Death by Birthplace: 7 countries are home to 58% of the world’s hungry: India,

China, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Tanzania

 Almost 3 billion people lack access to toilets and almost 1
billion lack access to clean drinking water
 “The poorest 20% of the world’s children are twice as likely as
the richest 20% to be stunted by poor nutrition and to die before their
5th birthday.”
 2.7 million newborns worldwide die within their first month of
life
 Almost 200 million children under the age of 5 in developing
regions are underweight for their age
 179 million infants in the least developed countries are not
protected from diseases by routine immunization
 3.2 million children under the age of 15 currently live with HIV
 161 million children do not attend primary school
             UNICEF
Starving children with distended bellies, slums, infant mortality… Even in the 21st
century, millions of people still live in extreme poverty. They have to get by on less
than $1.90 a day. 
So world leaders have set themselves a deadline. By 2030 the world must be free of
extreme poverty. But the realy question is how?

Of course there’s no single answer. In this crash course on global poverty, we bring
together as many answers as we can. We’ll look at the extent of the problem, the causes,
and possible solutions.

How many people are still living in

extreme poverty?
Let’s start with the good news. The percentage of the world population living in
extreme poverty has been falling for almost two centuries now.

In 1820, 84% of the world population lived in extreme poverty.  By 1981 this had
fallen to 44%, and last year it finally dropped below 10%.
That’s quite a feat, given that over the same period the world population increased
sevenfold. So ever since the Industrial Revolution, more and more people have been
benefitting from growing prosperity.

Even more striking: over recent decades the absolute number of people living in

poverty has also fallen. Where in 1990 there were still 1.95 billion people in extreme
poverty, in 2012 the figure stood at 896 million.
What qualifies as poor?
Each country has its own poverty line that determines what qualifies as poor. But
these sorts of figures don’t really mean much to most of us – you, like me, probably
don’t have much clue whether 32.30 rupees a day is enough to survive on.

So in 1990 the economist Martin Ravallion came up with a way to compare countries
with one another: a worldwide poverty line of one dollar a day (now set at $1.90  per
day). This shocking figure – how can you live on just a dollar a day? – increased the
visibility of poverty the world over.
In the U.S., nobody has to get by on just $1.90 dollar a day. But that doesn’t mean that
there aren’t any poor people. Poverty is not just an absolute; there’s also such a thing
as relative poverty. If, for instance, all the kids in your class are in the local sports
club, you are poor if you don’t have the money to join. Adam Smith  gave a neat
definition: Being poor is not being able to "walk in public without shame". Just to get
things straight: In Poverty 101, we’re talking about absolute extreme poverty.
What does it feel like to be poor?
In Dickisoni, a tiny village in Malawi with just 300 inhabitants, we experienced what
extreme poverty means for people’s daily lives.

It means sleeping on the ground. Not having enough to eat. Having just two worn,
torn, and faded items of clothing to your name. Not being able to go to the doctor or
send your children to school. Having to spend anything you do earn straightaway, day
after day. Having no choices and no prospects.

Yet you often hear the claim: Aren’t poor people just as happy as rich people, despite
having less money? Research shows this is not the case.

Schema

You can see that the average happiness score is lower in the poorest countries,
and then the happiness curve flattens out. The richer a country is, the less
difference an extra dollar makes to people’s happiness.

Within individual countries we see the same pattern. Poor people feel less
happy than their wealthier fellow citizens. The most obvious explanation is:
it’s not just a matter of how much you earn; it’s also important you don’t
earn less than other people.
How do you measure poverty?
Measuring poverty from year to year is difficult – precisely in poor countries. Where
there are no pay slips, you have to rely on large-scale surveys, which are complex and
expensive to conduct.

Moreover, countries apply different methods in designing and carrying out poverty
research, so it is difficult to compare figures between countries.

And what makes it even more problematic is that often there isn’t even any data
available. For almost half of all developing countries there is not enough data for us to
monitor the poverty trend at all. 
Once you’ve managed to develop a good survey and collect accurate figures about
poverty, there are still a whole number of questions the figures fail to answer. You
still don’t know, for instance, whether your survey has reached the very poorest
people; whether people are constantly poor, or just happened to be poor when you
asked them; or whether everyone in a family is equally poor. And what about the
perennial question: Isn’t poverty about more than just money? What if you do have
money, but there aren’t any hospitals or schools to go to? Measuring those other
dimensions of poverty is even more complex.

So it’s simply impossible to say down to the last decimal point whether poverty is
decreasing. But you can say something about general trends. We know that poverty
has decreased in South America over the past ten years, for instance.

Read:Why we know less about developing countries than we think

Read:How do you go about counting the world’s poor?
6
Is poverty your own fault?
Margaret Thatcher  once called poverty “a personality defect.”
And that idea, that poor people are responsible for their own poverty, is
still prevalent.  The thinking is that the government can nudge people in the right
direction – public information, subsidies, fines, and training – but ultimately it is up to
the poor to pull themselves together and drag themselves out of the morass.
Research by psychologist Eldar Shafir and economist Sendhil Mullainathan shows
that this way of thinking is fundamentally flawed. Their study shows that poor people
don’t display “inappropriate behavior” because they feel like it, but because their
“mental bandwidth” is entirely taken up by poverty, to the exclusion of all else.

“If you want to understand the poor, imagine yourself with your mind elsewhere,”
Shafir and Mullainathan write. “Self-control feels like a challenge. You are distracted
and easily perturbed. And this happens every day.”

It turns out that poverty leads to a drop of about 13 IQ points.  That’s similar to losing
a night’s sleep, or being alcohol-dependent.

Read:Why do the poor make such poor decisions?

7
Is poverty the fault of the West?
The wealth enjoyed by most people in the West is due in large part to our history of
colonialism. For decades we have pillaged our way – by means of slavery, the
appropriation of resources, and dishonest trading regulations – through countries that
are often still considerably poorer than our own.

In the 1980s, furthermore, the World Bank and the IMF imposed economic policies
on poor countries, but these policies took no account of the poorest levels of society.

As yet, we at The Correspondent have written little about the connection between
Western imperialism and poverty. But keep coming back! We will be adding new
articles and fresh insights in the coming months.

8
Is poverty the government’s fault (and
what if the government’s corrupt)?
Of course it’s a government’s job to ensure that its citizens do not live in poverty. But
what if that government is completely dysfunctional? What if the politicians and
government officials are only concerned with getting rich themselves?

Take Angola, for instance. Officially the country falls in the mid-range of the world
ranking of richest and poorest countries, but the country’s wealth only makes its way
into the hands of a small percentage of the population. About 40% of Angolese
citizens still live in extreme poverty.
The West’s answer to these sorts of questions is often that we should make sure not to
channel aid through the government, because then it won’t end up where it’s needed
most. That makes sense, of course, but there’s a hidden snag in this thinking. Aid
organizations then take over the role of the government.

We see it in Haiti, for instance, where about 80% of the schools on the island are now
in the hands of aid organizations. This means the Ministry of Education has virtually
no influence within its own sector.

The president of Somalia, Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, expressed this neatly when he
pointed out to the international aid community, “Yes we are corrupt; yes we are
incompetent; yes lawlessness is rife. But there is only one Somali government, and if
you don’t treat us as a government, we will never become a government.”

Read:Was the earthquake the best thing that ever happened to Haiti?

9
Can international agreements eradicate
poverty?
Until the year 2000 there weren’t really any international agreements about fighting
poverty. In that year, the Millennium Development Goals were established to inject
new momentum into the fight. And the emphasis lay on the first of these eight goals:
to halve extreme poverty all over the world within the space of 15 years.
Did we succeed?

Yes.

But that is due in very large part to the economic growth of China. The poverty rate in
Africa has not been halved – far from it.

Since last September, the United Nations has a new goal: to eradicateextreme poverty
by 2030. This is one of the U.N.’s new Sustainable Development Goals.
Where the Millennium Development Goals fit neatly on a fridge magnet, you’ll need a
whole refridgerator door for the Sustainable Development Goals. There are no fewer
than 17 goals on the list. And that carries a risk. How can you make sure countries
don’t just focus on the goals that are easiest to achieve?

The list is so long because the whole world had a say in defining the goals – an
unprecedented diplomatic battlefield that insiders have referred to as fraught and
“messy”. Diplomats quite literally came to blows over this.
So it’s a long list, but one that is endorsed by every single country. And that gives
cause for hope. Consider Colombia, for instance, which has gone all out to incorporate
these goals into public policy.

Read:How the world managed to set common goals (though we ended up with quite

the list) Read:Ten questions about the goals meant to save the world
Read:Cutting a deal with the whole world is a messy affair
10
Can development aid eradicate poverty?
Some $91.5 billion per year, $7.6 billion per month, $2,940 per second – that’s what
the governments  of wealthy countries spend on development aid. Over the past 50
years the total amounted to $4.8 trillion. A huge sum? Maybe, but it’s about the same
as the cost of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
In a poor country, you can do a lot of good with that amount of money. Theoretically.
Strangely enough, though, we don’t actually know if that’s really the case. It’s only in
the past ten years that researchers have systematically started to investigate what sorts
of aid are effective.

They carry out experiments in which one group receives development aid and a
similar group doesn’t: the difference between the groups shows the impact of the aid.
If we look at the Journal of Development Economics, for instance, one of the leading
academic journals in this field, we see that until ten years ago scarcely one experiment
per year was published; since then, the number of articles has skyrocketed.

There are dangers in this proliferation of experiments, however. It remains highly

questionable whether a given experiment is also applicable to other countries, or even
to other regions in the same country. Perhaps micro-financing might work well in
Kenya, but have little impact in India. And how do you measure the effects of a sound
justice system, democracy, freedom, or reconciliation?

The rise in experimental research does give us more insight into whether development
aid works. But that doesn’t automatically mean that aid that has not been
investigated doesn’t work.
The simple answer remains that generally we just don’t know.

11
Can trade eradicate poverty?
One of the first economists to challenge the idea that development aid would eradicate
poverty was Dambisa Moyo. In 2009 she published the book Dead Aid, in which she
makes a fiery plea against development aid and in favor of trade.
This is music to the ears of Dutch social-democrat Lilianne Ploumen. She is the first
government minister in the Netherlands to combine the portfolios of Foreign Trade
and Development Cooperation. “Eventually development aid will disappear
altogether,” Ploumen predicted shortly after her appointment.

Despite Ploumen’s fine words, Western countries still make it difficult for developing
countries to sell their products on Western markets. Moyo estimates for example that
Africa misses out on $500 billion each year due to trade barriers, predominantly
agricultural subsidies, that favor farmers in the West. 
If that fair, open trade did come, it would mean unimaginable growth for developing
countries. The Copenhagen Consensus Center calculated that of all the possible ways
to help the developing world to move forward, this would have – by far – the greatest
impact on poor economies.
But would it lead to less poverty? Not necessarily. The wealth of a growing economy
doesn’t always filter through to the poorest layers of the population.

12
Can a better government eradicate
poverty?
Imagine a world without any official land registration system. In many developing
countries there is scarcely any such system. And this makes it impossible for poor
people to officially own the land they live on, the land where they grow their
vegetables.

The result? Uncertainty. Why invest in a decent house, or crops that promise better
long-term yields, if your land might be stolen from under you at any moment?

Another example: the tax authority. If the tax system doesn’t function, the government
misses out on billions of dollars of potential income, money that could be spent on
social services or infrastructure. On the fight against poverty.

The influential book Why Nations Fail  argues very convincingly that – throughout

history – it is these sorts of institutions that have been responsible for some countries
becoming rich and others poor.
So why do we tend to pay relatively little attention to these institutions in the fight
against poverty? Simply because it sounds so boring! Our correspondent Maite
Vermeulen gave a TEDx Talk about this.
YouTube

Read:What’s deadly dull and can save the world? (Hint: We can’t stand it)

13
Can I eradicate poverty?
If you’re reading this, there’s a good chance you’ve wondered at some point: what
can I do to help eliminate poverty?
For about ten years now, a specific movement has been trying to answer that question.
Its followers call themselves Effective Altruists. They work out the effects of various
aid scenarios – on the basis of scientific experiments – and choose the cause with the
greatest impact. Deworming children in developing countries, for instance, turns out
to be an extremely effective measure.
Effective Altruism does entail risks, however. Though there may be numerous
solutions, effective altruists focus solely on those whose impact has already been
proven. There are many things, however, that have not yet been investigated or cannot
be measured. Precisely with large and complex problems – war, poverty,
discrimination – there is no one solution that outperforms all others. It is often a
matter of various different factors that together can bring about system change in the
long term. That can never be captured in a simple impact calculation.

Nevertheless, many people wonder: What’s the best charity for me to donate to?
That’s something we’d like to devote some attention to in The Correspondent in the
future.

Read:Save the refugees, become a banker

14
A world without poverty. Is that possible?
As recently as fifty years ago, the central question of our Poverty 101 crash course –
how can we banish poverty? – was not even widely viewed as a desirable scenario.
For centuries, poverty was seen as a necessary evil. Hunger was thought to ensure that
people would work hard, and low salaries were alleged to be essential for economic
growth.
Since the 1990s that view has been overturned: Poverty must be eradicated.

And suddenly it even seems feasible. The United Nations has set itself the goal of
ending extreme poverty by 2030. And according the World Bank, it should certainly
be possible by 2050.

The Swedish statistician Hans Rosling shows why it is indeed feasible to rid our world
of extreme poverty. As he puts it: “Compared with other enormous problems, like
climate change or war, eradicating extreme poverty is peanuts.”

Let’s hope he’s right.