblH nopblBHCTblH BCTCp C BblCOKOH rcuncparypoa H HH3KOH
OTHOCHTeJlbHOH BJla)KHOCTblO, llYlOmHH crop. <PeH Ha6JllOllaCTClI B
BblCOKHX ropax . Onycxascs C BblCOTbl HeCKOJlbKHX KHJlOMeTpOB, B03'
llyx ycneBaeT nporpeaar sca llaCTOJlbKO, 'ITO 3HMOH orpauarexsnue
revrreparypst aa O'leHb xoporxoe BpeMlI MoryT CMeHHTbClI nOJlO)KH-
TeJlbHbl MH rcaneparypana . 3TO auausaer oypnoe r aan n e HJlH HC -
'1 C3110BCHHe cnera, He ycneaurero pacrasrs. JIeToM 3TO CyXOH H ro-
Pll'lHH BCTCp crop.
Cxeaa KJlaCCH'ICCKOro <jJeHa np as en caa na pHC. 2. 15. C uaserpea-
HOH CTOpOHbl ropu lIa6JllOllaeTClI aucoxoe na anenae, C nonaerpeunoa
- HH3KOC. Il onnanas cs no HaBeTpeJllloMy CKJlOIlY, B031lyX anasane
6blCTpO OXJlalK,LJ,aeTClI ,LJ,O ypOBHlI KOHlleHCal.\HH no CyXOH anaaeare, a
3aTeM MellJleHHO OXJla)K,LJ,aeTClI no BJla)KHOH anaaoare. Ha naserpeu -
HOH CTopOHe oopaaytorcs 06J1aKa H asmanarcr OCa,LJ,KH . O rrycxaxae
B031lyxa Ha nOllBCTpCHIIOH CTOpOHC n pOHCXOllHT no cyxOH allHa6aTe,
B03,LJ,yX aarpesaercs H nccyuraerca. B03HHKalOT CHJlbHble nopuanc-
Tble BeTpbl C BbiCOKOH TCMncpaTypoH H HH3KOH OTIIOCHTeJlbHOH
BJla)KHOCTblO.
C TaKHM H BCTpaMH MOpenJlaBaTeJlH MoryT BCTpe THTbClI y ropHC-
TbIX OCTpOBOB, HaH60Jlee '1aCTO C HX nO,LJ,BeTpeHHoH CTOpOHbl. Ha
3ana,LJ,1I0M noticpexcse Coenaueaasrx Illraros AMepHKH B IO)KHOH
KaJlH<jJopHHH <jJeHOBbIH aerep, Ha3b1Bae Mb1H CaIlTa-AHHa , nyer uep es
yuiexse BHH3 no 01l1l0HMeHHoH 1l0JlHHe. 3TOT serep '1aCTO ,LJ,OCTHraeT
60JlbWOH CHJlbJ Y n 06ep e)Kbll H MO)KeT 6blTb onaCHblM nna He6oJlb-
WHX cynos .

- 11 3 -
 6APi1'1ECKi1E 06PA308AHi1J1 HAil OKEAHAMi1

'" 2 ",2
:<
.
es
l-
0 . ..
..-
:<

I-
0
u u
A 1 Al
CXl CXl

o 10 20 30
Texneparypa, · C
PMC. 2.15. "'eM

CTOKOBble KaTa6aTI1IJeCKHe eerpsi

CmOK08 bte «amatiamusecxue eempu - TO )l{ e CaMOe , xro 11 nen-

HI1KOBble aerpu TOJlbKO YCHJleHHble BblCOKHM AaBJleHHeM HaA ropaua
Xp e6 TOM. ::lTO, B03HHKlI1He nOA AeiicTBHeM CHJlbI Tll)l{eCTH, nOTOKH
XOJlOAHO r O B03Ayxa BHH3 no CKJlOHy. nepBOHallaJlbHall TeMn epaT ypa
B03Ayxa HaCTOJlbKO HH3Ka, 'ITO, HeCMOTpll sa aAHa6aTHl.feCKOe nosu -.
lI1eHHe re xneparypu npa HHCXOAlIll.\eM ABH)I{eHHH , CTOKOBbie xaraoa-
THl.feCKHe serp st Ol.feH b XOJIOAHbl. ::lTO ae rp u 60Jlbll1oii CKOpOCTH,
nOpbIBI1CTble. 4aCTO OHH Ha6J1lOAalOTCll y oeperos AHTapKTHAbl , B
rp eHJlaHAHH H B ApyrHx MeCTax .

Berp si y 6e perOB H B npOJlI1 Ba X

B
OAHOpOAHOM B03AYll1HOM nOTOKe, HanpaBJleHHOM C CYll1H aa
Mop e, serep y nOBepXHOCTH 3 eMJlH, nocne nepecexeaus 6eperOBoii
xeprsr. OTKJlOHlleTCll BnpaBO (B ce aepaou nonyurapaa ) H YCHJlI1Ba·
erca. ::lTO CBll3aHO C YMeHbll1eHHeM CHJlbl rpenaa npn nepexone C
cyum sa BOAY. Haooopor, B n OTOKe, Han paBJle HHOM C MOpll a a cyury,
serep 6YAeT OTKJlOHllTbCll BJleBO H OCJla6eBaTb. B peaynsrarc, eCJlH
s erep nyer C CYll1H, TO Y 6epera CKOpOCTb serpa B03paCTaeT. ECJlH
serep n yer C MOpll na cy w y , TO y 6epera CKOpOCTb YMeHbw a eTCll
(pHC. 2.16) .

- 114 -
 neK~UR 12. MECTHbiE BETPbI

L
a Mope
15°

cywa 996
45°
H
1000

6 Mope H

--- - ~ - 15°

cyura
L
996

PHC. 2.16. YCHneHHe (0) HJlH ocna6neHHe (6) aerpa y 6epera

no noli 1Ke npH4HHe. npa nepeaeuieuaa B03Ayxa BAOJlb nooepe-

1KbH. JlHHHH TOKa B cnoe TpeHHH 6YAyT C6J1H)I(eHbl, eCJlH cywa uaxo-
AHTCH cnpaaa OT uanpasnenua sosnyumoro noroxa, H paapesceau,
eCJlH cywa caesa. 3TO Ha6J1JOAaeTcH npa OAHHX H 'rex 1Ke rpannea-
Tax AaBJleHHH. Oco6eHHO HpKO ouiyuraiorca TaKHe 113MeHeHHH serpa
y B03BbIWeHHb!X oeperca, rne BCJleACTBHe o6TeKaHHH npenHTCTBIIH
B03AYWHbIM nOTOKOM B03HIIKaeT C6J1H)I(eHlle JlIIHHIi TOKa II COOTBeT-
crayrouice YCIIJleHHe serpa . Haaconsuiae CKOpOCTH serpa npa aTOM
6YAyT He y caaoro 6epera , a na HeKOTopOM YAaJleHIIH OT Hero.
MeCTHble YCHJleHHH serpa Ha6J1JOAaJOTCH y BblCTynaJOWHX B CTO-
POHY MOpH AeTaJleli penserpa 6eperOBoli scprsr (MblCbl, aaserpennue
CTOpOHbl OCTpOBOB). OCJla6J1eHHe serpa Ha6J1JOAaJOTCH B aoruyrtsx
Y4aCTKax eeperoson JlIIHIIII (oyxru, 3aJlIIBbl) rae npoacxomrr paape-
1KeHHe JlHHHIi TOKa .

- 115-
 5API1<iECKI1E 05PA30BAHl1R HA/j OKEAHAMI1

B n pOJlHBaX s er e p s ener c e fis T a K xce , Ka K B ropa x aa n ep e sa-

nax ( p HC. 2.17 ). Bo-nepau x, s erep sc erna y CHJl HBae T CH, BO-BTO-
PbIX. OH nyer anon s nponaaa He3aBHCHMO OT p a CnO JlOlK e HHH H30 -
6 ap . B e Te p oc06eHHo YCHJlHBae Tc ll B HaH60Jlee Y3 KHX MeCTax npo-
JlHBOB H B n p OJlH Ba X C KpyTblMH 6eperaMH . Be-rep YCHJlHBaeT cH.
xorna K n ponasy npH 6 J1H lKa e T CH UHKJlOH HJl H cjJ POII T B XOPO WO
BblpalKeHHoii JlolK6HHe.

---,et----_ 1000
;::~tt-_:::;-- 996

1000 1004

PH C. 2. 17. Berep B n pOJl HOaX

Ilpyrue aerpu
H a HCKOTOpbl X nccepexc sax lIa6J1IO./l.aeTCll a./l.BeKUHH, He CBH3aH -
Hall C MOpCKHM 6pH30M_ Ha npnx ep, a a BOCTOKe BeJlHK06pHTaHHH
secaok H paHH HM Jle TOM Ha6J1IO./l.aIOTCH BOCTO'lHble aerp u , x oropsie
n pHHOCHT C Cesepnoro MOpH B CTOpOH y CYWH T yMaH HJlH HH3KHe
CJlOHCTble 06J1aKa . 3TH serpu B03HHKalO T non BJlHHHHeM 06J1aCTH
BblCOKoro AaBJleHHH Ha./l. CKaH./l.HHaB Heii .
B BOCTO'lHOii UJOTJla H./l.HH TyMaH H HH3Kall 06J1a'l HOCTb n p Hx O./l.HT
aa nooepeacse BMeCTe C n pHJlHBOM. B o BpeM ll OTJlHBOB OHH orcryna-
lOT BMeCTe C XOJlO./l.HbIMH BO./l.aMH. Il.noxae YCJlOBHH BH./l.HMOCTH BHOBb
C03./l.aIOTC H npa cJleAYIOw,eM npanase.

- J16 -
 neK~HR 12. MECTHbiE BETPbI

CM ep411

B OKCallC, B OCIIOBIIOM B HII3KIIX umporax, MO)KII O BCTpeTIITbClI C

an lOC¢ epllblM lIBnelllleM, B KOTOpOM orpoxaue. 1111 C 4eM lie cpa BIIII-
Mble, cx opocr u BCTpa. 0 1111 MoryT AOXOAIITb AO 100 II 60nee MeTpoB B
cexynny. 3TO cu ep« - Ma,1oMacwTa6l1blii BIIXpb ( pIIC. 2. 18, 2. 19,
BKnaAKa) . K C4aCTblO, r on sxo B 2% acex cMep4eii AOCTllralOTClI raxae
CKOpOCTII. 3 TO lIBneHlle CB1I3allO C oco60 CllnbllOH lI eycToii411BOCTblO
cTpaTII¢IIKaulI lI ar nocrpepu B III1)KIIIIX cnosx . C Mep4 ortyck aer ca
B BIIAe BO pOHKII 113 11113Koro Ky'leBO'AO)KAeBOrO orin axa . B oxean e
HaBcTpe1ly nOAIIIIMaeTClI BOAa.
Ha pa llllllX CTaAlI lIX pa3 BIITII1I An ll CMe p'la xapaKTe plla ¢ opM a
neC04H biX 4aCOB Me>KAY 06n aKOM II M Op e ~1. 11110rAa CMe p411 nplIIIIIMa-
lOT ¢ aIl TaCTII4eCK lle ¢OPMbI. B 03AYX MO)K eT apauiarsc s B nlO6y lO
cropo sy, npOTIIB IIn ll no 4aCOBOH crpenxe. 113 OAIIOro 06naKa MoryT
OAHOBpCMeHHO onYCKaTbCli HeCKonbKO CMep4e ii.
B uen r pe BIIXpli 04ellb HII3Koe naan eune. Y mep6 OT caepxa ooyc-
noanen 60nbwoii CKOpOCTblO serpa II 11113KIIM AaBnelllleM.
C Mep'l ll lI all6 0n ce 4aCTO B031111KalOT B Tpon ll4eCKIIX 06n aCTlIX, 110
BCTpe4alOTClI II B 60 nee BblCOKIIX umporax . 0 6 bl'l1l0 0 1111 IIMelOT
n navcr p Melle e 50 M II )KIIByT n ll Wb uec xonsxo Mll llyT, 11 0 lI eKOTO-
pu e MoryT IIMeTb 60n bWll e paaa epu II npon onxcaruca necxorn.so
4aCOB. I1MellllO ra xn e npnnocar lI all60nbW lle paspyur ena s . CMep411
Mor yT YIIII'ITO)K IITb He6on bwoe CYAHO IInll npll4111111Tb eMy 311a411 -
r ensasre noape acnenaa. Onnaxo, B aany ManblX p asv epo s cMep4eii
BepOliTHOCTb nonaCTb B HIIX Man a.
H a tore CiliA 3TII lIBn ellll ll ua asiaa tcrcn Top HaAO IInll TpoM6 aMII.
Haomonaror cs 01111 O'lellb 4aCTO. Peaynsraru IIX AeliTenbHOCTII xar a-
CT PO¢II'lllbl, nplI'llllllleMble nOBpe>KllellllH II y6b1TKII orpouau.

,r 3aMeTKII II JlOnOnlleHlIlI
I . M CCTllblC aerp u MoryT C03AaBaTb CnO)KHOCTII npa npoxo xcn e-
HIIII snons 6epc roB , npn nOAXOAax K npcnasav . x anaaa a , noprau .
B uexoropsi x paa on ax 01111 MoryT 6bITb ouem, onacnuwn, KaK, aanpa-
Mep, 60 pa B H OBOpOccII Hc Ke.

- 117-
 6APH~ECKHE 06PAJOBAHHR HAA OKEAHAMH

2. 8 H OBOpOccKHcKe Ka6JIloJlaeTC R oxono 20 c nyx a e a C 60pOH aa

XOn OJlHblH nepuon, Flpa n OM XOTR 6bl OJlK H paa oopa npaooperaer
Ka TacTp o$K'leCKKH xapaxrep, CKnbHoH Bon HoH K BeTpOM cyna 6 b eT
o CTeHKK npasanon, OHK MorYT 6blTb copsauu C RK ope H Kn H umap-
TOBOB K naxce Bbl6poweHbl aa 6eper. Illropu npa HK 3KKX OTpKUa-
rensnsrx reu neparypax Bb13bIB a e T 06neJleHeHKe CYJlOB K noproaux
coop yxeuas . Mope napar. WTOpMOBOH serep cpuaacr C aonn xan-
nK , xoropue 6 bI CTpO HaMep3alOT, 'ITO MOlKeT npKBOJlKT b K onpoxa-
JlblBa HKIO CYJlOB. npOJlOnlKKTenbHOCT b 6 0Pbl COCTa Bn Re T 2-7 JlHeH .
3 . 80 acex nponasax K xananax CKOpOCTK aerpa B0 3paCTaIOT, H Ka KK M
6 bl HK 6bInO aanpaaneaae serpa na OTKpblTOM Me CTe, B Y3KKX MeCTax
serep JlyeT BJlOJIb xanana, CKOpOCTK serpa B03paCTalOT K y MblCOB.
4. nOCKonbKY rexneparypu nosepxs ocra CyWK K MOp R cans aee
paanasatorca JlHeM, TO K MOpCKOH 6pK3, JlylOll.(KH B CTOpOHy CyWK B
rexenxe JlHR, aupaacea 60nee OT'IeTnHBO , 'le M HO'IHOH 6PH3 C CyWK .
HO'IH OH 6PK3 MOlKeT nep eaocars aa BOJlHYIO nOBepXHOCTb TyMaH K,
B peaynsrarc, nopr a K nonxon u K HHM M oryT 6blTb sa xpu r u aa
Jln KTen b Ho e Bp e MR.
5. M ecTKbl e serpu O'leHb pacnpocr paaea u , pa3Ho06 pa3HbI K sa-
CTO KMelOT CBOK Me CTHble Ha3BaHK R. TaK, nanpnaep, WKp OKO K3Be-
CTHblH B cpenaaexaoaop se uucmpan» - no cescpuua 60ponoJl06-
HblH eerep: '1UHyK B Cxaaacrux ropax Ceaepaof A MepKKK - no
$ eH ; xapuama« y sanannux tieperos A$ p K KK B cesepxox ncnyura-
pKH , KOTOpblK BbIHOCKT B ATnaHTHKy orpoxsoe KOnH'leCTBO nblnK H3
Caxapsr - 3TO cesepo-eocrosuu a naccar.

Bonpocu U 3aaa HUJI

I . KaK08bl Maewma6bl aeUemBUJI u ecmxu x se mpo e?

2. B pe3YA bma m e «eeo B03HUKalOm tipusoesu: eempu? Kaxoeu ux cx opo -
emu?
3. KaK aaAeKO npon ux a tom. 6p U3b' n a eyUlY U Ha Mope?
4. Kax oe «eeamueuoe BAUJlHue oxasueatom 6PU3bl na eya oxaae m 8o?
5. Ilpu KaKUX tiapuxeceu x ep aiiuen m ax , npu KaKOU eUH on mu.eeKOU eu-
m ya~uu 803M03ICHO npOJlBAeHUe 6PU308 0U ~ UP KYAJI ~UU?
6. Ilp u Ka KUX tiapu wecxux epaiiuenmax , npu KaKOU CU Hon mu.eCKOU cu·
mya ~ uu 803M03ICHO npOJlBAeHUe ZOp HO-aO,I UH HOU ~upKY,'J1~UU?
7. 'lmo maKoe anatiamu wecxu ii eemep, «amatiamuuecsuu eem ep?

- 11 8 -
 fle KljHR 12. MECTHbiE BETPbI

B. n o , eMy U x oeoa B03ay x C notiepesau; cm exaem K eoonoa n OB epXIlO-

emu, K KaKUM nocneocmsunu smo npueodum?
9. n o,eMy , «oeoa ¢ iill IlUCXOaR~Ua 803ayx mensua, a «oeoa 60pa -
XOAOallbIU?
10. n o , eMy npu Me30Ma CWma61l ou ~ U PKY_U ~ U U CUA a Kopuon uca MaAO
sauemua?
II. MO:JICem AU cuep« npeocmaesnm» onaCl<ocmb aAR cyalla? '1eM onpe-
aeARemCR eeo onacnocms?
12. C KaKO U 06Aa,"ocmblO CBJl3allbi cuep wu?
13. B KaKUX paiiona x MupoBoeo okeana MO:JICIlO ecmpemumscn co cxep-
, eM?
14. '1mo Bu MO:JICem e paccxasams 0 eempax B npon ue ax ?
15. Moeym AU B npOAUBe 3 p ecYll ll (3Ylla) aymb sanaiinue eempu? A B
npOAUBe /l,apaall eAAbl?
16. Moeym AU cx opoc m u eempa B npOAUBe 6blmb Mellbwe, ' eM B omxpu-
mOM Mope?
17. KaK U3MellRemCJI cx op ocm» eempa y 6ep eea no cpaeuenuio C omxpu-
m blM uopeu?
l B. '1mo Bu MO:JICem e CKa3amb 0 cx op ocm u eempa y MblCOB, Y ocm poeoe,
8 sanueax?

- 119 -
 5API1'iECKI1E 05PA30BAHI1R HAil OKEAHAMI1

Fnasa 4. B03,QYWHbIE MACCbl 111 <l>POHTbl

neKI..\\o1Sl 13

B03RYWHhiE MACChi

IJ,EJlb J1EKIJ,HH: 061>JlCIiUmb, smo maxoe 603ayulIIaJl

Macca. Paccxasams 0 npou ecce U oua eax epOpMup06allUJI,
mpancdiopsuiuuu 603aYUlIIblX Macc U ux xnaccutpuxauua
no eeoepatpusecxus: U mepuoiiunauuvecxus: npusnaxau.
Ilam» xupaxmepucmuxq menAblX U XOAOaHblX 603aYWHblX
uacc.

K AIO'Ie6ble CA06a: HeYCToH'IHBaA B03.l1.YWHall Macca,

•
yCTOH'lHBall B03.l1.YWHaA Macca .

Otiuia» xapaxrepucraxa
B03AYX, a a xonmuna cs AJlI1TeJl b HOe BpeMH Hall. paHOHOM co c pa a-
HHTeJlbHO OAHOpOAHOH nOACTHJlalOuteH n OBep XH OCTblO, n p ao o peraer
CBOHCTBa , x a p a x re p u ue AJl ll 'lTOH non c run aiouiea n OBe p XHOCTIl. Tpo-
nocljJe pa COCTOIIT 113 OTHOCIITeJlbHO O.ll.HOPOA HblX 603aYlUHblX uacc.
O HII 06J1 a A a lOT 0 6utllMIl CBOHCTBaMIl II AJlIlTeJlbHO nepeaeuiaiorca
KaK enaaoe uen o e B TOM IlJlI1 IlHOM OCHOBHOM Te 'l e HI1Il 0 6 111e ii UIlPKY-
Jlll Ull1l arxocoepu.
Fopa aonrans ssre pas wepsr B03AY WH blX Macc COCTa BJlRlO T T bICR'l1l
KIl JlOM e Tp OB II COll3 Me p l1MbI C 6 0 JlbWIl MII '1a CTRMI1 MaTepl1KOB 11J1 11
OKeaHOB. T aK, 3 Ha 'lIlTCJlbHa ll s acrs A TJlaHTHKIl B n e r aee Bpe MR 3a HIl'
ra OAHOii B03AY WHOH Ma CCOH, KOTo p a R ljJopMll pyeTc H B 0 6 W Il p HOM
a30pCKOM aH TIlUIlKJlOHe. Ananorus uan xap r una Ha6J1lO.lI.a e TC H II B
npyrax oxeanax.
n o sepra xann B03.ll YWH bl e Ma CCbl MorYT 3aHI1MaTb BClO rponocrpe -
p y . 3 TO Ha 6J1lOA a e TCH saute a c e r o B oxarax IlX ljJOpMllpO Ba HIlH.

- 120 -
 fleKUHR 13. B03,ljYWHblE MACCbI

B Tponoc~epe no BepTHKanH MoryT HaXO~HTbCH H HeCKonbKO B03-

~YWHbIX Macc, KaK npaaano, zme. Torna B03J1.YllIHbIe MaCCbI nacnaa-
BalOTCH Jl.pyr aa npyra, H 60nee rennas H3 HHX pacnoaaraercs nan
xononuoa.
JJ:nH B03J1.yWHOH MaCCbI xapaxrepnsr He60nbWHC 3Ha'leHHH ropa-
30HTanbHbIX rpa~HeHTOB rexneparypsr H Bna)f(HOCTH . 06bI'IHO, B
npene.nax OJl.HOH B03J1.YWHOii MaCCbl rcvncparypa H3MeHHeTCH aa
5-7 °C aa paccroauna oko.no 1000 KM, a MaCCOBaH Jl.0nH B0Jl.HHOrO
napa - aa 2-3%0 ua 1000 M. Bucrpue (cxasxooopaauuc) H3MeHe-
HHH MeTcopOnOrH'IeCKHX BCnH'IHH Ha6nlOJl.a1OTCH npn nepexone H3
OJl.II0H B03J1.YWIIOH MaCCbI B npyryio.

YCJlOBHH ljJopMHpoBaHHlI B03AYllIHbiX Macc

06l.1.lHOCTb CBOHCTB B03~YWHoii MaCChI onpeaenaercs ee ~OPMHPO­

,, BaHHeM B onpenenennoa oxare Ha~ O~HOPO~HOH noncranaiomef no-

,
~, BCpXHOCTblO H B ortpenenenasrx paJl.HaUHOHHbIX ycnoaasx .
npH06peTeHIIH B03J1.YWHOH MaCCOH xapaKTepH~X ~nH Hee CBOHCTB
Ilpouecc
~
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r- Ha3blBaeTCH cPOpMupoBaHueM eosiununoi: uaccu, a paHoHhI, rne npo-
~: IICXOJl.HT 3TOT npouecc, - osaeauu tbopsuipoeanusi . Ha ~OpMllpoBa­
HHe B03J1.yWHOH MaCChI BnHHIOT xapaxrep II TennOBOH PC)f(HM nO~CTH­
narouief nOBepXHOCTH, cooraoureune Me)f(Jl.Y npHXOJl.OM H paCXOJl.OM
Jly'lIlCTOH 3HepfHH, aeprasansuaa YCTOH'IHBOCTb arxiocdiepi«. Bce 3TO
oeycaoanaaaer pa3nll'lIlSl rexneparypasrx H Bna)f(HOCTHhIX xapaxrepa-
CTHK B03J1.YWHhIX Macc, ljJOpMHpylOl.1.lHXCH B pasusix oxarax.
B paaone ljJOpMllpoBaHHSl B03~YllIHOH MaCChI B03~YX Jl.OJl)f(eH naxo-
~IIThCSl cpaBHIITeJlbHO ~nHTeJlhHOe BpeMSl, ~o 5--7 H 60Jlee CyTOK.
TaKHc YCJlOBHSl C03J1.aIOTCH B 06WHpHhIX ManOnO~BH)f(HbIX aHTHl.\HKJlO-
uax II MaJlOrpa~IICHTHbIX 6apH'IeCKHX nOJlSlX, xoropue MO)f(HO paccxar-
pnsars KaK CHHOnTH'ICCKIIC osara ljJopMHpoBaHHSl B03~YWHhIX Macc.
B 06J1aCTHX nOIlH)f(CHHOrO Jl.aBJlCHHH YCJlOBHH ~JlSl ~OpMHpoBaHHH
B03J1.YWHbIX Macc He6J1arOnpHSlTHbl, TaK KaK xapaxrepaaa .ll.JllI HHX
CXO.ll.HMOCTb (KoHBCprCHl.\HH) B03.ll.YWHhIX Te'leHHH npHBO.ll.HT K 060-
cTpeHHIO KOHTpacToB rexneparypsr H BJla)f(HOCTH . I1cKJIIO'IeHHl1 co -
CTaBJll1lOT MaJlOnO~BH)f(HhIC ( "pa3MhIThle,,) l.\HKnOHhI H 06WHpHbIC
nenpeccua TCpMH'IeCKOrO npOHCXO)f(~eHHH, B03HHKalOl.1.lHe nan OT-
KphlTbIMH ysacrxaan CyWH.

- 121-
 6APM'IECKME 06PA30BAHMJI HA ~ OKEAHAMM

B Ka'lCCTBC rCOrpaljJH'lCCKOrO oxara ljJOpMHpoBaHHH B03.nYWHbIX

MaCC MO)KHO paCCMaTpHBaTb 06 WHpHblC OKCaHH'lCCKHC aKBaTOpHH.
~ . Han HHMH B y MCp CHHbI X WHpOTaX B 3anaJlHOM nOTOKC nCpCMCll.laIOT-
CH, TpaHCljJOpM HpyHCb, B03.nY WHblC MaCCbI. C a M 3ana.nHblH ncpCHOC
MO)KHO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK CHHOnTH'lCCKHH o nar ljJOpMHpOBaHHH HO-
BaH B03.nyWHOH MaCCbI.
Il pa ncpCMCll.lCHHH H3 o xara ljJopMHpoBa HHH B03.nywHaH Macca
nortanaer B npyrae YCJlOBHH npHTOKa COJlHC'lHOH pansauua , na HHylO
nOJlCTHJIalOll.lYIO nOBcpxHOCTb. B PC3YJlbTaTC xero CC CBOHCTBa Ha'l H-
HalOT H3MCHHTbCH . 3TOT npouecc Ha3bIBaCTCH mpanctpopwauueii
B038yULHOii uaccu. Tpancqropa auas npoucxonar OTHOCHTCJlbHO MCJ].-
JICHHO. OJlHaKO 3TH H3MCHCHHH xoryr npononxarscn .nOCTaTO'lHO
JlOJIro JlO T CX nop , noxa HC CljJOpMHpyCTCH HOBaH B03.nYWHaR Macca .

Fecrpadmuecxaa KJla CcHlj!HKaUHH B0 3JI.YWHbIX Macc

B 3aBHCHMOCTH aT nOJlO)KC HHH O'la ra ljJopMllpoBaHIIH B03.nyxa B

OJlHOM H3 OCHOBHbIX TCpMII 'lCCKHX nOHCOB 3CMHoro wapa H C y'lCTOM
xapaxrepa noncrnaaiouiea n OBcpXHOCTII (OKcaH HJlH MaTcpHK) BbI.nC-
,1HIOT CJIe.nYlOlllHC rnnsr B03.nYWHbIX Macc :
1) apKTH'lCCKHH HJIH aHTapKTII'lCCKHH B03JlYX (AB) - MOpCKOH
(MAB) H KOHTHHCHTaJl bHblH (KAB) - HaXOJlHTCH B CCBCpHblX II 10)1{-
HblX nOJIHpHblX 06J1aCTHX JIbJla H cuera :
2) B03Jlyx YMCPCIIHblX umpor (YB) - MOpCKOH (MYB) H KOIITH -
HCII TaJlbHblH (KYB) - HaXOJlHTCH B YMCPCIIHblX WHpOTax;
3) TpOnll'lCCKHH B03JlYX ( TB) - MOpCKOH (MTB) H KOHTHHCIITaJlb-
HblH (KTB) - HaXOJlIITC H B 06J1aCTHX naccaros cese paoro II IO)KHOrO
nonyurapas:
4) 3KBaTOpHaJIbHbIH B0 3Jl YX (3B) - HaXOJlIITCH y s x s a r o p a MC)K-
Jly ceBcpHbIMH II 1O)KllbIMII naccaraua.
M Op CKOH B03Jl y X OTJIH'IaCTCH 60JlbWOH BJla)l{HOCTblO , OHa nOBCC-
MCCTHO COCTaBJl HCT OKOJIO 80%. Kpoae Taro , Ha 6 J1IOJla IOTCH pa3JIH-
'lIlH II B reaneparyp nox PC)K HMC . B JlCT HCC BpCM H B yMCpCHHblX
WH pOTax 011 6YJlCT XOJlOJlHCC KOHTHHCHTaJl b Horo . a 3 HMOH - TCn JlCC.
APKTH'lCCKHH H aHTapKTH'lCCKHH B03JlYX . H3-3a npe06J1aJla HHH
JICJlHHblX n OJIe H H CYW H B Bbl COKIIX WH p OT a x , PCJlKO 6bIB aCT MOp CKH M
apKTH'lCCKHM (MA B) . H c JlCJlHT na MOpCKOH II KOHTIIHeHTaJIbHblH

- 122-
 neK~H. 13. B03/lYWHblE MACCbI

3KBaTOp HaJIb Hblii B0 3llyX, Ta K KaK Hall c y weii H Hall Mo p e M OH OUH-

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,
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pa KOTOp o ii coo TBeTcTByeT yCJIOBHHM pallHaUHOHHo ro H TenJIOBO r O
6 aJIaHCa B paao ne c e HaXO)KACHHH. OHa Ha 6J11011aeTCH TOJI bKO B osa-
ra x cs o er o <pOpMHpOBaHHH . B llaJIbHeii weM, xorna B0311ywHa H Mac ca
nepeaciuaercs . 0 ee resm cparyp e CY.llSlT, OTHOCHTeJIbH O COCCllHHX
B03UY WHbiX Ma c c. Hs HHX re nn o a Ha3bIBalOT Ty . KOTopaH ren n ee , a
XOJIOllHoii -- KOTop aSl XOJIOllH ee. n pH 3TOM OTHOCH TeJI bHO Tenna H
B0 3.1lYWHaSl Mac c a MO)Ke T euie npon o nscars a a rp eear scs , a OTHOCH-
TeJIbHO XOJIOllHaH - e uie 6 0JIe e OXJIa)KuaTbCH .
B 0311YWHbIe MaCC bI MoryT 6blTb ctparxrpnuaposaau y cr o a s u a o H
HeycToii 'l HBO. KaK H3BecTHO. y CTo ii'lHBa H CTpaTH<pHKaUHH nOllaBJIReT
aeprxxam-asre .IlBH)KeH HSI (CM. JIe KUHIO 7). Ilpa Hey cToii'lHBOii c rp a -
TH<pH KaUHH p a3 BHBaeTcSI KOHBeKUHH. H e y cT oii'lH BOii cTpaTH<p HKa u HH
6 y u eT B cn ys a s x . x orn a r esmeparypa B0311yxa C BblC OTOii n ana er
6bICTPO (60JIbWe 1°C aa 100 M BbICOTbI) . Ilpa O.llHH X H r ex xce YC-
JIOBHHX 6 0JIee BJIa)KHaSl B0 311ywHaH Macca OTHOC HTeJI bHO n e ycr oasa-
Bee MeHee BJIa)KHOii B0311YWHOii MaCCbI. H a H6 0JIee Hp KO u e y c r o a s a-
BOCTb B0311YWHOii MaCChi npOHBJIHeTCH B 06 p a30B a HHH MOll.lHbIX xyx e-
BO-llO)K.IleBbI X 0 6JIaKOB (Cb ). B aun anexn a JIHBHe BbIX OCa.llKOB, B
pa3BHTHH rpos H WKBaJIOB.
BJIHHHHe noncranaiourea nOBepXHOCTH aa y CTo ii'l HBOCTb B0 311yW-
Hoii MaCCbl o sens BCJIHKO. Ecna B03llYWHaH Macca rennee n OUCTHJIa-
lOll.leii nOBepX HOCTH. T.e . lleHb aa UHe M OXJIa)KuaCTCR n pa B3aH MO.lleii -
CTBHH C n OBep XHOCTblO. TO B npH 3eMHOM CJIoe p a3BHBa eT CH HHBe p -
CHR, H B0311YWHaH Macca CTaHOBHTCH yCToii'lHBO crparurpnuapoaaa-
Hoii . n 0 3TOMY TenJIaH B0311yw Ha H Macca B y Me peHHbIX WHp OTax x a -
CTO HBJIHeTCH y CTo ii'l HBOii B0 311YW HO ii Maccoii.
ECJIH B0 311ywH aH Macca XOJIOllHe e n OllCTHJIalOll.le ii nOBepXHOCTH H
OT aee u a rp eaaercs . TO B npH3eMHOM CJI o e BepTHKaJIbHbIii rpanaesr

- 123 -
 5API1'IECKI1E 05PA30BAHl1I1 HAIJ OKEAHAMI1

re a rte p a ry p u (y) 6bl CTpO B03paCT a e T, H YCJlOBHH ./lJlH p a 3BHT HH

KOHB eKTIlBHbIX nBIl)l{eHHii CTaHOBHTCH BCe o once 6 J1a r OnpIlHTHbIMH.
n 0 3TOM Y XOJlO./lHa H B03./lYWllaH MaCCa, Ka K npaaano , HBJlHeTCH n e y c-
TOH 'IIl BOii .

Xa paKTep HCTHKa re nnsix B0 3n Y WH bi X Ma c c

Tens asi y cmou'IUBaJl eosiununa s; uacca OXJla)l{JlaeTCH y nOJlCTIl-

n aiouief n OBepXHOCTll , B TO BpeMH KaK aepxane CJlOIl B03nYWH oii
MaCCbl OCTa lOTCH TenJl bIMH. Oripaayercs HHBepCHH . HHBe pCHH ~lO)I{ e T
6blTb npH3eMHoii HJlH npanonnsroa , <lJop~lIlpOBaHHe CJlOH IlHBepCHH
na nexoropoa BblCOTe cnocoocrayer OT./le Jle HHIO Hll)l{HerO CJlOH B03-
./ly w Ho ii MaCCbl, KOTOpblH Ha H6 0 Jlee CHJlbHO cxaascna ercs y nO./lCTIl-
JlalOweii nOBep XHOC TIl . C JlOH IlHBepCIlH HBJlHeTCH 3aJle p)f(HBa IOWIlM
CJlOeM. n03T OMY non HIl M npOHCXO./lIlT pacre xauae n O./lHHMa IO W Il XCH
CHH3Y '1aCTIlU nblJlH, 'I TO cno co ocrayer nonOJlHHTeJlbHOMY panna -
UHOH HOMy OXJla)l{JleHHIO sepxaef rpaxausr nonuuaepcaonnoro CJlOH.
B pe3 YJlbTaTe 3Toro Ha'lHHaeTCH KOH./leHCaU\lH BOJlHHO rO napa , H 0 6 -
pa3YlOTcH 06J1aKa rana CJlOHCTblX (S!) HJlH cncncro-xyseasrx (Sc).
T e n Jla H y CToii'l HBa H B03JlywHaH Ma c c a Han OKeaHaMH H MO pH MIl
Ha 6J1IO./lae TCH B r ennsrx cexropax UHKJlOHOB H npa nepeereureaaa
B03nYWHoii MaCCbl C 60Jl ee r e n n o s '1aCTH oxeaaa. a B TenJlYIO nono-
BIlHY rona npn nepeveuienaa r ennoro aosnyxa C MaTepllKa (KOHTIl-
He HTaJl bHbl H rponas e cxaa B0 3./lYX, KOHTHHeH Ta JlbHblii B03Jly X y Me -
peunsrx WHpOT) .
Han MaTepHKaMH TaKaH B03./ly wHaH Ma cca Ha6J1IOJlaeTCH npen x y -
w eCTBeHH O B XOJlO./lH YIO n OJlo BIl HY rona . 06bl'lHO 3 TO B0 3./lywHaH
Macca, nocrynatouias na MaT cpllK nocne ./lJlHTeJlbHOrO n e p e a c iue u n s
Han OTHOCHTeJlbHO TenJlblM OKeaHOM ( MOp CKo ii Tp On H'I e CKHii B03JlYX,
MOpCKOii B03./lYX y Mep e HHbl X WHpOT) .
CHHOnTIl'leCKHe (UHp Ky JlHUIlOHHble) yCJlOBHH, npa KOTOpbl X Ten-
JlaH ycr o nxa a as B0 3nYWHaH Ma cca n ccryn a er B ./la HHblii paiiOH, MO-
r y r 6bITb pa3J1H'IHbIMH . Oc06eHHO xapa x repna re nnaa ycrotisuaaa
B03nYWHall Macca ./lJlH r en n u x CCKTO pOB UIlKJlOHOB H npHMblKalOWHX
K HHM cesepau x OKp aHH aHTHUIlKJlOHOB .
TH nH'IHall norona B rennofi yCTo ii'lHBOii B03JlYWHOii Macce: anBeKTHB-
Hble TyMaHbI HJlH cnn ouraaa CJlOHCTaH (S!) HJlH C,10IlCTO-KY'!esaH (Sc)

- 124 -
 neK~UR 13. B034YWHblE MA CCbl

06J1atJHOCTb, MOlKeT 6bl Tb MOp OCb. BII.QIIMOCTb B TenJlOH yC TOHtJ lIBOii

B0 3.Qy WH OH MaCCe n o mose na . C OOT BCTCT Be IlIlO, YCJlOBIlH nJla Ba HIIH
cnoxcusre. B BbI COKIIX umpora x B 311MHee BpeMH , eCJlII B rennoa B0 3-
llyUIHOii MaCCe ecrs nepeoxnaxcneansre KanJlII BO.Qbl, B03MOlKHO 06,lC-
neaeaae CY.QHa .
CyTO tJH blii XO.Q MeTeOpOJlOrlltJeCKIlX Be JllltJlIH B re nno a yCToiitJllBOii
B031lYWHOH MaCCe aecsxra MaJl . B OJlc C TOrO, B CBH311 C n on o xorre a s -
HOH anse x a ea re nna, a anpn a ep. HOtJblO BMeCTO n OXOJlO.QaHII H MOlKeT
Ha6Jl1o.QaTbCH norenn enne .
T enJlQR ueucmouwuean 803aYlUHQR M QCCa B y MepeHHblX umpo-
Ta X Ha.Q BO.QHOH n OBepXHOCTbID MOlKeT ~ OpMllpOBaTbCH B 311MHec
BpeMH. ::ho nponc x o mrr n p a ncpex euteann OTHOCIlTCJlbH O r ennor-o
B0 3.Qy x a x a e uie oonee r enn yio BO.QHy ID noaepxaocrs . B 0 3.Qy X npo -
rp c Ba c Tc H OT BO.QHOii nOBep xHoc T II II CTaHOBIl T CH HeycToHtJlIB bIM .
3TOT B0 3.Qy X 31lMOii sancnaaer HHor.Qa aa n p ll 6 p c lKH y ID 30Hy Il TaM
IIHorlla YCTa Ha BJlIlBaCTCH HeycTOHtJlIBaR CT pa TII~IlKaUIlR.
Cnuorrrnuec xae YCJlOBII H, n p ll KOTOpbIX TCnJla H B0 3.QYW Hali Mac c a
MOlKCT 6 bl Tb HeYCToii tJIl BOH, llOCTaTO tJHO p aanootipas n u . 3TO MoryT
6bl T b B JlCTHe e BpCMH T Cn JlbI C CCKTOpbl llllKJlO HOB 1IJ11l aa nann ue
OKpallllbI aHTllllIlKJlOHOB. 4 aCTO He y cT OHtJ ll Ba Te n Jl a li B03.Qyw Ha H
Macc a BO ar opnvusr x TCnJlbIX ce xro p ax UIlKJlOHOB.
TllnlltJllaH no rona B TenJlOH HeYCTOHtJllBOH B03.QyWHoH Macc e : llJlH
HCC xapaxrepna KOHBCKTIIBHaR 06J1atJHocTb. Hall BOllOH He YCTOHlJll-
BOCTb YCII JlIlBac TcH HO'lbID (Hall cy we ii - llHeM) . YC IIJleHH OMY paasn-
TIlID KOHBeKlllI1I Hall MOpCM B HOlJHOe BpC MR cnoc oricra y cr panu aua-
OHHoe 113J1 y tJ eHIlC Bep XHIl X CJlOe B BJla lK HOrO aosny x a , a 3HalJIlT IIX
oxnaxcne nae , II yaenax euae Bep T II Ka JlbH bl X rp anne nros r enn epar y-
psr. B n a e s a o e Bpe Mli Ha6 J1 IDllaCT Cli 6e306J1alJHa H no rona 1IJ111 0 6 J1a Ka
xyseast x cjJOpM ( Cu). Bexepox Il HO'lbID x y x es ue 06J1aKa, nocra ras
MaKCIIMaJlbHOrO p a 3BIITIIH, nepexonsr B xyseso -no xcne aae (Cb), 11 3
KOTOpbl X asman aior JlIIBHCBblC ocanxa. Hall OKc a HaM Il o c 06eH II0 sa-
CTbI JlIIBH II II rpoasr B HOtJH oe ape vs .
CY TOlJHbI H x on MeTeO pOJlOr lltJeCKIIX BCJlll lJlIH B r ennoa HCyCTOiitJlI '
Boii B03llYWH Oii Macc e 60JlbW C, tJ eM B r enno a YCTo ii tJ lI BOH Macce , HO
He CJlIIWKOM BeJlIIK.
BlIlllIMOCTb B r ennoa HCYCTOHtJlIBOii B03llYWHOil Macce x o p o ura s ,
aa IlCKJl ID4CHIle M 30 H BbIn alleHIIH oc an xo s . P a ilO HbT 3 T II He OtJeHb

- 125-
 6APJ1'iECKIlE 06PA30BAHilfI HA~ OKEAHAMII

60JIb WIl e, OCaJlKIl HenpOJlOJI)KHT eJl bH ble . B OCHOBHOM, yC JIOBHH n n a -

Ba HHH B TenJIOH HeyCToH'IHBOH B03Jl YW HOH Ma CCe XOpO W He .
B rpon n x ax s e es ron Hall BOJlHOH n OBep XH OCTblO ¢l OpMHp yIOTCH
Hall60JIee r ennsre HeYCTOH'IIlBble B03.lJ.YWHble MaC CbI (MrB) . B o BHyT-
p HTp On H'IeC KOH 30He KOHBe p re HUHH Ha XOllllTCH Ten JIaH HeycTOH'I HBa H
B03.lJ.ywHaH Ma c ca (3B ). C JIC.lJ.y eT nO MHHTb , 'ITO T p OnH'ICC Ka H 30H a
(O T 30° C. W . .lJ.0 30° 10. w. ) COCTa BJHIC T nOJIOBH HY nJIOw.a.lJ.H BceH
nn a ueru . 3 .lJ.eCb o epaayxrrcs Mo w. Hble KOHB eKTHBHble 06JIa Ka , 3 a HIl-
xaiomae BCIO r ponoc rpe py , asmanaor HHTeHCIlBHbl e JIHB HeBbl e ocan-
KH, Ha 6 JIIOJla lOT CH r poau . HM eHHo B 3TOM T enJIOM He yCToH 'IHBOM
B0 311y xe 06pa3y lOTcH TpOnH'I CCKHe UHKJIOHbl .
Bo BHyTp HTpon H'Iec KoH 3 0He KOHBep r e HUHH CyTO'l HbIH XO.lJ. MeTeo-
pOJIOrH'IeCKHX BeJI H'IH H MaJI B OCHOBHOM H3-3a Mow.Ho ro CJIOH 0 6 JIa -
KOB. OCa.lJ.KH O.lJ.HHaKOBO se po ara u KaK JlHeM , TaK H HO'l b lO.

XapaKTepHCTHKa XOJIOJlHblX H MeCTHblX

B03JlYWHblX Macc

Xos odna « «eucmoiisuean B03aYLUHa fl Ma cca nan OKe a HaM H H

MOp HMH Ha 6JI IOJl ae TC H '1aCTO . B XOJIOllHOM s o s n y x e nan MopeM npo-
IlCXO.lJ.HT p OCT resm e pa ry p u HH)K Her O CJIOH a o s nyxa, CJIe JlOBaT e Jlb -
HO, YBeJlH'Ie HHe BepTH Ka JIbHorO rpann eura r esm e p aryp u. Ka K JlJIH
TenJIOrO He y CToH'IH Boro B0311yx a, TaK H .lJ.JIH XOJIO.lJ.HOrO HeycToH'IH-
ao ro x apa xre p no y CHJIeHHe KOHB eKUHH B u oxuu e 'laC bl H npeotina-
Jla HHe JIHB He Bbl X JIOK aJI b HblX BH y Tp HM a cCOB blX OCa .lJ.KOB H r p03
B HO'l HOe Bp eMH (Ha.lJ. cyw e ii - Ha 0 6 0 p OT) . B IlJlHMOCTb B XOJlOJlHblX
B0 3.lJ. YWHbI X Macca x xo pour a s , B 30 Hax JIHBHeBbl X oc an xos -
n JIOXaH .
Y eJlOBHH n JIaBaHHH B XOJIOllHOH B03JlYWH OH Macce , B OCHOBHOM,
6JI a rOnpHHTHbl e. OJlHaKO B 3 0He JIHBHeBbl X OCaJlKOB, Kp OMe nnox oa
BHJlHM OCTH, 'l aC TO Ha 6 JIIO.lJ.aIOTCH e w.e H WKBa JiIl CTble aerp u . Han
fp e HJla HllCKHM , H opB e )KcKHM H Bapeauesua MOp HMIl B 3HMHee spe -
MH n pa scr p a x c esep n u x pyM60B Ha 6JIIOJlalOTCH He06 bl'laiiHO HHTeH -
CHBHble caero nanu - cuexcasre sapsn u . JlJIH KOTOp bl X xapaxre pusr
BHe 3 anHOCTb H HCKJIIO'IHTeJIbHO nJIOXaH BHJl HMOCTb .
HM MaTepHKaMH XOJIOJlHaH He ycTOH'lHBaH B03JlywHaH Macca Ha6JIIO-
naerca, KaK npaBHJIO, B' TenJIOe nonyronne , ocooesao npa BTOp)KeHHH

- 126 -
 neKIiHn 13. B0311YWHblE MACCbI

aa MaTepHK MOpCKOro B03)J.yxa yMepeHHbIX WHpOT (MYB) HJIH MOpCKO-

ro B03)J.yxa H3 APKTHKH (MAB) .
CHHOnTHtJeCKHe yCJIOBHH, HaH60JIee 6JIarOnpHHTHbIe )J.JIH BTOp)\{e-
HHH XOJIO)J.HbIX HeycTOHtJHBbIX B03)J.yWHbiX Macc - 3TO TbIJIOBbIe tJaCTH
U,HKJIOHOB sa XOJIO)J.HbIMH cjJpOHTaMH H tJaCTHtJHO npHMbIKalOw.He K HHM
oxpaaau aHTHU,HKJIOHOB .
THnHtJHaH norona B XOJIO)J.HbIX HeycTOHtJHBblX B03)J.yWHbIX Maccax:
MeCTaMH xysesaa H KytJeBO-)J.O)\{)J.eBaH 06JIatJHOCTb, JIHBHeBbIe ocan-
KH, '1aCTO MHOrOKpaTHO nOBTopHIOw.HeCH. B 3HMHee BpeMH - CHe)\{-
Hble 3a p H)J.bI . He TOJIbKO Hall. BO)J.HOH nOBepXHOCTblO, HO H Hall. nosep-
XHOCTblO CYWH (uanpaxep, Hall. MypMaHcKHM nooepescsea) . .L!.HeM
Hall. KOHTHHeHTOM MoryT 6bITb rpoau, HOtJblO Hall. MaTepHKOM B03-
MO)\{HbI pa)J.HaU,HOHHble TyMaHbI. 06pa30BaHHe ryxana B03MO)\{HO
JIHWb npa 3HatJHTeJIbHOH BJIalKHOCTH B03)J.yWHOH MaCCbl. TIPH 3TOM
HO%IO B npH3eMHOM CJIoe B03)J.ywHaH Macca CTaHOBHTCH YCTOHtJHBOH.
CYTO'lHbIH XO)J. reurreparypu BO)J.bl, a, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, H B03)J.y-
xa B npHBO)J.HOM CJIoe He60JIbWoH. Han MaTepHKaMH, B XOJIOJlHbIX
HeYCTOHtJHBblX B03)J.YWHbIX Maccax, Ha060pOT, OH oc06eHHO BeJIHK.
Ho%1O MOlKCT Ha6JIIO)J.aTbCH HCHaH XOJIO)J.HaH norona co CJIa6blMH
BeTpaMH H.~H, KaK YKa3bIBaJIOCb ssnue. pall.HaU,HOHHbIH TyMaH. lI.HeM
- noasnueaae reunepar ypsr ua 10-15 0
, 3HatJHTeJIbHaH 06JIaQ-
HOCTb, ocanxa , yCHJIeHHe serpa.
XOJl08Hbie ucmoii «ueue B038YlUHbie scaccu He cjJOpMHpylOTCH Hall
OKeaHaMH H MOpHMH . Hall. MaTepHKaMH OHH Ha6JIIO)J.alOTcH B BbICOKHX
H yMCpCHHbIX uraporax B OCHOBHOM 3HMOH, a Ha)J.O JIbLlaMH APKTHKH
H AHTapKTHKH OHH MoryT 6bITb H JIeTOM. B 3THX B03)J.yWHbiX Maccax
B rJIy6HHe KOHTHHeHTa npe06JIaLlaeT MaJIoo6JIa'lHaH norOll.a C CHJIb-
HbIMH Mop03aMH, CJIa6bIM serpox H xopoweH BHLlHMOCTblO. 5Ip'laH-
WHH npHMep - orpounsie rtnoutana B A3HH, 3aHHTbIe cH6HpCKHM
aHTHUHKJIOHOM.
B npmipexcnstx paaonax xorronuue YCTOHtJHBble B03LlYWllbIe Mac-
Cbl MoryT HMeTb 311a'lHTeJIbllYlO BJIalKIIOCTb. B HHX MoryT B0311HKaTb
CJIOHCTble (St) H CJIOHCTo-Ky'leBble 06JIaKa (Sc), HHorLla CJIa6bIH
cner, B03MOlKIIO nOHBJIellHe LlbIMKH .
MecmHble (lIeHTpaJIbHbIe) B0311.YWllble MaCCbI B JII060H ce30H MO-
rYT 6blTb KaK yCTOHtJHBbIMH, TaK H HeycToHtJHBbIMH. 3TO 3aBHCHT
OT CBOHCTB H rpauctpopaauaa B0311.YWHOH MaCCbI. HeHTpaJIbHaH

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 6APU'IECKUE 06PA30BAHUfl HA~ OKEAHAMU

B0311YlllHaH MaCCa, KOTOpaH B03HHKJla npu OXJlalKlleHHH TenJlOH B03-

llYlliHOH MaCCbl, 06bl'lHO HBJlHeTCH yCTOH'IHBOH, a B03HHKlllaH H3
XOJlOllHOH npH ee nporpeBaHHH aT nOllCTHJlaIDlUeH nOBepXHOCTH --
HeyCToH'IHBOH .

I. B npelleJlax OllHOH B0311YlllHOH MaCCbl H3MeHeHHH MeTeOpOJlO'

fH'ICCKHX BC.nH'IHH (reaneparypu , B.nalKHOCTH) netionsume. 3Ha'IH'
rensasre H3MCHCHHH MCTcopo.nonI'JCCKHX Be.nH'IHH 03Ha'iaIDT ncpexon
B COCCJ\HIDID B0311yWHyID Maccy.
2. TenJlOH Ha3bIBaIDT Ty B0311yWHyID Maccy, KOTopaH rennee co-
cennax B0311YWHbIX Macc. XO.nOllHOH B0311YWHOii Maccoii, COOTBCT '
CTBeHHO, Ha3blBaIDT ry, KOTopaH xononaee.
3. Hall OKeaHaMH B yMepeHHblx uraporax xo.nonaue B0311YWHble
MaCCbl, B OCHOBHOM, HBJllIIDTClI HeycTOH'IHBbIMH, a rennste B0311Ylll'
HbIe MaCCbl - YCTOH'IHBbIMH. Hall OKcaHaMH HHKorlla He BCTpC'IaeTCH
ycronsaso CTpaTH<pHUHpOBaHHblii XO.nOllHblii B0311YX. B 3KBaTOpHaJlb-
HblX WHpOTaX aceraa HaXOllHTClI TO.nbKO onsa B0311ywHaH Macca -
3TO TCnJlblii HCyCTOii'lHBO CTpaTH<pHUHpOBaHHbIH B0311YX.
4. Tennaa B03J\ywHaH Macca Ha6.nID.ll,aeTCH B TenJlOM cexrope UHK-
nona. xononnas aoaayumaa Macca - B TblJ10BOH 'faCTH. B nepenaea
'1aCTH UHKJlOHa H B ero ueHTpa.nbHoH '1aCTH BHH3Y HaXO.ll,HTCH XO.nOll-
HaH aosnyumaa Macca, a nan Heii rennas aosnyuraaa Macca .
5. BH.ll,HMOCTb B HeycTOH'fHBOM sosnyxe (XO.nOllHOM H.nH rennou) B
OCHOBHOM xopouras, aa HCK.nID'feHHeM 30HbI OCa.ll,KOB. B rennox, yCTOH-
'1HBO CTpaTH<pHUHpoBaHHoM B03.ll,YXC BHllHMOCTb nnoxas. YCToii'fHBOrO
xonozmoro B0311yxa Hall OKcaHaMH He 6bIBaCT.

Bonpocm U saoanun
!. 'Imo «asueaiom. eosoinunoi; uaccoa?
2. Kaxoeu eeprnuxa.smcue U eopusonmasmcue pasuep»: B03aYUlHblX
Mace?
3. Mocym AU B mponuuecsux (yMepeflflbIX. emcoxux} tuupomax no eep-
muxanu 6blmb oee 803aYUlftbie uaccu?
4. Ecaa 8 mponoctpepe no 8epmUKaAU naxooemcst Bee 803aYUlHbie Mae-
ebl. mo. KaK OftU pacnonaeatomcn omHoeume,tbflo apyc apyca ?

- 128 -
 neKU"R 13 . B0 31lYWHblE MACCbI

5. '{mo RBARem eR ocnoeno a xapaxm epucmuxoii B03aYU/.Hoii .' !a eebl ?

6. '1mo maK oe mpanapopuauus: B03aYWHOil Maeeb'?
7. '1mo no nuuaem cx n oo o ~ aZOM q,OpMupoBaHuR B03aYU/.Hoil ua ccu ?
8. B KaKUX 6apu.eeKux cucm exax M03fCem q,OpMupoBam beR B03ayw HaR
uacca?
9. 'Ie... Ot1lllU~ OlOm eR s op cxue B03aYWHble Moeeb' om «onmunenmas suux
B03aYWHbi X Ma ce?
10. [Jo ~eMY 3KBamopUOAbHblil 803 ayx He Bes umcn Ha xop csoi; U KOHm u-
HeHmaAbHbl U?
II . KOKOR B03ayWHOR Moeeo H03blBo em eR mennoa ( XOAOaHOil) ?
12. '1mo maxoe Heyemoii~u8oR (yemoii~uBoR) cmpa mutpuxauun?
13. KOKaR noeoiia 8 mennoii y emoil'U80il B03aYWHOil sca cce?
14. KOKOR no eoiia 8 menAoil Heyemoil~u8oil 803aYWHOil ua cce?
15. KOKOR no eooa B XOA OaHOil Heyemoil,uBoil B03aYUJH oil ...acce?
16. KOKOR noeooa 8 XOAOaHOil yemoil~uBoil 803aYWHOil sui cce?
17. KaKaR U3 nepes ucs ennux B03ayWHb'X Mace He 6blBaem Haa OKea -
naxu?
18. Oxapnxmepueq ume y e,IOBuR nAaBa HUR B pa3,tu'Hb'X 80 3aYW Hbi X
Maccax.
19. Paccxaocume 0 eUH onm u~eeKUX y eAoBURX. B x om op txx M03fCem Ha-
6,tlOaambeR ma UAU a py za R B03ayw HoR Maeea .
20. Paccxaocum e 0 ey mO' HOM xooe uem eop osoeuuecx ux Be,ZU</UH B p as-
Hb'X 803aYWHblX Maeeax .
21. Kaxue B03aYWHbie Maeeb' np eotis ao a som HOa OK ea HOMU B yMepeHHblX
U 8bleOKUX tuupomax?
22. Kaxue B03ayWHb,e MaCe., 3anOAHRIOm m p onu uecs ue uiupo msi?

- 129 -
 IiAPI1'1ECKI1E OliPA30BAHI111 HAil OKEAHAMI1

neKl.l~Sl 14

tbPOHTbl

lI,EJlb Beecmu nOHJlmUJI «tbponm» U

JlEKlI,HH:
«drponmanunas: noeepxuocms»,
B lIeKljuu paCCMampUBalOmCJI cumqauuu, Kozda B mpo-
noctbepe no eepmuxanu naxoiinmcn dBe UIIU da:HCe mpu
B03iJgWHblX MaCCbl, KaK npu 3mOM BblZIlJldJlm epanuuu
Me:HCdg HUMU, BepmWCUllbHblU npotbun», eepmuxanunas U
eopusonmansnax npOmJl:HCeHHOCmb, 3Ha'leHUJI U xapaKmep
U3MeHeHUJI MemeopOIlOZU'leCKUX BeIlU'IUH U uemeopcsoeu-
'1eCKUX JlBlleHUU «a HUX. IIOKa3aHO, KaK BbUIIJldJlm ¢POH-
mu. ua «apmax noeoou. Iiaemcn UX KllaCCU¢UKaIjUJI, ana-
lIu311pglOmcJI noeodnue gCAOBlIJI.

KlllO'IeBble cnoea: OKKJlI03HlI, noae OCa)l,KOB, c1JpOHT.

ct>pOHTaJlbHble nOBepXHOCTH

B03AYWHble MaCCbl nepensnraiorca no TIJlaHeTe KaK e.LtllHoe ue-

noe. OHH CTaJlKHBaIOTCH , HanOJl3alOT npyr na npyra . Tenaas B03AYW-
HaH Macca, KaK oo.nee nerxas, nO,llHHMaeTCH no KJlHHY XOJlOAHOrO
B03Ayxa H OKa3bIBaeTCH aasepxy. B rponocrpepe no BepTHKaJlH OKa-
3blBalOTCH ABe, a naoma H TpH B03,llYWHbIX MaCCbI. I'paaauu Me}f{,lly
HHMH HaCTOJlbKO pe3KH, pa3J1H'IHH MeTeOpOJlOrH'IeCKHX BeJlH'IHH Ha-
CTOJlbKO 3Ha'lHTeJlbHbI , 'ITO HX aaasraaror cPpOHmaMU.
Iloxeay »ce B03AYX He CMeWHBaeTCH:- Ha caMOM nene , B03,llYW-
nue MaCCbl CMeWHBaIOTCH . OAHaKO 3TO npOHCXOAHT B Y3KHX 30Hax H
MCAJleHlIO, ropaaao MeAJlellllee, 'IeM CKOpOCTH ABH}f{eIlHH caMHX B03-
AyWllbIX Macc . Paaaepu 3011 caeiueuaa no cpasaeaaio C sosnyumu-
MH MaccaMH oseas MaJlb! . ::ho n03BOJlHCT npCACTaBlITb rpallllUy pas-
nena TaK, KaK 6YATO 6bI B03AyX ABH}f{eTCH no 06e CTOpOllbI aenpo-
IIHuaeMoii CTCllbi. Bsaaaonencraae B03AYWllblX Macc aa nOBepXIIOCTH
paaaena CXO,llHO C B3aHMO,lleiicTBHeM HeCMeWHBalOI.l.lHXCH }f{HAKOCTeii ,
nanpaaep. aozrsr H MaCJla.

-130-
 neK~HR 14. iPPOHTbI

cPpOHTaJlbHbl C nOBCpXHOCTIi 0 6 p a3 y lOT c H IIC TOJlbKO B B03.LlyXC, HO

II B npyrux CP C.Lla x . 51p'laHlIlIIH TOMy npajaep « XOJlO.LlHa H CTCHa » y
HblO<pa YH.LlJl CH.LlCKoH 6aHKIl. XOJlO.LlHbIC BOJl.b1 JIa6paJl.Op CKOro T C'I C'
HIiH BCTpC'IaIOTCH TaM C TCnJlblMIi BOJl.aMIi rOJlb<pCTpIIMa . Fpauuua
HaCTOJlbKO '1CTKaH , 'ITO n epecexaiourae CC MOpCnJlaBaTCJlII 3aMC'IaIOT
3Ha'lIlTCJlbHYIO pa 3HHUy TCMn c p a T y p Ha HOCy II Ha KOpM C CY.LlHa .
CMCHbI noronasrx YCJlOBIiH aa rpanauax B03D,YlllHbIX Macc nponc-
XOJl.HT TaK pC3KO , II HCCyT TaKIiC 60JlblllllC noronxue 113MCHCHliH na
orpOMHblX TCPPIiTOPIlHX, 'ITO <pPOHTbl HBJlHIOTCH Ba)l(HblM 06bCKTOM
113Y'lCHIIH B MCTCOpOJlOrll1l B00611lC II B CIIHOnTIl'lCCKoi! MCTCOpOJlO-
rIIll B '1aCTHOC TII .
Fpaaaua MC)I(D,y pa3J1Il'lHbIMIi B03JlYUlHbiMII MaccaMII B T pC XMCp -
HOM npOCTpaHCTBC Ha3bIBaIOTC5I t/JpOHmaAbHbIMU nOBepXHocmH MU
IlJlIl t/JpOHmaAbHbIMU 30HaMU. YroJl lIaKJlOHa <PPOHTaJlbHOH nosepx-
HOCTII a K nJlOCKOCTIi ropaaoara OQCHb MaJl, OH HaXOJl.IITC5I B npe ne-
nax 0,5-1°, raareac yrna COCTaBJlHCT 1/100-1/50 (pIIC. 2.20) .
BCJlIl'lIiHa HaKJlOHa 3a BllCliT OT pa3J11l'l1l51 TCMncpaTyp (nJlOTHocTci!)
.LlBYX 1l03.LlYlllHb1X Macc II OT OTHOCIITCJlbHOi! CKOpOCTII IIX .LlIlII)l(CHIIH .

TellJlblH B03JJ.YX ~JJ.Hblii

"'Wo---:i:""''''--'-'''------'---ro
B03JJ.YX
4>pOHT E
PIIC. 2.20. YroJl uaxaoua <!lpolITaJlbllOii noaepXHOCTII K roP"30HTY

cPpOHTaJlbHa51 nOBcpxHOCTb, nepecexaacs C nOBcp xHOCTblO 3 CMJlII,

oopaayer JlIlHIlIO <ppoHTa . I'panaua MC)I(.LlY B03D,YlllllbIMIi MaccaMIi
(aonsr CMClIlCIIIlH) lIaCTOJlbKO MaJlbl , 'ITO aa KapTa x noronu 01111 MO-
rYT 11306pa)l(aTbCH TOJlbKO JlIIHIlHMIl. Y CJlOBHblC 0603HaQCHIIH <pPOH-
TOB aa xaprax noronu npC.LlCTaBJlCHbl aa pIIC . 2.21, 2.23, 2.26, 2.28.

reorpaljJlI'IeCKall KJlaCcllljJllKaullll aTMocljJepHbl x

ljJpOHTOB

OCHOBllblMIi ljJpoHTaJlbllblMII 30llaMII nan oxcaaana c cn epnoro

noayurapna 51BJl5IIOTC5I: apxmuuecxuu tpponm BATJlaIlTIIK C, nOJ1Rp-
HblU tpponm. (ljJPOIiT yMCpCHHbIX 1IlIlpOT) B ATJlaHTIlKC , COOTBCTCT -
ayioume apxmuuecxuii II nOAHpHblU diponmu B TIiX OM OKcaHC II

- 131 -
 5API1'1ECKI1E 0 5PA30 8AHI1R HAil OKEA HAMI1

cpedueeu nou opcxuii tpponm . TI CP Bbl H OTllCJlHCT apKT HlJCCK H H B0 3 -

llyX OT MOpC l<o r O B0311yx a yMCp CHHbl X W HpOT C CBCpH OH ATJlaHTH KH .
TI OJlHPll bl H <PPOII T OTllCJlHC T B03lly X yMCpCHHblX WH pO T OT Tp On HlJCC·
x o r o . CpCllH3CMHOMO pCKH H ljJpO HT Ha6Jl10 lla CTC H B 3 HM HCC BpCMH H
OTllC JlHC T XOJlOllH blH B03llyX Hall E Bp o n OH OT TCnJlO rO B03llyxa Hall
CCBCpHOH AljJP HKOii .
M CCT On OJl O1KCHH H ljJ pO HT OB M01KH O na n, TOJl bK O B CpCllHCM.
B Ka1KllblH OTllCJlblfO B3 HT bl H llClf b p a cnOJlO1KCHHC ljJpO HTO B M01KCT
CH,lbIlO OTJl HlJa TbCH OT cpensero, npa 3TO M Ha H6 0 Jl bWH C OTKJlO HCHH H
Ha6JllOllalOTCH B yMCpCH HblX WH pOTa X.

Ten.lbl" ljJP OHT

Korna TCn JlaH aoanyum a s Macc a sa we uiaer XOJlOllHYIO , Jl HHH H, n o

KOTOp OH <jJpoH TaJl b HaH n OBcp XH OCTb n cp e CCKa CTCH C r opH 30HTa JlbHOH
n OBc p XHOCT b lO u a ypoa ne MOp H, Ha3b1Ba CTCH menAbtM tpponmou, H a
pH C.2.2 1 nO Ka 3a HO, KaK H3 06p a 1Ka CTCH TC nJl blH ljJpOHT n a xapra x
noronu ,

_1 °
X O,10JlHbI H B0 3ilYX

-40
Tcnnsn; B03ilyX

} ,I
PH C. 2.21. T e n JlblH ljlpOHT. B bm YK.10 cTH n OKa3b! Ba lOT
KYA a ne peABHra eTCR ljlp OHT

Y rOJl HaKJlOH a TCn JlOrO ljJpoHTa K r opH30H T a JlbHOii n OBcpx HOCTH

COCTa BJlH CT OKOJlO 0,5°. TI o BCpTHKa JlH B rp on o crp e p e HaXOllHT CH n ae
B0 3llYWHblX MaC CbI. X OJlOllHbl H B03lly X OCT aCTCH Y3KH M KJl H H OM Y
3CMJl H. Tertnsni B03llYX nOllHHMaeTCH BBCp X n o ljJpoHTaJlbHOH n OBCp ·
XHOCTH. TI OCKOJl b KY norrseu na sc ex s u corax npOHCXOllHT MellJleHHO,
T O na orpoa nu x npOCTpaHCT Bax 06 p a3ylOTc H CJlOHCT006pa3 Hbic 06-
n asa (pHC . 2.22).

- 132-
 ne "~HR 14. <1JPOHTbI

KM
12 Tpononaysa Crpa rocrpe pa

10~~~
8
- 2--3 KM - Cs

- 2- 3 KM

4
•
:- Ns XOnOJl.HblH R03JlyX
2 - 5 KM
SI
o o 400 500 600 700 KM

PHC. 2.22. B epTHKa.lbllblH paapea rennoro ljJpolITa

TCnJI blii 4JPOHT II CBR3aHHa R C IlIlM 0 6 JIa 'l HOCTb n OXonRT n o T PO-
nonayau , Pac cnorpaa pIlCyHOK. Cnpasa, B 1000 K M OT JIHHHII 4Jp OH-
ra y 3 e MHoii noaepxaocru, n o Mepe e ro npll6JIIl)KeHll1i oyaer Ha 6 J1 1O-
narscs cn enyioura s nOCJICnOBaTe JIb HOCTb 06J1aKoB . n CpBblMIl 06JIa Ka -
Mil renno ro 4JpO HT a lIBJIRIOTCli nepacru e (Ci). OHH BblCOKO B neoe,
na aucorax 60JI c e 6000 M . 3 aTcM , KaK npaBIlJIO, Hc 6 0 3 a BOJlaK HB aeT -
CR neneuoa TO)KC BblCOKIlX TO HK IIX n cpIlCT O-CJIOIl CT bI X 06JIa KOB (Cs ).
B 3 T II X 06JIaKaX '1a CTO Ha 6 J11On a eTcR ra n o . HH)K HlIli rp a uaua 06.1a'l -
HOCTH Ha KJIOHHali . Ilpaa epao B ure c r a c r a x KIlJlOMeTpax n Oll BJIRIOT CR
BblCOKOCJIOIlCTblC 06JIaKa (As) . 3TO y xc e lI,OCTaTO'lHO n n ornu e 06JIa'l-
Hbl e MaCCbl , HII)K HlIR rp aaa ua K OTOpbl X on ycxaer cn lI,O 2000 KM .
JI eToM 'lame scero He60JIbWIIC KanJIIl 113 BblC OKO -CJlOIlCTbIX 0 6J1a KOB
IlCnaplilOTCR Ha lI,By XKIlJlOMC T p OBOM nYTIl . noll, 06J1 3 K3M Il IlHOrll,a
MOlK HO Blln eTb xocue c epue nOJIOCbl naneaaa o can s o s . Jlaurs aaorn a
HO'lblO o canx a MorYT n OJIe T 3 T b no nOBep XHOCTII 3eMJIIl . 3H Moii B bICO -
KO-CJlOIlCTble 06JI3K3 lI,31OT 3 Ha 'l IlTCJIb Hble c a eronanu . B Tpe x COT - ,
'1eT blpeXCOT KIlJIOMeTp OBo ii n OJIOce BnOJIb JIIl HIl Il 4JpoHTa n OllBJIRIOTCR
HII 3KH e CJIOIlCTO -lI,OlKn eBbl c 06JI aK 3 (Ns) . B ncii CTBIl TeJIbHO CTll , ne pen

- 133-
 5 API1'1ECKI1E 05PA30BAHI1f1 HA~ OKEAHAMI1

Ten JlblM <jJpOHTOM orpounue n o Be pTHK a Jl H n pOCTpa HCTBa 33 HHTbi

06J1a'lHOH MaccoH . HH lK HlO1O ee '1aCTb nas u aaicr C,10HCTO-,ll.OlK,ll.e Bbl-
MH (Ns ), a snue - BbICOKO-CJlOHCTbIMH (As), a e w e ssnne - nepacro-
CJlOHCTblM H ( Cs) 06J1aKaMH. C n OHBJle HHe M Ns, a 3HMOH As . Ha'lHHa -
IOTCH OC3,ll.KH . Ul Hp HHa 30Hbl OCa,ll.KOB n epe,ll. <jJpOHTO M COCT a BJl HeT
300- 400, a TO H 600 KM, a B,ll.OJl b <jJpoHTa n o 1000 KM. T en Jlbl H
<jJpOHT nepens a racrca co CKOp OCT blO npaaepxo 30 KM/'1aC H norox y
OCa.llKH H,ll.YT no 10 H o cnee '1aCOB. 06J1 a'lHOCTb HH3KaSl . BH,ll.HMOCTb
nnoxas . B 0 3MOlKCH n pe,ll.<jJp o HTaJlbHbIH TyMaH , KOTOp blH oopaayer ca
B p e3 YJlbTa Te Hcnape HHH H ne p eKOH,ll.eHCaUHH Ten JlblX KaneJlb B xo -
JlO,ll.HOM aoan yxe. n OCJlC npOXOlK,ll.eHHSI <jJpOHTa r e a n epar y p a y sea a -
'1 HBa e TCSI, OCa,ll.KH npexp auiasorca. 3HMOH BH,ll.HMO CTb MOlKeT OCTa -
BaTbCH nJl OXOH yxc e H3· 3a 3,ll.BeKTHBHoro rya ana B TenJlOM a o snyxe.
B 0 3MOlK Ha MOp OCb . B ner aee BpeM SI BH,ll.HM OCTb aa JlHHH e H <jJpOHTa
YJlY'lw3eTCH. Ilepen Te n Jlbl M <jJpOHTOM na ane aae n an a er , Il ocne -
n a,ll.e HHe ,ll.aBJleHHSI npe KpawaeTCSI . B eTep MeHSleT Han p 3 BJleH He n o
'1 a COBOH CTpCJlKe , 06 bl'lHO CTa HOBSlC b Me Hee nopuaacrsra H TepH SI
CHJlY ·
n pH 3H aK aMH r oro , 'ITO npH6J1HlKae TCSI Te n Jlbl H <jJpOHT , Sl BJlSleTCSI
naneune naanen an , YBeJl H'Ie HHe nJlO THOCTH, BO,ll.H OCTH 06J1aKOB, CHH-
lKCHHe HX HHlKHeH r p a u a u sr , nOHBJleH HC n i mbostrat u s , asm aneuae
0 6J10lK HbIX OC a,ll.KOB, n OSlBJleHHe 06pbI BKOB st r a t us Iractus (S f Ir) HJlH
Iractonirnbus (F r nb) . Xap aKTepHcTHKH r e n n o ro <jJpoHTa npencras -
Jle Hbl B Ta 6 J1 . 2.1 .
3 TO KJlaCCH'IeC Ka Sl Ka pTHHa re n n oro <jJpoHT a . O ,ll.H a KO Mo r y T
Ha 6 J11O,ll.3 TbCSI H s exoropu e OTKJIOHe HHSI . TaK, a a orna B HO'lHOe ape -
MSI B pe3Y JlbT3Te HHTeHCHBHoro pa,ll.HaUHOHHoro Bbl XOJla lKHBaHHH
aepx a ea rpauauu 06J13KOB MOlKeT B03HHKaTb 60JlbWaSl P33HOCTb
r eanepar yp MelK,ll.y XOJlO,ll.H OH s epumsoil H TenJlblM OCHOBaHH eM
o6J1a KoB. 3TO n p HBO,ll.HT K YBeJlH'IeHHIO HeycToH'IHBOCTH B 0 6 J1aKa X H
nepepo xcneamo HX B xyse eo-noxnenu e (Cb) C aunaneaaeu JlHBHe-
Bbl X OCa,ll.KOB . B CBCTJlOe Bp CMSI CyTOK OCa,ll.KH 6blJlH 06J10lKHbl MH
(M eJlKOKaneJlbHbl e , He6oJlbWOH HHTeHcHBHoCTH) , a HO'lblO OHH CTa JiH
JlHBHeBbIMH - xp ynaue x artna. 6 0JlbWaH HHTeHCHBHOCTb. B03MolKHa
rp oa o saa n eareasn ocrt,. .l!.HeM KapTHHa , KaK npaaano, BOCCTaHaBJl H-
BaeTCH. 0 6 J1 aK a CTa HOBHTCH CJlOHCTOo6pa3HblMH , OCa,ll.KH - 06J10lK-
HbIM H.

- 134-
 neKUHR 14. tPPOHTbI

T a 6JIH ua 2.1
XapaKTep HCTHKH renaoro ljlpoHTa

• Ilp u
Ilepeii "'poumoM npoxoscdenuu Ilocn e "'pouma
• "'pouma

IO)I(Hble . IO>KH ble .

Bempm nepeM eHHble
e IOrO-BOCTOqH ble ioro-sanannue
xononao,
YCTOiiq HBOe HBr peBB HHe ,
Teunepamqpa MellJlellHOe
noauureaae 3BTeM CTB6HnbHBn
,. corpeB3HHe

nBlleHHe He6onbwoe
II. aBJleUUe 06 bl'IHO n anaer
npexpautaercs nosuureuxe
B TBKOM n o pan xe :
St. S c;
>. 06JlaKa
ct. Cs , As. Ns, SI CJI0HCTOo6pa3Hble J1eTOM
H Ty MBH; JleTOM
, BCTp eq BIOTCn Cb
• BCTpeq BIOTCH Cb

y Mcpe Hll blii llO)l(,[lb, 06 b1q1l0 HHqCrO ,

OCBIIKH
Ocaiicu c se r , IIO)l(,[lb HHOma MOpOCb
npexpautaiorc a
co CHerOM HJlH .nHBHH

nnoxas,
Buiiuseocm» Ilnoxas TyMBH. IIbl MKa
HO C yJlyqw eHHeM

XOJlO.llHblH IjJpOHT

Korna XOJlOJtHaH B03AywHaH MaCCa aaxeuiaer rennyio , JlIIHIHI, no

KOTopOM IjJpoHTaJlbHaH noaepxnocrs nepecexacrcs C ropll30HTaJIbHOH
nosepxaocrsio na yposa e MOpH , Ha3b1BaeTCH xOAo8 HbiM tpponmou ,
Ha pIIC. 2.23 nOKa3aHO, KaK 11306pa)l(aeTCH XOJIOJtH bIM <j>pOHT Ha
xaprax nOrOAbI.
HaKJIoH xononsoro rppoara K nJIOCKOCTII ropaaoxra 60JIbWe 'l eM y
TenJIOrO - OKOJlO \ 0 (puc. 2.24 ). no BepTIIKaJIII B r ponocrpepe aaxo-
JtHTCH nsc B03JtYWHbl X MaCCbl. CKOpOCTb nepeueutenxa XOJIOAHOM

-135-
 6APIl'lECKIlE 0 6PA30BAHIlR HAp' OKEAHAMII

10°

X OJlOilllblii B03ilYX
-40 B03ilY X

~
~
13°

PHC. 2.23. XOJlOII.Hb,H <PPOIIT.

BepwHllbl rpeyro.nsuaxoa nOKa3h1RaIOT
xyna nepena uraercs <pPOIIT

KM
12 Crparocrpepa

10 Tpononaysa

8 ( :-
6
TenJlhl" B03ilyx

4
X OJlOilllblH
2 Sc B03ily X ..........
Sc

0
500 400 200 100 100 200 KM

PIIC. 2.24. BepTHKaJlb HhlM paapes XOIlOAHoro <ppoHTa 6blCTPO A8HlKYlUerOCH

(2·ro pona) . Caesa - XO.10AHhlM 8TOPH~lIb'M <pPOHT

-136-
 Jle KUHR 14. <PPOHTbI

MaCCbI B0 311y x a y n OBe p XHOCTH 3 eMJIH TOPM03 HTClI H3-3 a TpeHHlI . TI P H

3TOM pe3KO HCKalKae TClI n pO<jJHJl b <jJpOHTa,l bHOH nOBepXHOCTH. Oopa-
syerc s r y n o f KJIHH XOJIOllHOro B0311y xa , HJIH « HOC" , KOTOpbIH n ponas-
JIHBae T c e6 e n YTb B Te nJI OM B0 311y x e.
XOJIOllH a ll MaCCa nepeaeuiaercs n onoon o r yceuaue Ta HKa, n epe -
x a r u s a a c s c s epxy BHH3 . Bucrpoe nCpCM ClliCHHe BaJIa XOJIOllHOrO
B0 311yxa asrasr sae'r 6 YPHbIH nOllbeM OTTeCHlIeM oro TCnJI OrO aosny x a
n epen JIHHHCH <jJpOHTa . BCJIellCTBHe :H Or O oo p aayior c a KY4 e BO-IlOlK-
ne asre 06JIaKa ( Cb) . XOJIOllHbI H B0311yX, 6YllY4 H 60JI ce nJIOTHbl M
(TlIlKCJIblM) , OCTaCTClI n on <jJpOHTa JIbH OH n OBc p XHOCTb lO, y 3CMJIH.
TI OC JICllOBaTCJIbHOCTb 06JIa KOB H noronau x lIBJleH HH s a XOJIOllHOM
<jJpOHTe c n en yioma a. B paapu s a x 06JIaKOB HHlKHc r o spy c a (St HJIH Se)
n ep en <jJp OHTOM MOlKHO BHllCT b HHTH n e pHC T bI X ( Ci), OTlleJI b HbI C
....- BbICOKO-K Y4 eBble (A e) , a 3 a Te M x y xe a o -noxcne a u e 06JIaKa ( Cb) .
Henocpencraeauo B 3 0 He <jJpOHTa npeorinanaior kyx eso -n oxcneau e
0 6 JIaKa (Cb), uenpononscnteasusre CHJIbHbI C JlHBHH, rp oau H rp an .
LUHpHHa 30 HbI o c allKOB COCTaBJI lIeT 50--100 KM H n p o c T Hp a eTc lI
BIlOJIb JIHHHH <jJpoH Ta C ooeax CTOpOH.

. Y 3eM JIH serep MeHlI e TClI no sacoaoa CT pCJI Ke 1l0 CT aT0 4H O

p e a xo , H 4 a CTO yC HJlHBa CTClI, B03 MOlK HbI W K BaJIbl. Tesincpar ypa
t B0 3llyx a MOlKeT HeCKOJlbKO nalla T b BO Bpe MlI np ell<jJpoHT a JIb HOr O
1l0lKllll, a nocne npoxoscneaaa <jJpoHTa OHa pe3KO n aaa e r. BHllH '

r,t MOCTb nepen <jJpOHTOM nnoxas, IIOCJle npoxoxcneaas -

wall .
0 4CHb xo p o-

,I . 3a <jJpOHTOM , xa p axr e p n o r onu nOJlHOCTb lO 3aBHCHT OT xa pa xre p a

XOJlOllHOH B0311yWH OH MaC Cbl. ECJIH XOJIOllH a ll B0 311YW Ha ll Macca
,If CTpa TH<jJHI.lHp OBaHa HeYCTOH4HBO, B HeH B03M OlK HbI BHyTpHM acCOBble
,
KY4 eBbIe (Cu) H xyse eo-noaczreasre 06JIaKa (Cb) H ,1OKaJIbH bIe JIHBHH.
,,! B XOJIOllHOM B0311y xe resmeparypa npOJ\OJIlKa CT MeJ\JIeHH O n anars,
,~.
;
H3MeHlI lICb pe3KO BO BpeMlI JIHBHCii . Ha HeKOTopO M paCCTOllHH H
~'
OT XOJIOJ\Horo <jJpOHTa MOlKeT Ha6JIIOJ\aTbClI BTOPH4HbIH XOJIOllHbl H
,,ei <jJpOHT.
i
3TO o n aca s 6b1CTpO J\BHlKYlliHHClI XOJIOllHblH <jJpO HT (<jJPO HT 2-r o

,,·
I
pona ) . Ero xapaKTc p HCTHKH n pCllCTa BJICHbl B Ta6JI . 2.2.
! X OJIoJ\HbI e <jJPOHTbl 6b1BaIOT MellJlCHHO llBHlKYlliHMHClI ( l-ro p on a ,

,•
;
p HC. 2 .25 ) . K JIHH XOJIOIlHOro B0 311y x a B 3TOM CJIy 4ae Ka K 6bl nonnon -
3aCT non TCnJIylO B0311y WH ylO Mac cy , x o r o p aa aa TCKa CT n a 3TOT

- 137 -

·a
 5A PI1'1ECKI1E 05PA30BAHI1R HAI1 OKEAHAMI1

Ta 6 J1Hu a 2.2
XapaKTepHCTHKH 6blCTpO ABHlKymero cR XOJlOAHOro IjJpoHTa
Upu
UepeiJ
npoxosciienuu Ilocne tPponma
tPponmoM
tPponma
IOlKHbl e , n o p blBHcTbl li ; 3ananHblli ,
iBempbl
ioro-aartanaue nepeM eHHblil ceaepo -sananau a
aeyxnoaaoe
Teunepamqpa Te nJI O pessoe naaenac
naneHHC

B OCHOBHOM MHHHMy M,
fa" aBllenue POBHblil xoa 3 aT eM p e 3K Hli POCT
HeyKJIOHHblil p OCT

p a CTY1.UHC:
0611aICa Cb Cu
ct. Ac H Cb
KOPOTKHH CHJlbHbl e )lOlKAH,
• MeCTaMH JIHBHH,
OcaiJICu JIHBHeBblH rpoau, uuorna
3a Te M n p o s c uea ae
n epHOn C rp an ox
OT xopoweil xopouras . sa
•
IBuiJUMocmb )10 nJlOXOH n JlOXa ll HCKJIIO'leHHeM
•
B ryaaae JIHSHeH

KM

Tponon aysa
10
8 => Sc
T enJlblH
6 B03nyx
5 Ac
4 ..01:

o
XOJlOllHblH s o sn y x -
J!J'[liJIO+i1l.. .
~:-:-:-_=~~:----::-:-=----=-=----:-~~ .1.1-_.1....-_- ' -_
600 500 400 300 100 200 KM

PHC. 2,25. XOJlOllHblM IjJpOHT MeAJleHHO llBHlKy m HHCR (l.ro pona )

- 138-
 neK~HR 14. tlJPOHTbI

KJlHH . 06J1aKa oopasyiorcs npeHMYll.leCTBeHHO sa JlHHHeH ljJpOHTa .

06J1al.JHaH CHCTeMa H ocanxa n a Ol.JeHb MellJleHHO llBH)l(Yll.leMCH XO-
JlOllHOM ljJpOHTe HBJlHIOTCH SepKaJlbHblM oT06pa)l(eHHeM CHCTeMbi
06J1aKOB H ocanxos rennoro ljJpOHTa. 3a JlHHHeH ljJpOHTa BOSHHKalOT
cnoacro-noaczreasre (Ns) , HH)l(HHH rpannua 06J1al.JHOCTH nonsaaaer-
CH, 06J1aKa HH)l(HerO apyca nep ex on ar B CJlOHCT006paSHbie 06J1aKa
i
~
c peanero spyca (As) , a nance H scpxsero apyca (Cs). I1s CJlOHCTO-
• noscneasrx (Ns) asmanaior 06J10)l(Hbie ocanxn . Onsaxo rtp on on sor -
[ TeJl bHOCTb ocanxos scerna MeHbw aH, 4eM sa TenJlOM ljJpOHTC, a SOHa,
i saHHTaH ocan x aa n, He rtp eesnuaer 200 KM.
t fl o BepTHKaJlH B r ponoc tpepe HaXOllHTCH n se BOSllYWHble MaCCbl.
f Tennas - HaBepxy, XOJlOllHaH - BHHSy.

~•
Bu saer MHOro rte pexona srx Bap HaHTOB Me)l(llY XOJlOllHblMH ljJpOH-
TaMH nep soro H aroporo pona, B OSMO)l(Hbl COl.JeTaHHH 06J1aKOB Ky4e-
; ao-ncscnesux H CJlOHCTO-llO)l(lle BbIX. O C3l1KH, Hal.JaBWHeCH KaK .1HBHe-
! Bble, nepexonsr saTeM B 06J10)l(Hble. Ho BO scex CJlY4aHX na XOJlOll-

!
•
i
HbiX ljJpoHTax rtpononxorrensaocr s ocanxos H WHpHHa SOHbI, saHHTaH
ocansaxa, MeHbwe, 1.JeM aa TenJlOM ljJpoHTe.

! IIlPOHTbI OKKJlI03HH
f
r
,e
(
X OJlOllHbl H ljJpO HT czenyer sa TenJlbl M ljJpOHTOM. H a pHC . 2.26
, n ox asau o, KaK 'lTO BblrJlHllHT na xaprax noronsr . XOJlOllHblH ljJpO HT,
,r
,• KaK npaaano, llBH)l(eTCH 6blCTpO. Co BpeMeHeM OH 1l0rOHHCT TCnJIblH,
b H ljJPOHTbl CMblKalOTCH (pHC. 2.27, a H 6). Ilpa 'lTOM nnouians y nonep-
I
XHOCTH SeMJIH, saHHTaH TenJlblM BOSllyXOM CTaHOBHTCH ace MeHbwe .
Haxoneu, TenJlblH BOSllYX, KaK 60Jlee JIerKHH, OKaSblBaeTCH sees Bbl-
TeCHeHHblM B BepXHHe CJlOH arraocrpepu (pHC. 2.27, 8) . SIBJIeHHe orne-
JleHHH TenJIOrO aoaayxa OT nOBepXHOCTH SeMJIH HSBeCTHO KaK OKK.11O-
SUR . Ha pHC. 2.26 nosaaano KaK aurJIRllHT ua npHseMHoH xapre no-
ronu ( aa ljJaKcHMHJlbHOH xapre) TenJlblH H XOJIOllHblH ljJPOHTbl 110 OK-
KJlIOSHH. O HH BblXOllHT HS uearpa 6apHl.JeCKOH nenpeccaa. H a
pHC. 2.28 - OKKJII03HH B u earpaasaoa 1.J aCTH nenpecca n. TenJlblH H
XOJIOllHbJH ljJPOHTbl - aa neparpep aa .
B p aaoa e OKKJlIOSHH no BepTHKaJlH OKaSblBalOTCH TpH BOSllYWHblX
MaCCbI. B BCpXHHX CJlOHX r ponocoepu OKaSbiBaeTCH cavan TCnJlaH,

-1 39 -
 5APM'IECKME 05PA30BAHMR HAl< OKEAHAMM

Tennua B0 3AYX . -

T en Jlbl ii BJlaJKHblH B03!lyX

X OJl O.~HblH cyxoii B03Ayx

//
PH C. 2.26. <l>poHTbl AO OKKJlI03HH

a T en Jlbl H B03 JlYX

X OJlOilllblH B0 3AyX
•

6 TenJlblii

XO JlOAHblH B03AYX
..........- ----'--1. XOJlOAHblH B03i1 yX

8
- ~ B03~
-
X OJlOJlHblii B03JlYX

PHC. 2.27 . CJl HHHHe XOJlOJlHOrO H r enaoro ljIpOHTOB H BblTeCHeHHe rennoro

B0 3JlY X 3 BBepx. BepTHKa JlbHble paapesu npouecca OKKJllO ilHpOBaHH"

<i:»:
X OJlOilHblH B03i1yX
XO JlOAllbl ii B03Ay X

~ ljIpOHT

~
XOJlOilHblH ljIpoHT
T e llJlblH BJlaJKHblH B03AYX

PHC. 2.28. <l>pOHT OKK Jl103HH H3 xapre noronu

- 140 -
 neK~HR 14. tPPOHTbl

HHlKC - MCHCC r ennas . a nail Hcii - caaaa XO,lOilHaH. Y nOBcpXHOCTIl

3CMn ll HCKOTOpOC BpCMR 6YilCT CWC cox pa uarsc a <PpOHT. OH 6YilCT
xonoaau« Ilnll TcnnblM B 3aBIlCllMOCTIl OT COOTHOWCIlIlH rcsmcparyp
B03ilYWHbiX Mace. Ecna eJICBa nana araer cs ooaee Tcnn blH aosnyx ua
OTHOellTCJIbHO xonOilHblii. TO tpponm OKKAI03UU 6Y.ll.CT no r uny renno-
ro <ppOHTa - rcnna a OKKnlO31lR (pil e. 2.29. a) . E CJIIl cnesa nansura-
eTC H 60ncc XOJIOilHbJ ii B03ily X. TO eppOHT OKKJII031l1l 6yncr no ru ny
xonoaxoro eppOHTa XOJIOilHaR OKKnlO31lH (pile 2.29. 6).

M CHCC .., X O,lOilHblii

I'
XOJIOilH bIM-£>
---l.~~
: O ea.ll.KH ~
Terrnaa OKKJlI03 HH

6
T enJlblii
Cs
Ae
Bonee
XOJlOilHblii
~

X OJlOJ1HaSl OKK,l103HSI

PHC. 2.29. BepTHKanbHb'M paspea Ten.10M (a)

H XOnOJl.HOM OKKnlO3HH (6)

Korna soaayx noaann OKKnlO3HH MCHCC xon OilHblii. Il noroay n er xe,

'1CM soanyx nepen HCM. rorna 06a - Tennblii Il MeHee XOJlOilHblii B03'
.ll.yx aunonaaior ua npenurecr ay ioumf xonOilH blii KnIlH (p ile. 2.29. a ).
I'pa axua MClKilY TCnJIblM Il MeHce x onOilHbl M B03ilyXOM Bee ewe aa-
MCTHa B arvocrpepe, Il nIlHIlH, no xoropotl ara nOBepXHOCTb nepece-
KaCTeSl e Ha'lanbHOii rennoji eppOHTanbHoii nOBcp XHOCTblO, aasuaaer-
CH BepXHIlM xonOilH blM eppOHTOM. Bepxnaa xonOilHblii eppOHT OTMC 'lCH

- 141 -
 5API1'1ECKI1E 05PA30BAHI1R HAt< OKEAHAMI1

c u m u lonim b u s (Cb) H OC atlKaMH B aane JIHBHeH, xoropue COOTBeT-

CTBylOT THnHllH oM Y xapaxrepy noronu aa XOJIOtlHOM QlPoHTe. Y no-
BCp XHOCTH 3 CMJIH oyner c o o c r a e a a o TCnJIblH QlPOHT. Ha xapre naa
QlP OHTa npOBeCTH HCB03MO)/{HO H npOBOtlHTCH OtlHH QlPOHT OKKJII03HH .
Ko rna B03tlyX nosann OKKJlI03HH XOJIOtlHblH , a 3HallHT TH)/{CJlblH,
TO OH OCTaCTCH y nOBcpXHOCTH 3eMJIH, BblHy)/{tlaH MeHec XOJIOtlHblH
B03!lyX B36HpaTbCH uaaepx (CM . pHC . 2.29, 6). Pa3JIHllHC Me)/{tly
tlByMlI THnaMH XOJIOtlHOr O aosnyxa BCC eure cyuiecrsyer. HO OHH
3H allHTC JIbHO MeHbWHe. lleM n o roro MC)/{tly XOJIOtlH blM H TenJIblM
B03tly XOM. Y nOBcpxHOCTH 3eMJIH - XOJIOtlHblH QlpOHT, aasepxy -
TCnJIblH QlPOHT. Ha xapre H30Gpa)/{aCTCH TOJIbKO OtlHH QlPOHT OKKJIIO-
3HH .
BncpctlH OKKJlI03HH xapaKTcp norotlbl cooTBeTcTBycT TenJIOMy
QlpOHTy, Ta K KaK TenJlblH B03tlyX npononscaer B3GHpaTbcH no KJlH Hy
XOJlOtlHO r O a osn y x a . Bo BpCMH OKKJlI03HH aerep H3MeHHeT caoe aa-
npaBJlCHHC no llaCOBOH CTpCJlKC B CCBCpHOM nonyurapna, KaK 3TO
npOHCXOtlHT npa npOXO)/{ACHHH BCCX QlpOHTOB , XOTH HC TaK 3aMCTeH
3TOT MOMCHT nepexona . OKKJlI03HIO OTMCllaCT TOJIbKO nOHC GOJICC
HHTeHCHBHblX OCatlKOB H3 TH)/{CJlblX KYllCBO-tlO)/{tlCBbIX oG JlaKOB (Cb).
Kyxeso-noscneaue 06J1aKa C03tlalOTCH BOCXOtlHmHMH nOTOKaMH Ten-
n o ro H XOJlOAHOrO soanyxa nan GOJlCC XOJlOtlHblM B03tlYXOM . 4aCTO
OKKJlI03HIO COnpOBO)/{tlaIOT WKBaJlbl H YCHJlCHHe BCTpa B GOJIee XO-
JlOtlHOM B03AyXC . Ha XOJlOtlHOH OKKJlI03HH JlHBHCBblC ocanxa Ha6J11O-
n a ro r c s B OCHOBHOM aa JlHHHeH QlPOHTa y nOBcpXHOCTH 3CMJlH, aa
TenJlOH OKKJlI03HH OHH n epen QlPOHTOM .
B JII060M cnyxae. na QlPOHTe OKKJII03HH BCTpellalOTCH nse XOJIOtl-
HblC B03tlYWHbiC MaCCbl . Pa3HOCTb reaneparyp MC)/{tly HHMH HC
OlleHb 60JlbWaH. <I>pOHT co BpCMeHCM paaausaerca H y nOBepXHOCTH
3eMJIH a cx eaaer.
OOJIbWHHCTBO n enpeccaa, AOCTHralOmHX cesepo-aanana Eaponst
co CTOpOHbI ATJlaHTHKH . yxce OKKJllOtlHpOBaJIO. OOJlbWaH '1aCTb QlPOH '
TOB HBJlHCTCH QlPOHTaM!i OKKJlI03HH . 3TH l.\HKJlOHbI 3HMOH TCnJlCC
KOHTHHCHTaJlbHO-nOJIHpHOrO sosnyxa. JICTOM XOJIOtlHblC OKKJlI03HH
npHHOCHT MOpCKOH B03tlyX Ha OTHOCHTCJlbHO TCnJIblH KOHTHHCHT.
XapaKTepHCTHKH QlPOHTOB OKKJIlO3HH npencrasnena B Ta6J1 . 2.3.

-142-
 n e KUHR 14. ",POHTbI

Taonaua 2.3
X apa KTep HCTH KH <!>PO HTOB OKKJlI03HH

IIpu
llepea
npOXO:JICaeHUU Ilocne tPPoHma
tPpoHmoM
dmonma
IOro-
OT aananuux K
B empw BOCTOl.lHble, nepeaeaaue
ceaepo-aanannux
IOlKHblC

Tennepamupa
XOAOaHbtU mun XOJlOJ1HO n aJi a CT 60Jlcc XOJlOJIHaH

menAblU mun XOJIOJlHO paCTCT 60J1cc TCnJlaH

06bJ~ HO
~atJ/leHue HH3wee 3H3'leH He 06bJ~HO paCTCT
naJiaCT

no rropsnxy; Ns. As
0 6AaKa Ns , Co
Ci, Cs, As, Ns HJlH paCCC"HH blC Cu
nerxne, JlCrKHC, y MCpCHHblC
JlCrKHC HnH yMCpC HHbIC
y MCpCHHbIC HJlH CHJlbllblC
Ocaoxu OCa,aKH C n OCn CJlYIOIUHM
HJlH CHJlbHbJC nponoasor r easnu e
06 IUH M n pO HCHCHHCM
OCaJiKH OC3.l1KH HR H JlHBHH

naoxas npa
BUaUMocmb naoxas npa ocanxax ynY~ WCH HC
OCaJiKaX

CTaI.(HOHapHble ( MaJIOnOABH>KH ble) 4JP OHTbI

<l>poHTbI, CYllleCTBeHHo He MeHRlOlllHe csoero nOJIO)KeHHR aaauaa-

IOTCR cm auuon apn uuu HnH MaAOno88U:JICH bIMU. H a pHC. 2.30 noxa-
3aHO. KaK H300palKaeTcR crauaoaapau f 4JpOHT aa xaprax nor onu.
Crauaouapu u e 4JPOHTbl MoryT pacnoaararsca B CeAJIOBHHe. B
rJIyooKoii JIOlKOHHe HJIH aa neparpepaa aHTHI.\HKJIOHa B OOJIaCTH npa-
MepHO napaJIJIeJIbHbIX H300ap (pHC. 2.31). O OJIaqHaR CHCTeM a CTaI.\H-
osapaor o <ppoHTa BblrJIRAHT npaa epso TaK >Ke. KaK y TenJIOrO <ppOH'
r a, JIeToM, OAHaKO, ua cjlpoHTe qaCTO oopaayior cs KyqeBO-AOlKAeBble
OOJIaKa. Hanpaaaeaae aerpa aa TaKOM cjlpoHTe nOqTH He MeHReTCR.
CKOp OCTb serpa co CTOpOHbI XOJIOAHOrO B03Ayxa MeHbwe, qeM co
CTOPOHbI TenJIOr O B03Ayxa. )laBJIeHHe 3HaqHTeJIbHblX H3MeHeHHH He

-143-
 5API1'1ECKI1E 05PA30BAHI1R HAil OKEAHAMI1

ucnsrrsiaaer. B y3KOii non oce (OKOJlO 60 KM) BbmaJJ,aIOT, Ka K npasa-

JlO , 06J10>K Hble o c aJJ,KH.

1020
w-
XOJl O)l,HblH B03J\YX
1016

1012
~) -
'J" 0Jl~HblH B0 311y X

T e n .l b1 H B031ly X
1008 • •\'in •- • • • •
TenJlhlH B0 311YX
1004
P HC. 2.30. CT3UHOfl3PllhlH <jJPOIIT ~l -
1000

PHC. 2.31. CT3UHOH3PHblH

<jJpO HT B nO Jle H3 0 6 a p

T 3aMeTKII II AOnO JlHeHHll

I. Fpaanua Me>KJJ,y B03AYWHblMH MaccaMH pes xas . rtepcnanu MeT eo-

pOJlOrH'IeCKHX BeJlH'IHH AOBOJlbHO 60JlbWlle . OHa Ha3blBaeTCH <jJpOHTOM.
<t>PO HT B Tp eXMepH OM n p OCTpa HCTBe BblrJlHAHT KaK nOBepXHOCTh (<jJp OH-
B AByMep HoM n on e, HBJlHIOIllHMCH p e3y,1bTa TOM
ran s san n OBep XHOCTb).
ncpeceuea na rp exaepuoro MeTe Op OJlOrll'leCKoro n OJlH ropasoaraasuoa
HJlH BepTHKaJl bHOii nJlOCKOCTblO, <jJPOHTbl Bbl r JlHAHT KaK JlHHHH.
2. <t>POHTbl Ha 6 J1IOJJ,aIOTcH , x orna rp onocqie p a n o Bep THKa JlH H
n o ropH3 0 HTa JlII paCCJIOeHa. T e nJlblii B03A yX Ha x OAH TCH aa aepxy , a
XOJIOAH bl ii BHH3 Y. B rcpaaouransaoa nJlO CKOCTH, 06bl'lHO C sanazta
a a BOCTOK n epenaaraer cs XOJIOAH blH B0 3A YX, ero AorOHHeT TenJlblii ,
a nanee cnenyer XOJlOAHaH B03AYWHali Macca .
3. <t>PO HTbI Ha6J1 IOAa IOTCli B cy 6 Tp On H'IeCKIlX, yM epeHH bl x II BbICO-
KII X W Hp OTax , r n e BCTp e'laIOTCH B03AYWHbI e Ma CCbl pa3HhI X Te p MOAII-
Ha MH'IeC KII X CBo iicTB . B TpOnH 'IeCKIIX H 3KBaTopllanbHhI X WHpOTa x
<jJpOHTOB He T.
4. C <jJpoHTaM H CBH3 aH hI 0 6 na'l Hble CIl CTe MbI H ocanxn sa 60Jl b-
WIl X rep pnrop a ax, Ilepen TenJlblM <jJpOHTOM orpoaaue npocrpascrna
3a HHTbI CJlOIICTOo6pa3HbIMII o6naKaMIl Bcex HpyCOB II IIAYT o6J1o>K-
usre ocaAKII . Ha xo zonaoa <jJpoHTe ocanxa nllBHeBbIe. KY'l eBO-AO>KAe -
sue oonaxa II .,1I1 BHH Bbl THH YTbl c p a a a a r en s a o seurxpox ok nonocoa .

- 144-
 floKQ uR 14. IlJPOHTbI

H a rpp our a x OKKJlI031l 1l cnoacrooopaaaue II Ky'l eBO-JW)I(.QeBble o6J1a-

xa COCTaBJl lllOT e.QIl HOe n on e Il oc anx n 113 0 6 J10)l( Hb1X n epe XO.Q5IT B
JlIIBHeBble. a 3aTeM onnrs B 0 6 J10 )l(Hbl e .
5. C $poHTaMIl CB5I3aHbI peaxae nepenanu serpa, nnoxas BIl.QIl-
MOCTb, a 3Ha'l IiT T5I)I(eJlble YCJlOBIl51 nnasa n aa .

Bonpocu U saoanu»

I . <PpoHm U tppon ma.u.na» noeepxnoc mu (q, OPA'YAUPOBKU) .

2. B03MOJICHbi AQ q,poHmbl 8 epetinsix?
3. B03MOJICHbi AU q,poHmbl 8 AOJIC6uHax?
4. PaeCKaJICUme 06 U3MeHeHQU u emeoponoeux ecsux BeAU.UH Ha drponmax.
5. Kaxoeu pa3Mepb l tpponmoe?
6. K aK08 HaKAOH q,poHm aAbHou n oeepxuocm u K nAoe Koem u eopuson ma?
7. PaCeKa JICUme ° cmpamiubu xauua B030 yx a Ha ibpo n max.
8. Bepmuxassnsu: paspes mensoeo tpponma (napucoeam» U onucarns} ,
9. Bepmuxansnsu: pas pes xonodnoeo drponma [napu coeame U onucam u} ,
10. Bepmuxansnut; pasp es ippon ma OKKAI03UU (napu coea ms U onucam» } ,
II. Ka K otiosna.uuomcn dipon m». «a cu nonrnu uecxoii (q,aKeU,IIU/lbHOU)
xapme?
12. 06Aa .Hafl cuem eMa menAoeo diponma ( p yec Kue U .lOm UHeKue na38a-
nun ] ,
13. 06Aa.Hafl cucmeua XOAOOHoeo tpponma (pyeeKu e U AamunCKue 'la -
38a Hufl ) .
14. Otinawca» euem eMa drpo n ma OKKAI03UU (pyecKue U AamUl/eKUe na-
38a I/Ufl ) .
15. [lOAB ocaiixoe 8 euemeMe mensoeo tpp on m a (U3 KaKUX 06AaKo8) .
16. Ilone OeaOKOf/ 8 cu cm eue xonoonoeo dipon ma (U3 KaKUX 06AaKOf/).
17. Ilos e ocaiixoe 8 euemeMe dipo n ma OKKAI03UU ( U3 KaKUX 06A aK08) .
18. lJm o m a koe ema u,uOl/apn blU dipon m?
19. KaK pacnonaeaemcs cmauuonapnua tpponm. omnocumesuno usotiap?
20. PaeCKa:JICUm e 06 ocadxax I/a emau,uonapnOM tpponme (tuupuna 30 Hbl
ocaiixoe, U3 KaKUX o6AaKo8 eunaoaiom , xapaxmep ocaiisoe} ,
21. Paccxascume 0 eempe I/a emau,uOl/apl/OM tbponme.

- 145-
 6APiI'IECKilE 06PA30BAHilJI HAil OKEAHAMiI

rnaea 5. U~KJlOHbl ~ AHT~U~KJlOHbl

neKlIlMI 15

cnnu. /tEHCTBYIOUlHE B ATMOCC1JEPE.

rEOCTPOC1JHlIECKHH BETEP

IJ,E/lb /lEKIJ,HH: Paccuompems CUAbl, aeucm8YlOUfue

8 amsuictpepe U eusueatotuue a8u:JICeHUJl 803ayxa. B8eCmU
nOHRmUR eeocmpotbuxecsan MOaeAb amuoctpep«, eeo-
CmpO¢U1leCKUU eemep.
B AeK~UU Baemcn passcepnocms CUA, nOpRaOK ax 8eAU-
«u«, 061>RCIIRemCJI, KaKUM 06pa30M MaAellbKue no lOPU-
sonnuuui CUAb! eusueatom 60AblUue cxopocmu eempa, a
60AblUue no 8epmUKaAU He cosikuom sauemnux a8u:JICellUU
8 amuoapepe.
B aaAblleUlUeM, S pe3YAbmame ananusa eeocmpodiu-
'IecKUX uooese«, 8bl80aUmCJI 6apU'IeCKUU 3aKOH eempa.
PaCCKa3bl8aemCR, KaK ucnonssqemc« nonsmue eeocmpo-
¢U'IeCKOlO eempa 8 MOpCKOU npaxmuxe. II. enaiomcx ouen»
eascusu: eueod« omnocumensno ~UPKYAR~UU eosiiuxa 6
uuxnonax U aHmU~UKAOHax. PaCCMampUBalOmCR a6u:JICe-
HUR 803ayxa 6 cnoe mpenus. B80aRmCJI nOIlRmUJl KOH8ep-
zell~UU U Bueepeenuuu. AHaAu3upyemcR 803MOJICHocmb
603HUKH06eHUJl ~UKAOH06 U aHmU~UKAOH06 na sxeamope.
Iiesaiomcs Bb!BOabl omnocumensno passiepoe mponusec-
KUX ~UKAOIIOB U csopocmu eempa 8 HUX.

KAIO'Ie8b1e CA08a: reocrporpauecxaa MOJJ.eJlb aTMoclj>epbl,

reocrpodmsecxaf eerep, ropH30HTaJlbHblH 6apH'leCKHH
rpaJJ.HeHT, rpaJJ.HeHTHblH serep, JJ.HBepreHUHH, KOHBepreHUHH,
CHJla 6apH'leCKOrO rpanaeura, cBo6oJJ.HaH araocdiepa,
CJlOH TpeHHH, nOrpaHH'lHblH CJlOH aTMocljJepbl (nCA) .

-146-
 neK~H' 15, cnnu, IIEiiCTBYIOU/IIE B ATMOCrPEPE

vI3BecTHO. 'ITO BepTHKaJlbHblii rpanaeur rexmeparypsi B TpOnO-

cqiepe paseu 0.65°C na 100 M BbiCOTbi. T aK)I(e panee rOBOpHJlOCb
, o BepTIlKaJlbHOM rpans eure AaBJl CHHH B aruocrpepe. OCTaHoBIlMcH
,~
nOApo6Hee Ha nOHHTll1l «r paAlleHT».
Pacca or paa AByMepHoe oapasecxoe none. Bocnonssyeacs !flaKcH-
MIlJlbHOii xaproa noronsi (Surface analysis), puc. 2.32 .

•x•
IQ
P ACIfI C SU RFACE ANALYS IS
VALI Or 0 0 UTe 1& ore 2005
. rCSTR: C L A R~
·,•e SOURCES : ope f PC HPC Hf O

I'
·•

,,
;

'.N

..
,
\I

••

~
-
.15
'.N o hI ~

PHC. 2.32. npH 3eMHaR x apra noro nu II.J1R ceaepnoii '1aCTIl Taxo ro oxeaua

-1 47 -
 6APWlfCKHf 06PA30BAHHR HAl< OKfAHAMH

BbIlleJlHM KaKHe-JlH60 nse pacnoncsceaasre PHllOM H306apbl C

+
llaBJ1eHHeM p H P tsp, Ha n pa v ep, paCCMOTpHM H306apbI 1000 H
1004 r na . Ha xapre H306apbI 0603Ha'leHbI TOJlbKO llByMH nocnennu-
MH IlH<jJpaMH, H306apa 1000 rna 0603H a'leHa KaK 00. Il pocneziaa
paccrosaae Me>KllY H306apaMH S n , OHO OKa>KeTCfI pa3J1H'lHbIM.
Ilpencn OTHow eHHfI nepenana naanenan t:;.p K paccrosuaio no aopaa-
JlH Me>KllY H306apaMH S n , npa CTpeMJleHHH t:;.n K HyJllO, Ha3bIBalOT
ropn aouraasuu» epaouenmou daenenus , T. e.

grad p = lim /).p = dp (2.3)

M ~O Sn dn

3TO eCTb npOH3BOllHaH llaBJleHHfI no paccToHHHIO . KaK BHllHO,

r opnsouraasusre rpanaenrsi naanenas 60Jlbllle TaM, rne paCCTOHIIHfI
no HOpMaJlH Me)KllY H30 6apaMH MeHbWlle . H a CHHOnTH'leCKOH (<jJaKCH-
MIlJlbHOH) xapre B MeCTax cryuieuaa H306ap 6apH'leCKHe rpannenru
BeJlHKH. PaHOHbI, B KOTOpblX H306 ap bI pac ncnoxceu u na 60JlbWHX
paCCTOflHHHX npyr OT n pyra, Ha3bIBaIOTCH MaJlOrpallHeHTHbIM JlH60
6e3 rpallHeHTHbiM 6apH'leCKIlM nonex HJlH eute pa3MbITblM eapxsec-
KHM noneu. I'pan aeur naancn as - aexrop, uanpaanennsrk n o nopsra-
JlH K H306a pe B CTOpO Hy B03p acTaHHH naaneuaa . n 03TOMY B aan paa-
MH IlH y6blBaHIl R llaBJleHHfI OH orpa uarensnua .

CHJlbl , n eiicrayjoume U arsiocdiepe

BeeCHJlbI , paccxarpnaaevuc B MeTeOpOJlO r HH, oe pyrcs aa eAHHH-

uy MaCCbl

F ma
(2.4)
- = - = a.
m m
Cnenoaarensno, roaops 0 CHJlaX , Mbl, B lleHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH, HMeeM
neno C ycxopeuanxn.
E CJlH llaBJleHHe B ropH30HTaJlbHOH nJlOCKOCTH HeOllHllaKOBO, TO
B03HHKaeT nOTOK aosnyxa B CTOpOHy MeHbwero naaneana. .n:pyrHMH
CJlOBaMH, B03HIlKaeT CHJla, 3aCTaBJlHIOlUaH B03llyX llBHraTbCH . OHa aa-
3b1BaeTCH CUAOU tiapuuecxoeo epaiiuenma H aa enauxuy MaCChi pasna :

- 148 -
 neK~H' 15. CUnbl, tlEilCTBYlOllJUE B ATMOCrDEPE 'I
G= _! dp (2.5)
p dn '

rn e p - nJlOTHOCTb B0 3J1yx a . Fpannenr J1aBJleHll5l dp ] dn n anpaancn

B CTpOHy p OCTa J1aBJlC HHR. )].BH)l{eHH e , Bbl 3 BaHH OC pa3HOCTblO J1a BJle-
HHH, n an p a s n ea o B npOTHBOnOJlO)l{HYIO CTOp OHy . 0 0 3TOMY, '1T o6bl
3Ha'lCHHC CHJlbI 6a p H'I CC KOro r p an a e a r a 6b1J1o nOJlO)l(HTCJlbHbIM , B
ypaBHeHHH (2.5) CTOHT 3HaK MHHy C.
Kp OM C a r oro e c n, euie H np y rn e CHJlbJ, KOTOp bJe OKa3blBa lOT
BJlHHHHe aa J1BH)l{ eHH e B0 3J1yxa . 3TO CHJlbl Kopaonaca K, UCHTpO-
6C)l( HaH Z, Tp CHHH Fm H CHJla TH)l{ eCTH g.
CUAa K OpUOAu ca KHJlH, HHa 4e, OTKJIOHHlOlUa H CHJIa spauieaa a
3 e MJIH, HBJIlleTCll HHCpUHOHHOH Ka )l( YlUe Hc H CHJIOH . Ona B03 HHKa eT
n orouy, 'ITO 3 e MJIH sp a uiaerc a so x p yr CBOCH OCH H n a eA HHHUy
MaCCbl p a saa:

K = 2m C sin <p, (2.6)

rne w- y rnoaas CKOpOC Tb Bp auICHH H 3 e MJlH, p a a nas W = 2rr./T, me

T- ne p aon otipaiuea a s 3 eMJIH s oxp yr csoe a OCH, T= 24 . 60·60 c:
C- CKO pOCTb J1BH)l{C HHll B0 3A yxa ; <p - WH pOTa Me CTa . T aK HM o6pa-
30 M, CH Jla Kopaonaca 3aBHCHT OT CKOpOCTH ABH)l{CH HH H WHpOTbl
MeCTa. CHJIa Kopnonaca AeHcTBye T TOJIbKO na ABH)l( YlUH eCH rena
n epn eun a x yna pso HanpaBJleHHIO A Bll)l{ e HHH. Oa a HaH 6 0 JIbWaH na
n OJIIOCaX, a aa 3KBaTOpc p a nna HyJIIO. B p C3y Jlb TaTC, TeJIa, n ep eae-
uraiouiaecs BAOJlb 3e MHOH n OBep XHOCTIl, OTKJIOHlllOTCll B ce aep soa
nonyura p aa sn pa ao, a B IO)l{HOM - SJlCBO OT n epa o uax an s x oro a a -
npa ane a a n HX AS H)l(eHHlI .
llenmpotieocnasi CUAa Z - rosc e Ka)l{ YlUaHCH , HHepUHOHH all
CHJIa, B03 HHKa lOlUall npH ABH)l{ CH HH no KpHB OJlHHCHHOH rp a exropun.
Osa n a npaanena no p ana y cy OT u e n r pa H sa eAH HHUy MaCCbl paana :
,,
, C2
Z =- , (2.7)
r
r Ae r- paAHyc KpHBH 3HbI.
AUaJIHTH'IeCKOC aupaac caae AJIll CUAbt mpenun F mp HMe eT CJlO)l{-
HblH BHA. MbI He 6yAC M ero 3a n HC bl B3 Tb , Te M 60Jlee 'IT O B H3BHr3UHH

- 149 -
 6APIflIECKUE 06PA30BAHUJI HAjj OKEAHAMU

peur a ior c a 3aAa<1H B, TaK Ha3bIBae~IOH 2eO C mpO¢ U ~ eCKO ii Mo8eJIU ,

6e3 yxera CIIJlbI rpeaas , a CIIJla rpenna BBOAIITClI 3aTeM K03tj><jlH-
l.lHeHTOM. 11, aaxoaeu, ecrs euie H3BeCTHall sceu CUAa msocecmu g.
OHa '1aCTO paCCMaTpHBaeTClI KaK KOHCTaHTa .
06bI'IHO CHJlbI, AeiicTBylOw.He no ropH30HTaJlII, HMelOT oseas Ma-
nyio BeJllI'lllHy - 10. 3_10-5 M/c 2. CTOJlb MaJleHbKlle CHJlbI BbI3bIBalOT
nOA'Iac 60JlbWHe CKOpOCTH BeTpa nOToMy , 'ITO H paCCTOllHHlI, Ha
KOTOpblX OHII AeHcTBylOT (COTHII II TbIClI'IH KIIJlOMeTpOB) H npOAOJl>KII-
TeJlbHOCTb IIX AeiicTBlIlI orpoansr,
CHJla' TlI>KeCTH g HecpaBHeHHO 60JlbWe npyrax CIIJI (9,81=10 M/c 2).
OHa AeiiCTByeT BAOJlb BepTHKaJlbHOii OCII . O)lHaKO Mbl He 3aMe'laeM
B araocrpepe 3aMeTHbIX BepTIIKaJlbHbIX ABH>KeHHii, nanpaanenaux K
nOBepXHOCTH 3eMJlII (BHH3) . 3TO CB1I3aHO C TeM, 'ITO raxas 60JlbWall
CHJla ypaBHoBeWIIBaeTClI CTOJlb >Ke 60Jlbwoii CIIJlOH 6apH'IeCKOrO
rpaAHeHTa no BepTIIKaJlH. 113 OCHOBHoro ypaBHeHlIlI CTaTIIKH (CM .
tj>OpMyJly 1.5, nexuan 5) cnenyer :

1 dp
g=-- - (2.8)
p dz
KaK BIIAIIM , B JleBoii '1aCT H ypaanenas CTOIIT CIIJla TlI>KCCTII , a
B npaBoii 3anllcaHa CIIJla 6apH'IeCKOrO rpaAlleHTa no BepTHKaJlII.
Bepraxansaua 6apII'leCKIIH rpannesr - 60JlbWall BeJlII'lIlHa, a, 3Ha-
'lilT , II CHJla 6apH'IeCKOrO rpanaeura BeJlIIKa . AHaJlOrH'IHO, MO>KHO
KOHCTaTllpOBaTb, 'ITO O'leHb 60JlbWall CIIJla 6apH'IeCKOrO rpanaenra
no BepTIIKaJlH, He BbI3b1BaeT ABII>KeHllii aaepx TaK KaK ypaBHoBeWII -
BaeTClI CIIJlOH TlI>KeCTH . 3 TII CIIJlbI HaXOAlITClI aa OAHOH OCII, nanpas-
JleHbI B pasasre CTOpOHbI II 06bl'lHO ypaBHoBeWIIBalOT Apyr npyra .
Ha serep, nOA KOTOpbIM MbI nOHHMaeM r opaaonraasnoe ABH>KeHlle
B03Ayxa , CIIJla TlI>KeCTII g He BJllIlIeT. Ee npoexuas aa ropnsoarans-
HylO nJlOCKOCTb pasna HyJlIO. CIIJlbI Kopaonaca K H uearpotiesoras Z
nOllBJllIlOTClI JlIIWb nocne roro, KaK yxce B03HIIKJlO ABII>KeHlle. CHJla
rpeaaa Fmp B03HIIKaeT TO>Ke TorAa , xorna )lBII>KeHlle yxce ecrs, TaKIIM
06pa30M, eAIIHCTBeHHOH CIIJloii, BbI3b1BalOw.eii ABH>KeHlle B03Ayxa, lIB-
JllICTClI CIIJla 6apll'leCKOrO rpaAlleHTa no ropll30HTaJlII G. Pa3HOCTb
AaBJleHllii B pa3HbIX MeCTax nopoxcaaer ABH>KeHHe sosnyxa, CTpeMlI-
uieeca CrJlaAHTb 3TII pa3J1H'IHH. Ocraasaue CIIJlbI paaaopasnsaior )lBII -
)l(eHHe OTHOCHTeJlbHO nepaonaxaasaoro nanpaaneuaa H TOpM0311T ero.

-150-
 neKijUR 15. cunu, IlEiilCTBYIO/UUE B ATMOCCDEPE

Feocmpotbusecsuu BempOM Ha3bIBaeTCH paBHOMepHOe npHMOnH-

HeHHOe r opnaonransuoe ABHlKeHH e B03Ayxa 6e3 CHn TpeHHSl. Taxas
eeocmpotpuuecxan MooeAb n03BonHeT 3Ha'lHTenbHO ynpocrnrs pac-
'l en>! CKOpOCTH serpa. BMeCTe C TeM , re OCTpocjJH'IeCKHH serep He
SlBnHeTCH '1 HCTOH a6CTpaKUHeH. OH AeHCTBHTenbHO Ha6nlOAaeTCH B
CBo60AHO H aruocqiepe , na asrcorax oonee 1 KM (s u ure nOrpaHH'IHOr O
enos ), rne rpeaae 0 nOACTHnalOllJ,YIO nOBepXHOCTb CTaHOBHTCH HH'I-
TOlKHO ManblM. B wTypMaHcKOH rrpaxraxe r eOCTpocjJH'IeC KHH serep
Hcnonb3yeTcH AnH onpeAeneHHH BeTpa B npHBOAHOM CRoe .
PaCCMOTpHM HaXO)KJ1eHHe reOCTpocjJH'IeCKOrO BeTpa C Hcnonb30Ba-
HHeM kaprsi noronu ( Surface analysis). Buoepea panon C npnaoaa-
e
• HeHHblMH napannenbHblMH H306apaMH (pHC. 2.33, 6). Cana THlKeCTH g
He lleHCTByeT (llBHlKeHHe ro paaoaransnoe). CHRbl TpeHHH F mp no ycno-
BHIO HeT. UeHTp06elKHoH CHnbl Z raiose HeT -- llBHlKeHHe npHMoRH-
HeHHoe. OCTalOTcH r onsxo nse CHnbl , xoropue onpenenmor reocrpo-
cjJH'IeC KHH aer ep. ::lTO cana 6apH'IeCKOrO r panaear a G H cana Kopao-
nHca K. TIOCKORbKY llBHlKeHHe paaaoaepnoe TO, KaK rnacar H3BeCTHblH
,
"
3aKOH HbIOTOHa, 3TO npOHC XOllHT TonbKO TOma, xorna ace lleHCTBYIO'
uiae c an sr B3aHMHO ypaBHoBeWHBaIOTCH. CHnbI 6apH'IeCKOrO rpan aenra
,
G H Kopaonaca K pasasr H aartpaaneasr B nporaeononoacasre CTOpOHbl.
B ceaepaou nonyurapua cana Kopaonaca K, KaK H3BeCTHO, aanpasnena

a 1000 6 8
,..,• 992 1008 10 16 1024
, 984
"
a

a, a AHTHUHKJIOH
UHKJlOH
a a K K

P HC. 2.33. Ber ep B npHMOJIHHeiiHblx H KpHBOJIHHeiiHblx H306apax

6 e 3 CHJI TpeHHH (G -- CHJIa 6apH'IeCK OrO rpaA He HTa,
K -- CHJIa KOpHOJIHCa, Z - ueHTpo6elKHaH CHJIa ,
Ct - - reoCTpOlIlH 'IecKHH s er ep )

- 151 --
 6API1'iECKME 06PA30BAHMfI HAil OKEAHAMM

0
non yrnon 90 anpaso OT sexropa serpa . OTCI01.\a cnenyer, 'ITO
reOCTpOcjJli'leCKliH serep nyer B1.\OJlb us ori ap TaK, 'ITO Hli3KOe naane-
HliC OCTaeTCH cncaa OT nanpaaneann 1.\BIi>KCHliH. Ilony-rcu liHTCPCC-
HblH BbIB01.\ - reocrpoeu sccxuit se rep C nyer He OT asrcoxoro
1.\aBJleHliH K Hli3KOMY, a nCpn CH1.\liKy JlHp HO 3TOMy HanpaBJleHlilO .
Ilpa 3TOM, '1eM 60JlbWe paaaocrs 1.\aBJlCHliH, TCM 6blCTPCC 1.\BIi>KCTCH
B03J.\YX. B IO>KHOM nonyuiapua cuna Kopaon aca 6YJ.\eT cne aa OT
aexropa serpa non TeM »ce y rJlOM, a caM serep TO>Ke nyer B1.\OJlb
H306ap.
3HaH asnueyxaaaanoe . MO>KHO 6e3 TpY1.\a onpenemrn, aanpanne-
HHe reOCTpocjJH'IeCKOrO aerpa B JlI060H TO'lKe cjJaKCliMHJlbHOH xapru.
CKOpOCTb reOCTpocjJH'IeCKOrO scrpa nerxo HaHTH, npHpaBHHB cany
6apli'lCCKOrO rpanueara G, cjJopMyJla (2.5) Ii CHJlY Kopucnaca K,
cjJopMyJla (2 .6) . 113 paBeHCTBa CIiJl noayxaerca, 'ITO CKOpOCTb reo-
CTpocjJH'IeCKOrO BeTpa paBHa

I dp
-- -
C = p dn _ I dp
(2.9)
g 2m sin q> 2p rn sin q> dn
YrJlOBaH CKOpOCTb BpaweHIiH 3eMJlli W HBJlHeTCH nocToHHHOH
BeJlIi'lIiHOH, nJlOTHOCTb B03J.\yxa p TaK>Ke paccuarpnaaerca KaK KOH-
CTaHTa. TaKliM 06pa30M, 1/(2pw) ecr t, KOHCTa HTa. Il pa peurcaau
3a1.\a'l li c nououtsto cjJaKcliMliJlbHOH xapru 1.\licjJcjJepeHUliaJlbI 3aMeHH-
lOT KOHe'lHbIMIi pa 3HOCTHM Ii ap ",,!:J.p Ii an"" !:J.n. Ha xaprax noronsr
!:J.p - KOHCTa HTa, paaaas s a OTe 'leCTBeHHbIX xap rax 5 r na , aa
xaprax aHrJlOH3bl'lHbIX CTpaH - 4 rna. H eTp YJ.\Ho BIiJ.\eTb, 'I TO CKO-
POCTb reocrporpaxecxoro scrpa aaaacnr TOJlbKO OT paCCTOHHIiH Me>K-
1.\y nsooapaaa !:J.n Ii OT WIiPOTbl MeCTa <p

(2 .10)

4 eM MeHb[IJe paccrosnae Me>K1.\Y li306 ap aMIi Sn, TeM 60JlbWe

ropli 30HTaJlbHblH 6apH'IeCKliH rpa1.\lieHT ap/an , CliJla 6apli'leCKOrO
rpanaeura G Ii CKOpOCTb se rpa Cg . B MeCTax cryuteaas aaooap,
CJleJ.\OBaTeJlbHO, 60JlbW lie CKOpOCTIi aerpa. I'eocrporpavecxan serep
npx npoxux paansrx YCJlOBIiHX yBeJlIi'lIiBaeTCH OT nomoca K Hli3KliM

- 152 - .
 neKUUR 15. cunu, t/EHCTBYIOIliI1E B ATMOC4>EPE

urapcrax . PaC4eT CKOpOCTfl reOCTpO<jJH4eCKOrO serpa no <jJopMyJle

(2.9) He npencraanscr HHKaKoii CJlOlKHOCTfl.
Euie npouie HaiiTH CKOpOCTb reocrporpasecxoro serpa no rparpa-
xy, Ha3blBaeMOMY rpanaeuruoa JlflHeiiKoii. Taxae rpa<jJflKH ncacuia-
lOT na aexoropux <jJaKCflMHJlbHbIX xaprax (CM ., xanpa vep. puc, 2.3).
PHCYHOK 2.34 npen cr aan ser rpanaenrnyjo JlHHeiiKy. Ha OCH opnanar
natorcs WflPOTbl ljl (ocoaaas euo 6yKBOii N), aa ocn aocuacc - pac-
CTOllHHll MelKny fl306apa~m S n , a B none rpaqnrxa - xpasue pa suux
cxopocreii r eocr podmsec x or o serpa Cg ' Han JlIIHeiiKoii nanacano ,
4TO BeTep JlaH B Y3J1ax nJlll fl 306 ap , n pOBeJleHH blX 4epe3 4 M6
(B CHCTeMe CH sro cooraercmyer 4 r na).

[ GEOSTROPH IC WIND SCALE

IN KNOTS FOR ISOBARS AT 4 MB

~
INTERVALS POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
N
•
, 70
40 15

\
60

! 50
40
80 25
\ \
\ \ -, <,
10
PHC. 2.34. rp aAHeHT HaH JlHHeii Ka

LlJlll onpeneJleHflll reocTpo <jJfl 4eCKoro BeTpa nOCTaT04HO CHllTb B

,, JlI060ii T04Ke <jJaKc IIMHJlbHOii xapr sr noronu H3MepIITeJleM paccros-
·•s Hfle no HOpMaJlII MClKn y H306apaMII II onpeneaars WHpOTy MecTa, C
3TIIMH naHHblMII BoiiTII B r paJlll eHTHy lO JlIIHeiiKy II HaiiTH CKOpOCTb
reocrporpnxecxoro serpa.
·, Berep HaJJ. nOBepXHOCTblO BOJJ.bl HeCKOJlbKO OTnnxaercn OT reocrpo-
'. <jJH4eCKoro. CKOpOCTb era C 113-3a CHJlbl rpeaaa MeHbwe. C4HTaeTCll,
•
4TO Han. MopeM

C = 0,7 Cg • (2 . 11)
,.
Tpenne (cnna r pexns F ,p) He TOJlbKO YMeH bwaeT CKO pOCTb ser pa ,
HO II nOBopa4HBaCT serep B CTOpOHy HII3Koro n aan emr s (p HC. 2.35).
Yron MelKJJ.Y aan paan eaa ea serpa B npIl BOJJ.HOM cnoe II reocrpoqm-
,
)
4eCKHM BeTpOM HJlfl, 4TO TO lKe canoe . MelKJJ.Y aan pasnenaea serpa

· - 153 -
 6API1'1ECKI1E 06PA30BAHI1R HAil OKEAHAMI1

H H306apOH B cpenaea COCTaBJlHeT OKOJlO 15°. MO)l{HO rOBOpH Tb, 'ITO

BeTep Han BonHOH nOBep XHOCTbID OTKJlOH HeTCH OT H306ap Ha 15°
B CTOpOHy HH3Koro naBJleHHH. Ilonyseaaoe n03BO,1HeT crpopaynapo-
sari, 6apU'IeCKUU 3aKOH eempa (3aKoH 5 eHc - 5 aJlJlo). Berep nyer B
cesepnoa noayurapaa TaK, 'ITO, eCJlH CMOTpeTb B aanpaaneana BeT-
pa , TO HH3Koe na aneu ue 6yneT caesa H HeCKOJlbKO an epena. B ID)I{-
HOM nonymapaa - cnpaaa H snepena .

-~===G~~@~=~--
T 15° c 1000
90°
------!+---------- 1004
K

P HC. 2.35. Ber ep B n p HBOJ\HOM caoe

.uBH>Ke HHe B Kp HBOJl HHeii Hblx aaofiapa x

PaCCMOTpHM nBH)I{eHHe s osn y xa B KPHBOJlHHeHHblx nsooapax 6e3

Tpe HHH (CM. PHC, 2.33, a H 8) . Ilpa KpHBOJlHHeHHOM nBH)I{eHHH B03-
HHKaeT uenrpooesora a CHJla Z. OHa aanpaanena no panaycy KpHBH3-
Hbi OT uenrpa. B llHKJlOHe CHJla 6apH'IeCKOrO r pan aeur a G ypasuoae-
wHBaeTCH CHJlaMH KOpHOJlHCa K H lleH Tpo6e>KHOH Z. B peaynsrare ,
B ceaepuoa nonyura paa aosnyx B llHKJlOHe (CM . pHC . 2.33, a) nBH-
)I{eTCH npOTHB '1aCOBOH CTpeJlKH no KaCaTeJlbHOH K H306apaM.
non neHcTBHeM CHJlbI TpeHHH aerep OTKJlOHHeTCH B CTOpOHy HH3-
xoro naBJleHHH . Han OKeaHaMH 3TOT yron, KaK H3BeCTHO, npHHHMaeT-
CH paBHbIM 15°. C JlenOBaTeJlbHO, B llHKJlOHe serep y nOBepXHOCTH
3eMJlH (B cnoe TpeHHH) nyeT B cesepxox noayurapxa n pOTHB '1aCOBOH
CTpeJlKH H K uenrpy llHKJlOHa (pHC. 2.36) . B ID)I{HOM nonyura-

- 154 -
 neK~"R J5. cnnu, IlEiiCTBYIOU/UE B ATI10CrPEPE

pHH B03ny x B UH KROH e n BH*eTcn no 4aC OBO H CTpeRKe H K ueHTp y

UHKROHa.

a 6

972 980
976 984
980 988

PHC. 2.36. U HpKynnUHn B03Ayxa B UHKnOHe B cesep aoa nony w apHH (a)
H B IOlKHOM nO.'yUlap H H (6)

O TC lOna cnenyer eute onun Ba* HbIH BbIBOn . UHKROHbl nBRnlOTcn

06JJaCTlI MH cxonHMOCTH B03nYWH bIx Te4eHHH - 06RaCTlIMH KOH.8ep-
eenuuu.
B aHTHUHKJlOHe CHRa 6a pH4ecKoro rpanneura G H uexrpooesotaa
Z aanpaanenu OT ueurpa. AHTHUHKROH Mo*eT CYlllCCTBOBaTb TORbKO
B TOM ca yxae, eCRH CHRa KOpHOJlHCa K 6yneT passa cyMMe nepaux
nsyx CHR. DOCKOJlbKY CHJla KOpHoRHca HeBeJlHKa, TO H c y MMa CHJI
6apH4eCKoro r pannenra H ueHTpo6e* HOH rajose nonscna 6bl Tb He-
60RbWOH. 3TO 6yneT npa 60RbWHX paCCTOHHHHX Me*ny H306apaMH .
I1 B caMOM neae , B aHTHUHKJlOHaX 06bl4HO aaotiapsr npoxonsr na
60JlbWHX paccroaansx n pyr OT npyra (CM . pHC. 2.3, 2.32).
B ce sepsou noayurapaa nBH*eHHe aosnyxa B aHTHUHKJlOHe npo-
HCXOnHT no 4aCOBOH CTpeJlKe. D on neHcTBH eM CHJlbI TpeHHH BeTep
OTKJlOHHeTCH B CTOpoHy HH3Koro naBJleHHH. CJIenOBaTeJlbHo. B aHTH-
UHKJlOHC BeTCp n ye T no 4aCOBOH CTpCJIKe H OT uenrpa. B IO*HOM
nonyurapaa soanyx B aHTHUHKJIOHe nBH*eTCH rosce OT ueurpa, HO
nporas 4aCOBoii CTpeJlKH (pHC. 2.37). AHTHUHKJlOHbl. TaKHM o6pa30M .
HBRHIOTCH 06J1 aCTlI MH pacxozmaocra B03nYWHbIX Te4eHHH - 06J1ac-
THM H aUBepZeHI1Uu . 5apH4ccKHH 3aKOH serpa BbInOJlHHeTCli H B KpH-
BOJlHHCiiHblX aaooapax . O H BbITIOJlHHeTCli sce rna .
Paccaorpua B03MO* HOCTb cyurecraosauaa riapauecxax CHCTeM
na sxsarope. CHJl a KOpHoRHca K TaM paaua HyJIIO. B aHTHUHKJlOHe

- 155 -
 6API1'IECKI1E 06PA30BAHI1R HA,lj OKEAHAMI1

1024 6
1028
1032

PHC. 2.37. UHpKynnllHR B03Ayxa B auraunsnoue cesepuoro

nonyrnapun (a) H H)>Klloro nonyurapan (6)

CHJla 6apHqeCKOrO rpan aear a G ua npaaneua OT ue nrpa, ue urpooe:« -

HaR Z. KaK H3BeCTHO, TOlK e OT uenrpa ( p HC. 2.38, a ). 0 6 e CHJl bl
sanpaaneaa B OIlIlY CTO PO HY. H eT CH JlbJ y p aa aoueunr aaio uref HX.
HHqTO He ynepxcaaacr B031lyX na KpHBOJlHHeilHOH rpaexropna. ::lTO
osaa-raer. 'ITO aHTHUHKJlO Hbl HC MoryT 6bITb na 3KBaTOp c H B6J1H 3H
sx saropa, rile CHJIa K OpHOJIHC a MaJIa.

a 6

z G
z
H

PHC. 2.38. CHJ1b1 B rHnOTeTHQeCKHX 6apHQeCKHX ca crewax s a sxsarope

A B03MOlKIIO JlH CYll.\eCTBOBaHHe UHKJlOHOB ua axaar o pe? nonpo-

6yCM pasooparsca (pHC. 2.38, 6). CHJIbl 6ap HqeCKOr O rpanaenra G H
uea r pooeacaas Z nanpaane uu B paaaue CTOpOHbl. UHKJlOHbl MoryT
6blTb TOJlbKO B TOM cn yxae. eCJI H uenrpo ocscaaa CHJla oyner aa-
CTOJIbKO BeJIHKa, 'ITO CMOlKeT ypaaaosecars CHJIy 6a pH'IeCKOrO rpa-
J\HeHTa. UeHTpo6clKHaR CHJI a, KaK BHIlHO H3 (2.7 ), B TOM cn ysa e
60JlbWaR, xorna CKOpOCTb IlBHlKeHHR C BeJIHKa , a pannyc KpHBH3Hbi
r He6 oJIbWoH. 11 lleikTBH TeJIbHO , B6JIH3H s xaaropa, rile nORBJlll eTCR
3aKpY'l HBalO ll.\HH MOMeHT. CBR3allHbl H C CHJI OH KOpHOJI HCa, anoraa

-156 -
 fleK~"R J5. cnnu, IJEI1CTBYIOU/I1E B ATMOC<lJEPE

oopaayiorca MaJIeHbKl1e C OrpOMHblMI1 CKOPOCT5IMI1 ABI1)KeHH5I UHKJIO-

Hbl, Ha 3blBaCMblC mpOnU~eCKU,IIU . 3TO CaMOe Ol1aCHOC anIOC<jJCpHOC
51BJICHHC, KOTOpOC MO)KCT BCTPCTHTbC5I MOpCI1JIaBaTCJIHM B oxeane.
nOAp06HO H3Y'laTb I1X Mbl 6YAeM B AaJIbHeilweM .

,r 3aMeTKH H AOnOJIHeHHH

1. CI1JIbl, AeilcTBylOlllHe B arxocdiepe ovens MaJibl. DOpHAOK HX

BeJIH'IHH 10-3- 10- 5 M/C 2. TaKHe MaJIble CHJIbl neiicrayicr aa OrpOM -
HblX npOCTpaHCTBaX B reseuae npOAOJI)KI1TeJIbHOrO BpeMeHI1 .
2. ll:BH)KeHHe B03Ayxa auauaaer ropH30HTaJIbHaH COCTaBJI5I1OJ.J..la5I
CHJIbl 6apH'IeCKOrO rpanueara . OCTaJIbHble CHJIbl B03HHKaIOT, xorna
y)Ke ecru ABH)KeHHe B03Ayxa. OHH TOpM0351T H pa3BOpa'lHBa1OT B03-
AyX BnpaBO OT nepsonavanssoro HanpaBJIeHH5I B ceBepHOM nonyura-
pHH 11 BJIeBO B IO)KHOM nonyurapan.
3. Berep nyer TaK, 'ITO HH3Koe AaBJIeHHe OKa3blBaCTC5I CJICBa H
ancpcnn B CCBCpHOM noayuiapnu, CCJlH CMOTpCTb no HanpaBJleHHIO
BCTpa . B IO)KHOM nonyurapua HH3Koe AaBJleHHe 6YAeT cnpasa H sne-
penn . 3TO 6apH'IecKHil 3 a KOH aerpa.
4. B MOpCKOil npaKTHKe npH paC'IeTe BeTpa B npHBoAHOM cJloe
npHMeH5IIOT rcocrporpa-rccxyio MOAeJlb aruocrpepu . B TO'lKe paC'ICTa
serpa nsooapsr C'IHTaIOT npHMOJlHHeiiHblMH H napannensnuxa naxce
B UHKJlOHaX H aHTHUHKJlOHaX H3-3a orpoMHblX pasaepoa 3TH X 6apH-
'IeCKHX o6pa30BaHHii .
5. nOA AeiicTBHeM CHJlbl i(0pHOJlHCa aruocdiepaue ABH)KeHH5I 3aK-
pY'lHBaIOTC5I B BHXpH. Doll. AeiicTBHeM CHJlbl TpeHH5I BeTep OTKJlOHHeT-
CH OT H306ap B CTOpOHy HH3KOro AaBJleHH5I. B peaynsrare B UHKJlOHaX
B03AYX CXOAHTC5I K uearpy, a B aHTHUHKJlOHaX pacXOAHTC5I OT uenrpa.
6. B CBH3H C OTCyTcTBHeM CHJlbl i(0pHOJlHCa aa 3KBaTOpc, TaM
HCB03MO)KHO cyurecraoaaaae 06JIaCTCil asrcoxoro AaBJlCHH5I. UHKJlO-
Hbl T e Op CTH'I CCKH B03MO)KHbl, CCJlH OHH 6YAyT HMeTb O'lCHb MaJiCHb-
KHC paaaepu H 60JlbWHC CKOpOCTH BCTpa. 11 AcikTBHTCJlbHO, npasna
HC ua caMOM 3KBaTOpc, a B6J1H3H nero HHorAa 06pa3ylOTC5I He60Jlh-
WHe 6apH'IeCKHe 06pa30BaHH5I C HH3KHM AaBJleHHeM H y)KaCalOJ.J..lHM
BeTpOM -- TpOnH'IeCKHe UHKJIOH~.

-157-
 6API1'IECKUE 0 6PA30BAHUfI HA~ OKEAHAMU

Bonpocu U 3aaaHUR

l . Banuiuume t/JOpMyAy eptui uen ma da enen u» .

2. B KaKUX Meemax a8yMepHoeo 6apU"eeKOeO nOAR Ha6AIOaalOmeR 60Ab-
wue tia p u xecs ue epaouen mu?
3. Om " eeo sa eucu m 8eAU" UHa tiapun ecxoeo ep tu iuen ma ( Ha «apme no-
eOab')?
4. Ky aa nanpaeseu 6apU "eeKUil ep aiiuen m, Kyaa «a npaeseno a8U:JICeHue.
8bl38a HHoe 6apU"eeKUM ep tuiuen m ou ?
5. 'IeMy poena eUAa tiapuxecxoeo epadu enma (t/Jop."yAa) ?
6. 'IeMy paeua eu,1O Kopuonuca (t/JopMyA a) ?
7. 'IeMy poena ~ eHmp06e:JICHaR eUAa (t/JopMyAa) ?
8. B KaKUX eaU H u ~ax U3Mep RIO meR eUAb' 8 scemeoponoeuu ?
9. KaK08 nop suiox 8eAU" UH eUA, aeilem 8YIO/J1UX 8 a muoctpepe?
/0. Ka K08a POAb 8 803HUKH08eHUU eempa eUA b' tiap us ecxoeo epaduenma?
II. Ka K08a POAb 8 803HU KH08eHUU eempa eUA b! Kop uonuca?
/2. Ka K08a POAb 8 803HUKH08eHUU eempa ~eHmp06e:JICHOU CUM '?
/3. Ka K08a POAb 8 803HUKH08eHUU sempa eUAb' ms scecmu?
/4 . nO"e.4ly MaAeHbKue no eOPU30HmaAU eUAb' eusueaio m 60Abwue, a
un oeiia U ypa eaHHb,e sempsi?
/5. KaKaR U3 eUA R8ARemeR OCH08 HOU 8 paseumuu eempa?
/6. nO " eMy CILlO 6apU" eCKOeO epa iiuen m a n o 8epmUKaAU He 8b!3bl8a em
3aMemHblX a8U:JICeHUU 803ay xa?
/ 7. Ilaum e on peiiesenue eeocmpotpuxecsoeo eempa.
/ 8. KaK nanpaene« eeocm p otpu wecxuu eem ep omH oeum eAbHO usotiap?
/9 . Ka K nanpaeae« eem ep 8 CAoe mpenun ( y 3 eMAU) omHoeumeA bHO
eeocm potb uwecxoeo eempa?
20. Ct/JoP.4lYAupyilme 6apU"eeKUU 3aKOH eempa aAR ceeep uoeo nostpuapus:
2/ . Ka K080 «anpaen enue a 8U:JICeHUR 803ay xa 8 ~ UK,IOHe 8 ceeep uou no-
Aywapuu?
22. KaK080 nanpaeseuue a8U:JICeHUR 803ay xa 8 llUK,IOHe 8 IO:JICHO.41 n OAy -
tuapuu ?
23. KaK080 uanpaeneuue a8U:JICeHUR eosiuixa 8 aHmU~UKAOHe 8 ceeep n ou
nonutuapuu?
24. KaK080 Hanpa8AeHue a8U:JICeHUR 803ayxa 8 aHmU~UKAOHe 8 IO:JICHOM
no,'ywapuu?
25. 'Im o ma Koe KOH8epeeH~uR ?
26. 'Im o ma Koe aU8epeeH~uR ?
27. Moey m AU aHmU~U K.l 0Hbl 6blmb na sxeamop e?
28. M oey m AU ~UKA OHbl 6blm b «a sxeamope?
29. nO"eMy mponuuecsue ~UKAOHbl uuetom Ma"eHbKu e pasuepu?
30. n O" eMy 8 mponuu ecsux ~UKA OHax oc06eHHO 60,l bwue ckopocm u a 8U-
",eHUR?

- 158 -
,r
fleK~HR 15. cnnu, IlEUCTBYIOUiI1E B ATMOC<1>EPE

31. 'lm o BbI MO:JICem e ClW3amb 0 paccmosucu nx Me:JICay ~306ap aMU 8

l{UKAOllaX U allmUl{UI010llax?
32. l1o,eMy cxop ocm a eempa 8 allmUl{UK,IOIlaX. KaK npa8U.IO, MellbUJe,
, eM 8 l{UKAollax?
°
33. '[mo Bu MO:JICeme CKa3amb cxopocmu eempa 8 6a pu ,eCKUX cucmeMax
(MUIluMyMax U MaKcuMyMax ) npu OaUIlaK080U nna mnocmu usotiap' 8 /lUX?

neKIII1S1 16

06UlHE XAPAKTEPHCTHKH LlHKlJOHOB

H AHTHLlHKlJOHOB

II,EJlb JlEKII,UH: Ilame npedcmaenenue 0 uuxnouax U

anmuuuxnonax KaK 06 OZpOMHblX am.MOctjJepHblx BUXpRX.
B AeKlj UU paccsuimpueatomcx eepmutcanmtue U eopu-
soumansnue pa3Mepbl smux euxpeii B amuoctpepe; ux
KOAU'IeCmBO ua 3eMHOM tuape, npocmpancmeennax U epe-
MeHHaR noemopneuocms smux 6apU'IeCKUX 06pa30BaHuu;
«nacciupuxauu» ljUKAOHOB U aumuuusnonoe no pa3HblM
npU3HaKaM. U3 eceeo MHozo06pa3UJl BonpOCOB, CBJl3aHHblX
c qUKAoHaMU, B smou nesuuu U3AaZalOmCJl ocotiennocmu
BmOpU'IHblX U HetjJpoHmaAbHblx qUKAOHOB.

B cn OMHHM 0 J\BH)KeHHH B03J\YWHbIX Mac c. Boanyumsre MaCC bI

nepensaratorca no nn aaere KaK ena aoe uen oe. B CHJlY orposororo
KOJlH'leCTBa <jJaKTopoB. CKOpOCTH H nanpaaneuaa J\BHlKCHHii B03J\YW-

I HblX Macc paan auaior cn. B pesyn srare OHH CTaJlKHBalOTClI H nanon-
3alOT npyr na npyra , Tennas B03llYWHalJ Macc a. KaK oox ee nerxaa .
nOJ\HHMaCTClI no KJlHHY XOJlOJ\HOro B03J\yxa H OKa3bIBaeTC lI nas ep x y .
Ilon neacrsaca CHJlbI K OpHOJJH Ca B031lYWHbIe MaCCbI 3aKpY'l HBa lOTClI
B or poaaue BHXpH. nasuaaexue UHKJlOH aMH H aHTHUHKJlOHaMH.

!I l lHKJlOHbI H aHTHUHKJlOHbI - nOHlITHlI 60Jlce WH POKHC. 'l eM nen-

peCC HH H oapa se cxne MaKcHMyMbI. 3TO orp o u uu e araoc qiepa u e
BHXpH co CJlOlKHOii u HpKyJl llUHeii aosny xa . xap axre pasnor nOJl llMH

-159 -

I
 6API1'1ECKI1E 06PA30BAHI1R HA4 OKEAHAMI1

MeTeOpOJlOrH'leCKHX Be Jl H'lHH , c so e o ti paa uu aa nO r OAH bI MH y CJlOBH R-

MH B pas a ux HX 'laC TRX . Eapnxecxne CHCTeMbI B03HHKaIOT , pa3 BHBa-
IOTCR H HC'le3aIOT. Ilepenearascs no 3eMHOH nOBepXHOCTH H HHT eH-
CHBHO n ep e xeum saa aUlOc<jJepH blH B03A YX, OHH n e peHOCRT Ten,10 C
io ra H XOJlOA C ce sep a B n pyrae pa a o nu, a BJla)K HbI H B03AyX - C
oxeauoa a a Ma TepH KH. U HKJlOHbl H aHTH L\HKJlOHbl RBJlRIO TCR HOCHTC-
JlRM H n or o nsi u a HaWCH n ,1aH e TC. ::ha H n o cn en y io iuae JleK UHH no-
csmuenu HX a enocp e n cr eeunox y H3 Y4 eHHIO.

Pasaepu L\HKJlOHOB H aHTHL\HK JlOHOB

Orpoanue a rxocrp epu ue BHXpH - L\HKJlOHbI H a HT HL\HKJlOHbl no

BepTHKaJlH 4 aCT O 3a HHMa lOT BCIO rponocrp epy, no r opH 30H TaJlH OHH
OXBaTbl BalOT He CKOJlbKO TblCR4 KHJlOMe Tp OB. A HTHUH KJlOHbl n p en c r a a -
JlRIOT C060H rop u TlI)KeJlO rO B03Ayx a . B HHX n p OHCXOA HT spauie nx e
soxpyr OCH n o 4aCOBOH crpen xe ( B cese p xoa nonyur a paa) H OT L\eH-
r pa . B L\eHT pa X a HTHL\HKJlOHOB npOHCXOAHT onycxana e B0 3A y x a. TaKHe
CJlO)KHble AIlH)Ke HHlI Ha6J1IOAaIOT CR na nJlOmaARX, JlHHeHHble paaa epsi
KOTOp blX MorYT 6bITb AO serap ex TblCR 4 KHJl OMeTpOB. n 04TH CTOJlb
)Ke o r p o v n a UHKJlOHbI yxepcnaux WHp OT. B BepTHKaJlb HOM pasp e se
OHH Ha n OMHHa lOT BOPOHKY. B 3THX BHXp llX B03Ay X A BH)KeTClI n o cnn-
paJlH K L\eHTp y npOTHB qa COBOH CTpeJlKH BOKpyr HaKJlOHHOH OCH B
c esepnon n onyurapnn H nOAHHMaeTCR asepx . B IO)KHOM nonyurapxa
B0 3AyX ABH)KeTCR Ta K)K e K uenrpy H as e px, HO no qaCOBOH c r p en xe .

KO~HqCCTBO L\HKJlOHOB H aHTHL\HKJlOHOB Ha nJlaHCTe

OAHOBp eM eHH O B ce se p no » nOJlywapHH MO)KH O Ha CqHTaTb AO

15-20 L\HKJlOHOB H OKOJlO 10 a HTH L\HKJlO HOB. X OTII a HTHL\H KJl OHbl
CJleAYIOT aa L\HKJlOHaMH, HX Me Hbwe norowy. 'I TO Me)KAY OTAeJl b Hbl MH
L\HKJlOHaM H Ha XOA lITCR OTp OrH onu oro aH T HL\HKJlOHa. E )K erOAH O B
c eaepnou n onyur apua 6bl Ba eT OKOJlO TblC R4H L\HKJl OHOB H HeCKOJJbK O
MeHbwe aHTHL\HKJlOHOB . npHM epHO raxas xc e KapTHHa B IO)KHOM
nonyuiapaa.
Iloeropaeeocrs L\HKJlOHOB 3 HMOH HaA OKe a Ha MH B 2 p a s a 60Jlb We,
4eM Jle TOM. 3 HMOH OHH s a HHMa lOT 6 0Jl bW ylO xa cn, nnouiana OKea HOB.
JIeToM OHH YMe Hb wa lOTClI B pasvcpa x H CMcmalOTClI K uiccrnn e c aroa

- 160 -
 fleK~HR 16. 06U/IIE XAPAKTEPIICTIIKII I.IIIKflOHOB 11 AHTl1l.jl1Kfl OHOB ~
WH p OT e . O CHOBH ylO n n o uians OKea HOB B ner uee B peMR 3 a HHMa lOT
aHTHUHKJlOHW. 3TO a 3 0pCKHH a HT HUHKJlOH B CeB epH OH A TJIaH THK e H
CeBepOTHXOOKeaH CKHH B ceaepnoa nOJIOBHHe THX OrO ok eana . B 10)1( -
HOM nonyurapna 3TO IO)I(HOaTJIaHTH'leCKHH , IO)I(HOHHllH iic KHii H 10)1(-
HOTHXOOKeaHC KHH a HT HUHKJlOH W.

KJIaCC II ~ H K a~ H R ~IIKJl O H O B II aH TH ~H K JI OII OB

n o WHpOT HOH 30HC UH KJlOHbl llCJl RT n a BHe T pOnH 'leCK HC H r pon a -

'lCCKHC, a aHTHUHKJlOHbI - aa BH CTp OnH 'leC KHe H c y 6 T p OnH'lCCKHC.
n o CBR3H C eppOllTaJlbHbl MH pa311CJIaMH p aCCMaTpHBalOT eppOHTaJIb-
HblC H HceppOH TaJlbHbI C UHKJlOHbI H aH THUHKJlOHbl. UHKJlOHbl yM CpC H-
HblX WHpOT (BHCTpOnH'leCKHC) B OCHOBHOM RBJlR IOTCH eppOHTa JIbHbIMH .
K Hcep p OHTaJlbHWM UHKJIOHaM OTHOCHTCH TpOnH'lCCKH C UHKJIOHW H
TCp MH'leC KHC UHKJIOHbl. l laJIce MbI HX p aCCMOTpHM nonpoosee .
n OllBH)I(HW e a H TH ~H KJl O H bI 06pa3 ylO TcH B Tbl JIY UHKJlOHOB , cneny-
IOUlHX cepn ca, H Ha3blBa lOT CH eppOHTaJlbH bl MH . OHH nCJl RTC R a a n po -
Me)l(YTO'lHble H 3aKJIIO'lHTeJIbH bIC . K HeeppOHTaJIbHbIM OTHOCH TCH c yo -
T pO n H'le CKHe H TCpMH'leCKHe (M eCTHbI C) aHTHUH KJIOHbl.
UHKJlOHbl H aH T HUH KJlOH bl MoryT 6blT b o nHOUC HTpOBblMH H ~1H o ro ­
ueHTp OBbIMH. B n OCJIellHe M c nysa e n a a HJlH 6 0 Jlee 6J1H3KO p acnoao-
)I{ e HHblX UCHTpa xa ncpH~cpHH HMCIOT 06UlH e 3 aM KH YTbiC nsooapu .
BTOpOH UCHTp Ha 3 bI Ba lOT BTOP H'l HbI M HJIH 'laCTHbIM UHKJIOHOM (aH TH -
UHKJlOHOM) . O HH Mo ryT n rpa rs 6 0JlbW ylO p on s B pa3BHTHH 6a p H'lCC-
KHX CHCTCM.
M O)l(HO KJlaCC HepHUH pO Ba T b UH KJIOHbI H a HTH UH KJIOH bl n o na npas-
JlCHHR M ncpCMcUlCHHR , n o CTpyKTypc TepM0 6 a p H'l CCK HX n o .nea , no
CTcn CHH pa 3BHTHH n o BCpTHKaJIH .
no CKOp OCTH n cp eMCUlCHHH 6apH'lCCKHC 0 6pa30B a HHH llCJIHT Ha
nOnBH)I{HblC , MaJIOnOllBH)I{HblC H CTa UHOHapHbIC. B Ha 'laJIbHOii CTallHH
pa3B HT HH UHKJIOHbl llBH)I{YTCH 6bICT pO , no 40-50 KM/ 'lac . C 'l HT a CTCH,
'ITO c p ellHHH CKOp OCTb nepCMCUlCHHH UHKJl OHOB H aHTH UHKJlOHOB CO-
CTaBJlHCT OKOJlO 30-40 KM/'lac . B n0311H cH CTallHH p a3BHTH H, « orna
UHKJIOHbl H aHTHUHKJIOHbl npcspauunorc s B BblCOKHC 6apH 'lCCK HC 06·
p a30 BaHHH , CKOp OCTb HX n c p cMcUlCHHH YMeHb w a cTcH (5- LO KM/'lacl ,
H OHH CTaHOBH TCH MaJlOnOnBH)I{HW MH . llHKJIOHbl H a HT HUHKJIOHbl , CMC-
UlalOUlHCCR c o CKOpOCTb lO MCHCC 5 KM/'laC , Ha3bl BalOTCH CTaI1HOHapll bIMH .

- 161 -
 EiAPIl'lECKIlE OEiPA30BAHIlJl HA~ OKEAHAMIl

Bropu-rasre UHKJlOHbI

non «BTOPH'I HbIMH» IfJlH «'1aCTHbI MH» UHKJlOHaMH (pHC. 2.39) non-
pa 3YMeBalOTc5I nenpeccan, aoanexeansre B UHpKyJl5lUHIO 60JlbWHX,
HJlH ooaee CHJlbHblX nenpeccua. Ilocnenase H3BeCTHbi KaK OCHOBHble
HJlH nepaasaue. 06bl'lHO '1aCTHblii UHKJlOH 6blCTpO ABH)I(eTC5I no
neparpepxa OCHOBHoro UHKJlOHa, orH6a51 ero npOTHB '1acoBoii crpen-
KH . C Te'leHHeM BpeMeHH BTOpH'IHblii uenrp MO)l(eT yrJly6HTbc5I H
npH06pecTH caMOCT05lTeJlbHOe 3Ha'leHHe . Korna nepBH'IHa51 Aen p ec :
CH5I cnaoaa, a BTOpH'IHa51 CHJlbHa5l, n epBH'lHa51 MOlKeT 6blTb aoanene-
na B nBHlKelIHe BTOpH'IHOii . no Mex3HH3MY, onucaunoay panee, HJlH
n ae nenpeccan 6ynyT apauiari.ca soxpyr npyr npyra B UHKJlOHH'IeC-
KOM aanpasneaan . Korna AenpeCCHH CljJOpMHpOBaJlHCb aa nOJl5lpHOM
ljJpoHTe, BTOpH'IHble llHKJlOHbl MoryT CTaHOBHTbC5I npOCTO CJleAYIOUlH-
MH '1J1eHaMH ceMeiicTBa (pHC. 2.51, 2.52).

High

~ "---
_ 1008 - - - - - -
____ 1004
1000
996~
-----

~N~=-----
984
992
..-------
Low
~

High

PHC. 2.39. OCHOBHOH H '1aCTHbIH l(HKJlOllbl

-162-
 neK~H' 16 . 06UjllE XAPAKTEPIICTIIKII l/IIKnOHOB 11 AHTI1l/I1KnOHOB

Hedrpouransaue nenpeccuu
3Ha'lIlTeJlbHaH '1aCTb ~HKJIOHOB yMCp CHHblX WHpO T <jJOpMllpyCTCH
aa nOJIHpHOM <jJpOHTC. TaKIIC ~IIKJIOHbI Ha3bIBaIOTCH ljIpOHTaJIbHbIMII.
UIIKJIOHbI MoryT 6blTb II Hc<jJpOHTaJIbHbIMII . 3TO : TCpMII'ICCKIIC nert-
pCCClIlI, ncnpcccan BCpTHKaJlbHOii HCyCTOii'lIlBOCTII H Tonorpa<jJII'ICC -
KHC nenpeccaa . nOCJICllHHC o6pa3yIOTcH TOJIbKO Hall MaTcpHKaMII .
TepMU'l.eCKUe /{UKAOHbl. $OpMHpOBaHIIC TCpMII'ICCKHX ~IIKJIOHOB
npOHCXOlllIT B PC3YJIbTaTC HCOllHHaKOBoro HarpCBaHIIH BO,llbl II CyWH .
JICTOM llaBJlCHIIC Hall MaTcpllKOM MCHbWC, '1CM Ha,ll BO,llHoii noaepx-
HOCTbIO. Hanpasrep, HII3KOC llaBJICHHC Ha,ll A311cii B IlIOJIC , H3BCCTHO
KaK IOlKHoa311aTCKllii MyCCOHHblii ~IIKJIOH. OH onp C,llCJIHCT norony na
ooumpnoa TCppllTOpHH IOro-BocTo4Hoii A31111.
Ilpaaepaaa MCHbwcro MacWTa6a HBJIHIOTCH 311MHHC ~IIKJIOHbl HaJ:\
BHyTpCHHIIMII MOpHMH - CPCJ:\H 3CMHbIM, 4CpHbIM. 311MOii OXJIalKJ:\c-
HHC KOHTHHCHTOB ljIOpMHpyCT Hall HHMH BblCOKOC llaBJlCHHC, a Hall
OTHOCHTCJIbHO rennoa nonnoa nOBcpXHOCTbIO llaBJICHHC HH3KOC .
HMCHHO npa raxoa CHHonTII4CCKOii cHTya~IIH B03HHKaCT aa 4CpHOM
MOpC B palioxe HOBOpOCCHiicKa 60pa (JICK~HH
12).
Ilenpeccuu eepmuxannnoii neucmouuueocmu. Tewneparypnaa
HCyCTOH'IHBOCTb no BCpTHKaJIH IIrpaCT BalKHYIO POJIb B pa3BHTHH
HHoro BH,lla ~HKJlOHOB. B HHX na,llCHHC llaBJICHHH npOHCXOJ:\HT H3-3a
pa3HOCTH reaneparyp MClKllY rennsra B03llYXOM H OKpYlKaIOlliHM cro
B03J:\YXOM. ,no TCX nop, noxa rpannenru reuneparypu HCBCJIHKH H HC
, npeasuuator npenca yCToii'lHBOCTH aruocrpcpi; (I c C / I 00 M), 3TH
,-r
, ~IIKJIOHbI nernytioxa .

•• Korna lKC rpanaearsr TCMncpaTypbJ BCJIIIKH, MoryT 06pa30BbIBaTb-

··• CH 60JICC rJIy60KIIC ~HKJIOHbi. OC06CHHO B CJIy4aHx, xorna B03,llYX
aacsnuen BOJ:\HHbIMH napanu, OCBo60lKJ:\CHHC HaKOnJICHHOrO TCnJIa
·,,•• npll KOH,llCHCa~HH BOllHHoro napa cnoco6cTByCT yCHJICHHIO KOHBCK-
THBHbIX npO~CCCOB. B CJlY4ac, xorna CTpaTH<jJHKa~HH 04CHb HCyCTOH-
4HBaH, a B03llYX 04CHb BJIalKHblii, MoryT B03HHKaTb r Jly60KHC UHKJIO-
Hbi. TaK, BCpTIIKaJIbHaH HCyCTOii'lHBOCTb arxoctpepu IIrpaCT J:\OMHHH-
PYIOlliYIO POJIb B ljIopMllpoBaHHH 4pC3BbI4aiiHO onacnux arvocrpep-
HbIX BHXpCH - TpOnH'ICCKIIX ~HKJIOHOB (pHC. 2.40 H 2.41). Tponascc-
KHC ~HKJlOHbI 6y,llyT nOllpo6HO paccMaTpHBaTbcH BO BTOpOH 4aCTH
xypca.

-163-
 5APU4ECKUE 0 5 PA30BAHUR HA~ OKEA HAMU

-
---~---

Puc. :lAO. <l> p a rM clI T Kap Tbl no roru s . T p O rn t ll CC KU H Il ttK ~l()1f

"a I ~ O - o ii n o.i rore " TpOn,," eCKa R aen pe ccus ( T D) y <l>".lIIn n""

P" C. IUtK.10 II co cny r na xa

... 3 a McTK It It A OII O,lIIC II It II

I. U It KJIOHbl It aH TItUItKJIOHbl npCA CTaBJIHIOT C06 0 H o r pO MHbJC a r -

xto c diepuu e anx p tr . no BCpTIt KaJIIt aa x axta io ume ya CTO BCIO r p on o c rpe -
p y . a no ro p H30HTa.1I1 - TblCHYH KHJIOMCTpO B. B CCBC PIIO ~I n OJIy w a plt H
s paure u ne aoanyx a B UHKJIOHaX n pOHCXOIlHT npOTHB y a COBOH crpe.nxn .
BHYTPb H as e px : spauie u ue soanyxa B a HTIt UIt KJIOlla X n p 0ItCXOIlItT no

- J G~ -
 neK~HR 16. 0 6tUI1E XAPAKTEPI1CTI1KI1 ~I1KnOHOB 11 AHTI1~I1KnOHOB ~
,
,
1 sac oaoa crpense II OT uenrpa aHTIIUIIKJlOHa. KaK npaBIIJlO, B UIIKJlO-
•
· sax ABlIlK eHll fi B03Ay xa npOIICXOAfiT C 60JlbWeii CKOpOCTblO, ~ eM B
aHTIlUIIKJlOHax.
2. UIlKJlOHOB II aHTIIUIIKJlOHOB xa nnaa er e 04eHb ~lHoro . B CfI TPO-
nocrpe pa B y MepeHHblx uraporax COC TOIIT 113 CJleAYIOWllx n py r aa
np yrou BIIXpc ii nonaaceaaor o II noasuuc aaoro nasn cuas. Il pn 3TOM
B pasnuc ceaousr rona , B paausix paaosax MoryT npeoona nar s paa -
aste 6aplI~eCKlle CIICTeMbl.
3. 311MOii 60JlbWylO ~aCTb ceaepuoa A TJlaHTIIKII II ccscpuoa 4aCTII
Tuxoro okeana 3aHIIMalOT 1~IIKJlOH bl , C HIIMII ca aaaau serpu II WTO p-
Mbl. 31lMOii B 3TIIX oxea uax YCJlOBllfI nn asaa aa T5DKe,lble. JI CTOM 60Jlb-
uras 4aCTb OKeaHOB aauar a allTIIUIIKJlOHaMII II YCJlOBllfI nna aaua a MHO-
•
!. ro ny-nue,
i
4. U Il KJlOHbJ yMepeHHblx umpor - 3TO, rJlaBHblM o6pa30M, <jJPOIl-
•• rans asre UIl KJlOH bl. K lle<jJpoHTaJlbllblM UIIKJlOHaM OTIlOCflTCfI rponu-
,,i
, ~eCKlle II T e pMIl ~ e c K ll e UIIKJlOllbl .

·
;

, Bonpocu U 3aOaHUJI
·
~:
,
I. 'lex o m,lU. ae mCR nounmue «oenpeccun» o m n OHRm uR <f Ij UKAOH»?
2. He» om,,1 u ~aem CJl nos s mue «6 a p Ul/. eCKUU M UK CUJ.ty .W » om nOH JlmUR
« a H m u ~ u K;IOH '» ?
3. Kasoeu eopueonmansnu e U eep muxanunue paeuepi« IjUK,IOHOB U
aHmut{UKAOftOB?
4. Kax oe KOAu. ecmBO IjUK,IOHOB U a Hm u IjUK"IOHOB Oa HOBp eMeHHO MOJICem
nsanem e?
6 bl m b Na
5. Kas ue BaM U3Becm Hbi K,lOccU!/JUKaIjUU IjU K,IOHOB U a HmuIjU K,lOHOB?
6. '[mo maxoe em opuuscuil. IjUKAOH?
7. Bueaiom AU He!/JpoHmaAbHble IjU /(,IOHbl B yM epeHH blX tu up omax?
8. Hasoeume m unu He!/JpoHmaAbHblx IjUK,lOH 08?
9. M oeym AU n etpp onma swcue IjUKAOHbl oKa 3blBamb cquiecmeennoe 8AU -
n u ue na n oway?
10. Kaxue 6apu. eCKue cuc m eMbl «asueasom cn Cm a lj UO Hap HblMu?

- 165-
 5API1'1ECKI1E 05PA30BAHI1Jl HAil OKEAHAMI1

neKlll1R 17

CTPOEHHE l.lHKJlOHOB

IJ,EJlb JlEKIJ,HH: Iloxasams nepasiienususcm» nOHR-

muii «oneepeenuus, BOCXOaJlUiue aBWlCeUUJl U qUKIlOH;
aUBepzeuquJl, UUCXOaJlUiue aBUJlCeHUJl U anmuuuxno«.
B nekuuu massce paccuampueaemcs cmpoenue MOIlOOOZO
qUKlloua, eepmuxansnu e paspesu qUKlloHa IO:JfCHee U ceeep-
«ee ueumpa B ceeepnou nonutuapuu u nOZOaa 8 Pa3IlU'lUblX
«acmsx qUKIlOUa.

KOHBepreHI.\HR . )l.HBepreHI.\HR H BepTHKaJlbHble )l.BH}f{eHHR

n OHHMaHIlC xo a sep re u u a a II na s eprenuaa Heo6xOAIlMO AJl H n OHIl -

Ma HHH oco6eHHOCTCH p a 3BHTHR UIlKJlOHOB II a HTIlUIlKJlOHOB . E CJlIl B
KaKOH-TO 06beM BXOAIIT B03Ayxa 60Jlb w e . '1eM BblXOAIlT. TO B0 3A y X
c ooapaerc s BHYTPII nora 0 6beMa ll Bbl HYlKA e H nOAHIlM a Tb CH a s e p x
(pHC . 2.42).
BalK HblM lj>a KToM RBJlHeTCH TO, 'ITO ro p a aouran s u aa KOHBepreH-
UHH II ec p r axan s u ue BOCXOA RlLlHe ABll lKeHIlH B03HIlKalOT OAHOBpe -
Me HHO. M OlKHO yr aepxcaar s, 'ITO BOCXOARlLllle ABlllKeHIl R CBH3a Hbi C
06J1aCTHMH ro pH30HTaJlbHOH x o useprenuaa B HlllKHHX CJlOHX a TMOC-
lj>epbl . U HKJl OHbI HBJl HIOTCH 0 6J1a CTHMH KOHBe preHUll1l B03A YW Hbl X
Te'leHIlH . a 3Ha'iIlT, B HIlX 06H3aTeJlb HO 6Y)l.YT BOCXO)l.HlLlHe ABHlK eHHH
B03Ayxa .

71';;;;;;;;;; ;; ;7777777777777777)7777))777/77777

PH C. 2.42. .!lHBepreHI\H" H KOHBepreHL\H" y nOBepxHoCTH 3eMJlH

H BepTHKaJlbHb,e JJ.BHlKeHHA

-166 -
 fleKUH~ 17. CTPOEHHE /.JHKflOHOB
,
Cnpaaennaau II ooparaue BbIBOJlbI. I'opuaouransuan nna eprea-
UlIll y nOB epXHOCTII CB1l3a Ha C HIICXOJlllUlIIMII JJ.BII>KeHIIllMII B03JJ.yxa.
'e,
H JIII IIHa'lC, JlBII>Ke Hlle B03JJ.YWHbI X MaCC BHII3 CB1l3 a HO C 06JIaCTllMII
r o pa s o n r a a s aoa JlIIBepreHUlI1I B HII>KHII X CJlOllX aTMOC¢epbI. AHTII-
UIIKJI OHbl llBJllllOTCll 06JIaCTllMII JlIIBepreHUIIII B03JlYWHblX Te'leHllii. a
3Ha 'l IlT , B IIX uearpax Ha6J1IOJlaIOTCll HlICXOJJ.llUllle JlBlI>KeHlIll.
Ha pIIC . 2.43 CXeMaTII'lHO npCJlCTaBJleH UIIKJlOH B cesepaoa nOJIy-
urapau, C 3aMKHYTbiMlI KpyroBblMII lI JIII 3J1 J1 l1 n TII 'leCKIIMlI 1I306apaMII , C
HII3KIIM JlaBJleHlleM B UCHTpC . C JlBII>KeHlleM aoaayxa npoTIIB sacoeoa
,•
CTpeJlK II II K uenrpy, C xonaepreuuaef II BOCXOJJ.llUtIlMII JlBII>KeHIIllMII .
,
·,
'" '
•
,.

>.

JJJIJjj}»;;;;;'77777777/7?777777777777777777777
PH C. 2.43. Cxeaa UHKJlO Ha s ceeepu o» noayur apua
(SHA cse pxy H c6oKy )

C Tpo eHll e ¢POH TaJIbH OrO ullKJlOHa

B ueHTpe UIIKJIOHa eCTb MeCTO C Hall60Jlee HII3KIIM JlaBJIeHlleM.

E CJlII TaKIIX MecT HeCKOJlbKO, TO nenpeccaa aaasrsaerca MHoroueHTpo-
BOH. Hsooapa, oxepx xaaioutae ueurp nenpeccau, xauie acero IIMe lOT
¢ Op My, 6 J1113KylO K xpyry IIJ111 OBaJIy. ,lI,aBJIeHlle B uearpe nenpeccna
B y Mep eHHbl x uiaporax 06b1'lHO COCTa BJllle T 950-1010 rna . OT uea-
rpa UIIKJlOHa B JlO>K6 I1 Ha X npoxonsr ¢POHTbl (pIIC. 2.44). ,lI,o aaxana
OKKJlI031111 OHII nanpaaaenu B p a s a a e CTOpOHbI. Tenn u a cjJpOHT sa-
npasncn ua BOCTOK, IOrO-BOCTOK IIJ1 11 ror . TenJlblii cjJpOHT npocrapacrcs
npa aep ao na rsrcsvy KIIJlOMeTpO B II nOCTeneHHO IIC'le3aeT . XOJlOJlHblii
¢ POHT YXOJlIIT na sanan IIJ111 ro r o -aanan O'leHb JlaJIeKO . H a He M MorYT
B03HIIKaTb HOBble UIIKJIOHbI .

-1 67 -
 5APIl'lECKIlE 05PA3 0BAHIlR HAil OKEAHAMIl

OORbW3H 06Ra4HOCTb HaXOnHTCH B ueHT pe UHKRO Ha, WHpOKOH

nOROCOH nepen TenRblM ~POH TOM H CpaBH HTeRbHO Y3KOH nOROCOH
soxp yr XOROIlHOrO HRH aa HHM, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT xapaxrcpa caaoro
xononso ro ~pOHTa . Fpaa nua 06Ra4Horo anxps npauepxo cosnanaer
C nO,10lKeHHeM nOC,1cnHCH 3aMKHy ToH H306apbl na npH3CMHOH xapr e
noronu . Ocanxa nsrrtanaior sa orpOMHblX re pparopuax . JIH Wb TbIRO-
BaH 4aCTb UHKROHa cpaBHHTeRbHO cB060nHa OT 06RaKOB H ocanKO B.

BepTHKaRbHblii paapes ljJpoHTaRbHoro UHKROHa

IOlKHee ueurpa

npOCRen HM H3MeHeHHll naBReHHH H a pyr ux MeTeopOROrHqeCKHX

BeRH4 HH np H nepece4eH HH MOROiloro UHKROHa IOlKHee ero UCHTpa B
ce aep nosi ncnyurapa a, n JIll ynoocrsa npo aenea na CH Hon TH4eCKOH
(ljJaKcHMHRbHOH ) xapre RHHHIO XX· napannen snyio H306apaM r enn or o
c ex r opa UHKROHa (pHC. 2.44). Bynev nepenaararsc a BnOR b 3TOH
RHHHH. 3a XOJIOnHblM ~POHTOM asooapa PC3KO H3rH6alOTcll B CTOPO-
Hy UCHTpa (HRH BReBO, OTHOCHTeRbHO nanpasnen aa nBHlKeHHlI). TaK
lKe H3rH6alOTcli naooapu, xorna ne pe cexae v TenRblH ljJpOHT. Bnons
H306ap TenJIOrO cexropa , eCTCCTBeH HO, nasn ea ue He MeHll eTCll.
n OCRC npOXOlKnC HHll TcnRoro ¢pOHTa, Mbl nonan aea B XORonHbl H
B03ny X. CHa4aRa OH He6 0RbWOH no BepTHKaRH, HO no Mepe r o r o KaK
Mbl np ononacaeu nBHlKeHHC B Bbl6paHHOM HanpaBReHHH , CROH XOROn-
noro soanyxa CTaHOBHTC ll 60Ree MOm HblM (pHC . 2.45). T aK KaK xo-
RonHblH aosnyx TlllKCRCC r ennor o s oanyxa, TO n aBRCHHC paCTCT. ::lTO
np OllBJI lieTCH B OTKROHeHHH H306ap BReBO cpa3y nOCRe TenRoro
¢pOHTa (no TOH lKe n pHqHHe n pH nepe ce 4eHHH RHHHH XOROnHoro
¢pOHTa B 06paTHOM HanpaBReH HH , usoeapa OTKR OH lllOTCli anpaso B
XOJJOnHOM aoan y xe),
n OCKORbKY caM UHKROH H ¢ POHTbl B HCM co BpeMeHeM n epensn-
r aior cs n pa xepuo B TOM lKC Ha npaBReHHH (OT X K X'), TO B KalKAOH
¢H KC HpO Ba HHOH T04Ke npOCTpaHCTBa nep en TenJlblM ~P O H TOM AaBRe-
HHe nanaer, Bapoaerpasecxaa TeHAeHUHlI orpn u ar easaa, aa JleHTe
oaporpaoa KpHBaH n aBReHHlI onycxaercs BHH3. n OCRe np OXOlKnCHHlI
TenJJOr O ~pOHTa .nanCHH C naBRCHHlI npe Kpam aCTCll. H a CYAHC npo-
XOlKAe HHe ¢pOHTa MOlKHO 3aMCTHTb, aacexas MOMeHT cTa6HRH3aUHH
llaBReHHH na 6 a p o r p a ~ e .

-168-
 2
~
"-
J::
:!;;;
:n
....
:"l

-. ~0
O':l
ee rtl
:z:
:s;
rtl
J:::
~
3 CI·· I§
... 0
':z:
0

~ ,.
lJ:l

rpaHIltl.\a 06::. sepxaero spyca .

, I I I I I Ipauaua 0611. cpeAHero s:tpyca - - -
o 100 200 300 400 500 M.M~nb 06nacTb BblnaAeH~Sf Oca.QKoB I" I" I

PHC. 2.44. MOJIOJJ.OH UH KJlOH

~
 Hanpaaneaae ~
.LI.BH)KeHHH ~ Ci ... ~
---C5 -=- .::>
.c

~
.y

I III
C
I C'1

10 ~
-
-..,J
o I
KM VJ
o
~
I /l XOJIO.lI.HhIH TenJIbIH: XOJIOJJ,HbIH I ::r:
$
L)Cu C'::>
~
X7
-
j, I I , "~I/I - -
> > 7»' > '> J r~,~,,,.~,--
),;} J7 77> J >, ~X'
l:::a
J J 7 >> > > > >> } } } > j 11 I'I , ) J ;j 177 >11 7 J j j I, j 7 >; 7> J > > > 7 o
'~"
~
~
PHC. 2.45. Ceseaae UHKJlOHa JO>KHee ueurpa (BJl.OJlb JlMH"H XX')
 neK~HR J 7. CTPOEHI1E ljl1KnOHOB

npOXO)K.lJ,eHHe <jJpOHTa MO)KHO TaK )Ke 3aMeTHTb no H3MeHeHHIO

nanpaaneuaa serpa no '1aCOBOH crpenxe, T.e. aerep noaopa snaaer
t snpaso (B CeBepHOM nonyurapan). HaH60Jlee '1aCTO nepen TCnJlblM
!
~
<jJpOHTOM Ha6J1IO.lJ,aeTCll IOrO-3ana.lJ,HbIH serep. B TenJlOM cexrope
l.\HKJlOHa all CTaHOBHTCll sanannua, a nocne npOXO)K.lJ,eHHll XOJlO.lJ,HO-
ro <jJpOHTa - ceBepO-3ana.lJ,HbIM.
06J1a'lHOCTb H OCa.lJ,KH na rpposrax nO.lJ,p06110 onncansr B JlCKUHH
o <jJpOHTax.

,
i BepTHKaJlbHblH paspea <jJPOHTaJlbHOrO l.\HKJlOHa
r,• ceBepHee l.\eHTpa
,• Teneps paCCMOTpHM , KaK H3MeHlllOTCll MeTeOpOJlOrH'IeCKHe BeJlH-
'1HHW npH nepeCe'leHHH MOJlO.lJ,Oro UHKJlOHa ceBepHee era l.\eHTpa
B.lJ,OJlb JlHHHH YY' (pIIC .2.46). ECJlH uearp l.\HKJlOHa lO)Kllee, TO Mbl
OKa3WBaeMCll B XOJlO.lJ,HOM aosnyxe. TenJlblii soanyx aaxoaarcn aa-
sepxy. Ha npOTll)KeHHII HeCKOJlbKHX COTeH KIIJlOMCTpOB Ha6J1lOnaeTCll
HH3Kall CJlOHCTO-nO)KneBall 06J1a'lHOCTb II 06J10)KHbleocanxa , Ocanxa
~-
aurtanaior H3 rennoro soanyxa. JIeToM rennue xanna, nortanas B
XOJlOnHblH sosnyx, '1aCTH'IHO ncnapmcrcs H, 06pa30BaBwHHClI aons-
HOH nap MO)KeT orrars xoaneacnpoearscs. B peaynsrare raxoa nepe-
KOH.lJ,eHcal.\HII anara, non HH)KHCH rpaxauef CJlOIICTO nO)KneBblX 06-
JlaKOB MoryT B03HHKaTb KJlO'lbll pa30pBaHHO-nO)KnCBbIX 06J1aKOB
(Fr nb).

Hanpaaaeaae nBH)KeHHll C.
--~) .-->~..-3
Cs .--::>.---'! 'F
=-
- -
TenJlblH c __
I
~~~~~~~-~~
, -AsY
-'-'"
10
I
KM
/ ;;Nstftl l I
XOJlOllHblH 111////1111 XOJlOnHblH
/I I
I
Y '71fI /f+#4P oJ, Y'
/T///7T//7/7///T////77/II//Il/TII"IIIT//7/TI/I1I///7I/ITIT/7////I//////////////i1l/

PHC. 2.46. Ceseuae UHKJlOHa ceaepuee ueurpa (BllOJlb JlHHHH YY')

- 171-
 6API1'1ECKI1E 06PA30BAHI1R HA,l/ OKEAHAMI1

Ilorona B OTlI.e.~bHbIX 'I a CT II X llllKJlOHa

B MOJIOAOM UIIKJlOHe MO>KHO Bblll.eJlIITb TpH 3 0 Hbl , pe3KO OTJlII'Ia-

IOUlIICClI no YCJlOBHlIM noronu (CM. pHC. 2.44).
3 0 Ha 1- nepeznraa H uearpansuas 'IaCTH UHKJIOlla nepen TenJlbl M
~p OHTO M . B 3TOH 3 0 He xapaKTep noro ll.W onp ell.eJlll eTClI BJlHIIHH eM
TCn JlOrO rppoura . 4 eM 6 J1H>Ke K ueurpy llHKJlOHa H K JlHHHH r ennoro
qiponra , Te M 60Jlee MOUlHOH CTaHOBHTClI CHCTeMa 06J1aKOB Ns-As.
BL\OJlb JlHHHH re nnoro rppoara uiapoxas (300-400, a B XOJlOll.HblH
n epnon L\O 600 KM) nonoca 06J10>KHbIX OCall.KOB . BHL\HMOCTb n noxas
H3 -3a OCall.KOB.
3 0Ha 2- TblJlOBaH 'IaCTb UHKJlOHa a a XOJlOL\HbIM cjJpOHTOM . 3l1.eCb
n oroll.a o n p ell. e Jl lle T ClI CBoHcTBaMH XOJl 0ll.HOrO cjJpoHTa H XOJlOll.HOH
HeyCToH'IHBOH B03l1.YWHOH MaCCbl. ECJlH cjJpOHT lI.BH>KCTCH Mell.JleHHO
H ero 06J1a'lHaH CHCTeMa HBJlHeTClI aepxansusnr OTpa>KeHHeM otirrav-
HOH CHCTCM bl TCnJlOrO rpponra, TO aa HHM 6Yll.YT 06JIO>KHbl e ocamcu
n a rr p OTH>KeHHH, KaK npaaano, He 60Jlee 200 KM . H a 60JIbWCM yna-
JleHll1l B XOJlOItHOM aosnyxe BHltH MOCTb x opoiuas . Be-rep Il ao.nneuae
3aBIlCHT OT n JlOTHOCTIl H306ap . ECJlH BJla>KHOCTb B03L\yxa 6 0JlbWaH ,
TO MoryT MeCTaMH nOIlBJlHTbCH KY'leBO-lI.0>KL\ eBble 06J1aKa (Cb) H
asmana ru sa y rpnaaccosue JlHBHCBblC OCaL\KH . Hall. oxeanauu 3 T O
HaH60Jlee 'IaCTO Ha6J1lOlI.aeTCH B HO'IHOe BpeMH .
ECJlH XOJlOL\HbIH cjJpOHT 6blCTpO lI.BH>KeTC51, TO B OTHOCHTeJlbHO He -
WHpOKOH (50-100 KM) no.noce BL\OJlb JlHHHH rpponra ssmanator JlHB-
aesu e OCaL\KH . BL\aJl H OT cjJpoHTa, TaK >Ke, KaK H B nepnoxt CJlY4a e,
XO.~Oll.HbIH B03L\YX CTpaTH~HUHpoBaH He y c TO H4 HBO, BHlI.HMOCTb XOPO-
uian, norona MaJlo06J1a4Ha51, B03MO>KHbl noxam.aue OCall.KH H3 Cb.
30Ha 3- TenJlblH cexrop Me>KL\Y TenJlblM H XOJlOll.HblM ~poHTaMH .
TaK Ka K rennaa B03l1.ywHaH Macca HBJlHeTCH npeaa yutccr a enno
B,1a>KHOH H yCTOH'IHB OH, TO 31lMOH B HeH Ha6J1IOL\aIOTCH ann e xrnausre
r y u ansr, HJlH 11H3 Ka H CJlOHCTaH 06J1a'lHOCTb (51 , Sc) . B03MO)lma MO-
pees. BHL\IlMOCTb n JlOXaH. JIeToM norona MOlKeT 6blTb 06J1a'lHOH HJlH
6e306J1a4HOH, a HHOrL\a n a sc e C JlHBHeBblMH OCall.KaMH B 3aBH CHMOCT H
OT YCTOH'IHBOCTH H BJla>KHOCTH r e n n o r o B03Ayxa.
B TaKOM COCT051HHH llHKJlOH HaXOL\HTCH OKOJlO 2 Cy T OK . Flpa u e pno
BlI.BO e nonsure (3-4 CyTOK) npononacaercu CTall.HH OKKJllOlI.HpOBa -
HHH . OHa Ha41lHa eTCH OT MOM eHTa MaKC HMaJIbHOrO pa3BIlTIlH UIlKJlO-

- 172 -
 neK~H' 17. CTPOEHI1E l./I1KnOHOB

sa . xorna OH o u e pse a MaKC HMa JlbHbl M 'lH C.QO M H3 06ap LlO HClJ e 3 HOBe·
HHH nOCJleLlHe H 3 aM KHyToH usooapu na npH3 eMHOH xap r e noronsr.
B n auan e OKKJllOLlHpOBa HHH MQ)KHO sstnenurs HCCKOJlb KO 30H C p a s-
JlHlJHblM H YCJlOBHHMH noronu . B ueur pe UHKJl OHa y rppo nra OI\I\JllO-
3 HH 0 6J1alJIl0, ocanxu 06J10rKHble HJlH JlHBHeBble B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
runa diponra 01{KJl103HH. Ha nepmpepua. r n e e w e coxpaaaiorcs Ten -
Jlbl H H XOJlOAH bl H cjJpOHTbI, YCJlOBHH noronu Ka K B MOJlOllOM UHI{JlOHC.
B llaJl b He HW e M UHKJlOH 3 a n OJlHHe TCH OTHOCHTeJlbHO OllHOP0D.HbI M XO·
JlOllHbl M B0 3A YXOM. 0 6J1 a lJ HOCT b ucueaaer.
H a p HC. 2.47 CXeMaTHlJeCI\H npencrasnen MOJlOD.OH UHKJlOH B lOrK '
HOM n o n y ur a p u u . KaK BHllIIO, OH HBJlHCTCH 3epKaJl bHbiM oT06parK e HlleM
UHKJlOHa c e se p a o r o nonyurap u s . K aK H cjJpOHTaJlbHble UHKJlO llbl ce -
s epno ro n o n yurapas , OH nepesieuraercn C 3 a nallHbi M nep eH OCOM ua
BOCTOK, HeCKOJlbKO OTKJlOHHHCb K nOJllOCY (K lOrO-BocTOKy B 10rKHOM
non yurapaa) . T e n Jlbl H cexrop UHKJlOHa oopaureu K sx s a r o p y . H a pa -
c yaxe o sepsen a 3 0 Ha au nanaroumx ocanxos. H a Te n JlOM cjJ p OHT e 3TO
wHp OKa H n o n oc a , n a XOJlOllHOM - Y3KaH . n OCKOJl b KY u a XOJlOAHOM
cjJpOHTe n o n o c a OCaD.KOB 1I0Ka3aHa sa cjJpOHTOM. XOJlOllHbll'i cjJpOH T HBJlH-
eTCH MellJleH HO llBHrKy W HMCH. T a KHM 06pa 30M. see . lJTO paCCKa 3b1Ba -
JlOC b 0 UHKJlOHaX llJI H ceee pso r o n onyiua p a s. B pasaok cren e uu OTHO-
CHTCR H K UHKJlOHaM ioxcao ro non y uiapan , TO.lbKO ace Ka K 6 bl B a e p -
Ka.% HOM oT06parKe HHH. B UHKJlOHaX lOrKHOrO n on y iu a p n n B0 311y X ABH-
rK eTCR n o 'laCOBOH CTpeJlKC H K u e a r p y,

t
10

PHC . 2.47. UHKJlOH " IOlKHOM nonyurapau

- 173-
 5API1'IfCKMf 05PA30BAHMR HAil OKf AHAMM

,r 3aM eTKH H AOnO~HeHHH

I. Ufl K~ O H bl HB ~HIO TCll 06 ~a C Tll MfI KOHBe p reH UHfI (CXOAHMOCTfI

B0311YWHbJX Te'l e Hfl H) fI BOCXOJIllmflX ABfllKeHHH. AH T fl U flK~ OHbJ -
06~ aC TfI n aaepren un n ( pa CXOAHMOCTH B03JIYWHblX Te 'leHHH) H HHCXO-
nmunx ABHlKCHHH B03Ay x a .
2. n ep ellHll ll H UCHTpa~bH a ll '1aCTH UflKn OHa HaXOllllTC ll B 30Hax
lle HcT BHll Te nno ro <jJpoHTa . Ilorona 0 6n a'l Hall, 06n OlKHble OCaJIKH.
Tu nosaa '1aCTb UHKnOHa 3aHHTa xononn o a HeyCToH'IH BO H B03JIYWHOH
MaccoH. B 03JIYX '1 HCT. n p o apas ea H CBelK . B Hllfl MOCTb OTnH'I Ha ll.
3. Ecnn CYllHO HlleT IOlKHee ueurpa UHKnOHa. TO OHO na nporsose-
HHH MHOrHX COTeH KHnOMeTpOB HaXOllHTCH B cnOlK HblX n o r on a u x y c n o -
BHllX. C YllHO nonanaer Ha XOnOJIHblH <jJpOHT CO WKBan aMfI H n HBHeBbI-
MH ocaa xaan : HnH B Tenn bl H c exrop UHKJlOHa, rne 3HMOH osen s sepo-
llTHbJ TyMaHbJ ; nfl60 u a Ten~bl H <jJpOHT C Hfl3K Oii 06na'lHOCTblO, 06nOlK-
HblMH OCa)lKaMH. nn ox o ii BHllHMOCTblO. Ccaepaee uenrp a UHKJlOHa aa
n p oraxcemrn HeCKon bK HX COTe H KfI~ O M e Tp OB Ha 6n lOllaeTCll HH3Kall
cnOHCTO-JIOlKlleBall 0 6n a'lHOCTb, nsmanaior 0 6nOlKHble ocanxa,
4. U HKnoH IOlKHoro nonyurapaa llBnlleTCll 3epKanbHblM or oo p aace-
HfleM UHKnOHa cesepuoro non yurapan. T o , 'ITO B cesepnox nonyurapan
HaXOAHTCll cnp aaa , B IOlKHOM n onyurapna oxaausaerca cnesa. Ca MO
Conuue, x oropoe B c ea epaox n on y ur ap aa HaXOJIHTCH C IOlKHOii CTOpO-
Hbl ropH 30HTa fI llBHlKeTCll cneaa nanpaso, B IOlKHOM rrcnyurapaa
HaXOllHTCll C ceBepa fI nepellBflraeTCll B Te'leHHe JIHll cnpaBa HaneBO.

Bonpocu U saiianu»

I. If mo maKoe KOILBepzelL/{uR ( Bueepeenuun} ?

2. C KaKOU tia puuecxo t: cucmeMou CBR3aIL a Bue ep eenuu» ( xoneepeen-
/{UR)?
3. B /{UKAOHaX lLa6,lIo8alOmcR Bocxo8 Rl/{Ue UAU lLucx o8Rl/{ue 8BU:l/ceILUR?
4. B alLmU/{UK,tOlLax lLa 6AI08a lOm cR socxodsuuu e UAU lL ucxo8Rl/{ue 8BU-
»cesue?
5. Bocxo8Rl/{u e 88U:JICeILUR cnocoticmeipom pa cceRILUIO GAU o6pa3 0BaILuIO
o6.. uiwnoc mu ?
6. Hucxodsuiue 8BU:JICeILUR cnocoticmeipom pacceRILUIO UAU o6pa 30BaILuIO
o6A a ~ lL ocm u?

-174 -
 neKUHR 17. CTPOEHI1E L/I1KnOHOB

7. '1m o ma x oe uHBepCUJI? B KaKUX 6 apUqeCKUX cucmeMax B03MO:JICHa

uHBepeUJI?
8. H ap uey u me exeMy o,w:J/CeHUJI B030yxa B ljUKAOHe.
9. Hapucqum e exeMy OBU:JICeHUJI B030yxa B a HmUIjUKAOH e.
10. Hapucqum e nOAe otinawnocm u 8 ljU KAOHe
II . Hapucqame nOAe oc aiixoe 8 ljU KAOHe. r a e ocaiisu 06AO:JICHble? r o e
ocad su AU8He8ble?
12. Hapucyume non e cnoucmootip asnoa 06Aa QHOC mU 8 ljulCAoHe.
13. Iloxascume, zoe 8 ljUK,IOHe Mozy m 6blmb 06AaKa eepmuxanenoeo
paseumun.
14. Iloxascume. zoe B ljulCAoHe no eepmusanu HaXOOJlmeR a8e 803a y lU-
Hb,e MaCChi. Cxascume, «axue sm o B030y1UHb,e MaCChi . .
15. B lCalCou qaemu lj UICAOHa no eepmuxasu HaXOOUmCJI m OAblCO OOH a
B03aYlUHaJl Macca? Cxa scum e, lCalCaR smo 8030YlU Ha R Macca.
16. r oe B lj UKA OHe naxoiiu mcn yc m OUq UBaR ( Hey cm OUQU8a Jl) 8030YlUHaJl
Macca?

neKl.I~Sl 18

B03HHKHOBEHHE H 3BOnlOI.lHR I.lHKIlOHOB

l./,E/lb /lEKI./,HH: B AeKquu U3AaZalOmCJl yCAOBUJl

06pa30BaHUJl cPpoHmaAbHblx qUICAOHOB. Paccuampueaemcx
3BOAIOqUJl qUICAOHOB om ux 3apo3ICiJeHUJl iJo 3anOAHeHUJl
(uC'Ie3HOBeHUJl) U, coomeemcmeenno, cmaiJuu pa3BUmUJl
qUICAOHOB, a maxxe yCAOBUJl ux peeenepauuu.
B AeKquu OCBeU{alOmCJl ocotieuuocmu qUICAOHOB yMepeH-
HbIX tuupom - cqtuecmeoeanue UX 8 8uiJe cepuu HeCICOAb-
KUX 6apU'IeCKUX otipasoeanuii.

KAIO'Ie8b1e CAo8a: OKKJlIOAHp08aHHe IlHKJlOHa.

pereuepauaa IlHKJlOHa. IlHKJlOreHe3.

B03HHKH08eHHe H 380JllOllHlI cj)pOHTaJlbHbIX IlHKJlOH08

KaK 6 bln o YlKe n OKa3aHO (neKUHlI 14), rpaaaua paaa ena MelKllY
xon OllH blM 80311YXOM , sa ponas umac a B yMepe HHblx urapor ax , H OTHO'

- 175 -
 5API14ECKI1E 05PA30BAHI1f1 HAJJ OKEAHAMI1

CIlTe,1bH O TenJ1bIM B03llYXOM oonee HIl3KIlX umpor Ha3bIBaeTCH <pPOH-

TOM yue pe a nu x IImpOT IlJlIl n OJlHpHblM <ppOHTOM . 3TO T nO JlHpHblH
<pPOHT JlOC Ta T0 4HO 6 0 J1 bW OH. C He 6 0 J1 b W IlM Il paspusaaa OH OnOHCbl-
aaer BCIO nnanery, Y1M eHHo aa 3TOM nOJlHpHOM <ppOHTe aapoxcnaior -
CH n e n p ecca a yraepeuaux umpor (puc. 2.48).

a 6

- XonOllHblH B0311yX -
TIO·'"PHblii
<jlpOHT - - - - -- -- -- - - -- - - ---- - - -- - ------- -- -~-- - - ---- -- --
T enJlblii B0311yx - -
.
XonOllHblH B0311YX
8

._ - - -- - - -- -
----- - ~. ----
- -
-_._ - -- -
PH e. 2.48. B03 HHKHoBeH He 11HKnOHa

<t>OpMllpOBaHIlIO ( 3apOiKJleHIlIO) nenpeccaa cnocoocrayer 60Jlb-

uras pa3HOCTb rewneparyp Me)l(llY TenJlbIMIl Il XOJlOJlHblMIl B03llYW-
IIbIMIl uaccaan . B 3T1l X uiapora x, KaK 1l3B CCTHO (JlCKUIlH 11), np eoo-
.nanaer 3 a n allHbl H nepeaoc, l lJlH <pOpMllpoBaHIlH UIl KJlOHa aa no.nap-
HOM rppoare. He06xOllIlMO , 4T06bl Te nJlbIH B03llyX naaranca ua BOC-
TOK C 60JlbWeH CKOpOCTblO . '1eM XOJlOllHbIH B03llyX . KaK npaaano,
r axne nenpeccan Ha'lIlHaIOTCH KaK MaJle Hb Klle BOJlHOBble B03MyLUe -
HIlH Ha <PPOHTaJlbHOH nOBepXHOCTIl . KaK TOJlbKO n OHBJlHe TCH BOJlHa,
TCnJlbIH B03llYX yCTpeMJlHCTCH K ceaepy, a XOJlOllHbIM K tory. B03HH-
Ka CT sn xpesoe llBHiKeHHe. TenJ1bIH B03JlYX MCJlJlCHHO nOJlH HMaeTCH
n o KJlIlH Y XOJlOJlHOrO aos nyxa na TenJlOM rppoure ; XOJlOJlHblH B03llYX
BI{JlIlHIlBa CTCH (nonrexae rj non Te nJlbIH B03JlyX a a XOJlOllHOM <pPOH-
r e . 3 TO Ha 'l Il Hae TCH y nOB epxHOCTIl 3CMJlIl H nOCTcnCH HO pacnpocr-
paH HeT c H BBepx . OJlH OBpeMeHHO npOHCXOJlHT n alle HHe JlaBJle HHH B
ueirrp e ; n p yr u a n CJlOBaMH. nenpecc ns y r Jly6J1HeTCH .

-1 76 -
 neKUH" 18. B03Hl1KHO BEHl1E 11 3 BOnlOI.jl1R I.jI1Kn OHOB

X OJlOllH blH <jJpOHT llBH>KCTC5I Obl CT PCC rennoro, ¢lpOH Tbl a ax pyx a -
BaIOTC5I , CJlHBa IOTC5I . ::l TO naa uaacr c s OKKJII03 HCii (pH C, 2.49) . Ilepen
<jJpOHTOM OJ<J<JlI03H H HaXOllHT Cll XOJlOllH bl H B0311yx , I<OT Opbl ii Obl Jl
nepen T Cn JIbl M <jJp OHT OM. s a <jJpOHTOM 0 1<KJl I03HH XOJIOllHblH B0311yX .
,, x o ro puf 110 r o r o OblJI a a XOJIOllHblM <jJp OHTOM . T c n JIblii B0 311y x OKa -
• 3bl Bae TC5I BblTCCHCHHbl M BBCp X (C M. pH C. 2.27 H 2.29) . Y 3CMJI H
p a3HOCT b revnepa r yp MC>KllY B0311YWHbI~1H MaccaMH YMCH bwaCTCll H,
• nOCKOJlbKY B0311yX XOJIOllHblii. llaBJICHH C paCTCT.

a
~:

,
;, .-

6 8

Puc. 2.49. P a 3 8 11 T ll e O KK.1103 11 11

3a nOJl He HHe H HC4 C3H OBeHH e lle n pecc HH

K aK TOJIbK O nc npecc us nO Jl HOCTblO OKKJI lOllHpoBa.~a, OHa OObl QHO

3 a nOJIH5ICTClI H QCPC3 HCCKOJIbKHX n HCH CT a HOBHTClI HC3a MCTHOH Ha
x a p r ax noronu . K 3TOM y MOMCHTy OKKJII03H5I OKa3blBaCTCll MHoro CC·
BCpHC C (B IO>KHOM nonyuiapaa - IO>KHce) nepaoaaxansuoii <jJpOH-
TaJIbHOH nOBep XHOCTH MC>KllY rennsm H XOJIOllHbl M B03ny xOM . TaKHM
oOp a3 0 M. UHKJlOH yna n aer c s OT r eurr eparypuoro n epenana, KOTOp blH
n CpBOHaQaJlbHO lla BaJI 3HeprHIO llJlll ero pa 3BHTHlI .
B Te4eHHe nOCJICllH HX 3 T a n OB OKKJIlOllHpOBaHHlI H 3 a n OJl He HHlI ,
n o rona MellJIeHHO H3 MeHlICTClI OOblQHO B CTOpOHy y JIy QW e HHll. ¢lpOH -
T aJlbHa51 0 6 J1 a QHOCT b H llO>KllH y>K e 3aHHMalOT MCHbwHe nnouianu .

- 177 -
 5API1'iECKI1E 05PA30BAHI1J1 HA,ll OKEAHAMI1

H o HHOrJla KOHBeKTHBHble 06JIaKa II JIHBHH Mory T YCIlJIHBaTbCH B a a -

BHCIiMOCTH OT n apa x erpos XOJIOJlHOrO a o snyxa H OT npyr ax <j>aKTOpOB.
TI0 3TOMY n oro na B CTa pelO W HX l..lHKJIOHaX MO)l(eT a apsap o sarscs OT
MaJIOH 06JIa4HOCTli JlO CnJIOlllHOH 06JI a 4HOCTH C JIHBHHMII H rp03aMIi .
Ha <jlo Torpa<jlHH H3 KOCMOCa BHJleH <jlpoHTaJIbHbI H l..lHKJI OH B CTa -
Jlllll OKKJIIOJlHpOBaHIiH (puc. 2.50, BKJlaJlKa ) . Xopouro pa3JIIl 41lMbi 3aK-
p Y4 e HHblH rpponr OKKJlI031l1l . JlJIII HHaH nonoc a XOJlOJlHOrO C n JlOTHblMIi
KY4e BblM li 0 6 Jla KaMIi . KOPOTKIlH Y4aCTOK r e nnoro <jlpoH Ta C umpo xoa
30HOii CJlOIiCTO H 06JIa 4 HOCTH ; 6 e 30 6 JIa 4H bI C n pOCTpaHCTBa aa XOJlOJl-
HbIM <jlpOHTOM.

CTaJlHH pa3BHTHH UHKJlOHa

LlHKJlOH OT B03HHKH OBeHIlSI JlO 3anOJlH eHIlSI npeTepneBa eT 3 Ha4 1l'

ren s a ue Ka4 e CTBeHHbl e 1l3MeHeHIlH . Flepaon )l(1l 3HIl UIlKJl OHa yCJI OB'
HO MO)l(eT 6bITb pasnen ea aa pan CTaJlll ii (pnc. 2.51). M e)l(Jly CTaJlIl-
SIM II He T 4 e TK O Bblpa lK eHHblx rpaa au, II OHII HC 0 6H3a TeJI b HbI. Hexo-
ropue UIlKJlOHbl 3 a n OJIHHIOTCH c p as y )l(e . a npyr u e npOXOJlHT ae c s
nyr s pa3BIITIiH.
B 06 weM c a yxa e JlJlH s cex l..lIlKJlOHOB yCJIO BHO BbIJleJl HIOT:
1) c m aiiuto B03HUKHO BeH UR - OT nasana n 05IBJIeHIlH n p H3Ha Ko B B03-
HIiKHOBeHIlSI 3aMKHyToii LlHKJIOHIl'leCKoii LlHpKy JIHLlHIl . JlO nepsof 3a MKHy-
Toii 1l306 apbl. TIpoJlOJI)I(aeTCSI 3Ta CTaJlIlH 06bI'IHO xeuee 12 '1aCOB;
2) c m a iuuo M OAOOOZO l{u KAo Ha ( cTaJlIl IO y ZAy6AeHuR ) - OT MO·
MeHT a n OHBJIeHIlH
..
n epsoa
..,..
3aMKlIYTOH a s o oapu na
.
n pase xa ou CHHo n·
TIl'leCKOii xapre JlO MOMeHTa npexpatueaas IlHT e HCIl BHoro y rJIy6 Jle HIlSI.
::lTO n p "6JlI3 I TeJIbHO MIITCH JlBOe CYTOK;
3) cmaduio Ma K CUM a AbHOZO pazeumun - naanenae B uen r pe
UIlKJlOHa 1l3MeHHeTCH He3Ha'iIlTeJlbHO, Ha'iIiHaeTCH OKKAlOo upoBaHu e ;
4) c m aiiuso 3anOAH eHUR - OT MOMeHTa IlHTeH CIlBH oro pOCTa
Jla BJle HHH B ueHTpc l..lIlKJlOHa JlO IlC'I e3HOBeHIlH 3aMKHyToii UllKJlOllII-
'1ecKoii l..lllpKyJlHUIiIi y 3e MHo ii nOBepXHOCTIi TIoCJleJlHlle JlBe CTaJlHIl
JlJIHTCH 06bI'IHO 3- 4 CyTOK.
llJIH rppoaransaax UIlKJIOHOB BbI.o.eJIHIOT raxa e crazunr :
1) c m aoun 80A H bl - TO xce , 'ITO II CTa.o.lIH B03HHKHOBeHHH ;
2) c m aiiux M OAOOOZO l{uKAo Ha - .0.0 n a x an a n poue c c a OKKJIIOJlIl-
pO BaHHH;

- 178-
neK~H;:' 18. B03HUKHOBEHUE M 3BOfllOLU1R UUKnOHOB

c::
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to I:'; ('I,) m
(Y'j
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 5APW~ECKWE 0 5PA30B AHWR HAA OKEAHA MW

3) cmadun OKKAlOaU pOBaHUJi - OT aa san a OKKJlIOJIHpOBaH HH lJ,O

HC'I e3 HOBe HHfI UHKn OHa . 3Ta CTa JVHI Jln H He(jJ p oHTanbHbl x UHKnOHOB
BKnlO'IaCT CTallHIO MaKCHManbHoro pa 3BHTHH H CTaJlHIO 3 a n o ,l He HII H.

CepH H UHKJlOHOB

M bl yxce BHJlen H, Ka K Jle n p CCC HH 3apOIKJlaeTC H B BHlle B03Myw.e -

HHH H3 n OJlHpHOM qip ou r e H 3a nOJlHHCTCH n o cn e ro r o . KaK ec Te n Jlbl H
cexro p oxxmonapoaa n, H uenrp OTJlen HJlCH OT . r Jla BHOr O nOJlHpH OrO
tppo n ra . Y CJlOBH H. cnocoocruyroume rtepao na s ansu o n y pa3 BHT II IO
6 a p H'IeCKOr O MHHH My Ma . sro ryr nOBTop HTbCH a a OTHOCHTenbHO Mea-
neH IIO Jl BHlKyw.eH CH '1aCTH XOJlOJlHOrO (jJpOH Ta , KOTOp blH 06bl4 HO npo -
CTHpaeTC H JlOCTaTO 'lHO JlaJleKO Ha IOrO-3a naJl OT MaTe pHHCKO H Jle n -
pe c c a a . T e M Bp e MeH e M KaK nepeu k UHKnO Il YXOJlHT ua c eB epO-BOCTOK
H OKKJlIOJIHp y e T. YCJlO BHH. cnocoricrayrourae ua x n o r ea e s y , CTPCMflTC H
nOBToplITbC H aa '1 a CT H orcraiouiero XO,10 JlHOro (jJpOH Ta ( p HC. 2.5 2).

PH C. 2.52 . Ilen osxa H 3 U,H KJIO H O B cepua

- 180 -
 neK~H. 18. B03HI1KHOBEHI1E 11 3BOnlO~l1S1 ~I1KnOHOB 0
3 TOT npouecc MOlK eT n OBTOpHTbCH HeCK OJlbKO pas. AaBa H lKII3Hb ce-
MeikTBY nc npecc uil. KalK AaH CJle A YlOlUaH ACnp e CCII H oopa a y e r c s
HCC KOJlbKO IOlK He e . B xon ue KOIIUOB, XOJlOAHbIH B0 311YX n 0 3a AII OAHO-
r o 113 UIIKJlOHOB YBJleKaeTCH naC CaTaMII. II TOrAa 3 a KOHOMe p HOCTb
p aa p y ui acr c s. C CpHH 3 a Ka H~ II B aeTC H BTOp lKeHlleM B TblJlY nocn cnxe -
r o UII KJlO Ha XOJlOAHOr O B03Ay xa B BIIAe 60Jl bW OrO 3aKJlIO~ IIT eJlbHOrO
a HTIIUII KJlOHa. a a IOlKHOH nepadiepua KOTOpOrO II 0 6pa3 ylO TcH naco
car nue serpa .
411CJlO AenpeCCIIH B c eMeHCTBe MCHHeTCH, HO uaa oonee qaCTO OHO
paBHO qeTblpeM . Bee UIIKJlOHbl HaXOAHTC51 B pasa ux CTaAHHX pa3BH'
THH. O ep BbI H OKKJlIOAHpyeT, B TO BpeMH KaK nOCJleAHHH MOlKeT TOJlb-
KO aa poacn ar s c n . U HKJlOHbl 06bI'IHO pa anenenu r p e 6 HHMH BbICOKOro
A aBJle HII H. xoropue ooecnevaaaor xpar xae nepaonst HCIIOii noronu
Me lK AY npOAOJllKHTeJlbHbIMII ocaaxaan . 3aBepwaeT 'lTO ceM eHC T BO
a HTHUII KJlO H B c y6TponHKax .
n CpBbI ii UHKJlOH CJlCAYlOlUeH uenO 'IKH cjJ OpMllp yCTCH HaM Horo c e -
BCp HCC. na BOCCTaHOBHBw eM CH nOJlH pH OM rpp oure .

Peren e pauus l\HKJIO HOB

I1HorAa naxaaurecca 3 a nOJlHe HHe UHKJlOHa CMCHHeTCH HOBbIM cro

yrJly6JleH HeM . Bonee WHpOKO nOA peeenepauuea nOHIlMaeTCH JlI060e
pesxoe YCIIJle HHe l\H KJlOHa (a aaaornsno aHT IlUIIKJlOHa) .
PereHepaUIIH UIlKJlOHa npollcxoilllT :
I) npn BxolKAeHHH B CIl CTeMY cyuiecrayioutero UHKJlOHa n o s o r o
OCHOBHoro cjJPOHT3;
2) npn pasmrrna B6J1H3H uenrp a c yniecrs yxnuero UHKJlOHa HOBOro
u esrpa ( p ile. 2.53) C nOCJlCA YIOlUlIM IlX CJlII HHlle M IlJlH npa 6bICTpOM
3an OJlHeHIIII craporo,
11 B n e psou Il BO BTOp OM cn y saax 06H3aTCJlbH bIM HBJlHeTCH BTOp '
lKCHlle B TbIJI UIIKJl OHa HOBOH nopuan XOJlOAHOrO B03Ay xa . B He KOTO'
pu x CJl Y'l a HX npOUCCCbl p c renepauun npOH CXOJJ.HT He OilHOKpaTHO , 'ITO
nonaepxcasaer AJlIlTeJlbHOe CYlUeCTBOBaHlle 06WllpHbIX MaJlOnOABIl}f(-
HbIX UI1KJlOHO B. xoropsre HaJlOJlr O u apyura ior sananaua nepeuoc, I1x
Ha 3bIBalOT 6J10KI1PYlOlUIIMI1 11J111 ueHTpaJlbHbIMI1.
Il ocne pe reuepauan UI1KJlOH n p OXOA I1T Ta KOH lKe nyrs pa3BIIT IIH,
KaK II BHOBb B03HIIKwee 6apll'leCKOe oopasoaauue, HO na cjJOHe oonee

- 18 1-
 6APl1'IECKI1E 06PA 30BAHI1J1 HAil OKEAHAMI1

HH3Ko r o )la BJleHHH . PereH e p HpOB 3B W HH OKKJlIO)lHPOB3H HbIH UHK JlOH

HMeeT BHeW HHe np H3H3KH MOJlO)lOrO UHKJlO Ha , T a K KaK B He M ecr s
TenJlblH c e x r o p C xapaxre p aux n )lJlH Hero YCJlOBHHMH noronu .

"- --. - -.

- ... _-.

PIIC. 2.53. C TapblH ueurp UHKJlOH B 3BnO.'HHeTCH (ojJPOHT OKKJlI03HH) .

3 HOBhlH u eurp CT3110 BHTCH OCHOBH blM

" 3aMeTKH H )lOnOJlHeH"H

I. cJ>P OHT 3 JIbH bl e UHKJI OHbl 0 6p a 3 y lOTcH aa n OJlHp HOM <jJpOHT e

(eppO HT yM e pe HHblX W HpOT ) B pe3YJI bTaTe B03HH KH OBCHH H H3 He M
BOJIHbl, 33TeM Te nJIOrO cexr op a C T e n JlOH H XOJlO)lHoii BeTB HMH epp OH-
Ta. lie p e3 He CKOJIbKO )lHeH Te n Jl bl H H XOJlO)lHblii epPOHTbl CJI" BaIO TCH.
a ueurp UHKJl OHa OKa3blBaeT CH BblTeCH eHHblM K ce aep y . Teneps OH
H3 xoaHTC H B OTHOCHTeJlbHO O)lHOpO)lHOH XOJlO)lHOH M3cce . H e HMe H
3 He p rH H aJlH nOMeplK KH cs o ero cywecTBo B3HHH . UHKJlOH HClJe33eT.
H a 3 TO YXO)lHT OKOJIO He)lCJlH .
2. UH KJIOHbl CJlellYIOT 06 b1lJHO cepaes , K3 K np3BHJlO. n o xe r upe .
K 3 lKllbl ii CJle llYIOLUHii U HKJl OH H 3X O)lHT CH IOlKHe e npensmyuie ro.
Il epau v B c e paa HACT H3H6oJl e e CT3pbI H, H3XOAHJ.I.lHiiclI B CT31lHH OK-
KJl lOllHpO Ba HHlI . 3 3Bcpw ae T c e p mo UH KJlOH B CTallHH 3 a p OlK)le H HH.
OHH n epenaara iorca K BOCTOKy HJIH ce sepo -a o c r o sy (IOrO-BocTOKy B
IOlKHOM n onyura p a a) H n OCTe neH HO 3 a nOJl HlIIOTCH .

- 182-
 fleKijHR 18. B03H/IIKHOBEH/IIE /II 3BOflJO~/IIR l/ /IIKfl OHOB

Bonpocu U 3aaaHUJI

t . r 8e 11 OCHOI1HOM 30p o:JIC8olOmCfl I{UICAOHbl Am,IaHm UKU ( YKO:JICUme

pOUOHbl U 06'bfl CHUme no~ e,IlY) ?
2. KaK Ha3b'8oemCfl ep a HUI{O p03 8 eAa Me:JIC8y 8038yxOM yMepeHH blX
tuupom U mpo nusecxuu 11038yxOM?
3. Kaxoe epen» eoo a tiuuonpusuncmeqem paseumuto I{UKAOH08 U no~eMY?
4. Kasoea np080A:JICUmeAbHocmb :JICU3HU I{UKAOHO?
5. Ky8a 8l1U:JICemCfl l1038yx y,llepeHHblX tuupo m?
6. Ky8a 88U:JICemCJI 8038 y x Ha tuupomax 30-60' ?
7. nO~ eMY. eCAu 8 mponoapepe no 8epmUKO,1U 88 e 8 038YUlHble Ma CCbl,
mo menAbiU l1038yx OKa3bll1aemCJI uaeepxu, 0 x o,108 HblU 8HU3y?
8. nO ~eMY l1oo6U{e 8 amuocdiepe 06pa3y lOm cJI oep ou n ou: 8UXpU - I{UKAO-
Hbl U aHmu",uIW1oHbl?
9. CKOAbKO 8038yUlHb' X MOCC. U KOKue U3 HUX «axoimmcn y noe epxuoc-
m u 3 eMAU 8 MOA080M I{UKAOHe?
/ 0 . CKOAbKO 11038YUlHbiX MOCC. U KOKue us HUX Hox08J1 mCfl y n08epX HO-
em u 3 eM,I U 11 OKKAI08up08aHHOM I{UK,10H e?
II . Onuusume 8I1U:JICeHU e KaKou -Hu6y8b ~acmUl{b' 8 038yxo 8 I{UKAOHe 8
Cel1epHOM nOAyUlapuu.
/ 2 . Onuuiume 8I1U:JICeHUe KOKou-HU6y8b ~a cmUl{b' 8 038 y x o 8 I{UKAOHe 8
IO:JICHOM nounuapuu.
/ 3 . nO~ eMY I{UKAOH08 60AbUie 3UMOU. ~eM ,1em oM?
11. r8e OK03bl110emCfl m en AblU 8 038yx npu 06p03080HUU OK KAI03UU?
/5 . KaK uex etc semcn n oeoiia 11 I{UKAOHe npu eeo OKKAlO8upol1aHuu?
/ 6. nO ~eMY C OKKAI08up08aHueM C8fl30 HO OKO H~O Hue :JICU3HU I{UKAOHO ?
/7 . KOK 8oA eo 8Aum cfl cmaiiu » OKKAI03UU?
/8. POCCKO:JICUm e 0 cma iiu sx paseu mu s cjJpoHmo.lbHo eo I{UKAOHO . KOKo8o
npuuepnan np08 0A:JICUm eAbHocmb Ka:JIC8ou cmaiiuu?
/9 . Hsotipasum e cxeMa mU ~ H O cjJpoHmaAbHblu I{UKAOH 11 pasnux cm a iiu n x
paeeumus.
20. '1m o maxo e cepux I{UKAOH08?
2 / . B KOKOU cmaduu naxodumcn KO:JIC8bIU cAe8ylOU{uu I{UK,WH cepu u
om Hocu m eAbHO npe8bI8YU{e2o?
22 . KaK pacn onaeatom cn n o tuupomau I{UKAOHbl cepuu? Ha 0 8HOU AU OHU
uiupo me, HO pasuux AU?
23. B C8fl 3U C ~eM npepueaemcs l{enO~KO I{UKAOHOI1?
24 . '1m o naxodum cx Me:JIC8y om8eA'H"MU I{UKAOHaMU 8 cepuu?
25. Kaxot: 6op u~ ecKou cuc m eMo u saeeptua emcs cepu s I{UKAO H08?
26 . Pasnuwaiom cn .I U cxopocmu. nepeMeU{eHUfl. Honp08AeHUfl nep exetue-
HU fl I{UKAOH08 11 yMepeHHblX tuupomax 11 cee ep n ou U IO:JICHOM nOAyUlapUR.x ?
27. '1m o maxoe p eeen epauun I{UKAOHO? B KOKUX CAY~OflX OHO npoucxo-
8 um?

- 183 -
 6API14ECKI1E 06PA30BAHI1f1 HAil OKEAHA MI1

neKU~51 19

AHTnqnKnOHbln~PYrnE5APn~ECKnEcnCTEM~

IJ,EJlb JlEKlJ,HH: Iloxasam» YCJl08UJi 06pa308anUJi

anmuuuicnonoe, ux ocuoeuue xapaxmepucmusu, cmaiiuu
pa38UmUJi anmuuuxnonoe U YCJl08UJi, npu xomopux 803-
M03fCna UX peeenepauun.
Paccuompems noeoiinue YCJl08UJi 8 anmuuuxnonax naa
oxeanauu. OCman08UmbCJi na ocotieuuux CJlY4aJlX - 6JlO-
KUpylOUJ,UX anmuquKJlOHaX U ces sannux C nUMU eonuenu-
JiX 8ceeepnoii AmJlanmUKe.
B JleKquu npuooiixmcn matcsce xapaxmepucmuxu 6apu-
4eCKUX epetineii, OmpOZ08 U CeaJlOOUn,

KJl104eObie cnoea: aHTH~HK JlOreHe 3, 6 J10KHpOBaHHe ,

6 J10KHPYIOIl\Hii aHTH~HKJlOH , 6apH'leCKH OJl,HOp0Jl,Hall
nOBep XHOCTb, 3aK JlIO'lHTeJlbHblii aHTH~HKJlOH , KOHCKHe WHpOTbl ,
MaJlorpaJl,HeHTHOe (6e3rpa Jl,HeHTHoe) 6apH'leCKOe nOJle,
perenepauns aHTH~HKJlOHa, c y 6 Tp On H'l e CK Hii aHTHI~HKJlOH,
TepMH'leCKH OJl,HOpOJl,HaR nOBepXHOCTb,
TepMH'leCKHH aHTH~HKJlOH.

C TpoeHHe aH TH~HKJlOHa

B ~eHTpe 6apH'leC KOrO MaKcHMyMa HMeeTCR OJl,Ha HJlH HeCKOJlbKO

TO'leK C HaHBblCWHM Jl,aBJleHHeM . 06bl'lHO OHO HaXOJl,HTCll B npenenax
OT 1000 1035 rn a. O bIJl H c n y x a a , xorna 11aBJleHHe n o asnua n o c i,
110
110 1080
rn a . Pasx epu 6ap H'IeCKOrO Ma KcH MyM a H3M ep lllOTCll Hall-
60JlbWHM paccroauacv MClK11Y TO'lKa MH, Hax011ll lllH MHCR aa BHCW Heii
3aMKHyTo ii H3 0 6 ap e . H a H6 0 Jle c " a CTO 3 TO 2- 3, HO MO.lKeT 6bI Tb H 110
4 -x H 60Jlee T bI C. KM. Ka K np ae a n o , B a HTH UIlKJlO HaX paccrosu a a
MelKD,y 1l306apaMIl 60JlbWe, 'ICM B UIl KJlOHa x . B uetrrpansnsix 'IaCTRX
'1aCTO Ha6JllO,lJ.alOTCR 60JlbWIle npocrp a acraa MaJlOrpaJl,lleHTHOro 6a -
pusecxoro nOJIR . COOTBcTcTBeHHo. CKOpOCTIl serpa TaM MaJleH bKlle .
Bapasecxae rpanac nru YBCJlH'IIlBalOTCR K nepnrpcpaa aHTIlUIlKJlOHa .

- 184 -
 neK~"R 19. AHTULjUKnOHbI U /iPYrHE 5API1'1ECKUE CI1CTEMbi U
B OTJlIl'llle OT UIl KJlOHOB. xe pe a uearp aHTIlUIlKJIOHOB (j>POHTbl na
n pll3 CMHOH xa p r e HC n p OXOJ].5IT. K a K 1l3B CCTHO. aHTIl UIlKJl OHbl HBJl H-
IOTCH 0 6 J1 a CTlI MH n a se p re n u a n B0 3)l.yW HbI X Te 'le HHH . B03)l.yX OTTeKa -
er BO BCe CTOp OHbI OT ue ur p a aIlT IlUIl KJl OHa . 3 TO Il CKJlI04 aeT B03 -
MOlKHOCTb C6J1 HlKeHHH pa 3J111'l llbIX B0 3)l.YWHbI X Macc . Jl HHIl H (j>p OHT a
MOlK eT n p o xonar s JlIl W b n o OKp a HHe a HTHUHKJl OHa HJlH n e p ecexars
e ro r p e 6 eH b np1l6J11l31lTeJlbHO n epncnnaxy nspno OC Il r peo a s .
Ha pac . 2.54 CXeMaTIl'lHO npencras n en aHTIlUIlKn OH B ce s e p a o a
nonyuiapaa C 3aMKHYTbIMH xpyroauaa 1l306apaMIl. C BblCOKIlM nas-
JleHll eM B uearpe, C )l.BlllKeHlleM s oanyxa no 'laCOBOH c r penxe 11 OT
u earpa , C naaeprenunef 11 HHCXO)l.lIllJ,IlM )l.BlllKeHllllMH .
B cn oMHIlM . 'lTO B IOlKHOM n o ny ui apa a B aHTIlUIlKn OHe B03)l.yX
)l.BHlKeTClI npo rna s a co aoa CTpeJlKIl OT u earpa (CM . puc . 2.37).

PHC. 2.54. Cxeaa aHTHUHKJlOHa B cea epucss no,'ywapHH

(BHA cBepxy H C60KY)

B03HIlKHOBeHlle 11 3 BOJI10l.\11 II aHTIll.\IlKJlOHOB

B03HIlKH OBeHIle 11 pa3BIlTIle a HTIlUIlKJl OHOB TeC HO CB1l3 a HO C pa3-

BIlTHeM U,IlKJlOHOB. TIpaKTIl'leCKIl 3 TO e)l.Il HbI H npouecc . B ya e p e n u ux
WHp OTa x O)l.HOBpeMeHHO C (j>pOHTaJlbHbIMIl UIlKJlOHaMIl 06pa3ylOTcH
nO)l.BlllKHble aHTIlUIlKJlOllbI. KaK npasnno, OHIl npencrasnmor C060H
r pe 6 HIl BbICOKOrO naaneuns Me)l()l.y COCe)l.HIl MIl UIlKJlOHaMIl OlLHOrO
c eM eHC TBa . I1x Ha 3bIBalOT npOMelK YT O'lH bIMIl (j>pOHTa JlbHbIMIl aHTIl ·

- 185 -
 6API1YECKI1E 06PA30BAHI1R HAil OKEAHAMI1

UHKJlOHaMH . AH THUH KJlOH, CepOpMHpOBaBWHHCSI B r i any nOCJleAHerO

UHKJl OHa Ce pH H, HaXOAHTCSI B 60Jlee HH3KHX WHpOTaX, 4eM npenu ny-
ume . T a Ko H aHTHUHKJlOH Ha3blBaeTCSI 3 aKm04HTeJl bH bIM . J.1M oti psrsa-
eTCSI npoue c c UHKJlOre He 3 a Ha Aa HHOH BeTB H OCHOBHor o ep p OHTa.
Hanpasneuue nepeu eurenan r as o r o a HTHUHKJlO Ha He COBnaAae T C
aanpaaneauea ABH)KeHHSI UHKJlOHOB. OH n epeveuiacrcs B OCHOBHOM
C cese pa a a ior, C HCKOTOpblM OTKJlO HCHHCM K BOCTOKy.
3a KJlI04 HTCJlbHblH aH THUHKJlOH B OTJlH4HC OT np OMC)K YT 04H bI X,
n p OXOAHT BCC CTaAHH pa3BHTHSI : Ha4a JlbH YlO (B03HHKHOBCHHSI), MOJl O·
noro a HT HUHKJlOHa , CTaAH IO MaKC HMaJlbHOrO p a 3 BHTHH H CTaAHIO pas-
pyWCHHH. B A ByX nepau x CTaAHHX aH THUHKJlOH a a npH3CMHOH KapTC
n oro au npCACTaBJlHeT C060H rp e o e a s aa XOJlOAHblM eppOHTOM, B UCH-
Tpa JlbH Oii 4 aC TH xorop oro nOSl BJlHIOTC SI 3 aM KHYT biC naooap u. O H
HBJlHCTCH HH3KHM XOJlOAHblM 6apH 4eCKHM 06pa 3 0BaHHCM. B e r o Tbl-
JlOBOH 4aCTH Ha 6J1IOAa eTCH aABCKUHH renna , a B n epena eji aAB CKUHH
XOJlOD,a (pHC . 2.55).

(
Tenn~H B03AyX ]f-J[
\XonOAH~H B03nyx

~ J
PHC. 2.55. Ilepeaoc TenJ10rO H xoaonuorn soanyxa B aHTHl\HKJ10He

0 6 naCTb pOCT a JJ.a BJlCHHH y nO Be pXHOCTH 3eMJlH OXBaTbl BaeT uen -

rpan s uyto H n ep eJJ.H IOIO 4a CTH aHTHUHKJlOHa. 3TH rpa x r o p u (aJJ.BcK-
UHH r e nna , XOJloAa H P OCT A a BJle HHH) cn oco ocr a y tor np0 JJ.OJl)KeHH IO
a HTHUHKJlOrC HC3a . B CTa AH H Ma KCHMaJlbHOrO pa3BHTHH a HT HUHKJlOH y
nO Bep XHOCTH 3CMJlH 04ep4HBaCTCSI y)Ke He CKOJlbKHMH 3a MK HYT bl MH
H306apaMH . OpH 'lTOM , B nepsux rp e x cTaAHH X aHTHUHKJl OH n epeu e -
l1.la CTCSI C BeAyl1.lH M nOTOKOM ua BOCTOK. AHTHUH KJlOHbl B ce aep a oa
nonyurap n a HeC KOJlbKO OTKJlOHSl IOT CSI K tory ( K c eeep y B IO)KHO M no-
nyura p u a) . O HH BTop ralOTCH B ooaee HH3KHe WHp OTbl B r srny UHK JlO-
HOB aa XOJlOAHblMH eppO HT aM H. Caasana 'lTO ne pe x euie aue A OBOJl bHO
6blCTp o e , HO n o Me p e CTa p CHHH aH THUHKJlOHa YMe Hb w ae TCH.

- 186 -
 JIeKUHR 19. AHTI1~I1KJIOHb/ 11 IlPyrl1E 6API1'1ECKI1E CI1CTEMbi U
B JlaJlbHe iiwe M, B p esy nsrare JlJlHTeJlbHblX HHCXOJlll llUlX JlB H)Ke-
HHH, a HTHUH KJlOH n porp eaa erca, K 3 aKJl IO'I HTeJlbHOii CTaJlHH 3 TO y)Ke
6 0 Jlb W Oe 6apH'IeCKOe 06pa3 0BaHHe, 3aHHM a lOIlle e n o BepTHKaJlH 'lac-
TO BCIO r p o n o c tp e p y, ,UJlll p aap yuraro iae rocs aHTIIUHKJlOHa x apa x r ep-
HO n anen a e JlaBJIeHHll y 3eMJlH B UCHTpaJlbHOH H nepenaea ero s ac-
r sx . P a CXOJlHM OCTb B03JlY W HblX n OTOKOB OT uenr p a aHTH UHKJlOHa
npHBOJlHT K er o OCJla6J1eHIlIO. 3TOT cjJaKTOp JleHCTBy eT n OCTOllHHO C
caM oro Ha'l aJla B03HHKH OBeHHll aH TIIUHKJlOHa H, B KOHe 'l HOM HTo r e ,
npHB OJlHT K ero pas p yureumo. AHTHUHKJlOH CTaHOBHTC ll Ma JlOnOJl-
BH)KHbIM. OH paap yui aercs anasan e y 3CMJlH, a 3aTeM H a a BbICOTax .
CJlCJlyeT OTMeTHTb, 'I TO JlaBJleHHe B uenrp e aHTIIUHKJlOHa , B OTJlH'IH e
OT UHKJlOHa , MO)Ke T He MeHllTbCll B r ev enu e HeCKOJlbKHX JlHe ii .
B ueJlOM aHTHUHKJlOH, Ka K II UIIKJlOH , cyuiecrayer OKOJlO HeJleJlII.

n orOJla B aHTIIUIIKJlOHe

Il oronasre YCJlOBII H B a HTHUHKJlOHe on penex morc s CBOHCTBaMH

B03JlYlliH OH MaCCbl , 113 x oropo x OH 06 p a30 BaJl Cll . B ueu r pan s asrx
'1aCTllX aHTHUHKJlOHOB, B CB1l311 C HIICXOll.HllllIM II JlBH)KeHHll MH B03Jly-
xa, 06 bl'lHO MaJlo0 6J1 a'lHO. n 03TOMY nan cy we H, B npll3 eMH OM B03JlY-
t
f xe, n p a 60JlbWOH e ro BJla )K HOCTII II cnatisrx BeTpax B HO'IHO C BpeMll
Ha6J1 IOJlaIOTCll p aaaaua ounue TyMaHbl. Han OKeaHaMII B np"BOll.HOM
cnoe paJlHaUIIOHHblX TyMaHoB lie 6blBaeT . Ilpa 3Ha'lHTeJlbHOii BJla)K-
HOCTH aosnyxa , non HHB ep CHeii ocenaans c0611p alOTCll BOJlllHble
napst H n pyr u e a3p030JlH (nan MopeM 3 TO B OCHOBHOM MopCKall COJlb)
H MO)KeT o tipaaoaaaarscn cnn oumaa CJlOHCTa ll HJlH cn o a cro -xys e s as
06J1a 'lHOCTb (51, Sc ). 3TO xa p a x re p u o JlJIll c ra peiouiero aH THUHKJlOHa
B XOJlOJlHblH n epuon rona .
Ha n epHcjJepHII aHTHUHKJlOHOB Ha6J1IOJlaIOTCll YCJl OBHll n oronsr, B
0 6 1l1HX x epr a x CXOJlHbl e C YCJlOBHllMH n oronu B npHMblKa lOIllHX ce x -
rop ax COCCJlHHX UHKJlOHOB. Ccsepaaa ne p a rpep as a HTII UHKJlOHa r p a -
HH'lHT C Te n JlblM c exropox UHKJlOHa . 3 HMOii 311.eCb MoryT 6blTb anaex-
THBHbl e TyMaHbl HJlH HH3Kall CJlOHCTall (51 ), peace CJlOHCTo -Ky'leBaR
(S c) 06J1a'lHOCTb, HHOrJla Ha6J1IOJlaeTCR MOpOCb . JIeToM Mory T pa3BH-
BaTbCR xyxcasie 06J1aKa (Cu) . Han c yweii OHH 6bIBalOT JlHeM , a HaJl
BOJlHOH nOBepXHOCTblO rJlaBHblM o6pa30M HO'! blO , Ii xacsr HaH60Jlee
HeyCToii'lHBOH CTpaTHcjJHKaUHH .

-187-
 6API1'IECKI1E 06PA30BAHI1J1 HAIJ OKEAHAMI1

3anaD,Hall ncpmpepas aHTHl.lHKJIOHa npuauxaer K nepennea 'Jacm

uaxnoua . 3D,eCb MoryT Ha6Jllo.llaTbClI nepsue npH31laKH npH6JIH)I{alO-
inerocs rennoro <jJpOIlTa - BblCOKHC nepacruc (Ci) H ncpHCTO-CJIO-
acrue (Cs) 06JIaKa, raJIO.
ECJIH aHTHl.lHKJIOH CTal.lHOHHpyeT (6JIOKHpyIOUlHii aHTHl.lHKJIOH), TO
ua ero aanannon nepnrpepnn B03paCTalOT ropaaouransnste rpanaeu-
TbI resmeparypu H D,aBJICHHlI H B03HHKalOT CHJIbHble serpsr.
IO)I{Hall oKpaHHa aHTHl.lHKJIOHa HaXO.llHTClI non BJIHlIHHeM rerinoro
<jJpOHTa unxnona, HaXOD,lIUlCrOClI IO)I{HCC. TI03TOMY 3D,eCb Ha6J1IOD,a·
IOTClI 06JIaKa aepxnero, a 'JaCTO H cpennero spyca, 3HMOii H3 BbICO-
KO-CJIOHCTbIX 06JIaKOB (As) MO)l{CT asmana'rs CHCr. Ha rpannue aHTH-
l.lHKJIOHa H l.lHKJIOHa npOHCXOD,HT C)I{aTHe H306ap, TaK KaK aHTHl.lHK -
JlOH, nepenaaraacs C Be.llYUlHM nOTOKOM K BOCTOKy, CTpCMHTClI npH-
06pecTH IOrO-BOCTO'JHylO COCTaB.111IOUlYIO. UHKJIOH , nepensnraacs
TaK)I{C na BOCTOK, CTpCMHTClI npH06pcCTH CCBCpO-BOCTO'lHylO COCTaB-
JIlIIOUlYIO. B PC3YJIbTaTe oepasyrorcs 60JIbWHe rpanaearu .llaBJIeHHlI
H CHJIbHble serpu.
BOCTO'lHall nepntpepas aHTHl.lHKJIOHa rpaHH'IHT C TblJIOBOii '1aCTblO
l.lHKJIOHa. 3D,eCb npoacxozmr 3aTOKH XOJIO.llHOrO aoanyxa, MO)l{eT
6blTb ncycroiisasaa CTpaTH<jJHKaUHlI, Ky'leBble (Cu), Ky'lCBO -D,O)l{.llC-
BblC (Cb) 06JIaKa H JIHBHCBble BHyTpHMacCOBble Henp0D,OJI)I{HTeJlbHble
OCa.llKH. HaD, OKeaHaMH 3TO '1aUle npOHCXO.llHT B HO'lHOe BpeMlI. BH-
AHMOCTb B 3TOii '1aCTH aHTHl.lHKJIOHa B OCHOBHOM xopouras.
UHKJIOH H aHTHUHKJIOH lIBJIlIlOTClI BO MHorOM aHTHnOD,aMH. ECJIH C
nOHlITHCM «l.lHKJIOH » CB1I3aHO npeD,CTaBJlCHHC 0 nacvypuoii C OCaD,Ka-
MH (naoxon) no rone , TO C nOHlITHCM «aHTHl.lHKJIOH » CBfl3aHO npen-
CTaBJICHHC 0 MaJIo06JIa'JHoii CO CJIa6blMH BCTpaMH HJIH 6C3BCTpCHHOii
(xopoureji) norene. YI 3TO ocooenuo cnpaBC.llJIHBO .llJIlI OKeaHOB .

PereHepaUHlI aHTHl.lHKJIOHOB

Pereaepauas aHTHUHKJIOHOB npoacxonar npa cJIeJJ.YIOUlHx YCJIOBHlIX:

1) npn CJIHlIHHH MaJIOnOJJ.BH)I{HOrO craporo aHTHl.lHKJIOHa C 3aKJIIO-
'1HTCJIbHblM aHTHUHKJIOHOM CCpHH (ccMeiiCTBa) l.lHKJlOIlOB;
2) npa pa3BHTHH uosoro aHTHUHKJIOHa B orpore cyuiecrsyiouiero.
TaKlKC KaK JJ.Jlll l.lHKJlOHOB , perenepauna aHTHl.lHKJIOHOB npOHCXO-
JJ.HT npH B03paCTaHHH ropH30HTaJIbHWX rpaJJ.HCHTOB TCMncpaTypw.

-188 -
 neK~U' J 9. AHTI1~I1KnOHbI 11 IlPYfl1E 5API1'1ECKUE CI1CTEMbi

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poro. H OBbl ii a HTHUHKJJ OH npOXO.L\HT BCC CTaAHH p a3BHTH5I .
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CTblO. B 3HMHCC BpCM5I OHH HaH60JJcc lJaCTO 6bIBalOT B HOpBC)I{CKOM
MOp C (C eB cpHbl ii JIC.L\OBHTblii OKcaH ) , a B cenepuoa 4a CTH Taxoro
oseaaa - y 6 cpcrOB AMepHKH (pHC. 2 .56). B 3THX paaonax Ha H60JJ ee
BbICOKa51 rcuneparypa nonsr, a r esmeparypa sosnyxa asnne cpenxe-
WHp OTHblX 3HalJeHHii na 20-24°C B HOpBe)l{CKOM Mope H sa 12°C B
THXOM OKeaH C. lI,a)l{e B cpennest a a r on 3.L\eCb Ha 6JJIO.L\aIOTC5I nOJJO)l{H-
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r p CTOCTH soanyxa B .L\aHHOM paaoxe . CooTBeTcTBcHHO B HOpBe)l{CKOM
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COKHMH H HH3KHMH WHpOTaMH B 06JJaCT5IX TCnJJblX OKeaHHlJCCKHX
TC4CHHii . TaK, B 51HBapc pa3HOCTb reaneparyp soaayxa na 40-ii H
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i
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uiana x, COH 3MCPHMbl X C p aa src paa a 6 JJOKHpylOUJ.H X aH TH UHKJJ OHOB.
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c
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nepeaBHraTbCB BaORb MepHaHaHOB . Pa3MepW HX CpaBHHTeRbHO He-

60RbWHC, a CKOpOCTH nepeaeuienas 3Ha4HTeRbHble. OHH C03aalOT B
oxeane oc06eHHO 1l3MeH41lBOe 11 CRO)KHOe BOJlHeHHe. BOJlHbl He ycne-
BalOT nOJlY4aTb nOJlHOrO pa3BIlTIlH 1l3-3a 1i3MeH'IIiBOCTIi napaaerpos
BeTpa BO BpeMeHIl H npOCTpaHCTBe.

HeljJpoHTaJlbHble aHTIi~IlKJlOHbl

K HecjJpOHTaRbllblM aHTIi~IiKJlOHaM OTHOCHTC5I orpounsrc oapxsec-

Klie oopaaoeanna C noasnnemrua aaBJleHHeM, HaXOaBmHeCH nOCTO-
lIITHO B cycrponnuecxnx uraporax OKcaHOB. 3TO a30pCKHH aHTH~HK­
JlOH B ceaepnoii ATJlaHTHKe, ceBepOTIiXOOKeaHCKIlH B cesepuoa '1aCTIl
Tnxoro oxeana, anruuaxnousr B cyrirponaxax IO)KHOrO nonyurapas.
HecjJpOHTaJlbHblMH BBJlBIOTCH H orposntsre aHTIlUHKJlOHbl, oopasyio-
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MaKCIiMaJlbHOe naaneaae aa naureii nnaxere - 1083,8 rna (MeTeopo -
JlOrH4eCKa51 CTaHUHH Arara 31 nexaops 1968 r.).
JIeToM nan cyweH B H04Hoe BpeM5I anorzta MoryT B03HliKaTb rep-
Mli4eCKlie aHTliLUIKJlOHbl. OHIl 06pa3ylOTc5I B paaasrrux 6apH'IeCKHX
nOJlHX nan oXJla)KjlellIlOH noncrunaiourea nOBcpXHOCTblO. Taxue rep-
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1i306apaMH. OHH HMelOT neoonsuiae paasiepu H jlHeM paapyiuaiorcs
npa nporpese npnaenaoro CJlOH.

Bropnsuue aHTH~HKJlOHbl. rpe6HH

Huorna B XopOWO pa3BHTOM rpeone aHTHUHKJlOHa 3aHHMalOmeM
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coxoro jlaBJleHH5I , 04ep'leHHblH OjlHOH 3aMKHyToH H306apoH . TaKOH
aHTIlUIlKJlOH Ha3blBaeTCB 8mOpU'lHbIM HJlH 4aCTHbIM, a rpe6eHb C
'1aCTHbIM aHTIll.lHKJlOHOM Ha3blBaeTCB ompoeou. B nocnenyiouiea
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11 CTaHOBHTCH co BpeMeHeM 60JlbWe OCHOBHoro. B .nerxee BpeM5I na tore
YKpaHHbI 04eHb BblCOKlle reaneparypu (no 40°C H ssnue} CBH3aHbi

- 192 -
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6apH'IeCK He nOM!. Flor onu taM 6e306J1a'lHbJe H 6e3BeTpeHllbl e . 3TO
xapaxrepao M H orpOMHbI X c y6Tp onH'I eCKHX aHTHUHKJIOHOB . B c e a ep -
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cjJepHHX aHTHUHKJIOHOB. B 9THX 60.nbWHX 06J1aCTHX O'leHb paapexennux
H306 ap MOry T aaorna S03HHKaTb He60.nbWHe UHK.nOHbI HJlH aHTHUHKJlO-
Hbl, He 1I0.nY'lalOlUHe. KaK npasano. nansnetnuero pa3SHTHH . B p a3Mbl-
TOM 6apH'IeCKOM none Han OTHOCHTeJlbHO TenJlblM 4epHbiM MopeM B
3HMIlee speMH MO)KeT 0 6 p a30 BaTbCH He60JlbWaH nen pec c a a , oue pxe n-
HaH onHoii H306apoii . B HO'IHOe BpeM H .neTOM Han cyweii B p eaynsrar e
pannaunoxxoro Bblxo.na)KHBaHHH MO)KeT B03HHKaTb o 'lep'lellllbJii onHoii
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fleTOM B Ma.norpanHeHTHOM 6 apH'IeCKOM no.n e CTO HT )Ka p Ka H no-
rona , 3 HMOii - Mop0 3HaH.

Cen JIOBHHbl

C enJl OBHHbl - 3TO 06.naCTH Me)Kny n ByMH UHKJlOHaMH H aHT HUHK-

.nO HaMH, HaKpeC T .ne)KalUHMH (pHC . 2.58). CenJlOBHHa B none na sne-
HHH aaanoruuaa penserpy MeCTHOCTH, pac nonoxceuaony Me)Kny n ay-
MR CMe)KHbIMH BepWHHa~1H xpeora. l·b06apH'IeCKHe n oaepxu o crn B
c en .nOBHHe n OHH )KaIOTCH B HanpaBJleHHHX K u eHT pa M UHKJlOHOB H
ncauuraiorcs K UCHTpaM aHTHUHKJlOHOS. r.e . HMe lOT cjJ OpM y cena a.
5apH'IeCKHe rpanaeuru S c en n o a a s e 06bl'lHO Ma.nbJ, a er p u cnaou,
s ep enxa TyMa Hbl. Jlerov B cenaoaa ue Han OKea HOM 51CHa51 n orona .
H an cy w eii S c ennos anax MoryT Ha6J1lOnaTbC5I rposu .

- 193-
 5APU'IECKUE 06PA30BAHUR HAil OKEAHAMU

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PHC . 2.58. 6apHQeCKaR cejJ.J10BHHa (Col)

T 3aMeTKH H )J.onOJlHeHHlI

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C0 3.Qa IOT KpaTKH e nepHo.Qbl lIcHoii noronsr Me)f{.Qy nepacnaxa .Q0)f{-
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nepeaocosr, OHH crp eunrcs HeCKOJlbKO OTKJlOHlITb Cli K lOry H, B p e-
syasrare , .QBH)f{YTCli K IOro-BOCTOKy.
2. AHTHUHKJlOHbl c y c r p o n a s e c x a x WHpOT lIBJlHIOTCli nOCTOllHHbI-
MH u e u r p a u a .Qe iic T BHH arvocrpepu . I1x MO)f{HO HaiiTH aa JlI060ii
c HHOn TH'IeCKOii xapre . B ATJlaHTHK e :'lTO a30pCKHii aHTHUHKJlOH, B
THXOM oxeaue - raBaiicKHii aHTHUHKJlOH (OH )f{e ceBepOTHXOOKeaHC-
KHii HJlH rOHoJlyJlbCKHii). B IO)f{HOM nonyurapaa B oxeanax ecrs ana-
nOrH'IHWe cy6TponH'IeCKHe aHTHUHKJlOHW.
3. B 3 HMHe e BpeMH B BOCTO'lHbIX '1aCTHX OK eaHOB B yM epeHHbIX
WHpOTa x MoryT B03HHKaTb MaJlOnOnOABH)f{HWe 6J10KHpYlOlllHe aHTH-
UHKn OHbI. OHH napyuraior aanannua nepenoc, UHKJlOHbl lIa'lHHalOT
nepenaurar ucn B.QOJlb Mepll.QllaHOB II C03.QaIOT WTOpMOBble noroziu .

- 194-
 neK~H' 19. AHTHLJHKnOHbI 11 I lPyr HE IiAPH'IECKHE CHCTEMbi

4. C 06 WH p HblMH 3H TH UH KJlOH3 MH CBH33Hbl npe.!I:CT3BJleHHH 0 M3-

JlOrp3.!I:HeHTHblx 6apH'IeCKHX n OJlH X, CJl36blX serp ax . 6 e 30 6 Jl3'1 HOii , 6e3
OC3.!I:KOB nOrO.!I:bl . B Jle T He e BpeM H Ha M3TepHK3x C aHTH UHKJlO H3MH
HJlH HX OT por3 M H CBH33H bl H3 H6 o Jlee lKapKHe CT36HJlbH bie noro nu ,
B 3HMHee Bp eMH H3 M3Tep HK3x C 3HTHUHKJlOH 3MH HJlH HX oTpor3M H
CB H33 1lbi Ha H60Jle e lKeCTOKHe MOp0 3bl. Han OKea H3 MH B 06WHpHbi X
c y6Tp onH'I e cKH x 3HTHUHKJlOH3 X Bcern3 TH XO, Te nJlO , M3 JlOo 6 Jl3'11l0 H
cy wecTB e HHblx pa3JlH'IHii MelK.D:Y 3HMO ii H JleTOM He H3 6 Jl lOn 3 eTC H.

,
~.
Bonpocu U 3aOaHUJI

/ . Ka KOBbl pa su epu a/i mU~UKA O/ia no cpaen esuio C ~UKA O/iaMU YMepe/i-
/ibiX tuu p om?
2. 'leMy paeuo /iOpMlL'lb/iOe Baenenue /ia ypOB/ie MOp R U <eMy p a8HO .waK-
CUMaAbHoe oaenenue, «om opoe Ha6AI08aAOCb 8 aH mU~UKAOHe?
3. Cpaenume n,tom/i OCm b usotiap 8 a/imU ~ UKAO /i a X U ~ U KA OI<a X.
4. Ka s oe tiapuxecxoe nOM xapaxm epno 8AR ueu mpoe anmuuuxsonoe?
5. M ozym AU t/JpO/im bl np ox oo um s uep es ~eli mp anmuuuxaona?
6. AHmU~UKAO/ibl - smo otinacm u Bueepeenuuu UAU «oneepeen uuu?
7. A/imU~U KAO/ib' - sm o o6,wemu 8oexo8RU{uX U,lU /iUeXo8RU{u X 8BU;){(e-
/iUU 8038yxa?
8. Kaxoea ~UP KYA Ji~ UJi B038yxa B aH mU~UKAO/iax?
,,
9. Cxopocmu eempa 60Abwue 8 ueumpe U,lU /ia oxpau nax aHmU~UKAO/ia?
/0. Ilpu 08U/i a KOBOU nAOm/iOCmu uso tiap 08UHaKOBb' AU cxop ocm u 8em -
pa 8 ~UKAO/i aX U anmuuuxnonax?
II . 'lm o maKoe t/JpO/i maAb /ib,e a nmuu uxn onu ?
/ 2. '{mo maKoe npOM eJK:ym O</ib,e a/i mU~UK'lO/i bl ?
/ 3. 'lmo BOI suaeme 0 3a KA IO<umeAbHOM anrnuuuxsone?
/ 4. B KaKOU <aemu a/imU~UI(.,IO/ia /ia6AlO8aemeJi a8BeK ~uR meMa ( xo,108a)?
15. lln» KaKUX <aemeu aH mU~UKA OHa xapasmepe« p oem 8a8Ae HUJi?
16. '{mo BOI CKa:JICeme 0 csopoc mu nepeuetuenu s a/i m u~ UKA O/iOB? 0 8 u-
naKOBU A U DHa Ha npOmR.:JfCeHUU j/CU3 HU anmuuuxxona?
17. PaCCKa;){(Ume 0 cm aiiunx pa seum un a/imU~U KAOHa.
18. Pa CCKa:JICUme 0 noeoiie 8 pasnux <acmllX aH mU~U K.I OHa . r 8 e .WOJK:em
6b,mb /ia U60AbWaJi M Om/iOemb usotiap , U coo m eemcm eeuu o 6y8y m /i a U60Ab-
wue cxopocmu eempa?
19. 'lmo maxoe 6AoKupylOU{ue aHm U~ U I(.,IOHb' U z8e O/iU 06po3YlOmell?
20. Ka x ue a /i mU~U KAO/ibl om /iOCJim ell K t/JpO/i ma,lb/ibl.... a «asue K /i e-
¢pO/imaAb/ibIM?
2/ . '[mo maKoe omp oe, B <eM eeo om,l u <ue om zpe6HR?
22. n O<eMY ¢pO/imbl lie xoeum npox oiium» «epes OCb zpe6/i Ji?

- 195-
 6API1l.fECKI1E 06PA30BAHI1f1 HA~ OKEAHA MI1

neKlII1Sl 20

~MKnOHMI.IECKAR tlERTEnbHOCTb

lJ,E/lb / I E K lJ, H H : Beecmu nousmue " /i UKAOHUl.feCKU!l

oenmensuocms». Ilososam» 3HUl.feHUe U pOAtJ /iUKAOHUl.feC-
KOU iienmensnocmu 8 061/ieU /iUpKyA!l/iUU amuoctpept«,
U3A01fCUmb ee ocotienuocmu no Ce30Hll.Il eoiia 8 ceeepuon U
I01fCHOM nonqtuapuxx.
B AeK/iUU otipatuaemcn 8HUMaHue na pasnusun /iUK-
AOHUl.feCKOU oesmensuocmu 8 PU3HbiX «acmsx OKeaH08.
Paccsuunpuetuomcs nocmonnnue uenmpu. iJe uc m8uJI
umMo ct/Jepbl - cmauuonapnue /iUKAOHbl U aHmU/iUK-
AOHbl .

K AIOl.fe8b1e CA08a: BeJJ.ymHii 1I0TOK, HblpSilOmH e UItKJlOHbl,

ofiutan UItPKy.1S1UItSi aTMocljJepbl , nOCTOSlHHble u eurp s i
JJ.e ii CTBIt Si B cyfirponuxax , paBH OJJ.eHCTBeHHble WTOpMbl,
Ten Jlblii cexrop UHKJlOHa, ru a oeas 4aCTb UItKJlOHa,
y .1bTp a noJlSlpHble aHTltUltKJlOHbl , UltKJlOHlt4e CK aSi
JJ.eSlTeJlbIlOCTb.

UltKJlOHIt'leCKaSi JJ.e SlTeJl b HOCT b It o6u\aSl

UltPKYJlSlUltSi aTMocljJepbl

l(UK,10HUl.feCKoll Besunesunocmeto n a s u a a ior npoueccsr B03IlHK-

HOBeHHSI, pa3BHTHSI H n e p ea e uie a a s UHKJlO HOB H aHTHUHK.10HOB.
H a H6 0 Jle e HHTeHCHBHO UHKJlOHH'leeKaSi JJ.eSlTeJlbHOCTb pa3BHTa B yue-
peHHblX WHpOTax. rnc ee MO)KIlO paccvarpn san, KaK ljJOpMy o6meii
UHpKyJISlUHH arxocrpepu . U HKJIOHbI H aHTH UHKJI OHbl oeymeCTBJISIlOT
06MeH B03JlY WHblM H MaceaM H Me)KJlY BblCOKHMH H HH3KHMH WH p OT a-
MH. l-b 6bI TOK renna , nocrynaiouiaa B Tp On H'le CKHe uruporu . o r p o n-
HblM H aTMocljJepHbI MH BHXpSlM H, UHKJlO Ha MH H a HTHU HKJlOHaM H. nepe-
HOCHTCH B n pyrne W HpOTbI. 5 0JI bWHC Ma CCbl TenJI Or O B0 3JJ.y xa n epc-
Mema lOTCfl B BbI COKHe W Hp OTbl B TbIJIOBOH 'laCTH a HTHUHKJIOHOB (C M .
p nc . 2.55) H n e p enne a 'l a CTH UHKJlOHOB . XOJIOJlHblH B0 3Jly x B TbI JIY

-196 -
 neKI./HR 20 . W1KnOHI14ECKAR 4ERTEnbHocrb

UHKn OHOB H B n epenn eii 'l aCTH aHTHUHKnOHOB nepeH OCHTCH B CTOPO-
ny HH3KHX WHp OT. ::lTO npHBOJlHT K CrJJa)f{HBaHHIO KOHTp aCTOB TeM-
ne paryp B Bbl COKHX H HH3 KHX WH p OT a X.
B 3H MH e C BpCMH pesxoe n epea eumaanu e so an y x a B bI3bI Ba lOT
MCpHJ\H OHaJJbHble BTOp)f{eHHH UHKJJOHOB H aHTHUHKnOHOB . ::lTO
yasrpanonspuue aHTIIUH KJJ OHbI . CMCwalO WIICCH C CCBepO -BOCTOK a
II « Hbl p HIOW lle» UHKJJOH bl. nC p e MCWalO W IICC H C cese p a, CCBCpO-3 a n a-
na sa tor HJJII IOrO-BOCTOK.
Tponnuecxa e UIIKJJOHbI n cpeHOCHT o rpOMHOC KOJJH'lCCTBO T CnJJa H3
rpon a x o s B CTOp OHy BbICOKHX WHpOT.
UIIKJJOHbI H a HTH UII KJJOH bl o cy weCT BJJ HIOT , KpOMC r oro , nc p CHOC
B0 3JlYWHbIX Macc C sanana aa BOC TOK, nepen aaraacs B 3 TOM nanpas-
JJCHIIH C BCJlYWHM nOTOKOM.

UH KJIOHII'leCKaH J\e HTenbH OCTb o c06eHHO pa 3B HTa B 311M Hec Bp eMH,

x orna O'leHb BCJJHKH KOHTpaCTbl resm eparyp Me)f{JlY TpOnll'l e CKIIMII H
nOJJHpHbI MH WHp OTaMH. 50JJbWlle KOHTpaCTbI rcan eparyp B no BpeMH
II Me)f{JlY MaTepHKa MH II OKe a Ha MII . B ara ocrpe p e , Ka K B can o p eryaa-
p ylOweiicH CHCTeMe, B0 3HH KalOT BlIXpH , npHBOJ\HWH e K nepeueuraaa-
HHIO soanyxa H YMCHb WCHll 10 rpaJlHeHTOB reaneparypsr. Arvocrpep-
Hble aa xpa . apauiaacs, nep eHOCHTCH C s a n ana u a BOCTOK. Kpove Ten -
JJa OHII ncpeHOCHT C OKea HOB Ha KOHTHHCH TbI 6 0JJb W Oe KOJJH'leCTBO
BOJlHHOrO napa, a COOTBeTCTBeHHO - 06JJaKa, OCaJlKH , T yMaHbI.
UIIKJJOHH'lCCKaH JleH TCJJbHOCTb B ATJJaHTHKe OKa3bIBaCT 60JJbWOC
BnHHHHe n a noronnsre ycn o a u s 3 a naJ\Hoii II BO CTO'lH Oii EBpOnbI.
Haaoonsura e OCaJlKII asmanaior u a sanane EBpa31111. C nponarose-
HHeM ua BOCTOK UHKJJOHbI n OCTeneHHO 3an OJJHHIOTCH H IIC'le3aIOT.
B PC3YJJ bTa TC B rJJy611H e orpoMHoro eBpoa 3HaTCKoro KOHTHHeHTa
yxce s smanaer O'leHb Ma JJO OCaJlKOB H B y MepeHHbl x umpora x n OHB-
JJHIOTCH n yc'rsi an : nycruas Ka paxyau, n y cr uus Kbl 3bl JJ K YMbl H,
nanee K BOCTOKy, nycrema r06 H.
B r enn o e non yronae 3Ha'lHTeJJbHble nnouiana B oxeaaax 3 a HHT bl
a HTHUHKJJOHaMH, a 3Ha'lH T TaM MaJlo06JJa'lHO H cnatisre serpsr . B AT-
JlaHTHKe aa rpanaue Me)KJlY HCJJaHJlCKOii n enp cccaeji H a30pCKHM

- 197-
 6API1'lECKI1E 06PA30BAHI1R HAa OKEAHAMI1

MaKcllMyMOM poacn aercn MOlllHblii 3ana,nHblii serep. JIeToM B BblCO-

KIlX uniporax 6blBaCT ,nOCTaT04HO IlHTeHCIlBHall UIlKnOHIl4eCKall zies-
rcnsuocrs, KOHTpaCTbl ren ncparyp MC)K,ny OKeaHa MIl II cywcii, Bbl-
COKIlMIl II HIl3KIIMIl WllpOTaMIl, san xono,nHblMIl II TennblMIl OKeaHCKIl-
Mil TC4CHIlllMIl auausaror pa3HOCTb arnocrpcpnoro naaneaan, 'ITO
npasonnr K YC llneH1l1O BeTpOB. Llaxnoau 6blCTpO ,nBIl)KYTCIl K BOCTO-
Ky , xacr sr WTOpM bl. Lla xn ona xecxa n n ear en saocr s nocruraer Hall-
60nbwcro pa3BIITIlll ocensio , xo rna MaTepllK Il ysce ,nOCTaT04HO ox -
n a)K,neHbl, a OKeaHbI conepxcar Hall60nbWlle aanacu renna . 3TIl
WTOpM OBble nepaonu Ha3b1BaIOTCIl 6YPllMIl pasaoneacraail, OHII 06b14-
HbI B KOHue <jJeBpanll -- Ha4ane MapTa H B ceHTIl6p c -- OKTIl6pc.

UllKnOHH4eCKall Jl.e RTenb HOCTb B IO)KHOM nonyurapau

B IO)KHOM non yurapau B yMepeHHblX uraporax OTMe4aeTCR aKTIlB-

HaR UIl K,10HIl 4eC Kall Jl.CRTen bHOCTb. fny60KIle UIlKnOHbl nepeaeuraior-
CIl C aarrana ua BOCTOK soxpyr AHTapKTH AbI , oriycnosnnaas aa Knll-
MaTII4CCKIlX Ka pTax non ocy OTHOCIlTcnbHO nOHII)KeHHOr O AaBneH 1l1l
nnons n06 epe)K bll . U HKn OHbI IO)KHOrO nonyurapns xapaxr epu si 60n ee
HII3KIlM AaBneHlleM (980- 985 rfla), 4eM ncnaancxne Ilnll ane yrcxne
UIlKnOHbl cesepuoro non yur apas , OPII Toii »ce IlHTeHCHBHOCTIl cy 6 -
rponaxecsax aHTIlUHKnOHOB :lTO II onpenen ser 60n bwIle ro pnson -
ransnue oapnxecxne rpannenr u B IO)KHOM non yur apnn, B OTnll 41le
OT UIlKnOHOB cesepnoro non yurapus UIlKnOHbl IO)KHOrO nonyurap as He
Y4aCTBYlOT aKTIlBHO B nepeaoce r enn a 113 rponaxoa B sucoxae WIlPO-
Tbl. Hx ponb B 06111eii UHpKynflUHH arxocqiepu IO)KHOrO nonyurapas
aaxmo xaer ca B C03,naHHH 60nbWHx 6apH4eCKIlx r pan aenr oa. M e)K,ny
cy6Tponll4eCKHMH aHTIIUIl KnOHaMH II 30HOii nOHII)KeHHOrO ,naBneHIlIl
aaxonnrca WHpOKHii nORC napaanensxux, pacnoaosceuuux B,nonb
umpor, 1l306ap ( CM. PIIC : 2.6, 2.7) . Bapaxecxae rpannearu anec s
04eHb BenllKIl. 3TO 30Ha ,neiicTBllfi CHnbHblX sanansux BeTpOB, KOTO-
pall npenarcreyer B03,nyxo06MeHy Me)K,ny rponaxaxa II AHTapKTIIKoii .

n epeMellleHH e QHKnOHOB II aHTIIUHKnOHOB

Bo BHeTponH4eCKIIX uraporax BCR r ponocrpepa COCTOIIT 113 xepe-

,nYlOlllIIXCR UIIKnOHOB H aHTHUHKnOHOB . B yMepeHHblX WHpOTax

- 198-
 neK~HR 20. L/I1KnOHl1'IECKAR IlERTEnbHOCTb

cesepnoro nonyuiapan, rtpeotinanaiounn; 3ana.ll,Hblii nepenoc B6JIH3H

3eMIIoii nOBepXHOCTH npoaanaerca He B BH.lI,e sananaux BeTpOB, a B
BH!!e .lI,BH)f(eHHfI UHKJIOHOB H aHTHUHKJIOHOB C sanana sa BOCTOK. KaK
y)f(e yKa3blBaJIOCb, UHK.10Hbl nepeaeuiarorca B HanpaBJICHHH naneaus
!!aBJICHHfI, a aHTHUHKJIOHbl B HanpaBJIeHHH ero POCTa. Ilaneaae nas-
JICHHfI Ha6JIIO.lI,aCTCfI B nepenncti '1aCTH UHKJIOHa nepen TenJIblM
cjJpOHTOM. POCT npOHCXO.ll,HT B TblJIY UHKJIOHa aa XOJIO.ll,HbIM cjJpOH-
TOM.
Flepensurascs aa BOCTOK , UHKJIOHbI OTKJIOHHIOTClI HeCKOJIbKO K
ceaepy B ceaepxox nonyurapau. H K iory B IO)f(HOM nonyurapaa. T .e.
B CTOpOlly nOJIIOCOB. AHTHUHKJIOHbl, nepexeurascs B OCHOBHOM aa
BOCTOK. OTKJIOHfllOTCH K cyorponaxax. 3cjJcjJeKT pa3JIH'IHfI B uarrpas-
JIeHHHX .lI,BH>KeHHH UHKJIOHOB H aHTHUHKJIOHOB HOCHT Ha3BaHHe cena-
paUHH, T.e. nocreneanoro pa3.l1,eJIeHHH UHKJIOHOB H aHTHUHKJIOHOB
npa HX .lI,BH>KeHHH B 30HaJIbHOM nOTOKC. Hexoropue HCCJIe.ll,OBaTCJIH
C'IHTaIOT ero o.ll,Hoii H3 npH'IHH cjJOpMHpOBaHHfI nnanerapnoa 06JIaCTH
nOHH>KCHHOrO .lI,aBJIeHHfI B yMCpCHHblX lIlHpOTaX H noasnueanoro nae-
JIe HHfI B cy6TponHKax.
B IO)f(HOM nonyurapaa ecrs aanannsre aerpu B '1HCTOM BH.lI,e B
WHpOKOii nOJIOCC MC)f(llY cyrirponaxaxa H 30HOii HH3Koro llaBJIeHHfI
nepen AHTapKTH.lI,oii .
B ueJIOM 30HaJIbHblii xapaKTep paCnpelleJIeHHH nOBTopHeMOCTH
UHKJIOHOB H aHTHUHKJIOHOB nysure aupaaceu nan OKeaHaMH, '1eM Hall
KOHTHHeHTaMH . OCHOBHble oxara noauureuaoa nOBTopHeMOCTH UHK-
JIOIIOB H aHTHUHKJIOHOB HaXO.ll,flTCH npcnayurecraeauo B6JIH3H rpannu
OKeaHOB H MaTepHKOB.
UHKJlOHbI, 3ap0.ll,HBlIlHeCH B6JIH3H HblOcjJaYH.lI,JIeH.lI,a, 3HMOii nepe-
.lI,BHralOTCfI K HCJIaH!!HH H nanee HJ,lYT aa Bapeaneso Mope . OT 6epe-
rOB CeBepHoii AMepHKH K paiioHy HCJIaH.lI,HH KOJIH'ICCTBO UHKJIOHOB
yBeJIH'IHBaeTCfI, snecs UHKJIOHbI otipasyiorcn . Ha ysacrxe OT HCJIaH-
.lI,HH J,l0 Bapeuuesa MOpfl npOHCXOJ,lHT HX 3anOJIHCHHe. TeM He MCHCC,
'1aCTO 3TH UHKJIOHbl npOHHKalOT .lI,aJIeKO BrJIy6b MaTepHKOB.
fleTOM 30lla HaH60JIbWeii nOBTopfleMOCTH aTJIaHTH'IeCKHX UHKJIO-
HOB npOXOJ,lHT '1epe3 Jlatipanop B paaou HCJIaHJ,lHH H nanee aa CCBCp
EBpOnbI.
B IO>KHOM nonyurapua nerrpeccaa 06b1'1HO TaK>Ke J,lBH)f(YTCfI na
BOCTOK.

-199-
 6API1'1ECKI1E 06PA30BAHI1R HAI1 OKEAHAMI1

KpOMe n peo on an aio uiero aa nn as ere 30 HaJlbHOrO ne pe uoc a,

BCTpe4 alOTCH c ure H MCp HAHOHaJlbHhle npop blBbI llH KnOHOB H aHTH-
UHKn OHOB C ccs epa H iora,
)].0 nauana OKKnlO3HH llHKnoH ABH)I{CTCH npna epuo na p annensuo
H306apaM rennoro cexropa . B CCpHH ABH)I{YlllHXCH npyr aa npy ro x
UHKJlOHOB Ka)I{AblH CJleAYlOlllHH llHKJlOH npOXOAHT IO)I{Hee npensm yuiero
B ceucpnox n on yur apaa H cese p ue e B IO)I{HOM n on yurapna , T. C. B
oon ee HH3KHX uru porax,
B ce sepnoa n on yurapna COn pH)I{eHHblC unxnonu, HM elOlllH e 06-
uur e 3aMKHYTbIC naooa pu, ABHralOTCH OTHOCHTeJlbHO n pyr npyr a npo-
THB 4aCOBOH CTpen KH . )].Ba COnpH)I{eHHblX aHTHllHKJlOHa coa epuraio r
JJ.B H)I{eH He OTHOCHTen bHO n pyr n pyra no 4aC OBOH crpenxe. DPH 'lTOM
Mon OAoe 6apH4ecKo e o6pa30BaHHe ABH)I{eTCH C 60JlbWeH CKOpOCTblO.

Ilocrosuuue H ceaounue ueurpu neiicrsua

arvocdiepu
UHKnOHbl H aHTHUHl<n OHbl. crauaonapytourac B, onpcneneanu x
reo r pao use cxnx p aa onax, Ha3bIBalOTCll nOCm OJlHHblMU uenmpauu
aeUCmBUJl amu ocdiepu. I1x MO)l{ HO B n lO6oH MOMCHT BpeMeHH HaHTH
ua cHHonTH4CC KOH KapTC. B cesc pnoa nonyurapan 'lTO:
- Hcn aHAc KH H llHKJlOH ( HcnaHAcKHH MHH HMyM).
- aso pcxnf aHTHUHKnOH (a30pcKHH MaKcHMyM ) .
- CCBC pOTHxoo KcaHcKHii aHTHllHKnOH.
- rp eHn aHAc KH H aHTHUHKnOH.
ECTb c esoaaae ue ar pu ACHCTBHH ar aocoepa, xoropsre aatimona-
IOTCH B 3H MHee HnH B n era ee BpeMH:
- an eyT cKHH 3HMHHH UHKnOH (aneyrcxaa nenpeccas),
- cpeAH3eMHoMopCKHH 3HMHHii UHKnOH.
- a3HaTCK Hii 3HMHHii aHTHUHKJlOH ( cH6HpCKHH aHTHUHK,10H).
- cesepoaaepaxau cxuf 3HMH HH aHTHUHKn OH . (KaHaAcKHii aHTH-
uHKnoH)
- IO)I{HOa3HaTCKHH JIeTHHii UHKJlO H.
- cescpoaxepuxancxa a JICTHHii UHKJlOH.
B IOlKHOM noa yur ap au BblACJIHIOT cacnyiouiae nOCTOHHHble ue nr-
pu JJ.eikTBH ll ar uocrpepu :
- IO)I{HOaTJIaHTH4CCK HH aIlT HllHKJIOH.

-200-
 neKUH~ 20 . UI1KnOHl1'lECKAR ~ERTEnbHOCTb

- IO)l(HOH HJlHHCKHii a HTHUH KJlOH,

-- IO)l(H OTHXOOKeaHCKHH aHTHUHKJlOH,
- npeJlaHTap KTH 'IeCKall 30Ha nOHH)l(eHHOrO nasneana .
B IO)l(H OM n ony ui a p a a e c r s , KOHe'lHO , H Ce 3 0HHble uenrpsr /le A-
CTBHll ar a ocrpepu . Pacnoaoxceaa OHH a an cyweii .

" 3aMeT K H H JlO n OJlHe HHll

1. Orponusre a rvocdr epnu e BHXpH, UHKJl OHbl H a HTH UH KJlOHbl,

nepeueuraaa icr a r n o c rpe py H Cr Jla)l(HBaIOT r esm cpa r yp au c rpa n u e a -
TbI Me)l( AY HH3KHMH H BbICOKHMH uraporaua . OHH ne penocnr TCn JlO
H3 rponaxos B yMepcHHble H nonspnue WHpOTb!. UHKJlOHH'Ie CKall
nearensaocn, B yM epeHHblx umporax sansetca cjJOpMOH o6meH UHp-
KyJlllUHH arvocrpepu
2. Ilepenaarascs C sanaa a H3 BOCTOK, UHKJlOHbl H 3 HTHUHKJlOHbI
nepenocar C OKe3 HOB xa MaTep HKH, o rpoa noe KOJlH'I e CTBO aonsaoro
napa , cjJOpMHpyll TaM 06J13Ka, OC3Jl KH, TY M3 Hbi. B 3HMHce speua OHH
npHHOCllT H3 eBponeHCKHH KOHTHHeHT 60JlbWOe KOJlH'ICCTBO r e ri n a H3
ATJlaHTH KH. 3 HMa B 3anaJlHOii Espone H B eJlHK06pHTaHHH HCKJlIO'IH-
Te JlbHO Mll r Kall. U HKJlOHbI H 3HTHUHKJlOHbi ll BJlll IOTCll , TCM C3 MbIM ,
HOCHTeJJllMH noronu H3 n a a aere.
3. P a 3 BHTa ll UHKJlOHH'Ie CKa ll Jle ll TeJl b HOCTb Ha Hawe ii nJJaH eTe
H3 6 J1 lOllae TCll B yMcpeH HbIX W Hp OTa X. OC06CHHO OHa HHTCHCHBH3 B
3HMHee BpeMll . r10 CKOJlbKy UHKJlOHH'IeCKall JlellTeJJbHOCTb CB1l3aHa C
6 0Jl b W HMH 6apH'IeCKHMH rpanaeuraax H CKOpOCTllMH s e rpa . TO B
y Mep eH HbIX WHpOTax A TJlaHTHKH H THXOro o k eana B 3HM He e BpeM ll
norona npeaayurecraemro WTOpMOB311 .
4. DJlH)l(e K rpo naxaei, B 06J1aCTllX 0 6 W Hp HbI X cr aunonupyiourax
aHTHUHKJlOHOB, noronnue YCJlOBHll OT JleT3 K 3HMe MeHlllOTCll He3H a-
'IHTeJl bHO. 5!cHoe He60 , He60JlbWHe s erpu C03A31OT x op o ume YCJlo -
BHll JlJl ll nJlaBaHHll CyIlOB.
5. Cnenyer nOMHHTb, 'ITO ce 30HHbIC H nocroanaue u enrpu ile A-
CTBHll aruocrpepu He ecrs He'lTO sacru auree . 3TO aHTHUHKJJO HbI H
UHKJlOHbl co BceMH, npHcymHMH HM caokcraaaa . OHH 3a p 0 )l(Aa IOTCll ,
pa3BHBalOTCll H yMHpalO T. r1pOHC XOIlHT 3TO s a nenemo. OTJJH 'IHe OT
n pyr n x UHKJlOHOB H aHTHUHKJlOHOB B TOM, 'ITO OHH oop a a y iorc s BHOBb
H BHOBb nO'ITH B OJlHOM H TOM )l(C MeCT e . B pe3 YJlbT3 Te B paa ou e

-20 1 -
 6APff'lECKffE 06PA30BAHfflI HAJJ OKEAHAMff

A 3 0 p CKHX OCTp OBOB Bc e r~a HaXO~HTCH 6apH 4eC KHH Ma Kc HMyM H ero
MO>KHO o 6 Hapy>KHTb n a JII06 0 H CHHon T H4CCKOH KapTC. B C H6Hp H
3HMOH s cerna aucoxoe AaBJleHH C. Y faBa HCKH X OCTpOB OB acerna
CCTb aHTHllHKJlOH .

Bonpocu u sadanus«
I. Ilaa me ¢ OpMY,1uP08 KY I{UlCAoHu.eCKou oeRmeA.Hocmu.
2. H a Ka KUX tuupomax «a utiosee paseuma I{UICAOHu . eCIW R des messeocmo?
3. POA. I{UlCAoHu.ecKou oeRm e,lbHocmu B 06~eu I{UpKyARI{UU amuoctpepu ?
4. B KaKOU n epuoii eooa nautionee paseuma I{UKAOH u.eCKaR oeRmeAb-
«o cms U no .eMy?
5. P aCCKa:NCUme 06 o cotien nocmsx I{UKAoHu . ecKou iien menunocmu B
IO:NC HOM no.unu apuu.
6. Pa CCKa:NCUm e Ky o a . C Ka KOU cx op ocm eto U no. eMy n ep euetu a tom cs
¢ POHmaAbHble I{UKAOHbl yMepeHHbl X tu upom.
7. 'I mo nOHUMa emCR noa nOCmORHHblMU ueumpauu Beacmeux a muoapep m?
8. Il epeuucnume nocm ORHH.,e l{eHmpbl Beacms u« 8 ceeepno» (IO:NCHOJoI)
nouuuapuu.
9. Has osume ceso n n ue ueum pu aeUCm8UR amuoctpepu 8 ceeepnou n o-
,Iy map uu.
10. B m.IA080U UAU n epeaH eU .acmu I{UKAOHa npoucxoiiu m n ep en oc
men,tOeo 8030yxa 8 eucoxue tu up orn m?
II . '1mo ma x oe ~ Ko HCKue iuupomu »?
12. '1m o ma x oe «peeqtu ue COpoK08.le»?
13. '1eM omAu .aemCR I{UKA OHu .eCKaR oeRm e.1.H ocm. B ceeepuou n OAy -
tuapuu om anUAOl UlU W U 8 IOJfCHOM non tnuap uu?
14. KaK 8.lZA1iOUm 6ap u . eCKoe n o,le 8 npU80oHOM CA oe IO:NC HOeO nOAy -
tu apun Me:NC0Y cy6mp onu .eCKUM nORCOM 8.'COKoeo oa8AeHUR U 30HOU HU3KO-
eo oa8 AeHUR y tiepeeoe Anmapxmudu ?
15. '1mo npuxodum Ha cMeHy CU6upCKOMy aHmUI{UlCAoHy 8 nem nee epexn?
16. K a K U3AUH1i em CR m eunepamupa U iiaesen ue am 3UMbl K .um y Ha Ma-
mepuxax?
17. Ka K U3MeH1iemC1i meunepamupa U iio enenue am 3U.ll bl K Aem y Hao
OKea HaMU?
18. r a e Ha Hameu nAaHeme Hem ce30HH . IX KOAe6a HUu m epuotiapu wecx ux
nOAeu U nOAeu opyzux Mem eopOAoeu . eCKU X BeAU'UH? 0 6'bRCHUm e noseso).
19. r oe Ha Hameu n,1aHeme ecm. ce30H" eooa . a eoe ux Hem? flo . eMy?
20. Ecms AU Ha Ham eu ns auem e Mecma . zo e He MeHRemCR npOOOA:NCU-
mes su ocm s a ll1i?
21. Ka K08a 3aKOHOJolep HOC m b 8 U3MellellUU npooonscumes sn ocm u OIlR na
nnaneme?

- 202 -
 JUH EPATYPA
O CH0 8 Ha R

1. Bopocsen B. 11. C HHOnTH'IeCK3H MeTeOpOJlOr HH. - JI.: fHJlP O-

MeTeOH3Jl3T. 1991. - 616 c .
2. np03JlOB O. A. , BaCHJlbeB B. A. , Koosuuesa H. B H np . Kna-
M3TOJlOrHH - JI.: fHJl pOMeTeOH3Jl3T, 1989 . - 568 c.
3. 3BepeB A. C. CHHOnTH'IeCK3H MeTeOpOJlOrHH H O C H O B ~ np CJl'
Bbl'lHCJleHHH noronu - JI.: f HJlpOM eTeOH3Jl3T, 1968. - 775 c .
4. MaTBeeB JI . T . Kypc 06me ii MeTeOpOJlOrH H. <P H3HK3 ara ocoe-
pu, - JI.: fHJlpOM eTeOIl3Jl3T, 1984 . - 751 c .
5. W KOJlbHHii e. n . <Pi3HK3 a rnocdiepa. - Oneca , 1997 . - 700 c .

ll.ononnumenunasc
1. ApHKaiiHeH A . 11. Bo JlbJl3X CeBep03MepHK3 HcKOii ApKTHKH .
::h3nbl p33BIlTHH CeBepo-33n3JlHOrO MopcKoro nYTH . - JI.: I'anpoae -
TeOH3Jl3T, 1989. - 214 c .
2. Arvocrpepa. C np3BO'lHHK (cnpaaoxaue naauu e . MOJleJl H). -
JI.: fHJlpOMeTeOH3Jl3T , 1991. - 510 c .
3. BeJlOB H. <P. , BaCHJlbeB B. A . n p a KTHKy M no KJlIlM3TOJlorHH . -
JI.: fIlJlpOMeTeOH3Jl3T, 1990. - 204 c.
4. Beep B . TeXHH'IeCK3H MeTeOpOJlOrHH . - JI.: fHJlpO MeTeOH3Jla T,
1966. - 291 c.
5. BeTTeH JI . nOrOJl3 B H3weii JKH 3HH . - M .: MHp , 1985. -
224 c.
6. Bor3TKHH O. I'; T3P3K3HOB f. f. Y'Ie6Hblii 3BH3UHOHHblii Me-
reoponorase cs aa ATJIAC. MeTOJlH'IeC KHe YK333HHH H n pH JlOJKeHHH.
- JI.: fHJlp OMCTeOH3Jl3T , 1990. - 256 c .
7. B YPM3H 3 . A. MecTHbie aerpu, - JI.: fHJlPOMeTe OH3Jl3T, 1969.
- 343 c.
8. Baitcoepr JlJK. nOrOJl3 H3 3 eMJle . MeTeOpOJlOrHH . - JI.: fHJlPO-
MeTeOH3Jl3T , 1980. - 248 c.
9. B3CHJlbeB K. Il. l..{TO JlOJlJKeH 3H3Tb CYJlOBOJlHTeJlb 0 K3pTa X
noronsi H COCTOHHHH MOpH. - JI.: fHJlpOMeTeOH 3JlaT, 1980. - 231 c.

-203-
 10. BIIHHIIKOB C . J1., 5. B. fllJ\po<jJ1I3I1Ka (<jJ1I 3I1Ka
TIpOCKypRKOB
BOJ\ cyuru) . - JI.: fllJ\P OMCTcoIl3J\aT, 1988. - 248 c .
II . fa JlCHIIH B. L, 1I.yrllllOB 5. A ., KPIIBIIUKIIH C. B. II n p . BCTCp,
BOJlHbl II MOp CKII C nopru . - JI.: Funpoaereousnar, 1986. - 264 c .
12. Fapsef 1I.}K. Araocdiepa II OKcaH . - M .: Tlporpecc, 1982 . -
184 c.
13. f JlOTOB 10. r., C CWICHKO B . A . Ilonynspnaa MopCKaH 3 HUII K-
JlOnCjI,IIR . M. : Tpaacnopr, 1997 . - 280 c .
14. fOH'Iap CHKO C. Y. tfli311Ka arvoctpepa . - K : Texnixa, 1981. -
160 c.
15. fOpjl,IIeHKO A. 11., 1I.pCMJllOr B. B. flljl,POM CTCOpOJlOrll'lCCKoC
06CCnC'ICHlle CYil-OBOJl<J\eHIIH . - M .: Tpancnopr. 1989. - 240 c.
16. 1I.IIHaMII4ecKaR MeTCOpOJlOrHR . / TIoJ\ pen , 11.. JI . JIaHxTMaHa
- JI.: fll jl,POM CTCoIl 311aT , 1976. - 608 c .
17. 1I.pCMJllOr B . B., 1ll1l<jJPIIH JI . C. Haaarauaoaaaa runpon ereo-
POJlOrHH. - M .: Tpancn opr. 1978. - 304 c .
18. 1I.y6pOBIIH JI . 11., TIpeo6pa}KCHCKaR M . A. 0 '1CM rosopa r
xapra AHTapKTIIKII. - JI.: fllJ\POMCTcoIl3J\aT, 1987. - 160 c.
19. HaCTaBJleHIIC rllJ\pOM CTCOpOJlOrIl4 CCKIIM CTaHUIIRM II nOC TaM.
Bun . 9, 4. II. fllil-POMCTCOpOJlOrIl4CCKlle Ha6J1IOil-CHIIR aa CYjl,OBbIX
CTallUIISlX, npOIl3BOJ\IIMbIC WTaTHblMII Ha6J1IOJ\aTeJlHMII . - JI.: I'nnpo-
MCTCOIl311aT, 1964 . - 368 c.
20. HaCTaBJlCHIIC rllJ\pOMCTCOpOJlOrIl4eCKIIM CTaHUIIHM II nOCTaM.
Bun . 9, 4. 3. Fnnpover eopon o r- xvec xae Ha6JIIOjI,CHIIH na CYAOBblX
CTaHUIIRX, npouasonasiae wTypMaHcKIIM COCTaBOM aa MOpCKIIX cyna x
(Ha6JIlOjI,eHIIR nan noronon II COCTORHlleM MOpR). - JI.: Funpoaereo-
113J\aT, 1964. - 368 c.
21. 06J1aKa II 06JIa'lHaR arvocdicpa . / Ilon PCjI,. 11. TI . Ma311Ha,
A. X. Xpraaua - JI.: Fnnpoaercoasnar. 1989. - 647 c.
22. OKC T. P. KJIIIMaTbI nOrpaHII'IHOrO CJIOR. - JI.: flljl,pOMCTeo-
113J\aT, 1982. - 360 c.
23. TICTpHHOB-COKOJIOB 11. C . , Cyrynrn A. f . A 3P030JIII . - M.:
Hayxa, 1980. - 144 c.
24. TIpaKTIIKyM no CIIHOnTII'ICCKOH MCTCOpOJIOrll1l / TIoA p en ,
B. 11. Bopooscaa. - JI.: Fanpovereoaanar. 1983. - 288 c.
25. TIPIIXOjl,bKO M . f . CnpaBO'lHIIK IIH}KeHepa-cIIHonTIIKa. - JI. :
flljl,pOMCTeoIl3J\aT, 1986. - 328 c .

-204-
 26. PIIJlb r . KJlIIMaT II nor ona B rponuxax . - J1.: Fnnp oaer eonsnar ,
1984. - 605 c.
27. PYKOBOilCTBO no xparxoc poua er a nporaoaau noronu. 4 . I. -
JI.: Fnnpoaereonanar. 1986. - 700 c.
28. Casavea A. 11. Caaorrrasecsae MeTOilbl an anaaa ar vo cdiep-
HblX npoueccos. - JI.: JIrMl1, 1980. - 100 c.
29. CMHT K. OCHOBbl npxxnanaof MeTCOpOJlO rIlH . - JI: Fanp osre-
r eoasnar, 1978. - 424 c.
30. CMOPOilHHCKllii 51. <1>. Tcvneparypa / / 6116J1110Te 11Ka "KBaHT».
- Bu n. 12. - M.: Hayxa, 198 1. - 160 c.
31. Cxopep P. A3P0rHilpOllHHa MIIKa oKpY)f(alOweii c penu - M.:
MIlP, 1980. - 550 c.
32. Crexaoa c xaa Jl. 11. , BaCIIJlbeB K. D . Cnpaeouna x no aa-
BllraUIIO HHoii rnnp ox ereop onorna . - M.: Tpa ac nopr , 1976. -
166 c.
33. Crexaoecxaa Jl. 11 ., 3y6KOB A. E. Haaarauaonnas ruapou e-
r eoponorus . - M.: Tpaucnopr, 1977. - 264 c.
34. XaHH A. D.. CYTblPIIH r. r . Tponnsecxae UH KJlOHbl H IIX B3a-
IIMoileiicTBlle C OKeaHOM. - JI.: Funpovereoaanar. 1983. - 272 c.
35. XpOMOB C. D., MaMoHToBa JI. 11. MCTeOpOJl OrH1leCKHii CJlO-
naps - JI.: I'nnpoa ereouanar. ,1974. - 568 c.
36. lliJl blrHH 11. A. Ilonynapnas ranpoaereoponoran II CYilO BO)f(-
nenue. - M.: Tpaacnopr, 1987. - 192 c.
37. Brown's nautical almanac daily tide table s for 2004. Brown,
Son & Ferguson , LTD. 4-10 Darnley. Glasgow, G41 2SD.
38. Capt. H. Subramaniam. Marin e meteorology. Nutshell series
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Chembur, Bombay 400 071. 1995. 223.
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for seafarers . Glasgow. Brown , Son & Ferguson LTD .. Nautical
Publishers 4-10 Darnley street. 1988. 137.
40. Dr. Joseph M. Bishop. A Mariner's Guide to Radiofacsimile
Weather Charts. Alden Electronics , Washington Street,
Westborough. MA 01581. 1988. 115.
41. El Nino and Climate Prediction. A publication of the University
Corporation for Atmospheric Research pursuant to National Octanic
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~----------
and Atmospheric Administration Award No. NA27GP02332·01.
Reports to the Nation . 1994. 24.
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by the Hydrographic Department under the authority of the Lords
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46. The mariner's handbook. NP 100. Seventh edition. Published
by the Hydrographer of the navy. 1999. 235.

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 CJ10BAPb
METEOP0J10rH4ECKHX TEPMHHOB

-A-
A5COJIlOTHO 4EPHOE TEJlO - TeJlO. nOJlHOCTblO nornouiajouiee BCe
nan aiouiee x a aero H3J1y'leHHe .
A5 COJIIOTHA5I TEMDEPATYPA - TCMnepaTypa .OTC'IHTaHHaH OT ao -
COJlIOTHOro HyJlH B KeJlbBHHaX (K) . 0 603Ha'la eTCH CHM BOJlOM T.
All.BEKUI151 - r opH30HTaJlbllblii nepe noc aosnyx a. Fosopar 06 anaex-
UHH B031l.YlUHbiX Macc . r enn a, BOIl.R HOrO n apa. KOJlH'ICCTBa Il.BHlKCHHR H T.Il..
A TMOCtjJCpHblC RBJlCIIHII Ha3b1 BaIOT all.BCKTHBHblMH . xo rna OH H CBH3aHbI C ro o
pH30HTaJlbHblM nepcaocox. Hanpxaep . all.BCKTHBHblii TyMaH.
AllBEKTI1BH bII1 T YMAH - TyMaH OXJla>KIJ.CHHH. 06pa30BaBwHiic H B
PC3YJlbTaTc all.BCKUHH TCnJlOrO BJlalKHOr O soan yxa aa XOJlOIl.HYIO nOIl.CTHJlalO·
tuy:o nOBcpxIIOCTb.
Alll1A5ATI14ECKI1H DPOUECC - npouecc 6C3 TcnJlo06MCHa C o xpy-
lKalOlUcii cpenoa. B ara ocrpepe '1aCTHUbI aosnyxa nOll.lIHMalOTCR II on y cxa -
IOTCR npaKTII'IC CKII all.lla6aTII'ICCKII .
CUI/Ol/UM : a8ua6aml/bLU npouecc.
AJlb5E1l0 - or pascarem.aas cnocoonocrs . 3 aBllcIIT OT UBCTa noa epx-
1I0CTII (MaKCIIMaJl bHa Il.JlII 6cJlblX nOBcpxII OCTCii ). Il.JlH BOIl.HOii nOBcp xHOC TII
3aBIICIIT OT y r Jla nall.CHIIR COJlHC'IHbIX Jly'lcii. TO ecr s OT BblCOTbl COJlHua.
4 CM BblCOTa Conana MellbWC. TCM aJlb6 ell.0 60JlbWC.
AMDJlI1TY1lA - I. Hall60JlbWCC OTKJlOHCHIIC OT CpCIl.HCrO B rapMOHII-
'1CCKIIX xon eoanas x: 2. Pa3110cTb MClKll.Y MaKCIIMaJlbllblM II MlIlI IIMaJlbllblM
3I1a'l CHIIHMII MeTCOpOJlOrH'ICCKII X BCJlH'IHH (cyrosau e, rOIl.OBblC aMnJlIITYll.b1 ).
AHA5ATI14ECI(I111 BETEP - BOCXOIl.H lUllii BCTCp. aanpaaneanun
nnepx no CKJlOH Y 1IJ111 no nosepxnocra 60Jlce nJlOTHOrO aosn y xa .
AHEMOMETP - npaoop Il.JlH onpCIl.CJlCHIIH CKOpOCTH BCTpa .
AHOMAJlbHA5I 30HA CJlbIllIl1MOCTI1 - sa HOpMaJlbHOii 30HOii
CJl bllll ll MOCTH MOlKCT 6b1Tb 30Ha MOJl'laHIIR . a aa Hcii A3 C ., KOTopaH c oyc-
JlOBJlClia perppaxuneji 3BYKOBblX Jly'lc ii B arxoctpepe . JlY'lH anyr BBCpX II OT-
paaca jor cx OT CJlOCB HIIBCpCII II .
AHTAPKTI1KA - 06J1aCTb 3CMHoro uiapa aa 60· IO .W. (BKJlIO'IaeT AH -
r apxruny).
AHTI1UI1KJlOrEHE3 - npouecc B03HHKHOBCIlHR aHTH UHKJlOHa BaT-
MOCtjJCpC.

- 207-
 AHTPono rEHHblE nPHMECH - auopoca npou snnneauux np en-
npHHTHH H TpaHC nOpT3 B aTMoc~epy .
A PKTI1 KA - 06J1 aCTb 3CM HOr O urapa aa CCBCpHblM nOJlH pHblM xpyrox
(66,5° c.ur.).
ATMOOPEPHA5I PE<l>PAKUI151- HCKPHBJlCHIlC (npc.10MJlCHHC) CBCTOBblX
JlyqcA B araocoepe BblnYKJIOCTblO B CTOpOHy MCHbWCH nJlOTIlOCTIl noanyxa.
A3 P0 3 0 JIbHOE PACCE5IHI1E - paCCCHHIlC COJl HCqHOH panaauxn
KpynHblMIl qaCTlluaMIl. B TOM '1I1CJlC KanJlIIMIl II xpacraanax a B01lbl .
ATMOC<l>EPHbIE A3P030JII1 - TBCP1lblC lKlIJlKlIC qaCTII'IKIl. HaX01lIl-
U\HCCII II arv o-ctpepe BOJI B3BCWCHHOM cocrosnaaf KanJlII aonu, JlCAHHbJC
KpHCT3,1J1bl , nblJlb MlIHCpaJlbHOrO II OpraHH'ICCKOrO npOIICXOlKJlCHll1I (B TOM
'1 HCJlC 63KTCpHII), ByJlKaHII'ICCKHH nenen, AblM II T.n.
CUIt OIt U~t : amu octpepnu e npuu ecu.
ATMOC<l>EPHbIE OCAllKI1 - BOJl3 B lKHAKOM 1IJ111 TBCpAOM COCTOIIHIIH,
asmanaioutas H3 06J1aKOB (jJOlKjJb, cner . rp an) HJlH ocascnaiotuaaca uenocpen-
CTBCHHO H3 aoanyxa (pOC3, IIHCH).
ATMOC<l>EPH bIE npl1MECI1 - CM . ATMOC<l>EPHbIE A 3P030JII1.
ATMOC<l>E PH b IE <l>POHTbl - CM. <l>POHT

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6API14ECKA5I CTynEHb - BblCOT3, na KOTOpylO HajJO nepeve cr ar s-
CII, '1 To6b1 jJ3BJlCH HC H3MCHHJlOCb aa I rn a. 3 TO BCJlllqHHa o6paTH311 63pll-
uecxouy rpana eury.
6API1 4ECKMI TEHllEH U I151 - xapaxrep H BCJl H'IHHa 113MCHCHlIlI
arvocrpepuoro JlaBJlCHHII sa nOCJl CAHHC 3 '1aC3 rtepen CpOKOM Ha6J1IOJlCHHII .
CUItOIt UM: tiapox emp uxecxa» mendenuus ;
6 A PI14 ECK I1 01lHOPOllHA5I nOBEPXHOCTb - nOBcpXHOCTb C
OjJHHaKOBblM HJlH nO'lTH OjJHH3KOBbl M JlaBJlCHH CM , COOTBCTCTBCHHO C O'lCHb
MaJl blMH ropH30HTa,1bHblMH 6apH qCCKlIMlI r paAlICHT3MlI
6API14ECKI1E CI1CTEM b l - KpynHoM3cwT36HblC 06J13CTlI nOBblWCH-
soro HJlH nOHHlKCHHoro JlaBJleHHII. B jJByMCpHOM none OHH aurnanar KaK
06J1aCTH 33MKHYTblX HJlH He33MKHYTblX 1I306ap C nOBblWCHHblM 1IJ111 nona-
lKCHHblM JlaBJICHlICM B UC HTpC.
CUItOIt UM bl: 6a p U'I eCKUe otisacmu, 6apU 'I eCKUe otipasoeanus, IjJOPMbl
6apU'IeCKOeO p en eed:« .
6APOMETP - npnoop jJJlII H3MCPCHHH arvocrpepnor-o ,uaBJlCHlI lI.
6APOrPA<l> - npneop JlJlII aerrpepuenoa sarmcn KOJlc6aHHH arnocrpep-
noro jJaBJlCHlIlI. no nOKa33HHIIM 6ap orpa~a onpenenmor oapnxecxyic TCH-
jJC HUHIO.
- 208 -
 5J1Yl33APJJ. - nOpblBlICTbIH aerep C aurranenaea CHCra 3apll}:\3MII npu
CIIJIbHOM MOp03e. B03HIIKaeT OH npa npopsrsax xo.nonaoro apxrusecxoro
B03}:\YX3 na ceaep ATJIaHTIIKII 311MOH II BeCIIOH . Han OTKpblTblMII yqaCTKaMII
MOpll p33BIIBaeTCIl repaanecxas HeYCTOHqIlBOCTb, oopaayiorcs KyqeBO-}:\OlK-
neasre 06JIaK3.
CUHOHUM: CHe:JICHbte 3ap R8 bt.
5J10KYlPYIOIllYlI1 AHTYlUYlKJ10H BbiCOKIIH TenJIbIH aHTIIUIIKJIOH,
C0311aIOUlIIH 6JIOKllpOBaHlle.
5J10KYlPOBAHYlE - ClIllOITTllqeCKIIH npouecc, COCTOIlUlIIH B TOM, qTO
BbiCOKIIH TerrJIbIH II MaJIOrrOllBlIlKHblH aHTIIUIIKJIOH, pa3BIIBWIIHCIl H3 CeBCpC
yMepeHHblX umpor H3 llJIIITeJIbHOe apexs (nopsnxa HelleJIII, IIHOrlla HeCKOJIb-
KIIX nenens) C0311aeT MaKpOMaClIlTa6HOe napyureune 30HaJI bHOr O nepenoca.
UIIKnOHbl nepenaaraiorca B}:\OJIb MepIl1l1l3HOB. B HII3KHX lIlHPOT3X npx 3TOM
naaneuue rrOHHlKeHHOe.
50PA - 3HMHHH 06B3JI XOJIO}:\HOrO B0311YX3 C ueaucoxoro ropnoro Xpe6T3
B CTOpOHy MOpll. ::lTO nopuancrun CTOK, nanaroumf aerep, }:\OCTllraIOIUIIH
CHJIbl yparaua , aosnyxonan, YCHJIHBalOlllIIHCIl B CYlKeHHIlX penseoa. Hacrynaer
Ii. CTpeMIITeJIbHO, C pe3KHM rrOXOJIO}:\aHHeM II lIlKBaJIaMII. Ha6JIIOllaeTCIl TaM,
rne rOpHblH xpeoer ornenaer OT MOpll XOJIOllHblH KOHTHHeHTaJIbHblH B03}:\YX.
Ha HaBeTpeHHOH CTopOHe xpeora pa3BHBalOTCIl BOCXOllllUlHe }:\BHlKeHIIIl, a
Ha rrO}:\BeTpeHHOH - HaqllHaeTCIl B03l1yxorrall.
50PEI1 - 60r ceaepnoro aerpa B rpexecxof MlIljJOJIOrHH (AKBIIJIOII B
pHMCKOH MHrpOJIOrllll) .
BPABblE BECTbl - npeoonanaiounre sanannue aerpsr B yMepelIlIblX
uraporax CeBepHOH ATJIaHTIlKII.
CUI/OHUM: eecmepsusu .
BPI13 - HeCIIJIbHblH aerep (no 4 6aJIJIOB rro WKaJIe Borpopra) xa nooe-
pelKbllx 60JIbWHX BOlloeMOB (}:\HeM C MOpll, HO%IO - C cyum) . HaH60JIee
IlPKHH OH B rpormuecxnx uraporax . B yMepeHHblx uiaporax Ii. xopowo
aupaxcen B rennyio sacri, rona rrpa MaJIo06JIaqHOii norone , xorna KOHTpacT
reuneparyp cy w a - nona HaH60JIbWIIH (nopnnxa 20°C).

-B-
BEJJ.YIllI1I1 nOTOK - 06111IlH nepenoc sosnyxa B cpenaeii rponocrpe-
pe. Iloneioxuue UHKJlOHbl II aHTHUHKJIOHbl nepeaeurarorcs B HarrpaBJIeHHH
senyuiero rrOTOKa. B yMepeHHblx WllPOT3X 'ITO 33n31111bli\ nepeuoc .
BEPTI1KAJ1bHbll1 BAPl1lJECKl111 rPAJJ.I1EHT - BepTHK3JIbH311 co-
CT3BJIIlIOlIlall 6apllqeCKOrO r pannenr a. KaK H see BepTIIKaJIbHbie rpanxearu ,
paCCqHTbIBaeTCIl Ha 100 M BbiCOTbi .
-209-
 BEPTI1KAJIbHblH PA3PE3 - rpadinsecxoe npencraaneune COCTOHHHH
araocoepu B BepTHKaJlbHOH nJlOCKOCTH. no OCH opnunar - BblCOTa, no OCH
a6CUHCC - paCCTOHHHe no ropH30HTaJlH . MOlKeT paCCMaTpHBaTbCH BepTH-
Ka,lbHOC pacnpeneneuae reaneparypsr, llaBJlCHHH, BCTpa H r .a. BP. - pe -
3YJlbTaT nepece-reaus rpe xvepnoro nOJlH BepTHKaJlbHOR TIJlOCKOCTblO . Ilepe-
CC4CHHC TpCXMcpHoro 6apH4CCKoro nOJlH (H306apH4CCKHX nOBcpXHOCTCH)
BCpTHKaJlbHOR nJlOCKOCTblO naer ua BP. H30JlHHHH paanoro llaBJlCHHH (H30-
6apbl).
BECTEPJIl13bl - CM. 5PABbIE BECTbI.
BETPOBA5I TEHb - 30Ha oCJla6JleHHbTX aerpos na nOllBcTpCHHOH cropoae.
Bl1nI1MA5I PAnI1AUI151 - COJlHC4HaH panaauaa B HHTCpBaJlC llJlHH
BOJlH OT 0,4 (CHHHH UBCT) no 0,76 (KpacHblH UBCT) MKM, BocnpHHHMaCMaH
4CJlOBC4CCKHM rJla30M. Ha 3TOT Y4acToK cnexrpa npnxonarcn OKOJlO nOJlO-
BHHbl BCCR 3HCprHH, H3JlY4aeMoH COJlHUCM .
BOJl5lHOI1 CMEPY - BOPOHKo06pa3HbiR BHXpb, nOllHHMalOUlHRcH C
nOBcpXHOCTH aonu aaecrpexy BHXplO , onycxaiotuexycs H3 KY4CBO-llOlKllCBO-
ro 06JlaKa .
BCEMI1PHA5I METEOPOJlOfI1YECKA5I OPfAHI13AUI151 (BMO) -
MClKnpaBHTCJlbCT BCHIIOC cneuaanuanposanuoe Y4PClKllCIIHC Oprauuaauan
06bCllHHCIIHblX HaUHR, BMO. C03naHO B 1873 r., no 1947 rona lIa3b1BaJlOCb
MClKllYHapollHoH MCTCOpOJlOrH4CCKoH opraanaauaea. BMO. 3allHMaCTCH
BCCMH aonpocaaa rHnpOMCTCOpOJlOrHH, B 4aCTHOCTH. rHllPOMCTCOpOJlOrH4CC-
KHM ooecnexemre« cynoxoncrsa. CCKpcT3pHaT BMO. uaxonnrcs B )I(CIICBC.
BCEMI1PHA5I CJIY)I(5A nOfOnbI - cosnannaa BMO. MClKllYIl3POIl'
HaH CHCTCMa, COCTOHlllaH H3 CCTH H36JllOllCHHH, UCHTpOB o6pa6oTKH H rao-
6aJlbHOH CJlYlK6b1 TCJlCCBH3H 6b1CTpO rO 06MCHa Ha6JllOnCHHHMH H 06pa60-
TaHHOR HH<jJopMaUHcR , HaY4HblMH HCCJlCllOB3HHHMH. C0311aHbl MHpOBbIC
(MocKBa, BaWHllrTOH, MCJlb6ypH) H peraosansxux UCHTpbl coopa HllcjJOP-
MaUHH.
BbICOTHA5I KAPTA - KapT3 COCTOHHHH 3TMOCcjJCPbl H3 KaKOR-TO Bbl-
COTC (CM . KAPTbI 5API11.JECKOH TOnOfPAc!>I1I1) .
BbIXOJlA)I(l1BAHI1E - H04Hoe nOHHlKCHHe rearteparypu BCJlCllCTBHC
H3JlY4CHHH llJlHHHOBOJlHOBOH panHaUHH.
CUHOHUM: HO~Hoe 8bIXOAa:JICU8aHue. ptuiuauuonnoe 8bIXOAa:JICU8aHue.

-r-
fEOCTPO¢I11.JECI(A5I MOnEJIb ATMOC¢EPbI - TCopCTH4eCK3H MO-
llCJlh 3TMOC<jJCPbl C orrpenenenauva ynpoiuaiouiaaa npCllnOJlOlKCHHHMH OTHO-
CHTCJlbHO CC CBOHCTB, a HMCHHO oes Y4eTa CHJlbl TpCHHH H KpHBH3HbI H306ap.
-210-
 fEOCTPO<IJI1LJECKI1J1 BETEP - paBHOMepHOe npHMOJlIIHeiiHOC ropn-
30HTaJlbHOe ilBlI lKeHlle soanyxa B OTCyTCTBlI1I CIIJlbl TpeHIIH. ::lTO ~acTHblii
,, cJly~aii rpailllCHTHOrO BCTpa .
fETEPOfEHHA5I ATMOC<lJEPA - araocrpepa ssrure 100 KM (C aeon-
HOPOilIlblM XIIMH~eCKIIM COCTaBOM), B xoropoa HaOJllOilaeTCH rpaBHTaUIIOH-
HOe no Macce pa3ileJleHlle ra30B.
fl1,UPOMETEOPbI - KanJIII H KplICTaJIJIbl sonu B arxocrpepe.
fOMOfEHHA5I ATMOC<lJEPA - HlIlKHllii 100 KM CJIoii aosnyxa C ozuro-
POilHblM XIIMH~eCKIIM COCTaBOM .
roPI130HTAJIbHbIJ1 5API1LJECJ<I1J1 fPA,nI1EHT - ropasouransnas co-
CTaBJIHlOlUaH OapHYeCKoro rpanaeara. Paccorruaaercn na 100 KM paccronnus.
fOPHO-,UOJlI1HHbIE BETPbI - aerpsr, B03HHKalOlUHe na ropHblx
CKJIOllaX, IlHeM - aaepx no CKJIOHaM, HO%IO - BHII3 .
fJl05AJlbHA5I UI1PKYJl5IUI15I - CM. 05LUA5I UI1PKYJl5IUI15I
ATMOC<lJEPbI.
FJlY5l1HA UI1KJlOHA - BeJIII~HHa ilaBJIeHIIH B uenrpe llIlKJIOlla. 00
aHTHUIIKJIOHaX rOBopHT MO/liHocmb aHmuu,UKAOHa.
fPA,nI1EHT - H3MelleHHe KaKOii-JIHOO BeJIII~HHbl aa enannuy paCCTOHHIIH.
B MeTeOpOJIOrHH BepTHKaJIbHble rpailHeHTbl MeTeOpOJIOrHYeCKHX BeJIH~HH
paCC~HTblBalOT ua 100 M Bbl COTbl, a ropnsouraasnue - aa 100 KM .
fPA,UI1EHTHbIJ1 BETEP - reopernsecxaa cJIy~aii ropH30HTaJIbHOrO
ilBlIlKeHHH soanyxa oe3 TpeHHH B npHMOJIIIHeiiHblx H KpHBoJIHHeiiHblx 11300a-
pax. Ilpu HyJIeBoii KpllBII3He 11300ap 3TO 0YileT eeocmpoipuwecsuu eemep,
fB . HBJIHeTCH XOpOWHM nplIOJIlIlKeHlleM K .n.eiicTBIITeJIbHoMY aerpy B C80-
608ltou amuoctpepe.
fPA,UI1EHTHA5I JlI1HEJ1KA - rpatpax, n0 3BOJIHIOlUHii nOJIY~HTb CKO-
POCTb reocrpoonxecxoro serpa B KOHKpeTHOM MeCTe, 3HaH WHpOTy MeCTa II
paCCTOHHHe MelKilY H300apaMII. Ha ljJaKCHMIIJIbHblX xaprax f JI. Ha3blBaeTCH
GEOSTROPHIC WIND SCALE.
fPE5EHb - OOJIaCTb, BblTHHYTblX OT ueurpa aHTHUHKJIOHa, H300ap C
HaHOOJIbWHM ilaBJIeHlleM aa ropnaoaranssoa OCH.
CUHOI/U,llbl: epetieu» BblCOKOZO 8aBAeItUJI, 6apUYeCKUU epetien».

-,lJ;-
,UEnPECCI15I - OOJIaCTb nOHHlKeHHoro arnocrpepuoro j\aBJIeHHH.
,UE5ITEJlbHA5I nOBEPXHOCTb - 3eMHaH noeepxnocrs (no-ma , sona),
aa KOTOpylO nocrynaer cnepxy JIY~HcTaH 311epmH H KOTopaH H 3JIy~aeT B
arwocdiepy j\JIHHHOBOJIHOBYIO panaaumo, B3aIlMOj\ciicTBYH C arnocrpepoa B
npoueccax OOMeHa sneprnea, renna, anara H np,
CUI/OItUM : nodcmunasouian nOBepXI/OCmb.

-211 -
 LlHBEPfEH UH5! - pa CXOAHMOCTb B0311YlllHbIX TeqeHHii .
LlI1Cn E P CI15! C B E T A - p a3JIOlKeHHe B cnexrp ny vxa 6eJIo ro CBeTa
BCJICAC TBHC 33BHCHMOCTH CKOpOCTH CBeT3 OT AJlHH bl BOJlll bl.
LlH et>PA KUH 5! C B ET A - CBeT, npOXOAlI MHMO MaJlblX npensrcr aua HJlH
CKB03b Y3KH e uien a (xanna, KpHC T3J1J1 bl), OTKJIOlllleTClI or npllMOJIHHeHHOro
p3cnpOCTp3HCIlHlI H no n3A3CT B rCOMCTpHqCCKylO Tell b. 3 TO COnpOBOlKA3eTCH
Bucnepcueii H unmeptbepenu ueii. Ha6JIIOAaeTCH na KanJlHX H xpacrannax.
LlJlI1J-1HOBOJlHOBA5! PALlI1AUI15! - 3J1 CKTpOM3rHHTHble BOJl Hbl
AJl HHHee 4 MKM .
LlblMKA - cJI36 0e n oayrxeune B03AYX3 H3-3a HaJlllqllH B HeM rHApOM e-
TeopOB.BHAHMOCTb cr 1 AO 10 KM .

3-
3ALlEP/KI1BAIOlllHH CJlOH - 3TMo c<jJepHbl ii CJlOH C YCTOH qllBOH
CTpaTII<jJHK3UHeH (HHBepCHH. H30Tep MHlI ). 3aAeplKIIBalOWHH pacnp ocrpan e-
HIIC KOHseKUlI1I H3 IlHlKeJIelKalllHX CJlOCR RRCpX. n OA HIIM MoryT CKanJlH BaTb-
CH BOAHHble napu , napa KOHAeHcaUlI1I II 06pa30BblBaTbClI 06J1aKa.
3AKJlI0411TEJlbHblH AHTI1UI1KJlOH - ca MblH 60Jlbwoii 113 <jJPOIl -
TaJl bHblX 3IlTIIUIIKJlOHOB . 11M 33K3HqHBaeTCH ce pa x UII KJlOIlOB.
3AfIALlHbiE BETPbl - BeTpbl, r ocnoacreyioume B yMepeHHbIX UIll PO-
Tax 060HX rton yurapmi 3 eMJIH , B 30He aKTHBll oii UHKJlOHHqeCKOii AeHTeJlbHO-
CTH . B IOlKHOM noa yurapxa B OTKpbl TOM oxe as e aananusie s erpu r ocnon-
CTRylOT B TeqeHHC scero ron a , Il pa cp ensea CKOpOCTH 7- 13 M/c, OHII
nepenxo AOCTllralOT yparaaaoa CHJIbl. Hx YCToiiqHBOCTb II qaCTOTa n03BOJlH-
JIa Ha3BaTb 3TH llI11POTbl peayuman COpOKORblMH H BOlOllIllMH naranecaru-
MH. B ATJlaHTHKe aanannue aerpu Ha3b1BaIOT eecmepsueauu HJlH 6paSblMU
eempauu.
3 A fIA LlH b l H fIEPEHOC - npeoonanaer B rp onocrp ep e H crpa r ocdie pe
yMepeH HblX llI11pOT. B ceaepnox non yur apna B 3HMHee BpeMH 3TO so na HH·
TeHC HBHOH UHKJlOHllqeCKOH AeHTeJlbHOCTH. UH KJlOHbI H aHTHUHKJl OHbI nep e-
HOCHTClI C san an a na BOCTOK. fIOABlIlKHble Ull KJIOHbI H aHTHUHKJI OHbI C03,na-
lOT 6 b1CTpylO cMeHy BCTpOB paaau x ua np aaneauk. Flpeo onananne 3,nCCb
sa nanuux BeTpOB BblHCHHeTCH JIHWb CT3THCTHqeCKH.

-11-
1133A05J1A4HOE CI15!HI1E - CM . JlY 4 11 5 Y LlLlb I.
11305API14ECKMI fIOBEPXHOCTb - n OBepXH OCTb B TpCXMCpHOM
63pHqeCKOM nOJIe, A3 BJIeHHe BO Bce TOqKa x KOTOpoii OAHHaKOBO. Y r oJl
- 2 12 -
lIaKJIOHa lin . K nnOCKOCTH r opnaonr a COCTaBmleT ilonH MIIHyTbI, B ne pece-
qC HHIl C nn OCKOCTb~ r opll30HTa ilaCT 11306apbl.
Y1 30JlYlHYl5I - JlIIHIIH paanu x 3HaqCIIHH sero-naoo. Hanpaa ep, 11306apa
- JIIiHlIH paBHblX ilaBnCIIIlH, 1130TcpMa - paBHblX 'rewrtepa'ryp.
Y130TEPMYl5I - nOCTOHIICTBO TCMncpaTypbl C BblCOTOH (CM . Y1HBEPC Yl5I).
Y1HBEPCYl5I - reune par ypu C BbICOTOH . 3TO aHOManbHOC pacnpe-
POCT
nC.TCIlIlC reu nepary pu ( B r ponoc tpepe HOpMaJlbHblM 6yn eT nanesae reu ne-
parypu C BblCOTOii) , xoro poe, TeM He MeHec, Ha6n~ila CTCH B r ponocdiepe
OqCHb 'laCTO II BbI3b1BaeTCH MHOlKCCTBOM paansrx rpaxropos .
Y1HCOJl5lUYl51 - cyMMa np RJ,fOU II paccenunoa pa iiuauuu aa nens, Me-
CHU, CC30H . 3aBilCilT OT BblCOTbi C OJlHua H noroxy IIMCCT CyTOqHblii, rOAO'
BOH XOA H MCHHeTCH C UIHpOTOH MeCTa.
Y1HTEP<I>EPEHUYl5I - cnOlKCHHC BOJlH, npx KOTOpOM nonyxaercs yae-
,THqCHHe IInll YMCHbWCHlle aMnJlIITynbl peaynsrnpyiouiea BOJlHbI B pas nu x
TOqKaX n pOCTpa HCTBa
Y1H<I>PAKPACHA5I PAJlYl AUYl5I - 3J1 e KT pO~l3 rHIlTHble BO.THbJ nn HHHee
0,76 MKM.
Y10HOC<I>EPA - ar uocrpe pa au uie 80 KM, x a p a KTe p ll3 Y~ lUa Hc H BbICO·
KOH xoauenrpauaef nOJlOlKHTe,TbHbi X MOJleKynHpHbix H aTOMHblX HOHOB H
cB060nHblX 3.TCKTpOHOB.
Y1PYl3 AUYl5I 05JlAKOB - pan ylKHaH OKpaCKa xpaee xan ensaux 06J1a-
KOB KaK p C3yn bTaT illl ljJ paKUlI1I II illlcnepCHH. KpaH 06J1a KOB COCTOHT H3
MCJlKIIX OilHopon HblX KaneJlb MaJlOH nJlOTHOCTIl.
Y1CTYlHHOE COJlHE4HOE B PEM5I - BpCMH , onpenenaevoe no ilBH '
lK eHH~ IICTIIHHoro C OJlHu a.
Y1CTYlHHbIH BETEP - ilBlIlKeHlle aosnyxa OTHOCIl TeJlbHO 3eMHOH no-
aepxsocru. onpenenae sioe ua CYilHC KaK reOMC Tp HqeCKaH pasxocr s xaacy-
lUerOCH BeTpa II KypcoBoro BeTpa.

K-
KA)I(YllJ,Y1HC5I BETEP - aer ep, H3MepHeMblH na 60pTy ilBHlKYlUerocH
cyn ua.
KAPTA Y1305 AP - xapra pacnpeneaeuas naanea ns na ypos ne MOpH .
M OlKeT 6b1Tb cHH OnTHqeCKoH. eCJlII OHa OTHOCIITCH K onpeneneaaouy CHHon-
TllqeCKOMY CpOKy (00, 06, 12 II 18 C rB) IfJlIf KJlHMaTOJlOrH qeCKOH , eCJlH oa a
nocrpoeaa n o MHOrOJleTHlfM naHHbiM.
KAPTA n OrO Jlbl - CM . CYl HOnTYl4ECKA5I KAPTA .
KAPTb1 5APl14ECKOH TOnOrPA<I>YIY1 - xaprsr BbICOT H306apllqec-
KifX nOBepXHOCTeH Hail yposuev MOpH (a 6COJl ~TH OH r onor paqiaa ] HJlH Han
- 2 13 -
.. - - - - -- -
II H)f(CJlC)f(alllCH H30 6apHq CC KOH n OBCp XHOCTb lO (OTHOCHTCJlbHOii rono rparpna) B
eeonomenuuansnu x u empax. Feonoreauaansaue MeTpbl He3HaQIlTeJ1bHO OTJlH-
QalOTCH OT su cor u B MCTpaX H 3THMH p aCXOlK.UeHHHMH MO)f(1I0 npeneopess B
MOpCKOH npaxraxe npa aHa,1H3e xapr noronu . C M. BbICOTHA5I KAPTA .
KATA5ATI14E CKI1J1 B ETEP - XOJlOllHblH, nJlO THblH. nanaioum a C ne-
p CBaJlOB II ropnux BepWHH , H JlI060H npyroa HHCXOllHlllHH BeTCp .
CUItOItUMbt : nadaiouiuu eemep, cmo«, cmoxoeui; ee mep,
KBA3I1 CTATI14ECKI1J1 npOUECC - npouecc, npa KOTOpOM BHyTpCH-
Hcc naaneune nepenearaiomeacs n o BCp THKaJlH QaCTHUbl paBHO )l.aBJleHHIO
oxpyacaiourero B0311yxa aa BCCX y pOBHHX. B aTMoc <!JcPC aepra xaa su u e llBH-
)f(eHIlH n p OH CXOllHT KBa3HCTaTHQe CKIl .
K O HBEKTI1 B H A 5l JlE5ITE JIb HOCT b - p a 3B HTHe BOCXOllHlllHX H HHC-
xonsuurx TOKOB B0 311yxa , 06pa30BaH He 06J1aKOB II ocanko a KOHBeKUHH, rpoa ,
WKB aJlOB, CMepQeH H r .zt
KOHBEKUI151 - r ennor u n OTOKaMH B0311yxa. Harp ersra B03-
n epCH OC
nyx non nekcr s uea apxaaenoao il CHJlbl nepeaeuiaerca OTHOCIlTCJlbHO MeH ee
uarpcro ro noanyxa B nanpaane naa , npOTHBOnOJlO)f(H OM aanpaanenmo CHJlbl
TH)f(e CT H. T .e . no aeprnxann ss epx.
KOHBEPrEHUI151 - OTp HUa TCJlbHaH na aep reuuaa , CXOllHMOCTb B03 -
llYWllblX Te QeHHH.
K OHJlEHC AUI151 - nepexon s onan or o n a p a B )f(1l11K Oe HJlIl r aepa oe
COCTOHHHC. CO npOBO)f(llaeTCH BbllleJlCHHCM 6 0 JlbW Or O KOJlHQeCTBa 3HcprHH
(cxpuroii rennorsr Korna rex neparypa
napo06p a3 0 Ba HHH H nJl a BJleH HH) .
B0311yx a IlOCTHraCT mOQKU p ocu, Ha QHHa e TCH KOHllCHCaUI<H aonsuoro n ap a ,
KOTOpblH upeupauiacrcs B p o cy , HII CH, TyM aH , 06J1aKa , llO)f(Jlb , cner, JlO)f(llb
co cs eroa HJlH B rpan.
KOHCKI1E WI1POTbI - WT HJlCBa H 06J1aCT b B ATJla HTlI'lCCKOM oxea ue
MC)f(llY30 I< 35° c.ur, B XVII I<3-3a W TH,1CH napYCHI<KI< aanepacaaannc s B
nFI<. Jlouranx yM HpaJll< OT ronona I< I<X Bbl6paCblBaJlH aa 60pT. C TCX nop
aa 3THM H WHpOTaMH 3aKpC nHJlOCb TaKOC Ha3BaHIlC .
K OPO T K OBO JIHOBA5I PAJlI1AUI151 - 3J1CKTpOMa fHH THbIC BOJlHbl KO-
pos e 4 MKM.
CUHOHUM: « opomxue eo.uu « .
KYPC OBOJ1 BETEP - BCTCp , Bbl3BaHHblH llBH)f(CHHCM cyana . K ypC OBOH
BCTCp HanpaBJlCII HaB CTp e qy CYJlHY, CKOpOCTb ero p a aaa CKOpOCTH llBH)f(C-
HHH cyzma .

-JI-
JIE rKI1 J1 BETEP - BCTCp B 2 6aJlJla no tU Kal!e Botpopma .
-214 -
 JIEJUlHOH TYMAH - TyMaH (BHilHMOCTb MeHee 1 KM ) , cBH3aHHblH C
HaJIHqHeM B aosnyxe JleilHHblX KpHCTaJlJlOB. H a6J1lOilaeTCH n pa CHJlbHblX MO-
posax, BCTpeqaeTCH , B qaCTHOCTH, B 3aJlHBe CBHToro JIaBpeHTHH .
JII1BHEBbIE OCALI,KI1 - ocanxx B lKHilKOM HJlH raepnca axne H3
KyqeBo-ilolKilCBbl X ( Gb) 06J1aKoB. Xapaxrepaa BHe3anHblM HaqaJlOM H KOH-
UOM, He60JlbWOH npOilOJllKHTeJlbHOCTblO BblnaileHHH, 60JlbWOH HHTeHCHBHO-
CTblO. Karma HJlH XJlOnbH cnera 3HMOH xpynaue . TaKHe ocanxn Ha6 J1lOilaIOT-
CH na XOJlOilHblX <jJpoHTax H B TbIJlOBOH qaCTH UHKJlOHa B XOJlOilHOM HeycTOH-
qHBO cTpaTH<jJHUHp oBaHHoM soanyxe. npOTHBOnOCTaBJlHIOTCH 06J10lKHb1M H
MOPOCHlllHM ocanxaa ,
G UHOHUAI: A UBeH b.
JII1HYlI1 TOKA - JlHII HH Bnone s erpa . xacarensuu e K KOTOpblM B
KalKiloH TOqKe cosnana or no aanpasneuato C sexropoa CKO pOCTH B 3TOH
TOqKC B ilallllblH MOMeHT.
JIO;>K5Y1HA - uenrpa UHKJlOHa 06J1acTb nomoseanoro
BbITHIlYTaH OT
ilaBJleHHH C r opH30HTaJlbHOH OC blO. ¢pOHTbI npoxonar BilOJlb OCH JlOlK6H H.
JIY4Y1 5YlI.D.bI - caonu COJlHeqHOro CBeTa, B anne paCXOilH UlHXCH
Jlyq eH, npoauxaioumx CKB03b paspuau B 06J1aKaX, 06 b1 qHO KyqeBbiX. C OJlH-
ue npn aTOM He BHilHO (HaXOilIlTCH aa 06J1aKaMH) . YTpOM II sesep oa MOlKeT
Ha6J1lOilaTbCH npx COJlHue non r o pH30HTOM.
, GUH OHUM : U3 3 a0 6A a QHOe CUJl H ue.
n
,
-M
MAJIOrPALI,I1EHTHOE (5E3rPALI,I1EHTHOE) 5APYlI.jECKOE nOJIE
- oapas ecxoe n one C 04e Hb penxo nposeneuuuau H306apaMIl TaK, 4TO
ropH 30HTaJlbH bIe 6apHqeCKHe r pailHeHTbI OqeHb MaJlbl.
MrJIA - nOMy THeHHe eoaa yxa H3-3a nblJlH, ilblMa , rapx H T.n.
ME30MACWTA5HbIH npOUECC - npouecc, HMelOUlHH JlHll eHHble
pa3Mepbl OT 10 KM ilO 200 KM .
ME30C¢EPA - CJlOH araocqiepu, JlelKaUlHH xa BbICOTax OT 50 no
80- 85 KM.
MECTHbIE BETPbI - x esauaciumatinu e eempu,
METEJIb - nepenoc cnera C 60JlbWOH CKOpOCTblO. 4 acTo Ha6J1lOilaeTCH
nepen TenJlblM <jJpOHTOM .
MYIPOBA5I METEOPOJIOrI14ECKA5I CETb - MeTeOpOJlOrH4eCKIl e
CTaHUIlH na scex 3eMHOM wape .
MI1POBbIE METEOPOJIOrl14ECKl1E UEHTPbI - MocKBa, Baunrnr-
TOH, M eJlb6 ypH. B HHX CTeKaeTCH IlH<jJopMaUHH C MHpOBOH MeTeOpOJlOrH4eC-
KOH cern.
-215-
 MI1CTPAJ1b - 60pOnOA06Hblii cenepnsni nerep ua tore ¢paHUHH H
J.1TaJlHH.
M0J1EKYJ151PHOE PACCE5IHI1E - paccesnne COJlHeqHOii paAHaUHH
MeJlbqaHUlHMII qaCTHuaMII, MOJleKYJlaMII H KOMnJleKCaMH MOJleKYJI.
CUIiOIiUM: PeAeeBCII:oe paccennue.
MOPCKA5I MI1J151 - Me)l{)lyHapoAHaH MopCKall MHJln paana 1852 M.
MYCCOHbl - cesoaaue aerpu. noarona. AYlOlI.lHe C CYUlH na Mope, a
BTOpylO nOJlOBHHY rona - C MOpH na CYUlY. MyCCOHbl HBJlHIOTCH KpynHblMII
3BenbHMII 0611.leH UHpKyJlHUHH arwocrpepu, Ha6J1IOAaIOTCH aa BOCTOKe H ioro-
BOCTOKe A31111 II B HeKOTopblX ApyrHx paHOHax 3eMJlH .
MOPE MPAKA - sacrt, ATJlaHTHqeCKoro oxeana y ceaepo-aanazmux
oeperos AljJpHKH . me nunanaer nblJlb. BblHeceHllaH naccaTllblMII cesepo-
BOCTOqHblMII BeTpaMII (xapuaranoa) H3 Caxapu.
CUIiOIiUMbL: meuuoe Mope, myMalilibttt 6epez.

-H-
HABETPEHHA5I CTOPOHA - cropoua CKJlOHa (ocrposa). oopaurenno-
ro TYAa, oTKYAa nyer aerep.
HAnPABJ1EHl1E BETPA - cropona r opH30HTa oTKYAa nyer aerep .
Hanpavep, ceBepHblH BeTep - BeTep AYIOII.lIIH c ceBepa.
HACbIllI,EHHbII1 B03,ll,YX - B03AYX, B KOTOpOM BOAHHOH nap naxo-
AIITCH B KOJlllqeCTBe MaKCHMaJlbllO B03MO)l{HOM npn Aalllloii reemeparype.
HEYCT0I1411BA5I B03,ll,YWHMI MACCA - revneparypa C BblCOTOH
6blCTpO nanaer (AO ypOBIIH KOHAeHcaUHII 60Jlee qeM na 1°C na
100 MeTpOB BbICOTbl . T. e. BepTIIKaJlbHblii rpanaeur revrteparypu asnue
cyxoanaaoaravecxoro) . B TaKOM B03Ayxe noauureuaan Typ6yJleHTHOCTb,
KOHBeKUIIH C 06pa30BaHHeM xysesux II xyseao -acosnesux 06J1aKOB.
HOPMAJ1bHOE ,ll,ABJ1EHI1E - naaoonee qaCTO acrpexaiorueecs AaB-
JleHHe ua noaepxnocra 3eMJlH, OHO COCTaBJlHeT 1013 rna lIJ1n 760 MM pr . CT .
CUIiOIiUM: cmaniiapmnoe oaBAeliue.
H04HOE BbIXOJIA>Kl1BAHl1E - CM . BbIXOJ1A>Kl1BAHl1E.
HbIP5IlOllI,I1E 11l1KJ10HbI - UHKJlOHbI. ncpeaeuiaiouiaeca C cesepa
HJlII ceaepo-aanana na lOr HJlH IOrO-BOCTOK.

-0-
OEJ1AKA HEYCT0I1411B0I1 CTPATl1¢l1KAlll1l1 - 06JlaKa, CBH3aH-
Hble C araocoepnon KOHBeKUHeH - xyseeue (Cu) H xyxeeo-noacneasre (Cb).

- 2 16 -
f
05JlAKA YCTOJ1 lJ I1BOM CTPATI1<t>I1KAUI1I1 - 06,1aKa. B0311HKalO-
WHe B YCTOHqHBblX B031lYWHbiX MaCCaX - CnOHCTble (St). cnoacro -xysenue
(SC) H BbICOKO'Ky'/eBble (Ac).
OEJlO)l(H b I E OCA.LU<M -r- IlJIHTenbHble, paBHOMepHOA HHTeHCHBHOCTH
OCallKH H3 CnOHCTO -1l0lKlleBblX (Ns) H BbiC OKo·cnOHCTblX ( As) 06naKOB B
BHlle 1l0lKIlH HnH cn er a. OIlHOBpeMeHHO asmanaior na 3Ha'lHTen bHoH nnouia-
IlH nepell Tenn blM ljJpOIlTOM .
,• OE W,A5/ U I1 P K YJI5/U I15/ A T MOC <t> E Pbl - CIICTeMa xaxp ovacurrae-
IIb1X BellYUlIIX TeqeHHH Hall 3eMHblM urapov . 30HanbHblH nepenoc , MyCCOH-
HaH uapxynsuna H UHKn OHHqeCKaH zrearen snoct s HBnHIOTCH ljJopMaMH 06-
weA llHpKyJI HllHH arsrocoepu.
C UIt OIt UM: eAo6a' lb lt a R lj UpKy,IRljUR.
030HOC<t>E PA - cnoH ar uocrpepu MelKllY 20 H 50 KM, OTnHqalOWHHCH
nOBblweHHOH xoauenrpauaea 030Ha.
OKKJlI03115/ - cnHHlIHe xononnoro ljJpoHTa C TcnnblM ljJpOHTOM H BblTCC-
HeHHe renn oro soaayxa xonOIlHblM B BepXHHe cnoa rponocoepu. npouecc ne-
pexona ljJpoHTanbHoro llHKJIOHa H3 CTallHH Monolloro UHKJIOHa C r enn u » ceKTO-
pOM B nocnenyoiuyio 3aKJIIOqHTen bllYlO CTallHIO - OKKJIlOllHpOBaHHoro UHKJIOlla.
OKKJIIO,llI1 POB AHI1E UI1K JI OH A - 3aKnlOqHTenbllaH CTallHH pa3BH-
THH UHKJIOHa npH cnHHH HH XOJIOIlHOrO H Tennoro ljJpOHTOB.
OCb rPEEH5/ - n HH HH MaKCHManbHoro naanenu s B r peo ue noasnueano-
r o llaBJI CHHH , MCCTO TOqCK C MaKCHMan bHOH KpHBH3HOii H306ap, nHIIHH pac-
XOIlHMOCTH serpa.
O Cb JIO)l(E I1 H b l - nHHHH MHHHManbHo r o llaBnC IIHH BHy TpH nOlK6HHbl,
HBJIHlO waHCH JIHHlIeii MaKClIMan bHoii KpllBH 3Hbi H306 ap H CXOllllMOCTlI serpa.
OTPOr - rpe6eHb aHTlI lIHKnOlla C OTllenbHblM ueHTpOM no asnn exuoro
naeneuus .

-II-
n A PHI1K OBblJ1 3 <t><t>EKT - noraoure x ae IlJIHHHOBOnHOBoro H3nyqeHHH
3eMnH yrneKHCJlblM ra30 M, BOIlOH, MeXaHllqeCKHMH qaCTlIllaMH, HaXOIlHlUHMHCH
B sosnyxe H YBcnHqeHHe acnencrane 3TOro scrpesnoro H3JIyqeHHH araocrpepu.
nACCATbI - B rponaxax (OT 30° c.ur, IlO 30° 1O.111.) YCTOHqHBble se rpsr
B CTOpoHy 3KBaTOpa C BOCTOqHOH coc rasnsnouiea . B cesepnox non yurapnn
- ceBepo-BOCTOqHble, B IOlKHOM - IOrO-BOCTOqHble.
nOCT05/HHbIE UEHT PbI ,llEJ1CTBI15/ B CYETPOnl1KAX - anrn-
llH KnOHbl B TpOnHqeCKOM aosnyxe C ueHTpoM B cyorpormxax Hall OKeaHaMH .
CUIt OHU.ll bl : cy 6 mpon u ~eC K u ii aHmU ljUK.1OH, cy6mpo n u ~eCK Uii -otaKCU-
Myol!. aUHaMu ~eCKu ii aHmUljUK,IOH .

-21 7-
 n O.ll BETPEHHA5I CTOPOHA - CTopOHa CKJIOHa (OCTpOBa). oopauien-
noro, B CTOpOHy. npOTIlBonOJlOlKHYIO Toii . OTKY.lla ayer aerep , TaM Ha6J11O-
.llaCTCH aerp oaa s r eus.
n OJlE OCA.llKOB - npOCTpaHCTBeHHOC pacnpeneneuae OCa.llKOB. HC-
nOCpC.llCT BCHHO CBH3aHOC C npOCTpaHCTBCHHblM pacnpeneaesaex 06J1aKOB (c
nOJl C:.1 06J1aQHOcTII).
nOfPAHJ.14HbIH CJlOH ATMOC<I>EPbl (n CA) - HHlKHHH. HaQIIHa lO-
lllllHCH OT 3eMHOH nOBcpXHOCTH CJloii arxocc epu (rponocqiepu ), CBOHCTBa
xoroporo onpC.llCJlHIOTCH .llHHaMIIQCCKHM II II TCPMIIQCCKIIMH B03.llCHCTBHH MH
3Toii nOBepXHOCTH. Tonumsa er o B cpenaea OKOJlO 1000 M. CKOpOCTb serpa
B HCM C BblCOTOii paCTCT. npH6J1l1lKaHCb aa sepxsea rp anaue K rpa.llHCHTHO-
My BCTpy.
C UHOHUIol: CAOU mpenun.
np5IMA5I PA.llJ.1AUJ.151 - KOpOTKOBOJIHOBaH panaauns B BII.llC napan-
JlCJlbHblX JlYQCH. nnyunrx OT nac xa COJIHua.

-p-
PACCE5IHHA5I PA.llJ.1AUJ.151 - KOpOTKOBOJIHOBaH paaaauaa, nocrynajo-
uias K nOBepXHOCTH 3CMJlII OT acex TOQC K aeoecaoro csona. J.1MCCT cavue
pasuue xanpaaaesna. Oepaayercs B ar xocrpepe B peaym.rar e paCCCHHHH
COJlH C~ H O ii pa.llllaUHH B arxocrpepe.
PABHO.llEHCTBEHHblH WTOPM - CHJlbHblH 3a na.llHbIH BeTCp y 6c-
PCroB Esponu B nepuonu paBHO.llCHCTBHH. B HH3KII X umporax scern a r en-
JlO. B rtonapau x - euie (y lKe) XOJlO.llIIO. 060CTPHIOTClI KOHTpaCTbI reanepa-
r yp MClK.llY HH3KHMII H BbiCOKHMH WllpOTaMII. COOTBeTCTBCHHO - KOHTpaCTbl
.llaBJleIlIl H H B03HHKaCT aerep, cTpeMHlllII HclI crnanars KOHTpaCTbl.
PA.llJ.1AUJ.10HHOE BbIXOJlA)I(J.1BAHJ.1E - CM. BbIXOJlA)I(J.1BAHJ.1E.
PA3PYWEHJ.1E AHTJ.1UJ.1KJlOHA - naneune .llaBJICHIIlI B ero UCHTpe.
PEBYlllJ.1 E COPOKOBblE - COpOKOBblC WHpOTbI IOlKHoro noayurapxa •
.llJlH KOTOpblX xapaxr epau CIIJlbHble sananaue serpu H WTOpM bI .
PEfEHEPAUJ.151 AHTJ.1UJ.1KJl OHA - pe3KOC YCIIJleHIIC aHTHUHKJlOHa
YlKC aavas mero OCJla6eBaTb (B03pacTaHHe .llaBJleHIIH B uenrpe H np.).
PEfEHEPAUJ.151 UJ.1KJlOHA - BTopII~Hoe yrJly6J1cHHc UHKJlOHa. yxce
HaQaBwcro 3anOJlHHTbCH .

-c-
CB060.llHA5I ATMOC<I>EPA - arxocrpepa B.llaJiH OT noncranarourea
nOBcpxHOCTH 3eMJlII II ee BJllIlIHlIlI. 0 6b1QHO nonpaayveaaer ca ar voctpepa
-218-
asnue CiLOfI mpenux (nsune 1-1,5 KM). CHJla TpeHHH 3AeCb HH4TOlKHO
MaJla H eio MOlKHO npenecpeus npa pacxere rpanaearuoro serpa.
CrOHHO-HArOHHblE BETPbl - aerpst, C03AalOIl\He KOJle6aHHSI ypos-
HSI BOAbl Y o eperoa. KOJle6aHHSI xoryr 6h1Tb secsaa CHJlbHblMH , eerpoasie
BOJlllbl MoryT AOCTHraTb BhlCOTbl 4 M H oonee,
CI1HOnTI14ECKMl KAPTA - reorpaousecsaa xapra, aa KOTOpylO Hd-
neceuu peaym-raru MeTeOpOJlOm4eCKHx Ha6J1lOlleHHil . Ha cynax nonysaior
npusexnue xaprsr no ronst (Surface analysis) AJISI pakona . B KOTOpOM aaxo-
IlHTCSI CYIlHO. Ha 3THX xaprax npencraaneau nsooapu, IjJpOHTbl, a HHoma
CKOpOCTH H nanpaenenns BCTpa H npyras HHIjJopMauHSI . Ha cyna x MOlKHO
nOJlY4aTb xapru npornoaa, aucoraue xaprsr, xapns serpa. BOJlHeHHSI HAp.
CUHOHUM: «apniu noeoitu.
CI1JlA 5API14ECKOrO rPA1l,I1EHTA - 3TO 6apH4eCKHH rpanaenr,
OTHeceHHblH K eAHHHue MaCChi H, CJlCAOBaTeJlbIlO, HMeJOIl\Hil pa3McpHOCTb
ycxopenas. B rpexxepnov npOCTpaHCTBC C6r. nartpaanena no HOpMaJIII K
H306apH4eCKHM nOBepXHOCTSlM . PaCKJlaAblBaeTCSI ua BepTHKaJlbHyJO H ropa-
30HTaJlbH YJO COCTaBJlSlIOIl\He . Bepruxansnaa COCTaBJlSlJOll\aSl C6r. 60JlbWaSl
BeJlH4HHa, nanpaanennas saepx. KaK npaaano. ona ypaBHoBeWHBaeTCSI CH-
JlOH TSllKeCTH. rOpH30HTaJlbHaSl COCTaBJlSlJOll\aSl na 4-5 nopsnxoe MeHbWC
BepTHKaJlbHoil . C6r. SlBJlSleTCSI eAHHcTBeHHoH CHJlOH, Bbl3blBalOweil ABHlKe-
HHSI soanyxa. T.e. aerep,
CJlOJ1 TPEHI151 - CM. nOrPAHI14HbIl1 CJIOJ1 ATMOCCIlEPbI.
CMOr - CMeCb ryxaua H AbIMa,. PC3YJlbTaT HHTCHCHBHoro 3arpSl3HCHHSI
B0311yxa B 60 JlbWHX ropoziax H npOMblWJlCIIHbIX pajionax. Pauee 4aCTO aa-
6J1lOlIaJlCSI B JIoHAoHe (TyMaHHblil AJlb6HOH) . Ha6J1JOllaeTCSI npn yCToil4HBOil
CTpaTHIjJHKaUHH arxocrpepu H CJla60M serpe.
CHE>I<HblE 3AP511l,bl - CM . 5JI1133AP1l,.
CTPATl1C1ll1KAUl151 - pacnpeneaeaae 'rexneparypu C BbICOTOil.
CTPATOCCIlEPA - aTMocIjJepHblil CJloil MelKllY rponocecpoa H Me30cIjJe-
pail . ITOJlOlKeHHe HHlKHeH rpannuu C . - rpononaysu - MeHSleTCSI B 3aBH-
CHMOCTH or WHpOTbl, BpeMeHH rona H UHKJlOHH4eCKoil AeSlTeJlbHOCTH B TpO-
nocoepe. Osonocdiepa HaXOAHTCSI B npenenax crparocdiepsr.
CY5TPOnI14ECKI1J1 AHTl1UI1KJlOH - aHTHUHKJlOH B TponH4eCKOM B03-
lIyxe C ueHTpOM B cyrirponaxax HaA OKeaHaMH (30·SI napannens) . nOCTOSlHHO
nponcxonar era HOBo06pa30BaHHe HJlH 06HOBJleHHe (pereuepauna) nOA BJlH-
SlHHeM BXOlKAeHHil aHTHUHKJlOHOB H3 BblCOKHX umpor. B ATJlaHTHKe 3TO
a30pCKHH 3HTHUHKJIOH. B T HXOM oxeaae - raB3HcKHH, aaaaorusuue ec n, H
Hall OKeaHOM B IOlKlIOM nonyurapan .

-219-
 -T-
TEnJlbl 11 CEKTOP UH KJlOH A - 4aCTb UHKJloHa MC)KAY TenJlblM H
XoJl oilHblM eppOHTaMH . 06bl4Ho oopauiena B CTopOHy IIH3KHX WHpoT. orxyna
npaxoznrr TenJlblH B03il yX.
TblJlOBM I 4 ACTb UH K JlOHA - B yMepeHHblX WHpoT aX aanannas
4aCTb UHKJloHa . 3ileCb caa oe MeHbWee KOJl H4 eCTBO o6,1aKoB. canas JlY4WaSl
BHilHMOCTb. XoJloilHbtH aerep H3 BblCoKHX WHpOT.
TEnJlOTA HCnA PEH H 5I ( nAPOOE PA3 0BA HH5I) - KOJlH4eCTBO
r enn oru, xoropoe aeooxonna o C006111HTb seuiecray, 4T06b1 n epesecra ero
H3 )KHilKoro COCToSlHHSI B r asoo opasnoe. Taxoe )Ke Ko,1H4eCTBo TenJlOTbI su-
ileJlSleTCSI npH KoHileHCaUHH.
TEnJlOTA nJlABJlEHH5I - KoJlH4eCTBo r ennoru , KOTOpoe aeooxona-
Mo Co06111HTb aeiuecray, 4T06b1 nepe secru er o H3 r sepnoro (KpHCTaJlJlH'le C-
xor o) CoCToSlHHSI B )KHilKoe. To )Ke KoJlH4eCTBO TenJlOTbI sunenaerca npn
KpHCTaJlJlH3aUHH seuiecraa .
T EPM H4E C K H O.llHOPO.llHA5I n OBE P XH OCTb - nOBepXHOCTb C
oilH HaKoBoH HJlH n04T H oilH HaKoBoH TeMnepaTypoH , COOTBeTCTBeHHO C oT-
Cy TcTBHeM HJlH 04eHb MaJlblMH ropH30HTaJlbHblMH reuneparypuuun rp aa a-
eHTaMH .
T EPMH4 EC KHI1 A HTHU H K JlOH - aHTHUHKJloH, B03HHKW HH non ne-
nocpencrse nasrv B,lIlS1 HHeM x on onxon noncranarouiea nOBepXHOC TH. Ta KOH
aHTHUHKJloH XoJloilHblii, HH3KHii H MaJlonoilBH)KHblii .
TEPMO C<I>EPA - CJloH aTMocepepbl Hail MC30cep ep oii C 04eHb MaJloH
nnoruocrtao soanyxa. 4 aCTm\bl noanyxa (ar oau, HoHbI) aaecs MoryT pasro-
HSlTbCB no orpo xnsrx cxopocre a, CKopoCTH ane xaa r au KHHeTH4eCKHM TeM-
nc paTy paM B HeCKoJl bKo TblCSl 4 KeJlbBH HOB.
TPOnOC<I>EPA - HH)KHSISI 4aCTb aTM'ocepepbl oc06eHHO nonaepaceaaas
B03ile HCTBHHM co cropoau 3eMHoii nOBepXHOCTH. B yxe pea uux WHp OTax
310 CJlOH OT nOBepXHOCTH 3CMJlH no 10-11 KM, B rponnxax - no 16-19 KM .
B non apn u x paaonax - AO 6- 9 KM . H H)KHHe 1- 2 KM 06 pa3YlOT C,lOU mpe-
HUR HJlH. HHa4e . noepanuunsu; CAOU amuoctpepm (fleA). A TMocepepa asnue

eno s TpeHHSI Ha3bIBaCTCH c806oaHOU amuoctpepoii.

T YMAH - yx ynuienne BHilHMOCTH no 1 KM H MCHCC H3-3a HaJlH4HH B B03-
n y xe ranpoaereopoa . 3 TO 06JlaKO, JlC)KalllCC na nOBcpxHOCTH 3CMJlH.
T YM AH TPOnH4ECKOrO B03.llYXA - ailB cKTHBHblii TyMaH. xapax-
TC pHblii )lJlSl MopcKoro rpornrsecxoro soanyxa, ilBH)KYlllc r oc H B 60Jlce suco-
KHC WHp oTbI H npoxonsurero npn 3TOM Hail ace ooaee XOJlOilHOii nOBcpXHO'
CTblO sonsr, Ha6'11OilaeTCSI npa 60JlbWIIX CKOpOCTSl X BCTpa. 4aCTO 6b1BaeT
MOpoCBlllHM.
-220 -
 TYPEYJlEHTHOCTb - neynopanoveuuere , XaO TII4eCKHC IlBli lKeHIl H
MHor04HCJleHH blX BH Xpeii pa3H OrO pa suep a. .llB HlKe HHH aoan y x a B 3eMHOii
arvocoepe rypoyneurusre, 4TO n pHBOIlHT K ne pe MeUlHBaHHIO noaayxa, nepe-
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- 226-
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70, 82, 83, 122 <jJpoHTa,'hHblc 161
napuaansaoe J\aBJleHHe 68, 69
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Tea.: 7777-591

KHllry BiAAI'yKoBaHo 3 roTOBII. Aiano3l1T11BiB: CIlA KapneHKoa O. I.,

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