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Tankexamplenov2016: Input Values: or 1.234 Calculated Values: or Critical Values: or Estimated Values: or
Tankexamplenov2016: Input Values: or 1.234 Calculated Values: or Critical Values: or Estimated Values: or
Table of contents
Task ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Calculation of heat loss of storage tanks ............................................................................................................................ 3
Properties ambient air Properties of air .............................................................................................................................. 7
Heat transfer outside, roof Heat transfer in flow past a plane wall ................................................................................. 8
Properties tank medium Properties of heavy fuel oils ...................................................................................................... 9
Inside heat transfer coefficient, bottom Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies ................. 10
Gas properties Properties of air ......................................................................................................................................... 12
Heat transfer outside, shell Heat loss of walls and pipeworks ...................................................................................... 13
Inside heat transfer coefficient, wet shell Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies .............. 14
Inside heat transfer coefficient, dry shell Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies ............... 15
Inside heat transfer coefficient, roof Heat transfer by free convection in enclosed fluid layers ............................... 16
Physical properties of heating medium Properties of thermal oils ................................................................................ 18
Tube-side heat transfer Heat transfer in pipe flow .......................................................................................................... 19
Heat transfer coil around tubes Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies .............................. 21
Pressure drop in coil Pressure drop in flow through pipes ............................................................................................ 23
Layout
Task
Heavy fuel oil HFO 180 shall be stored in a storage tank with circular cross section at a minimum temperature of
50°C.
Dimensions of the tank:
inside diameter: 12 m
Height: 15 m
Filling level: 14 m
The shell of the tank consists of 8 mm steel (St steel λ = 52 W/(m·K)) and is insulated shell side and roof side with
100 mm mineral wool (λ = 0,04 W/(m·K)). It is placed on a 250 mm thick concrete plate with λ = 2,5 W/(m·K).
What is the heat loss of the tank in the winter at an air temperature and ground temperature of - 20°C and a
wind velocity of 10 m/s?
For compensating the heat losses the tank is heated with a flat coil. The heat transfer takes place by ‘free
convection’.
Heating medium:
Thermal oil Transcal LT
Volume Flow: 10 m³/h
Inlet temperature: 140 °C
Flat coil:
DN 50 (60.3 x 2.9 mm)
Material: Steel
Thermal conductivity 52 W/(m·K)
Properties
Storage medium HFO 180
Density ρ 897.9 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1930 J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.124 W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 171 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.904e-4 m²/s
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 7.072e-4 1/K
Wall thickness and thermal conductivity of baseplate, tank and the insulation
Bottom Shell Roof
Thickness of the 8 mm 8 mm 8 mm
wall
Thermal 52 W/(m·K) 52 W/(m·K) 52 W/(m·K)
conductivity
Soil
Thermal 2 W/(m·K)
conductivity
Heat losses
Bottom Shell Roof
3.28 kW wet part 14.32 kW 2.948 kW
Bottom
Thickness of the wall sW,B 8 mm
Thermal conductivity of the wall λW,B 52 W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the wall βW,B 1.538e-4 m²·K/W
Thickness of the insulation sInsu,B mm
Thermal conductivity of the insulation λInsu,B W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the insulation βInsu,B m²·K/W
Heat transfer coefficient inside αi,B 17.5 W/(m²·K)
Thermal conductivity of soil λSoil 2 W/(m·K)
Shell
Thickness of the wall sW,M 8 mm
Thermal conductivity of the wall λW,M 52 W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the wall βW,M 1.538e-4 m²·K/W
Thickness of the insulation sInsu,M 100 mm
Thermal conductivity of the insulation λInsu,M 0.04 W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the insulation βInsu,M 2.5 m²·K/W
Heat transfer coefficient outside αa,M 41.67 W/(m²·K)
Roof
Thickness of the wall sW,D 8 mm
Thermal conductivity of the wall λW,D 52 W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the wall βW,D 1.538e-4 m²·K/W
Thickness of the insulation sInsu,D 100 mm
Thermal conductivity of the insulation λInsu,D 0.04 W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the insulation βInsu,D 2.5 m²·K/W
Emissivity of the roof εD 0.8
Emissivity of the product εP 0.9
Heat transfer coefficient outside αa,D 23.01 W/(m²·K)
Heat transfer coefficient inside (total) αi,D 7.037 W/(m²·K)
Balance
Heating performance Qh,total 0 kW
Heat flow from inside Qi,total kW
Heat flow to outside Qa,total 21.46 kW
Result
Tube-side velocity u 1.191 m/s
Heat transfer coefficient inside αi 1101 W/(m²·K)
Heat transfer coefficient outside αa 127 W/(m²·K)
Overall heat transfer coefficient k 111.9 W/(m²·K)
Pressure drop (straight tube without bends) ∆P 2819 Pa
Tube length per heating circuit L 11514 mm
Area per heating circuits A 2.181 m²
Total tube length of all heating circuits Ltotal 11514 mm
Total area of all heating circuits Atotal 2.181 m²
Constants
Molecular weight M 28.96 g/mol
Gas constant R 287.1 J/(kg·K)
Standard density ρN 1.293 kg/m³
Critical data
Critical temperature Tc -140.6 °C
Critical pressure pc 3786000 Pa
Critical density ρc 342.6 kg/m³
Validity range
-150 °C ≤ ϑ ≤ 1000 °C
1 bar ≤ p ≤ 1000 bar
Properties
Mean pressure p 101325 Pa
Mean temperature ϑ -20 °C
Heat transfer
Reynolds number Re 1.03e+7
Nusselt number laminar Nulam 1904 (1)
Nusselt number turbulent Nuturb 11935 (2)
Nusselt number average Nul,0 12086 (5)
Nusselt number with wall correction Nu 12079 (6)
Equations
(1)
(2)
(5)
(6)
Oil selection: 7
State 1 State 2
Temperature ϑ 50 °C ϑ 88.75 °C
Pr = ν/a = η·cp/λ
a = λ/(ρ·cp)
Boundary conditions
Area of the body flown-around A 113.1 m²
Perimeter of the projection surface U 37699 mm
Properties
Mean temperature (ϑ0 + ϑ∞) / 2 ϑm 49.17 °C
Density ρ 897.9 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1930 J/(kg·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 171 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.904e-4 m²/s
Thermal conductivity λ 0.124 W/(m·K)
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 7.072e-4 1/K
Characteristic values
Prandtl number Pr = ν · ρ · cp / λ Pr 2661
Grashof number Gr = g · l3 · β · ∆ϑ / ν2 Gr 8565472 (3)
Rayleigh number Ra = Gr · Pr Ra 2.28e+10 (4)
Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient α = Nu · λ / l αa 17.5 W/(m²·K) (2)
Exchange surface A 113.1 m²
Convective heat flux Q -3.282 kW
Equations
(2)
(3)
(4)
(11)
(18)
(19)
(20)
Gas properties
Properties of air
State 1 State 2
Temperature ϑ1 48.15 °C ϑ2 °C
Pressure p1 1 bar p2 bar
Constants
Molecular weight M 28.96 g/mol
Gas constant R 287.1 J/(kg·K)
Standard density ρN 1.293 kg/m³
Critical data
Critical temperature Tc -140.6 °C
Critical pressure pc 3786000 Pa
Critical density ρc 342.6 kg/m³
Validity range
-150 °C ≤ ϑ ≤ 1000 °C
1 bar ≤ p ≤ 1000 bar
Parameters
Temperature medium inside ϑi 50 °C
Air temperature ϑa -20 °C
Inside diameter of the pipe d1 12000 mm
Inside heat transfer coefficient αi 17.67 W/(m²·K)
Wind velocity w 10 m/s
Heat transfer
Calculation
Outside diameter of the pipe d2 12016 mm
Outside diameter of the insulation 1 d3 12216 mm
Outside diameter of the insulation 2 d4 12216 mm
Temperature difference │ϑi-ϑa│ 70 °C
Auxiliary variable D 2.578 m²·K/W
Temperatures
Temperature medium inside ϑi 50 °C
Wall temperature inside ϑWi 48.45 °C
Wall temperature outside ϑWa 48.45 °C
Insulation ϑIso -19.35 °C
Surface temperature ϑo -19.35 °C
Air temperature ϑa -20 °C
Equations
Boundary conditions
Height of the cylinder h 14000 mm
Diameter of the cylinder D 12000 mm
Properties
Mean temperature (ϑ0 + ϑ∞) / 2 ϑm 49.23 °C
Density ρ 897.9 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1930 J/(kg·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 171 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.904e-4 m²/s
Thermal conductivity λ 0.124 W/(m·K)
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 7.072e-4 1/K
Characteristic values
Prandtl number Pr = ν · ρ · cp / λ Pr 2661
Grashof number Gr = g · l3 · β · ∆ϑ / ν2 Gr 8.059e+8 (3)
Rayleigh number Ra = Gr · Pr Ra 2.14e+12 (4)
Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient α = Nu · λ / l α 17.68 W/(m²·K) (2)
Exchange surface A 527.8 m²
Convective heat flux Q -14.32 kW
Equations
(2)
(3)
(4)
(12)
(13)
(14)
Boundary conditions
Height of the cylinder h 1000 mm
Diameter of the cylinder D 12000 mm
Properties
Mean temperature (ϑ0 + ϑ∞) / 2 ϑm 45.76 °C
Density ρ 1.084 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1008 J/(kg·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.01955 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.803e-5 m²/s
Thermal conductivity λ 0.02795 W/(m·K)
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 0.003119 1/K
Characteristic values
Prandtl number Pr = ν · ρ · cp / λ Pr 0.7048
Grashof number Gr = g · l3 · β · ∆ϑ / ν2 Gr 7.974e+8 (3)
Rayleigh number Ra = Gr · Pr Ra 5.62e+8 (4)
Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient α = Nu · λ / l α 2.876 W/(m²·K) (2)
Exchange surface A 37.7 m²
Convective heat flux Q -0.9189 kW
Equations
(2)
(3)
(4)
(12)
(13)
(14)
Boundary conditions
Layer thickness s 1000 mm
Heated area A 113.1 m²
Emission rate of the heated surface (Ka) ε1 0.9
Emission rate of the cooled surface (Ka) ε2 0.8
Properties
Mean temperature ϑm 48.15 °C
Density ρ 1.084 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1008 J/(kg·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.01955 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.803e-5 m²/s
Thermal conductivity λ 0.02795 W/(m·K)
Thermal diffusivity a 2.559e-5 m²/s
Coefficient of expansion β 0.003119 1/K
Characteristic values
Grashof number Grs 3.485e+8 (6)
Prandtl number Pr 0.7048 (7)
Rayleigh number Ras 2.456e+8 (8)
Nusselt number Nus 54.02 (11/12)
Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient α 1.51 W/(m²·K) (5)
Heat flux (conduction and convection) QLK 0.6325 kW (3)
Equations
(6)
(7)
(8)
(5)
(3)
State 1 State 2
Temperature 137.9 °C 128.1 °C
Physical properties
Fluid liquid /gaseous? liquid
Heat transfer
Reynolds number Re 44866
Nusselt number Nu 481.3
Heat transfer coefficient α 1101 W/(m²·K)
Cylinder
Outside diameter do 60.3 mm
Wall thickness s 2.9 mm
Inside diameter di 54.5 mm
Thermal conductivity λ 52 W/(m·K)
Characteristic length l 94.72 mm
Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m/s²
Characteristic values
Prandtl number Pr = ν · ρ · cp / λ Pr 547.2
Grashof number Gr = g · l3 · β · ∆ϑ / ν2 Gr 343770 (3)
Rayleigh number Ra = Gr · Pr Ra 1.881e+8 (4)
Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient (free α = Nu · λ / l αa 127 W/(m²·K) (2)
convection)
Convective heat flux Q 21.46 kW
Duty QH -21.46 kW
Equations
(2)
(3)
(4)
(22)
(24)
Physical properties
Density ρ 795.7 kg/m³
Dynamic viscosity η 1.151 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.446e-6 m²/s
Results
Flow pattern Turbulent flow (Re > 2320)
Pressure drop ∆p 2819 Pa
Reynolds number Re 44867
Drag coefficient ξ 0.02366
Equations