‘reanportation Retearch Record 678 Structural Design Method for Precast Reinforced- Concrete Pipe FRANK. 3. HEQER ret srt don method for buried concrete ‘ie In presented tht as ean Included in new scion (118-4-Rel {orcad Conerat Pipe, Prot) of he ee opens the Amen A sociation of State High and Transportation Ofc, The mathod i bad iat ren an cca bar of inno pe ‘Sid othersuctre sheared i aut eto ie, box ction Siw undo knows osingconions tenet sence and 3.0, ps Aypba “Ue "is conservative to nen lect the use of 4 in this equation and in Equations 16 and 17 belov) Pax 7 0.02, eS gon = 7000’ pat, and Mf = process and" material factor for radial Py“ Gencion strengeh that differs from theo retical strength. ‘The constants Fay Fer and Fy are _soaifying factors for crack depth, curvature, and. axial ehrust, respectively. shear strength ie reduced by Elexural cracking. Wall thickness affects crack Gepth, and thinner walle, which hove a analler ratio fof crack depth to crack spacing, can support a higher nominal shear stress than thicker walle, Curvature results in an incresse in ciccunferential shear stress over the stress given by the conven Elonal equation for noainal shear stress in pris matic embers (v= V/td) due to the additional cela~ Ulonship of change in thrust to change im bending fonent in a curved menber. Compressive axial theust increases shear strength and tensile axial thrust gedvces it relative toa ¢lexural nenber without thrust. The folloving relations for the above modi- fying factors were determined senienpirically fron derived relations and evalvations of conventional fand special tests of pipe, slabs, and box sections, fe descrined eleevbere (I)! Fyr08 (L664) Fama 12s a9) Fen 12 (ara) an where © is the radius to the centerline of the pipe Wall in inches and the plus indicates tension on the Inside of the pipe snd the minus, tension on the outeide of the pipes Tor compressive thrust (iy is +), Fy=10-012(N,My) Ramin #075 as For tontile thrust (ty 4e -), Fy 0-024N%y) upto NIV,)=10 co) ‘The term Fpy 2 9 factor used to reflect the vari ations thal’ iocal materiale ané manofacturing pro~ Cesses can have on the tensile atrength of con- crete. Experience within the precast concrete pipe Tedustey has shown that such variations are signi€i- cant. Epy nay be determined with Equation 20 Below wheh’a manutacturer tae a auffickent amount of test data on pige that foile in diagonal tension to Asteraine a statistically valid test strength (tye) by using the criteria given in ASH C655. Fy = FD + LWy/S)S293F4 (ll +6396)" eoTale 1. Matod of obtaining Ban “Type Reinforcement a @ 1, Srosth we or pla br estan 10 2 Welded'smonth eves, fin maximum spc 10 i$ ‘tiotetudiale 2. Welt efoned wie ase, eormed wi, ovred way nonce wh ops (ost ayn Trt ranonenmt one (fie> ar ek fag an once determined, Foy may be applied to other pipe built by the sade’ process and with the sane faterials, Fpy = 1,0 gives predicted three-eage Dearing test ¢ttengthe in ceasonably good agreement with piperindustey experience, as reflected in the pipe Sesigns for Clase 4 strengths given in” ASTH Gre, “thus, it ie appropriate to use Fpy = 1:0 for pipe manufactured by most combinations” of process Gnd locsl aateriaie. Available three-edge_ bearing fest data show minima values of Ppy of about 0.9 for poor-quality materisis ond/or provessec, as well fe posible ineresses up to about 1.1 or nore with Sone combinations of high-quality materials and man- facturing process. Prior to making the above-described check for uitinate shear strength, the relnforcenent area should be calculated based on both ultinate flexural Steengeh (Equation 4) and the erack-conerol eriteria Geseribed below. ‘he larger of these required reir forcement areas shovld be used for the reinforcenent ratio in Equation 13. Tf ‘the shear steengeh given by Equation 15 is ess than the shear force (Vj) at the critical eection for shear (where Mi/Vyed = 3.0)y ine Gfeased shear strength may be obtained by increasing fe (but fe may” not be taken greater than 7800 ‘pes), Sy increasing Ay (but Ay may not be taken greater than 0.02bt), or by the use of radial ties (stirrups) as described later. Shoat strength at sections vhere My/Vytd < 3.0 nay bbe ‘determined by using the following ‘ore general ‘expression for shear strength: Ve 40Ve MLM) MylVaa < 3.0 a mang, = 4.5904 ey design investigations have shown that the overall shear strength of buried pipe and box sections ie Governed by the. section where My/V,bd = 3.0. in 3 region where M, produces tension on the inside Of the pipe. rack control ‘The proper service-1oad performance of reinforced~ concrete pipe requires that the reinforcenent area, spacing, and type De adequate fo. Timit flexural ckacking to acceptable widehs. Reinforcements with deformed surface or with velded cross wives at Proper longitudinal spacing exhibit superior crack control capability cospared with smooth vire or bar Eeinforcenants, primarily because they produce a Greater muber Of pore closely spaced cracks of Snaller width than ‘those that occur at the cane Stress vith smoth reinforcements. The following Semienpirical relationship, based in part on derived Felations between variables and in part on analyete Of pipe, box section, and slab flexural behavior in tests (), provides a design procedure for linieing ‘Teaneportation Research Record 678 rack width in buried concrete pipe: Fe =(04/30000 8AM, FNS =C2IH/H) COHEN] where JR 0746016 jn 09 (ayn) a2) 11-6) by = ceack-control coefficient for effect of cover fand spacing of reinforcement cy * Grnokrcontrol coefficient for type of rein = thrust eccentricity, as given by Equation 23 a) As ooetfictont for effect of axial force at Service load stress (£3)? J = coefficient for moment arm at service load Ng = Service 108d norent acting on cross gection of width b (invibf); and i * service toad” axial “thrust acting on cross Section of width b (bE). (tee “approximations for j and i are only velia nen @ > 115d.) By and Cj are obtained from Table 1 where nis ntaber of layers of reinforcement in a cage (tyoe 1 or 2)1 9) ie the spacing (longitudinal) of circum ferential wires or bars; in inches? and ty is the clear cover distance from tension face of ‘concrete te tension reinforcement, in inches. The term For it a crack-conteol index factor. When Foy "10s, the ‘reinforcement area (Ag) wii ProtuceTan average maxinua crack width = 0:01 in. TE the value calculated for for is too nigh, the designee may Amprove crack control by using «type of reinforcenent with bigher bond, a closer specing Of circunferential bara or wires. (but not less than about 2 in), multiple layers of ceintoreenent, of a larger reinforcenent area (Ag) than the minimum farea required for vltinate flexural strengeh. Note that the maxinon A, Limits given by Eauations 12, 13; and 14 do not "apply when A, fa increased for crack control Tf the designer wishes to tighten crack control, Yee may be reduced somewhat but should probably HOE ne taken Less than about 0.77 for les stringent crack control, Fee may be increased sonevhat but probably not sore than 1.5. This suggested range in Pop reflects the fact that the data used to do- “elop empirical constants in the above equations Were from 0.01-in crsciatrength tests of pipe, box Sections; and slabs (1). ff the designer wishes to Secount. for variability An erack formation and con trol. to mininize the occurrence of crack widths ex ceeding 0.01 In, Foy = 0-9 may be used. he Ge of radial ties (stirrups) in ‘the ‘crack control provided by saocth rein= Forcenents. Thus, the highest crack-control coeffi~ olents recomended for deforned relnforcenents, By fina C,, may also be used for pipe with any vein” forcenent type plus radial ties DESIGN OF RADIAL, REINPORCREEDYT occasionally, pipe subject to very heavy loads re~ quires cirownferential tensile reinforcenent. Strengths ‘that exceed the linits given. previously for the radial tension (Equation 12), concrete con~ Pression (Equation 14), of shear (Equations 15 and 421) strengths of pipe without radial ties. Th such cases, the circusterential tensile reinforcenent‘reansportation Retearch Record 678 requiced for ultinate flexure (or crack control) may be provided together with radial ties. since pipe wells generally are thin, ties are usually designed to be spaced at their maximum effective (allovable) cireunterential spacing, Because these ties resist the combined effects of ahesr and radiel tension, Which makes the inelinstion of a potential diagonal ‘crack flatter than the 45 degcce angle assumod vith Pelenatic menbers, their satin allowable spacing Te incceasad over’ the nominal 0-83 maximum stirrup pacing permitted for prismatic’ members by AASHTO (2). Thus, in typical pipe, the maximm allovable circunterential spacing is taken a6 follows: rans “0.186 eo Longitudinal spacing of ties must coincide with lon Gitodinal epscing of inside circumferential tensile Feinforcesent. When redial ties ace needed to ren Slat radial tension each Line of insice circunter~ Gntial reinforcement must be restrained by radial Elen anchored around the circuaferential reinforce ent and into the compression zone on the opposite fide of the pipe wall. Anchorage strength most at Yeast equal the effective ultinate tensile strength (Eghy) used to design the tie, Ia nose prao= SGM’ cases, fy ie probably Limited by the anchor— age strength rather than the yield strength (f; Of the tie materiel. in this case, the anchorsbe Steengeh of any specific type of tie should be Proved by tests. ‘Nee may be designed for adequate radial tension atcength and combined shear snd radial tension steengeh as follows (6) Radial tension ties, Aahy= 11M, -O4SN god 5) Shear and radial tension tie fy = (IN bADVaFe = BV) Aa eo Ye $e given by Equation 21, except that mexp¥e 09a)" en See the report by Heger and McGrath (1) for the der~ Svation Of the above equations for radial ties. The axinun ‘contribution of concrete shear strength after aiagonal cracking, Ve in Bguation 26, 48 Eaten to be the some as concrete strength used in the design of wen ceinforcenont for prisnatic Feinforced-conerete flexural members, as given. by Equation 27 (2). Equations 25 end 26 have been evaluated based on fa very limited number of teste of pipe with ties in theeevedge bearing and curved Beams with ties, sup ported and loaded to simulate the invert region of a Pipe in three-edge Dearing. See the report by Heger and MeGeath (]) for references ond further aiscus~ Slon., Additional contismation and. experience would be desizable to validate the use of these equations for general design of highly loadea pipes: she user fs expecially cautioned to use a conservative value Of fy based on the-anchorage strength unless Tin= ited by tle~naterial strength. conus x08 ‘The design method presented in this paper was de~ veloped to represent the structural behavior of con~ crete pipe ae accurately as possible and still be Practical, Zhe conventional ultimate flexural Ztrength theory” for under-reinforced sections wa Found to provide a practical basis for the design of reinforcement in most applications. the maxinun Allowable yield strength is increased to 65 000 poi for welded wire fabric reinforcement, end less al- Towance for capacity redvotion due ¢o construction variations often is acceptable since the vitinate tensile strength of cold-dravn vire reinforcenent is reached in test pipe that fails in flewure. Recurate representation of strength in shear re quires extensive sodification of existing shear Strength nethods. The procedure auggested here, Although somevnat’ more comple then nethods in or isting standarde (2,4), predicts the lower shear strength of pipe under concentrated load (theee-0dge bearing test) af well as the much higher shear Strength of pipe under distributed load (buried pipe) (8). the latter result occurs because the Critical section for shear ie found at a location Where the m/Vyed ratio ts 3.0. Tocation of Both maximum shear ond tthe theeevedge bearing test. However, it 1s not the Yocation of naximim shear’ for” load aleersbutions representative of buried concrete pipe. ‘Specific consideration of redial tension as a separate ultinace strength Limit was suggested for the firee tine by Heger and McGrath (1,8) and is in corporated in the design method described he: Ge shown that 1 the required tensile strength of Feinforcenent provided to resist flexural tension on the ineide of @ pipe at invert and crown Goes not exceed a specific radial tension limit, radial ten Sion strengeh will not limit the flexural strength of the pipe. Mtnough usually only needed for special designs with concentrated bedding and/or very high fills, Fedial ties may be provided to inccease the flexural Strength of ‘pipe beyond Limite defined by redial tension, shear, or compressive strength. Design equations are provides to determine spacing and area ‘Of auch reinforcement ties. Anchorage requirenents for ties are also defined. Uxtensive modifications in existing equations for ceeack control given eleevhere (Z,4) are also neces ry to predict accurately the” crack-control be- Ravioc of buried "pipe under. service leads. Yew crack-contsol equations vere developed applicable to the type and arrangenent of ceinforeenents typically Used in. precast concrete pipe, and. these indicate Yhether. the reinforcement ares required for ultimate Strength needs to be increased for proper crack con trols, Squations are formulated to permit ehe design engineer to vary the basic crack-contral. criterion fverage maxim crack width above or below an index Value of 0.01. in-that has been widely used in Uhree-edge bearing pipe tests. ‘Once the magnitude end Gistribution of earth pressure caused by earth and surface loads have been ablished with sufficient accuracy, the pipe may alyzed” by conventional methods of elastic Streas, anslysi to obtain. mowents, thrust, and Shears that act at all sections around the "pipe. ‘The Geaign procedures presented in this paper may then be used to caloulate the reguired wall thick hess, concrete strength, and reinforcenent eres. and ‘strength or to evaluate accurately the expected min be Snun strength of an existing design. Furthermore, existing reinforoed-concrete design methods, as available elsewhere (2,4), do not provide suitable Procedures for the design of pipe structures. No Provieions are inclused in these standards for de~ Zeenining radial tension strength, and the pro- Secures. for shear and crack control 40 not reflect the actual performance of buried pipe. Various arbitescy limite and eesign provisions are not ap Propriate for design of buried pipe. ‘The design methods presented here may also be lwsed to design pipe for three-edge bearing strength100 and to design pricnatic structures such aa buried box sections, labs, or one-way spanning footings without web reinforcement. FORMER RESEARCH 1 am currently directing the next phase of ACPA’ long-range research program at Simpson Gumpert & Heger inc. (SGH), the development of a direct. soil- structure interaction anslyais for earth load earth pressuce distributions, and moments, thrusts, and sheera ina baried concrete pipe, This involves Govelopsent ‘of a finite-slenent representation of the soil and the pipe and a computerized analysis of the system ee it is loaded incrementally by the 2oil and surface ons. Ernest Selig ie consultant 3 SGH on the soit model and its properties. Ae) mem tioned previously, the computer program that results fron thie effort will be known as SPIDA. and will provide a direct design for a buried pipe vith spec ified earth cover, bedding, and pipe condition: AcmionmauaT As a part of their long-range research progcan, ACPA provided financial support to Sinpeon Guaperts Heger Inc., for the tests and investigations that ed to the new approaches for shear and radial ton ion strength and crack control that form the basis of the proposed eaign nethod. ‘The continued sup= port and suggestions provided by the ACA Technical Conmittee are acknowledged and appreciated. Main Comittee Chairman Lee Stockton, Subcommittee Chair mman Harty Peck, members Joseph Ticero and. Robert Spiekernan, ACB ‘Board —Chairaan Thomas Bredtfusi and Vice President Mike Besley reviewed the vesearch Work ang the design method and aade valuable sugges Elons for ita implementation. I also acknowledge the many valuable contributions of my ‘ssseciate, Minothy J. NoGeath, vho served as project manager for SoH, Planning and evaluating the extensive teat, ate and making nunerous suggestions during develog= Aridrent ‘Transportation Research Recor’ 878 ment of the design nethod. Finally, thanks are due Chaicnan Adrianus Van Kempen and ‘menbers of the AASHTO Rigid Culvert Liaison Comittee, who reviewed the proposed design method and made further valuable suggestions for its inplenentation as Section 1.15.4 (Of the AASHTO beidge specifications A. Fig. Megor and 7.3. MeGrath. Design Hethod for Reinforced “Concrete Pipe and Box Sections. Simpson Gumerts & Meger Inc., Cambridge, MA, Dec 1980. Interin “specifications Bridges. AAGID, Washington, DC, 198). Interin Specifications: Bray asi, Washington, DC, 1982. ACI Committee ‘318. ACI standard Bailéing Code Requirements for’ Reinforced Concrete (ACE 318-77). American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mt, 1977. Concrete Pipe Design Manual. 1900. H.C, Olander. stress Analysis of Concrete Pipe. Us8. Buceau of Reclanation, Denver, CO, Engineering Monograph 6, Oct. 1950. uM. Parle, Stress Coefficients for Large Hor~ Gzontal Pipes. Engineering News Record, Vol. 87, No. 18, Nov. 10, 1921. F.3, Boger’ and’ Tuk, MoGrsth, Radial Teneion Strength of Pipe and Cucved Flexural Menbers. ‘Act Journal, Jan.-Peb. 1983, PJ. Heger and T-J. MeGratn, Shear Strength of Pipe, Box Sections, and Other One-Way Flexural Wenbers. ACI sournat, sov.-Dec. 1982. 10, ACI-ASCE Committee 426. Suggested Revisions to Shear Provisions for Building Codes (abetract), ACI Journal, sept. 1977. ACPA, Vienna, va, Boblaton of ths pope sponsored by Commitee on Cates andHyehaule Behavior of Aluminum Structural Plate Culvert DAVID e. BEAL | corapated stuminur curt 17 10 in Nigh with 4 28% Gin 580 ‘rot instrumented fo obtain nenrarens fea and lca ing kiting a understate ie ond. Vat of srcuerntil bonding ‘momenta vest 1leetions pacedround th satu xurerence ‘Timspan ae eportd for ea 2 of bck fo te srngin to 2 ‘rut crown. Ont beng moments 70 percent ofthe fly eval ‘Series tenn he nomial yl ln of te summa, teamed ‘Bat te sacral nar sitectory. Dispur bran manu ‘ales an dsgnpeiton are dnsamed, Corrugated metal culverts can be sconomical replace nents for short-span bridges and have been used for Gpans as tong as si fe (J). Teaditionsily, culvert design has been Largely empirical, but with the In creasing denand for large-span structures the need for a rational analytical procedure has grown. ‘The purpose of the research deacribed here wal to obtain Strain and dieplacenent’ measurenents on a typical Structure to provide date for comparison with ane lytical predictions. the work is descritea con pletely elsewhere (2). The structure is a 28,5-£ Span pipe arch with a rise of 11 ft 9 in and a total eight of 17 fe 10 in. The davert length ie 140 Ft. The structure wae manufactured by Rateer Aluni~ ‘pum and Chemical Sales, Inc., which contributed to this Tesearen. ‘Te structure carries Van Campen Creek under State Route 275 in the town of Priendehip, New York, With a filles invert, the culvert provides « clear opening of 346 fet. Tt is constructed of 0.175-in aluminum (5052-Hd1 alloy) structural plate with coreugatione of Sin pitch and. 2.5-in depths Bulb ‘angie stiffening ribs (6061-76 alicy) vere bolted to the crovn on 2-ft I-in centers. Seven plates were aosenbied with 0.75-in diameter galva- ‘nized steel bolte on 9.75-1n centers to form a con Plete circumference of the structure as shown in Figure 1. Circumferentiol seams are staggered,