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History of Greece
The history of Greece encompasses the history of the territory of the modern nation state
of Greece as well as that of the Greek people and the areas they inhabited and ruled historically.
The scope of Greek habitation and rule has varied throughout the ages and as a result the history
of Greece is similarly elastic in what it includes. Generally, the history of Greece is divided into
the following periods:

 Neolithic Greece; covering a period beginning with the establishment of agricultural

societies in 7000 BC and ending in c. 3200 – c. 3100 BC.
 Helladic (Minoan or Bronze Age); chronology covering a period beginning with the
transition to a metal-based economy in 3200/3100 BC to the rise and fall of the Mycenaean
Greek palaces spanning roughly five centuries (1600–1100 BC).
 Ancient Greece; covering a period from the fall of the Mycenaean civilization in 1100
BC to 146 BC spanning multiple sub-periods including the Greek Dark Ages (or Iron Age,
Homeric Age), Archaic period, the Classical period and the Hellenistic period.
 Roman Greece; covering a period from the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC to 324
AD.
 Byzantine Greece; covering a period from the establishment of the capital city
of Byzantium, Constantinople, in 324 AD until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD.
 Frankish/Latin Greece; (including the Venetian possessions) covering a period from
the Fourth Crusade (1204) to 1797, year of disestablishment of the Venetian Republic.
 Ottoman Greece; covering a period from 1453 up until the Greek Revolution of 1821,
 Modern Greece; covering a period from 1821 to present.
At its cultural and geographical peak, Greek civilization spread from Egypt all the way to
the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan. Since then, Greek minorities have remained in former
Greek territories (e.g. Turkey, Albania, Italy, Libya, Levant, Armenia, Georgia) and
Greek emigrants have assimilated into differing societies across the globe (e.g. North
America, Australia, Northern Europe, South Africa). At present, most Greeks live in the modern
states of Greece (independent since 1821) and Cyprus.
 The Acropolis of Athens
The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city
of Athens and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic
significance, the most famous being the Parthenon. The word acropolis is from the Greek
words ἄκρον (akron, "highest point, extremity") and πόλις (polis, "city").[1] Although the term
acropolis is generic and there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the
Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as "The Acropolis" without qualification.
During ancient times it was known also more properly as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-
man, Cecrops, the supposed first Athenian king.
While there is evidence that the hill was inhabited as far back as the fourth millennium BC, it
was Pericles (c. 495–429 BC) in the fifth century BC who coordinated the construction of the
site's most important present remains including the Parthenon, the Propylaea,
the Erechtheion and the Temple of Athena Nike.[2][3] The Parthenon and the other buildings
were seriously damaged during the 1687 siege by the Venetians during the Morean War when
gunpowder being stored in the Parthenon was hit by a cannonball and exploded.

The Acropolis of Athens was planned and construction was begun under the guidance of the
great general and statesman Pericles of Athens. Over two years of detailed planning went into the
specifications and contracting the labour for the Parthenon alone, and the first stone was laid on
28 July 447 BCE, during the Panathenaic festival. Wishing to create a lasting monument which
would both honour the goddess Athena (who presided over Athens) and proclaim the glory of the
city to the world, Pericles spared no expense in the construction of the Acropolis and, especially,
the Parthenon, hiring the skilled architects Callicrates, Mnesikles, and Iktinos, and the
sculptor Phidias (recognised as the finest sculptor in the ancient world who created the statue of
Zeus at Olympia, one of The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) to work on the project.
According to the historian Pedley, “the work…was carried out under the supervision of Phidias.
In fact, Plutarch says that Phidias was in charge of the whole of Pericles’ scheme” (251).
Hundreds of artisans, metalworkers, craftspeople, painters, woodcarvers, and literally thousands
of unskilled labourers worked on the Acropolis. Phidias created a gold and ivory statue of Athena
which stood either in the Parthenon, known as the Temple of Athena Parthenos ('Athena the
Virgin' in Greek), or in the centre of the Acropolis near the smaller temple of Athena. During the
Panathenaic festival, celebrants would carry a new robe to the ancient wooden cult statue of
Athena, housed in the Erechtheion.