ANSI/AF&PA NDS-2005 Approval Date: JANUARY 6, 2005, ASD/LRFD aoe NATIONAL DESIGN SPECIFICATION® FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION WITH COMMENTARY AND SUPPLEMENT: DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION American Forest & Paper Association American Wood CouncilUpdates and Errata While every precaution has been taken to ensure the accuracy of this document, errors may have occurred during development Updates ot Errata are posted to the American Wood Council website at www.awe org. Technical The American Wood Council (AWC) is the wood products division of the American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA). AF&-PA is the national trade association of the forest, paper, and wood products industry, represeming member companies engaged in growing, harvesting, and processing wood and wood fiber, manufacturing pulp, paper, and paperboard products from both virgin and recycled fiber, and producing engineered and traditional wood products. For more information see www.afandpa.org.2005 Edition » ANSI/AF&PA NDS-2005 Approval Date: January 6, 2005 ASD/LRFD NDS NATIONAL DESIGN SPECIFICATION® FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION WITH COMMENTARY AND SUPPLEMENT: DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION Copyright © 2005, 2006 American Forest & Paper Association, IncPOU ea Ua Ce DS ORL Ld National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction with Commentary and Supplement: Design Values for Wood Construction 2005 Edi Fourth Printing: February 2007 ISBN 0-9625985-9-3 (Volume 1) ISBN 0-9625985-8-5 (4 Volume Set) Copyright © 2005, 2006 by American Forest & Paper Association, Ine. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including, without limitation, electronic, optical, or mechanical means (by way of example and not limitation, photocopying, or recording by or in an information storage retrieval system) without express written permission of the American Forest & Paper Association, Inc. For information on permission to copy material. please contact it Permission ‘an Wood Couneil L111 Nineteenth St., NW, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 email: aweinfo@afandpa.org, Printed in the United States of America AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.FOREWORD POU ea Ua Ce DS ORL Ld The National Design Specification® (NDS) for Wood Construction was first issued by the National Lumber Manufacturers Association (now the American Forest & Paper Association) (AF&PA) in 1944, under the title National Design Specification for Siress-Grade Lumber and Its Fastenings. By 1971 the scope of the Specification had broadened to include additional wood products. In, 1977 the title was changed to reflect the new nature of the Specification, and the content was rearranged to simplify its use, The 1991 edition was reorganized in an easier to use “equation format,” and many sections were rewritten, to provide greater clarity In 1992, AF&PA (formerly the National Forest Prod- ucts Association) was accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The Specification subsequently gained approval as an American National Standard des- ignated ANSI/NFoPA NDS-1991 with an approval date of October 16, 1992. The current edition of the Standard is designated ANSVAF&PA NDS-2005 with an approval, date of January 06, 2005 In developing the provisions of this Specification, ‘the most reliable data available from laboratory tests and experience with structures in service have been carefully analyzed and evaluated for the purpose of providing, in convenient form, a national standard of practice Since the first edition of the National Design Speci- fication in 1944, the Association's Technical Advisory Committee has continued to study and evaluate new data and developments in wood design, Subsequent editions, of the Specification have included appropriate revisions, to provide for use of such new information. This edition incorporated numerous changes considered by AF&PA’s Wood Design Standards Committee. The contributions of the members of this Committee to improvement of the Specification as a national design standard for wood construction are especially recognized. ‘Acknowledgement is made to the Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, for data and publications generously made available, and to the engineers, scientists, and other users who have sug- gested changes in the content of the Specification. The Association invites and welcomes comments, inquiries, suggestions, and new data relative to the provisions of this document It is intended that this Specification be used in con- junction with competent engineering design, accurate fabrication, and adequate supervision of construction AF@PA does not assume any responsibility for errors oF omissions in the document, nor for engineering designs, plans, or construction prepared from it, Particular atte tion is directed to Section 2.1.2, relating to the designer's responsibility to make adjustments for particular end uses, of structures: ‘Those using this standard assume all liability arising, from its use. The design of engineered structures is within, the scope of expertise of licensed engineers, architects, oF other licensed professionals for applications toa particular structure American Forest & Paper Association -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONPOU ea Ua Ce DS ORL Ld IN AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.POU ea Ua Ce DS ORL Ld TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR THE NDS ments for 7 Prefabricated Wood I-Joists ..43 1 General Req Structural Design a 7.1 General 44 1.1 Scope 2 7.2. Reference Design Values 44 General Requirements 2 73. Adjustment of Reference Design Values 44 Standard as a Whole 2 74. Special Design Considerations 46 Design Procedures 2 Specifications and Plans 3. 8 Structural Composite Notation 3 Lumber 47 8.1, General 48 82. Reference Design Values 48 sessed 8.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 48. 2.1 General 8 84. Special Design Considerations 50 22. Reference Design Values 8 2.3. Adjustment of Reference Design Values 8 9 Wood Structural Panels .........51 9.1 General 52 3 Design Provisions and 9.2. Reference Design Values 32 Equations ......... enn 11 9.3. Adjustment of Reference Design Values 53 3.1. General 2 94. Design Considerations 54 3.2. Bending Members ~ General B 3.3. Bending Members ~ Flexure 13. 10Mechanical Connections..........55 3.44 Bending Members ~ Shear 15 10.1 General 56 3.5. Bending Members ~ Deflection 7 10.2 Reference Design Values 37 3.6 Compression Members - General 18 10.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 57 3.7. Solid Columns 19 3.8 Tension Members 20 1. Dowel-Type Fasteners .............65 3.9 Combined Bending and Axial Loading 20 11.1 General 66 3.10 Design for Bearing 21 11.2 Reference Withdrawal Design Values 68 113 Reference Lateral Design Values 7 4 Sawn Lumber . 11.4 Combined Lateral and Withdrawal 4.1 General Loads 16 4.2. Reference Design Values 11.5 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 76 3. Adjustment of Reference Design Values 11.6 Multiple Fasteners 7% 44. Special Design Considerations 29 12 Split Ring and Shear Plate 5 Structural Glued Laminated Connectors 103 TIMBER 0. eoeeeseercrcrneeeenen nee BO 12.1 General 104 5.1 General 32 12.2 Reference Design Values 105 5.2. Reference Design Values 3 123 Placement of Split Ring and 5.3. Adjustment of Reference Design Values 33 Shear Plate Connectors m 54 Special Design Considerations 36 13 Timber Rivets . 115 6 Round Timber Poles and 13.1 General 116 les 37 13.2 Reference Design Values 116 6.1 General 38 13.3 Placement of Timber Rivets 118 6.2 Reference Design Values 38 6.3 Adjustment of Reference Des -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONPOU ea Ua Ce DS ORL Ld PasvTite 14 Shear Walls and jphragms 14.1 General 14.2 Design Principles 14.3 Shear Walls 144 Diaphragms 15 Special Loading Cond 15.1 Lateral Distribution of a Concentrated Load 15.2 Spaced Columns 15.3 Built-Up Columns 15.4 Wood Columns with Side Loads and Eccentricity re Design of Wood Members .... secre 16.1 General 16,2 Design Procedures for Exposed ‘Wood Members 16.3 Wood Connections ions 16 Page 139 140 140 ML PavTite Page Appendix evseeneneene 143 Appendix A (Non-mandatory) Construction and Design Practices lag Appendix B (Non-mandatory) Load Duration {ASD Only) 146 Appendix C (Non-mandatory) Temperature Effects 148 Appendix D (Non-mandatory) Lateral Stability of Beams 149 Appendix E (Non-mandatory) Local Stresses in Fastener Groups Appendix F (Non-mandatory) Design for Creep 130 and Critical Deflection Applications 154 Appendix G_ (Non-mandatory) Effective Column Length 136 Appendix H_ (Non-mandatory) Lateral Stability of Columns 1357 Appendix I (Non-mandatory) Yield Limit Equations for Connections 138 Appendix J (Non-mandatory) Solution of Hankinson Formula 161 Appendix K (Non-mandatory) Typical Dimensions for Split Ring and Shear Plate Connectors loa Appendix L. (Non-mandatory) Typical Dimensions for Dowel-Type Fasteners LI Standard Hex Bolts 16s L2 Standard Hex Lag Screws 166 3 Standard Wood Serews 167 LA Standard Common, Box, and Sinker Nails 167 Appendix M (Non-mandatory) Manufacturing Tolerances for Rivets and Stee! Side Plates for Timber Rivet Connections 168 Appendix N (Mandatory) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) 169 References 171 References 172 Foreword to the NDS Commentary 175 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.POU ea Ua Ce DS ORL Ld TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR THE NDS COMMENTARY PasvTite c1 c2 c3 c4 cs Page General Requirements for Structural Design 176 CLL Scope 176 C12 General Requirements 176 C13 Standard asa Whole 176 CLA Design Procedures 17 CLS Specifications and Plans 7 C16 Notation 178 Design Values for Structural Members ww 79 C21 General 179 2.2 Reference Design Values 179 23 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 179 Design Provisions and Equations. 183 C31 General 183 (3.2. Bending Members - General 184 3.3 Bending Members - Flexure 184 C34 Bending Members - Shear 185 3.5. Bending Members - Deflection 186 3.6 Compression Members - General 187 3.7. Solid Columns 188 3.8. Tension Members 189 3.9 Combined Bending and Axial Loading 189 €3.10 Design for Bearing 190 Sawn Lumber. 192 C41 General 192 C42 Reference Design Values 194 C43 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 196 C44 Special Design Considerations 198 Structural Glued Laminated Timber. 200 CSL General 200 5.2 Reference Design Values C53. Adjustment of Reference Design Values C54 Special Design Considerations PasvTie cé c7 cs co c10 c11 Page Round Timber Poles and Piles 206 6.1 General 206 6.2 Reference Design Values 208 C63 Adjustment of Refere Design Values 209 Prefabricated Wood I-Joists. 211 CT. General 2u C72. Reference Design Values 2u CT3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 212 CTA Special Design Considerations 213 Structural Composite Lumber 14 8.1 General 214 C8.2_ Reference Design Values 24 C83 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 214 C84 Special Design Considerations 215 Wood Structural Panels 216 9.1 General 216 C92 Reference Design Values 217 C93. Adjustment of Reference Design Valu 219 C94 Design Considerations 220 Mechanical Connections. 10.1 General C10.2 Reference Design Values 10.3. Adjustment of Reference Design Values Dowel-Type Fasteners ...226 224 CULL General 226 C112 Reference Withdrawal Design Valu 229 C113 Reference Lateral Design Values 231 C114 Combined Lateral and Withdrawal Loads 233 C1LS Adjustment of Reference Design Values 234 C116 Multiple Fasteners -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONPOU ea Ua Ce DS ORL Ld PavTite Page PanTile ase C12 Split Ring and Shear C15 Special Loading Plate Connectors 23 Conditions... 248 C121 General 238 15.1 General 248 C12.2 Reference Design Values 239 15.2. Spaced Columns 249 €12.3 Placement of Split Ring and C153. Built-Up Columns 251 Shear Plate Connectors 240 C154 Wood Columns with Side Loads . and Eccentricity 253 C13 Timber Rivets................243 7 13.1 General 243. (16 Fire Design of Wood C13.2 Reference Design Values 244 Members 254 €13.3 Placement of Timber Rivets 246 16.1 General 254 C162 Design Procedures for Exposed C14 Shear Walls and Wood Members me 256 Diaphragms... seven BAT C141 General 247 References. 259 LIST OF TABLES IN THE NDS 232 Frequently Used Load Duration 10.3.1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for Factors, Cy 9 Connections 58 233 Temperature Factor. C, 9 103.3 Wet Serviee Factors, C,. for Connections.....59 3.3.3 Effective Length, ¢,,for Bending Members..14 10.3.4 Temperature Factors. C,, for Connections ...59 3.104 Bearing Area Factors, C, 22 10.3.6. Group Action Factors. C,. for Bolt or 43.1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for Lag Screw Connections with Wood Sawn Lumber 7 Side Members oe 438 Incising Factors, 28 10.3.6B. Group Action Factors, C,, for 4" Split ; . Ring or Shear Plate Connectors with 5.13 Net Finished Widths of Structural Glued Wood Side Members eo Laminated Timbers 32 a , 103.6C_ Group Action Factors, C,). for Bolt or 53.1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for screw Connections with Steel Structural Glued Laminated Timber 34 Side Pla 8 GA Reference Design Values for Treated Round 10.3.6) Group Action Factors, C,, for 4” Shear Timber Piles 39 Plate Connectors with Steel Side Plates....64 6B _Referenee Design Values for Poles Graded 112A Lag Screw Reference Withdrawal Design in Accordance with ASTM D 3200 39 Values (W) 68 63.1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for 11.2B Cut Thread or Rolled Thread Wood Serew Round Timber Poles and Piles. 40 Reference Withdrawal Design Values (W)....69 635 Untreated Factors, C,, for Timber Poles 11.2C Nail and Spike Reference Withdrawal and Piles 40 Design Values (W), 10 63.11 Single ile Facto, Cy, fr Round gy USHA. Yield Limit Eautions 1 nin 113.4B_ Reduction Term, Ry n 73.1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for . “ . Prefabricated Wood I-Joists 45 11.3.2 Dowel Bearing Strengths; 3 83.1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for 113.2A Assigned Specific Gravities, ™ Structural Composite Lumber 49 11.3.2B_ Dowel Bearing Strengths for Wood 93.1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for Structural Panels 6 ‘Wood Structural Panels 53 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.POU ea Ua Ce DS ORL Ld I1S.1A 13.18 11s.1c 11.5.1D SJE HA IB nc uD HE IF 1G HH MI Ea; End Distance Requi se Distance Requirements, 16 ements. 1 Spacing Requirements for Fasteners ina Row 7 Spacing Requirements Between Rows... 78 Edge and End Distance and Spacing Requirements for Lag Screws Loaded in Withdrawal and Not Loaded Laterally ......78, BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values (2) for Single Shear (two member) Connections for sawn lumber or SCL with both members of identical specific gravity... 80 BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values (2) for Single Shear (two member) Connections for sawn lumber or SCL. with 1/4” ASTM A 36 steel side plate 82 BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values (Z) for Single Shear (two member) Connections for structural glued laminated timber main member with sawn lumber side member of identical specific gravity 83 BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values (2) for Single Shear (two member) Connections for structural glued laminated timber with 1/4” ASTM A 36 steel side plate 84 BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values (Z) for Single Shear (two member) Connections for sawn lumber or SCL to concrete 85 BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values (Z) for Double Shear (three member) Conneetions for sawn lumber or SCL with all members of identical specific gravity..... 86 BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values (2) for Double Shear (three member) Conneetions for sawn lumber or SCL. with 1/4” ASTM.A 36 steel side plate... 88 BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values (Z) for Double Shear (three member) Connections for structural glued laminated timber main member with sawn lumber side member of identical species 89 BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values (2) for Double Shear (three member) Connections for structural glued laminated timber with 1/4" ASTM A 36 steel side plate 90 nd HK nL 1M IN up nq UR LAG SCREWS: Reference Lateral Design Values (Z) for Single Shear (two member) Connections for sawn lumber or SCL with both members of identical specific gravity... 92 LAG SCREWS: Reference Lateral Design ‘Values (Z) for Single Shear (two member) Connections with 1/4" ASTM A 36 steel side plate, or ASTM A 653, Grade 33 steel! side plate (for <1/4") 4 WOOD SCREWS: Reference Lateral Design Values (Z) for Single Shear (two member) Connections for sawn lumber or SCL with both members of identical specific gravity... 95, WOOD SCREWS: Reference Lateral Design Values (Z) for Single Shear (two member) Connections with ASTM A 653, Grade 33 steel side plate 96 COMMON WIRE, BOX, or SINKER NAILS: Reference Lateral Design Values (2) for Single Shear (two member) Connections for sawn lumber or SCL with both members of identical specific gravity 7 COMMON WIRE, BOX, or SINKER NAILS: Reference Lateral Design Values (2) for Single Shear (two member) Connections with ASTM A 653, Grade 33 steel side plates 98 COMMON WIRE, BOX, or SINKER NAILS: Reference Lateral Design Values (2) for Single Shear (two member) Connections with wood structural panel side members with an effective G= 0.50 100 COMMON WIRE, BOX, or SINKER NAILS: Reference Lateral Design Values (Z) for Single Shear (two member) Connections with wood structural panel side members with an effective G = 0.42 101 Species Groups for Split Ring and Shear Plate Connectors, 10s Split Ring Connector Unit Reference Design Values 106 Shear Plate Connector Unit Reference Design Values 107 Penetration Depth Factor, C.. for Split Ring and Shear Plate Connectors Used with Lag Screws 108 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONPOU ea Ua Ce DS ORL Ld 122.4 Metal Side Plate Factors, C,, for 4" 13.2.2B Geometry Factor, C,, for Timber Rivet Shear Plate Connectors Loaded Connections Loaded Perpendicular to Parallel to Grain 108 Grain Las 123 Geometry Factors, C,, for Split Ring 15.1.1 Lateral Distribution Factors for and Shear Plate Connectors 113 Moment 132 13.2.3 Metal Side Plate Factor, C., for Timber 15.1.2 Lateral Distribution in Terms of Rivet Connections 7 Proportion of Total Load 132 13.3.2 Minimum End and Edge Distances for 162.1 _ Effetive Char Rates and Char Layer Timber Rivet Joints us ‘Thicknesses (for B= 1.5 in far) 140 132.14. Reference Wood Capacity Design Values 16.2.2 Adjustment Factors for Fire Design MI Faralet to Grain, Pe for Timber Rivets Jo. FL_ Coefficients of Variation in Modulus of (Rivet Length = 1-1/2" s,=1" s,= 1")... 1 Elasticity (COV;) for Lumber and 13.2.1B_ Reference Wood Capacity Design Values Structural Glued Laminated Timber........ 154 Parallel o Grain, for Timber Rivets GI Buckling Length Coefficients, K, 156 Ro Ul Fastener Bending Yield Strengths, Fy, ..... 160 13.2.1€ Reference Wood Capacity Design Values L1 to L4 (Non-mandatory) Typical Dimensions for Parallel to Grain, P,. for Timber Rivets Dowel-Type Fasteners: (Rivet Length = 2-1/2" ,= 1" s,= 1")... 21 LI. Standard Hex Bolts 165 13.2.1D_ Reference Wood Capacity Design Values L2 Standard Hex Lag Serews 16 Parallel to Grain, P,, for Timber Rivets 5 5 bs Standard Wood Screw 167 (Rivet Length = 2-1/2" s,= 1-1/2 15 ‘Standard Wood Serews 1") 12 LA Standard Common, Box, and Sinker . ‘a 167 13.2.1E_ Reference Wood Capacity Design Values Nails Parallel to Grain, P,, for Timber Rivets NI Format Conversion Factor, Ky (LRFD only). 170 (Rivet Length = 3-1/2" §,=1" = 1")... 123 N2_—__Resistanee Factor, 6 (LRFD only) 170 13.2.1F Reference Wood Capacity Design Values N3__ Time Effect Factor, 2, (LRED only) 170 Parallel to Grain, P,, for Timber Rivets 1/2 -12" 14 13.2.2A. Values of q, (Ibs.) Perpendicular to Grain for Timber Rivets 12 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.POU ea Ua Ce DS ORL Ld LIST OF TABLES IN THE NDS SUPPLEMENT 1A Nominal and Minimum Dressed Sizes of 4E Reference Design Values for Non-North Sayn Lumber si3 American Visually Graded Dimension IB Section Properties of Standard Dressed Lumber (2° -4" thick) 855 (S4S) Sawn Lumber sl4 5A Reference Design Values for Structural IC Section Properties of Western Species Glued Laminated Softwood Timber Structural Glued Laminated Timber sl6 (Members stressed primarily in bending)... 859 , SB Reference Design Values for Structural ID Section Properties of Southern Pine Structural Glued Laminated Timber 32 Glued Laminated Softwood Timber : (Members stressed primarily in axial 4A Referenoe Design Vales for Visual tension or compression). 64 (AIl species except Souther Pine). 30 5C Reference Design Values for Structural IB Refirenos Design Valoos fhe View Glued Laminated Hardwood Timber ‘ference Design Values for Visually (Members stressed primarily in bending)... 867 Graded Southern Pine Dimension Lumber . ° * (Or =" thick) 337 5D Reference Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Hardwood Timber 4C Reference Design Values for Mechanically (Members stressed primarily in axial Graded Dimension Lumber s40 tension or compression), $69 4D Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Timbers (5" x 5" and larger) sid 4E Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Decking. sil LIST OF TABLES IN THE NDS COMMENTARY 73-1 Temperature Factor, C, for Prefabricated C11.1.56 Nail Minimum Spacing Tables 28 Wood I-Joists 212 €12.3-1 Connector Spacing Values 242 9.2.3 Relationship Between Span Rating, 162-1 Cross-Sectional Properties for and Nominal Thickness, 218 Four-Sided Exposure 257 C924 Panel Section Properties 219 €16.2-2_ Allowable Design Stress to Average C933. Wet Service Factor, Cx, 219 Ultimate Strength Adjustment Factors ... 257 C934 — Panel Size Factor. C, 220 C11.1.4.7 Wood Screw Minimum Spacing Tables . 227 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONPOU ea Ua Ce DS ORL Ld LIST OF FIGURES IN THE NDS 3A Spacing of Staggered Fasteners, 12 12F Square End Cut 110 3B Not Cross Seetion ata Split Ring or Shear 12G _Sloping End Cut with Load Parallel to Axis Plate Connection, R of Cut (@=0") 110 3C Shear at Supports 15 12H Sloping End Cut with Load Perpendicular to 3D Bending Member End:Notched on Axis of Cut (p= 90°) 110 Compression Face 16 121 loping End Cut with Load at an Angle @ 3E Effective Depth, d., of Members at to Axis of Cut 10 Connections 1712 Connection Geometry for Split Rings and 3F Simple Solid Column 18 Shear Plates ut 3G Combined Bending and Axial Tension 29 RK End Distance for Members with Sloping nd Cu 3H_— Combined Bending and Axial Compression... 21, ; I3A__ End and Edge Distance Requirements for 31 Bearing at an Angle to Grain 2 Timber Rivet Joints us 4A Notch Limitations for Sawn Lumber Beams...30 14 aphragm Length and Width 9 5A Curved Bending Member 36 15A Spaced Column Joined by Split Ring or 10A _Becentric Connections 56 Shear Plate Connectors. 133 10B Group Action for Staggered Fasteners 61 5B. Mechanically Laminated Built-Up Columns... 135 HA. Toe-Nail Connection 67 ‘Typical Nailing Schedules for Built-Up IIB Single Shear Bolted Connections n Columns. 136 11 Double Shear Bolted Connections 72 15D. Typical Bolting Schedules for BuiltUp LID Multiple Shear Bolted Connection 15 ams he sh me ~ bal st ‘ omnes 7 1SE_ Becentrically Loaded Column 138 ear Ae ited Connect 5 eae eee onesies BI Load Duration Factors, Cp, for Various LIF Combined Lateral and Withdrawal Loading ... 76 Load Durations 147 1IG Bolted Connection Geometry 77 BL Staggered Rows of Bolts 151 LIH Spacing Between Outer Rows of Bolts 78 £2 Single Row of Bolts. 132 12A Split Ring Connector 104 3. Single Row of Split Ring Connectors 153 12B Pressed Stee! Shear Plate Connector 104 £4 Aca for Split Ring Connection 153 12C_ Malleable Iron Shear Plate Connector 104 11 Connection Yield Modes 150 12D Avsof Ct for Symmetia loping soy TE Solution of Hankinson Fomata 163 nd Cut J2 Connection Loaded at an Angle to Grain ..... 163 12E Axis of Cut for Asymmetrical Sloping End Cut 109 LIST OF FIGURES IN THE NDS COMMENTARY 9.44 Planar (Rolling Shear) or Shear-in- 92.1 Structural Panel with Strength Direction Co4s Through-the-Thickness Shear for Wood Coat Esp ofS! atin Bening 22 Sinclar Panel 22 Thickness for Toe-Nails Subject to Lateral Loads 236 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Deh aU Dur Fi GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN 11 Scope 1.2 General Requirements 1.3 Standard as a Whole 1.4 Design Procedures 1.5 Specifications and Plans ww NNN 1.6 Notation »& AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION1.1 Scope Cee a ae cca 1.1.1 Practice Defined 1.1.1 This Specification defines the method to be followed in structural design with the following wood products: - visually graded lumber = mechanically graded lumber + structural glued laminated timber - timber piles - timber poles - prefabricated wood I-joists + structural composite lumber - wood structural panels It also defines the practice to be followed in the design and fabrication of single and multiple fastener connec- tions using the fasteners described herein L112 Structural assemblies utilizing panel prod- ucts shall be designed in accordance with principles of engineering mechanics (see References 32, 33, 34, and 1.2 General Requirements 53 for design provisions for commonly used panel products. 1.1.1.3 This Specification is not intended to pre- clude the use of materials, assemblies, structures or de- signs not meeting the criteria herein, where it is demon- strated by analysis based on recognized theory, full scale or prototype loading tests, studies of model an logues or extensive experience in use that the material, assembly, structure or design will perform satisfactorily in its intended end use. 1.1.2 Competent Supervision ign values, design value adjust- gn provisions in this Speciti cation are for designs made and carried out under competent supervision. 1.2.1 Conformance with Standards The quality of wood produets and fasteners, and the design of load-supporting members and connections, shall conform to the standards specified herein. 1.3 Standard as a Whole 1.2.2 Framing and Bracing All members shall be so framed, anchored, tied, and braced that they have the required strength and rigidity, Adequate bracing and bridging to resist wind and other lateral forces shall be provided The various Chapters, Sections, Subsections and Articles of this Specification are interdependent and, except as otherwise provided, the pertinent provisions 1.4 Design Procedures of each Chapter, Section, Subsection, and Article shall apply to every other CI S Article. This Specification provides requirements for the design of wood products specified herein by the follow- ing methods (a) Allowable Stress Design (ASD) (b) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Designs shall be made according to the provisions for Allowable Stress Design (ASD) or Load and Resis- tance Factor Design (LRED), 1.4.1 Loading Assumptions Wood buildings or other wood structures, and their structural members, shall be designed and constructed to safely support all anticipated loads. This Specifica- tion is predicated on the principle that the load sumed in the design represents actual conditions, AMERICAN WOOD COWNCE,1.4.2 Governed by Codes ‘Minimum design loads shall be in accordance with the building code under which the structure is designed, or where applicable, other recognized minimum design load standards, 1.4.3 Loads Included Design loads include any or all of the following loads or forces: dead, live, snow, wind, earthquake, erection, and other statie and dynamic forces. 1.5 Specifications and Plans 1.4.4 Load Combina' ns Combinations of design loads and forces, and load combination factors, shall be in accordance with the building code under which the structure is designed, or where applicable, other recognized minimum design load standards (see Reference 5 for additional informa- tion). The governing building code shall be permitted to be consulted for load combination factors. Load combi nations and associated time effect factors, 2, for use in LRED are provided in Appendix N. 1.5.1 Sizes The plans or specifications, or both, shall indi whether wood products sizes are stated in terms of stan- dard nominal, standard net or special sizes, as specified for the respective wood products in Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. 1.6 Notation Except where otherwise noted, the symbols used in this Specification have the following meanings: A =area of cross section, in? A, = gross cross-sectional area of main wood mem. bers}. in? A = cross-sectional area of notched member, in? ‘sum of gross cross sectional areas of side member(s} in? load duration factor size factor for sawn lumber bean stability factor wet service factor column stability factor buckling stiffness factor for cimension umber po° volume factor for structural glued laminated timber or structural composite lumber ©, = bearing area factor C. = curvature factor for structural glued laminated timber ,, = eriteal section factor fr rounel tinder piles ©, = penetration depth factor for connections 6, = diaphragm factor for nailed connections, ©, = end grain factor for connections 6, = flat use factor ©, = group action factor for connections G, = incising factor for dimension umber 6, = repetitive member factor for dimension lumber, prefabricated wood | joists, and structural com posite lumber C., = single ple factor for timber piles ©, = metal side plate factor for 4" shear plate con rections temperature factor C, = toenail Factor for nailed connections ©, = untreated factor for timber poles ad plles ©, = geometry factor for connections COV, = coerficlent of variation for modulus of elastic: ity AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION RU eeu eee) NOIS3G WWHNLONULS YO4 SLNAWAYINDTY TWYINISD = diameter, in ‘oot diameter, in E,£" = reference and adjusted modulus of elasticity, Ew reference and adjusted modulus of elasticity ‘or beam stability and column stability calcula: tions, psi (E)),-(El),.! = reference and adjusted El for beam stability ‘and column stability calculations, psi E, = modulus of elasticity of main member, psi E, = modulus of elasticity of side member, psi ‘ference and adjusted bending design value, psi reference bending design value multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors except C, psi F, = adjusted edgewise bending design value, psi F,,| = adjusted flatwise bending design value, osi Fue = critical buckling design valve for bending mem- bers, psi FF = reference and adjusted compression design value paralle to grain, psi ference compression design value parallel to {fain multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors except C, psi critical buckling design value for comoression members, psi . ~ critical buckling design value for compression ‘member in planes of lateral support, psi FasFu! = reference and adjusted compression design value perpendicular to grain, psi dowel beering strength 081 F.., = dowel beering strength of main member, st _ = dowel bearing strength of side member, psi dowel beering strength parallel to grain, psi F,, = dowel bearing strength perpendicular to grain, F. = dowel bearing strength at an angle to grain psi F, = adjusted radial tension design value perpen dicular to grain, psi ‘eference and adjusted tension design value parallel to grain, psi FF = reference and adjusted shear design value par- allel to grain horizontal shear), psi Cee a ae cca bending yield strength of fastener, si adjusted bearing design value at an angle to grain osi G = specific gravity moment of inertia, in K = shear stiffness coefficient dlemeter coefficient for dowel-type fastener connections with D < 0.25 in, K, = format conversion factor K, = moisture content coefficient for sawn lumber truss compression chords K, = truss compression chord coefficient for sawn lumber K. = Euler buckling coefficient for beams K,, © Euler buckling coefficient for columns K, = buckling length coefficient for compression members K, = column stability coefficient for bolted and nailed built-up columns = radial stress coefficient = temperature coefficient = shear coefficient ‘spaced column fixity coefficient = angle to grain coefficient for dowel-type fas: tener connections with D < 0.25 in span length of bending member, ft L. = distance between points of lateral support of compression member, ft L., © length from tip of pile to critical section, ft M = maximum bending moment, in.tbs MM) = reference and adjusted design moment, in:Ibs NN’ = reference and adjusted lateral design value at ‘an angle to grain for a single split ring connec: tor unit or shear plate connector unit bs P = total concentrated load or total axial load, Ibs P,P" = reference and adjusted lateral design value parallel to grain or a single split ring connector Unit or shear plate connector unit Ibs P, = parallel to grain reference rivet capacity, lbs P, = parallel to grain reference wood capacity for timber rivets, Ibs AMERICAN WOOD COWNCE,RU eeu eee) ag ‘tatical moment of an area about the neutral reference and adjusted lateral design value perpendicular to grain for a single split ring connector unit or shear plate connector unt, bs = perpendicular to grain reference rivet capacity, Ibs. perpendicular to grain reference wood capacity for timber rivets, los radius of curvature, in slendemess ratio of bending member reduction term for dowel-type fastener connec: tons reference and adjusted design reaction Ibs ‘section modulus, in? temperature, F V = shear force, los ference and adjusted design shear, bs reference and adjusted withdrawal design value for fastener, lbs per inch of penetration ‘ference and adjusted lateral design value for ‘single fastener comection, lbs ~ reference lateral design value for a single dowel-tyoe fastener connection with all wood ‘members loaded parallel to grain Ibs = reference lateral design value for a single dowel-type fastener wood-to-wood connection with main member loaded perpendicular to {rain and side member loaded parallel to grain, tbs reference lateral design value for a single dowel-type fastener wood to-wood connection with main member loacied parallel to grain and side member loaded perpendicular to grain Ibs ‘ference lateral design value for a single dowel-type fastener wood-o-wood, wood-to- ‘metal, or wood-to-concrete connection with ‘wood member(s) loaded perpendicular to grain Ibs ‘minimum end distance load parallel to grain, in. ‘minimum end distance load perpendicular to rain, in = breadth of rectangular bending member, in. = distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber, in depth of bending member, in least dimension of rectangular compression member, in pennyweight of ail or spike d, = effective depth of member at a connection: in. dopth of member remaining at anotch, in d,d, = cross sectional dimensions of rectangular compression member in planes of lateral sup port in @ = eccentricity, in ©, = minimum edge distance unloaded edge, in €, = minimum edge distance loaded edge, in, f, © actual bending stress, psi actual edgewise bending stress, psi actual flatwise bending stress, psi {, = actual compression stress parallel to grain, psi 1! = concrete compressive strength, psi {.. = actual comoression stress perpendicular to grain psi i, = actual radial stress in curved bending member, psi ‘actual tension stress parallel to grain psi {, = actual shear stress parallel to grain, psi g = gauge of screw (€ = span length of bending member, in {= distance between points of lateral support of compression member in 6, © bearing length, in clear span, in. (© effective span length of bending member, in {, = effective length of comoression member in effective length of compression member in planes of lateral support, in. 6./d = slendemess ratio of compression member 6, = length of dowel bearing in wood main member, length of note in. be length of dowel bearing in wood side member, ¢, = laterally unsupported span length of bending, member, in AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3G WWHNLONULS YO4 SLNAWAYINDTY TWYINISCee a ae cca 16, = distances between points of lateral support of compression member in planes 1 and 2 in, 6, = distance from center of spacer block to cen: ‘oid of group of split ring or shear plate con- rectors in end block for a spaced column in. me, = moisture content based on oven-cry weight of wood, %| 1h = number of fasteners in arow 1, = number of rivets per row umber of rivet rows = depth of fastener penetration into wood mem: ber in radlus of gyration in, 's = center-to-center spacing between adjacent fasteners inarow,in. spacing between rivets parallel to grain in Ss, = Spacing between rivets perpendicular to grain, 1U= thickness, in 1 = exposure time, hrs, thickness of main member, in, 1, = thickness of side member, in distance from beam support face to oad, in = angle between direction of load and direction of grain longitudinal axis of member), degrees Bu: = effective char rate (in. fn.) adjusted for expo: sure time, t 1, = nominal char rate (in./hr, linear char rate based ‘on L-hour exnosure load /slip modulus for a connection, Ibs/in, 2 = Time effect factor # = Resistance factor AMERICAN WOOD COWNCE,POCO a Re aC hea) DESIGN VALUES a FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS 2.1 General 8 2.2 Reference Desi ign Values 8 2.3. Adjustment of Reference Design Values 8 ‘Table 2.3.2 Frequently Used Load Duration Factors, C) ‘Table 2.3.3 Temperature Factor, C,... »& AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION.2.1 General Poe an md 2.1.1 General Requirement Each wood structural member or connection shall be of sufficient size and capacity to carry the applied loads without exceeding the adjusted design values specified here 2.1.1.1 For ASD, calculation of adjusted design val- ues shall be determined using applicable ASD adjust- ment factors specified herein. 2.1.1.2 For LRFD, calculation of adjusted design values shall be determined using applicable LRFD ad- justment factors specified herein. 2.1.2 Responsibility of Designer to Adjust for Conditions of Use Adjusted design values for wood members and con- nections in particular end uses shall be appropriate for the conditions under which the wood is used, taking into account the differences in wood strength properties with different moisture contents, load durations, and types of treatment. Common end use conditions are addressed in, this Specification, It shall be the final responsibility of the designer to relate design assumptions and reference design values, and to make design value adjustments, appropriate to the end use. 2.2 Reference Design Values Reference design values and design value adjust- ‘ments for wood products in 1.1.1.1 are based on meth- ‘ods specified in each of the wood product chapters Chapters 4 through 9 contain design provisions for sawn, lumber, glued laminated timber, poles and piles, prefab- ricated wood I-joists, structural composite lumber, and wood structural panels, respectively. Chapters 10 through 13 contain design provisions for connections. Reference design values are for normal oad duration under the moisture service conditions specified, 2.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 2.3.1 Applicabi Factors y of Adjustment Reference design values shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors to determine adjusted de- sign values. The applicability of adjustment factors to sawn lumber, structural glued laminated timber, poles and piles, prefabricated wood I-joists, structural com- posite lumber, wood structural panels, and connection design values is defined in 4.3, 5.3, 63, 7.3, 8.3, 93, and 10.3, respectively 2.3.2 Load Duration Factor, C, (ASD only) 2.3.2.1 Wood has the property of carrying substan- tially greater maximum loads for short durations than for long durations of loading. Reference design values apply to normal load duration. Normal load duration represents a load that fully stresses a member to its alk lowable design value by the application of the full de- sign load for a cumulative duration of approximately ten, years. When the cumulative duration of the full ma ‘mum load does not exceed the specified time period, all, reference design values except modulus of elasticity, E, modulus of elasticity for beam and column stability, Enins and compression perpendicular to grain, F.., based on a deformation limit (see 4.2.6) shall be multiplied by the appropriate load duration factor, Cp, from Table 2.3.2 or Figure BI (see Appendix B) to take into ac- count the change in strength of wood with changes in load duration, 2.3.2.2 The load duration factor, Cp, for the shortest duration load in a combination of loads shall apply for that load combination. All applicable load combinations, shall be evaluated to determine the critical load combi- nation. Design of structural members and connections, shall be based on the critical load combination (see Ap- pendix B.2). 2.3.2.3 The load duration factors, Cp, in Table 2.3.2 and Appendix B are independent of load combination factors, and both shall be permitted to be used in desi caleuilations (see 1.4.4 and Appendix B.4). AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLTable 2.3.2 Frequently Used Load Duration Factors, C,* Load Duration ‘Cp_ Typical Design Loads Permanent 0.9 Dead Load Ten years LO Occupancy Live Load Two months 11S Snow Load Seven days 1.25 Construction Load Ten minutes 16 Wind/Earthquake Load Impact’ 2.0 Impact Load, T, Lead duration ctr call ne apply to referee modules oF caste ig, B. reference modulis of elatiy for beam and coluany sbi, uy or to reference compression perpendicular o gain desig val ues Fase n a deformation lint {load dirtion factors grester thin 1.6 shall not apply to suc members presse-‘aexad with watsrtome prseratives (ee Refer fence 30), or fire ream: ceria, The impact foal duration factor Sal not apply to coancetins. 2.3.3 Temperature Factor, C, Reference design values shall be multiplied by the temperature factors, C, in Table 2.3.3 for structural members that will experience sustained exposure to ele- vated temperatures up to 150°F (see Appendix C), 2.3.4 re Retardant Treatment The effects of fire retardant chemical treatment on strength shall be accounted for in the design. Adjusted design values, including adjusted connection design values, for lumber and structural glued laminated timber pressure-treated with fire retardant chemicals shall be ‘obtained from the company providing the treatment and redrying service. Load duration factors greater than 1.6 shall not apply to structural members pressure-treated with fire retardant chemicals (see Table 2.3.2). 2.3.5 Format Conversion Factor, K, (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be multi- plied by the format conversion factor, Ke, specified in Appendix N.3.1. The format conversion factor, Ke, shall not apply for designs in accordance with ASD methods, specified her 2.3.6 Resistance Factor, } (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be mult: plied by the resistance factor, 9, specified in Appendix N3.2. The resistance factor, 6, shall not apply for de- signs in accordance with ASD methods specified herein. 2.3.7 Time Effect Factor, ) (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be mu plied by the time effect factor, A, specified in Appendix N.3.3. The time effect factor, 2, shall not apply for de- signs in accordance with ASD methods specified herein, Table 2.3.3 Temperature Factor, C, Reference Design In-Service G Values Moisture Conditions S100 -100°R b, lateral support shall be pro- vided at points of bearing to prevent rotation and/or lateral displacement at those points. When such lateral support is provided at points of bearing, but no addi- tional lateral support is provided throughout the length of the bending member, the unsupported length, ¢,, is the distance between stich points of end bearing, or the length of a cantilever. When a bending member is pro- vided with lateral support to prevent rotational and/or lateral displacement at intermediate points as well as at the ends, the unsupported length, (,, is the distance be- tween such points of intermediate lateral support. 3.3.3.5 The effective span length, ¢., for single span or cantilever bending members shall be determined in accordance with Table 3.3.3, AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION SNOLLVNDA ONY SNOISIAOUd NOIS3Gcry Be eC Lee LLU d Table 3.3.3 Effective Length, (., for Bending Members Cantilever” when (Jd<7 Wwhea Gid=7 Uniformly distributed foad (1336, (0.90 6,34 Concentrated load at unsupported end (187 6 (14d (43d ‘Single Span Beam when (d= 7 when (d= 7 Uniformly distributed load 066, (1.03 (4 3d Concentrated load at center with no inter- mediate lateral support 1806, (2137 (43d Concentrated load at center with lateral (SLI G support at center Two equal concentrated loads at 1/3 points (E168 with lateral support at 1/3 points Three equal concentrated loads at 1/4 points with Interal support at 1/4 points Four equal concentrated loads at 1/5 points with lateral support at 1/5 points Five equal concentrated loads at 1/6 poinis with lateral support at 1/6 points Six equal concentrated loads at 1/7 points with lateral support at 1/7 points Seven or more equal concentrated loads, evenly spaced, with lateral support at points of load application Equal end moments T For wage span ov catlaver bending mecha Wi Tadng Condions Bak sped ie TBST (2066, whos d=? G-16S 6 38 when 7s dS 13 Gone, wen Od 143 2. Muliple span applications Shall be based oa able values or engineering analysis. AMERICAN WOOD COWNCE,RU eeu eee) ety 3.3.3.6 The slendemess ratio, Rs, for bending mem- bers shall be calculated as follows: — eed R, = oe pe 3.3.3.7 The slendemess ratio for bending members, Rg, shall not exeeed 50. 3.3.3.8 The beam stability factor shall be calculated as follows: Le (Fie/Fe) [Ss F; \ (3-5) 19 19 where: reference bending design value multiplied byall applicable adjustment factors except ©,,C, and, (see 23) 1.206, RY 3.3.3.9 See Appendix D for background informa- tion concerning beam stability calculations and Appea- dix F for information concerning coefficient of varia- tion in modulus of elasticity (COV;). 3.3.3.10 Members suibjected to flexure about both principal axes (biaxial bending) shall be designed in accordance with 3.9.2. 3.4 Bending Members — Shear 3.4.1 Strength in Shear Parallel to Grain (Horizontal Shear) 3.4.1.1 The actual shear stress parallel to grain or shear foree at any cross section of the bending member shall not exceed the adjusted shear design value. A check of the strength of wood bending members in shear perpendicular to grain is not required. 3.4.1.2 The shear design procedures specified herein for calculating { at or near points of vertical support are limited to solid flexural members such as sawn lumber, structural glued laminated timber, struc- tural composite lumber, or mechanically laminated tim- ber beams. Shear design at supports for built-up com- ponents containing load-bearing connections at or near points of support, such as between the web and chord of a truss, shall be based on test or other techniques. 3.4.2 Shear Design Equations ‘The actual shear stress parallel to grain induced in a sawn lumber, structural glued laminated timber, struc- tural composite lumber, or timber pole or pile bending ‘member shall be calculated as follows: G44) ingular bending member of breadth, b, and depth, d, this becomes: 3v f G42) 3.4.3 Shear Design 3.4.3.1 When calculating the shear force, V, in bending members: (a) For beams supported by full bearing on one surface and loads applied to the oppo face, uniformly distributed loads within a di tance from supports equal to the depth of the bending member, d, shall be permitted to be ig nored, For beams supported by full bearing on one surface and loads applied to the opposite surface, concentrated loads within a distance, d, from supports shall be permitted to be multi- plied by x/d where x is the distance from the bbeam support face to the load (see Figure 3C), Figure 3C_ Shear at Supports Ugg LZE IY x ! d z i d See 3.42.1 forload calculation ertria AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION SNOLLVNDA ONY SNOISIAOUd NOIS3GET Be eC Lee LLU d (b) The largest single moving load shall be placed at a distance from the support equal to the depth of the bending member, keeping other loads in their normal relation and neglecting any load within a distance from a support equal to the depth of the bending member. This con- dition shall be checked at each support. (©) With two or more moving loads of about equal weight and in proximity, loads shall be placed in the position that produces the highest shear force, V, neglecting any load within a distance from a support equal to the depth of the bend- ing member 3.4.3.2 For notched bending members, shear force, shall be determined by principles of engineering me- ics (except those given in 3.4.3.1). (a) For bending members with rectangular eross section and notched on the tension face (see 3.2.3), the adjusted design shear, V,' shall be calculated as follows: oy d Qe 5B 4, | G43) where: d = depth of unnotched bending member depth of member remaining at a notch adjusted shear design value parallel to grain (b) For bending members with circular cross see- tion and notched on the tension face (see 3.2.3), the adjusted design shear, V/, shall be caleu- lated as follows: genial cross-sectional area of notched member G44) where: (©) For bending members with other than recta lar or circular cross section and notched on the tension face (see 3.2.3), the adjusted design sheat, V', shall be based on conventional engi- neering analysis of stress concentrations at notches. (@) A gradual change in cross section compared with a square notch decreases the actual shear stress parallel to grain nearly to that computed for an unnotched bending member with a depth of dy, (e) When a bending member is notched on the compression face at the end as shown in Figure 3D, the adjusted design shear, V/, shall be cal- culated as follows: Rr (S] where: @ = the distance the notch extends inside the inner edge of the support and must be less than o equal to the depth remaining at the noteh,ed,d, shall be used to cal- culate f, using Equation 3.4-2, depth of member remaining at anotch meeting the provisions of 3.2.3.1f the end of the beamis beveled, as shown by the dashed line in Figure 3D, d, is measured from the inner edge of the support. Figure 3D Bending Member End- Notched on Compression Face 3.4.3.3 When connections in bending members are fastened with split ring connectors, shear plate connec- tors, bolts, or lag screws (including beams supported by such fasteners or other cases as shown in Figures 3E and 31) the shear force, V, shall be determined by prin- ciples of engineering mechanics (except those given in 3.4.3.1), (a) When the connection is less than five times the depth, Sd, of the member from its end, the ad- Jjusted design shear, V-, shall be calculated as follows: el (34-6) AMERICAN WOOD COWNCE,RU eeu eee) ty or shear plate connections: d, = depth of member, less the distance from the unloaded edge of the member to the nearest edge of the nearest split ring or shear plate connector (see Figure 36), for bolt or lag screw connections: 4d, = depth of member, less the distance from the unloaded edge of the member to the center of the nearest bolt or lag screw (see Figure 3€) (b) When the connection is at least five times the depth, Sd, of the member from its end, the ad- Jjusted design shear, V-, shall be calculated as follows: 2c, W = SF, ghibd, (©) When concealed hangers are used, the adjusted design shear, V/, shall be calculated based on the provisions in 3.4.3.2 for notched bending members Figure 3E Effective Depth, d,, of Members at Connections a ° LL --|-o t a— whee 3.5 Bending Members — Deflection 3.5.1 Deflection Calculations If deflection is a factor in design, it shall be caleu- lated by standard methods of engineering mechanics considering bending deflections and, when applicable, sheat deflections. Consideration for shear deflection is required when the reference modulus of elasticity has not been adjusted to include the effects of shear defl tion (see Appendix F), 3.5.2 Long-Term Loading provide extra stiffness to allow for this time dependent deformation (see Appendix F). Total deflection, Ax, shall be calculated as follows’ BK Ay Ass where: time dependent deformation (creep) factor = 5 for seasoned lumber, structural glued laminated timber, prefabricated wood | joists, or structural composite lumber used indry service conditions as defined in 4.1.4, 5.15, 7.1.4, and 8.1.4, respectively. AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION SNOLLVNDA ONY SNOISIAOUd NOIS3GFry Be eC Lee LLU d = 20 for structural glued laminated timber used in wet service conditions as defined in 515. = 2.0 for wood structural panels used in dry service conditions as defined in 9.1.4, = 200 for unseasoned lumber or for seasoned lumber used in wet service conditions as defined in 4.1.4, = immediate deflection due to the long-term ‘component of the design load yy = deflection due to the short-term or normal ‘component of the design load 3.6 Compression Members — General 3.6.1 Terminology For purposes of this Specification, the term “col- umn” refers to all types of compression members, in- cluding members forming part of trusses or other struc- tural components. 3.6.2 Column Classifications 3.6.2.1 Simple Solid Wood Columns. Simple col- umns consist of a single piece or of pieces properly glued together to form a single member (sce Figure 3F). 3.6.2.2 Spaced Columns, Connector Joined. Spaced columns are formed of two or more individual members with their longitudinal axes parallel, separated at the ends and middle points of their length by blocking and joined at the ends by split ring or shear plate connectors capable of developing the required shear resistance (see 15.2) 3.6.2.3 Built-Up Columns. Individual laminations of mechanically Iaminated built-up columns shall be designed in accordance with 3.6.3 and 3.7, except that nailed or bolted built-up columns shall be designed in accordance with 15.3. 3.6.3 Strength in Compression Parallel to Grain The actual compression stress or force parallel to grain shall not exceed the adjusted compression design value. Calculations of f, shall be based on the net sec- tion area (see 3.1.2) when the reduced section oceurs in the critical part of the column length that is most sub- ject to potential buckling. When the reduced section does not occur in the critical part of the column length that is most subject to potential buckling, calculations of f, shall be based on gross section area. In addition, f based on net section area shall not exceed the reference compression design value parallel to grain multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors except the column stability factor, Cy. Figure 3F_ Simple Solid Column 3.6.4 Compression Members Bearing End to End For end grain bearing of wood on wood, and on ‘metal plates or strips see 3.10. 3.6.5 Eccentric Loading or Combined Stresses For compression members subject 10 eccentric loading or combined flexure and axial loading, see 3.9 and 15.4 AMERICAN WOOD COWNCE,RU eeu eee) Et) 3.6.6 Column Bra: is Column bracing shall be installed where necessary to resist wind or other lateral forces (see Appendix A). 3.7 So! Columns 3.6.7 Lateral Support of Arches, Studs, and Compression Chords of Trusses Guidelines for providing lateral support and deter- mining (./d in arches, studs, and compression chords of trusses are specified in Appendix A.11 3.7.1 Column Stability Factor, C, 3.7.1.1 When a compression member is supported throughout its length to prevent lateral displacement in all directions, Cp = 1.0. 3.7.1.2 The effective column length, (., for a solid column shall be determined in accordance with princi- ples of engineering mechanics. One method for deter- mining effective column length, when end-fixity condi- tions are known, is to multiply actual column length by the appropriate effective length factor specified in Ap- pendix G, €.=(K.\O0) 7.1.3 For solid columns with rectangular cross section, the slenderness ratio, (¥/d, shall be taken as the larger of the ratios €.1/d or C.x/d: (See Figure 3F) where each ratio has been adjusted by the appropriate buck- ling length coefficient, Ke, from Appendix G. 3.7.1.4 The slendemess ratio for sotid columns, (Jd, shall not exceed 50, except that during construc- tion (Jd shall not exceed 75. 3.7.1.5 The column stability lated as follows actor shall be calcu- ti(FelFe) _ |[4vlFelFe)) ef 2c \ 2c c G.7-1) wher F. = reference compression design value paral tel to grain multiplied by all applicable ad- justment factors except C, (see 2.3) 0.822 Ep (&./dy © = 08 for sawn lumber ¢ = 0.85 for round timber poles and piles © = 0.9 for structural glued laminated timber or structural composite lumber 3.7.1.6 For especially severe service conditions and/or extraordinary hazard, use of lower adjusted de- sign values may be necessary. See Appendix H_ for background information concerning column stability calculations and Appendix F for information concern- ing coefficient of variation in modulus of elasticity (COVe) 3.7.2 Tapered Columns For design of a column with rectangular cross see- tion, tapered at one or both ends, the representative di- mension, d, for each face of the column shall be derived as follows: d= day, + (Cae 4) o-ons| 1 Soe 072) where: d,,, = the minimum dimension for that face of the column the maximum dimension for that face of the column ‘Support Conditio Large end fixed, small end unsupported a= 0.70 or simply supported ‘Small end fixed, large end unsupported a= 0.30 or simply supported Both ends simply supported: ‘Tapered toward one end a=0.50 Tapered toward both ends a=0.70 For all other support conditions: = dh, + (Apa — Fin / 3) G.7-3) Calculations of f, and Cp shall be based on the rej resentative dimension, d, In addition, f, at any cross section in the tapered column shall not exceed the ref- in mul- erence compression des value parallel to AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION SNOLLVNDA ONY SNOISIAOUd NOIS3GPry Be eC Lee LLU d tiplied by all applicable adjustment factors except the degree of taper. Reference design values and special column stability factor, Cr. design provisions for round timber poles and piles are provided in Chapter 6, 3.7.3 Round Columns The design of a column of round eross section shall be based on the design calculations for a square column of the same cross-sectional area and having the same 3.8 Tension Members 3.8.1 Tension Parallel to Grai 3.8.2 Tension Perpendicular to Grai The actual tension stress or force parallel to grain shall be based on the net section area (see 3.1.2) and shall not exceed the adjusted tension design value. igns that induce tension stress perpendicular to grain shall be avoided whenever possible (see Refer ences 16 and 19). When tension stress perpendicular to grain cannot be avoided, mechanical reinforcement suf- ficient to resist all such stresses shall be considered (see References 52 and 53 for additional information). ial Loading 3.9 Combined Bending and A: 3.9.1 Bending and Axial Tension Figure 3G Combined Bending and Axial Tension Members subjected to a combination of bending and axial tension (see Figure 3G) shall be so propor- tioned that G9-1) (9-2) 3.9.2 Bending and Axial reference bending design value multiplied Compres: Byallapolicadie adhustment factors except Members subjected to a combination of bending : about one or both principal axes and axial compression reference bending design value multiplied (see Figure 3H) shall be so proportioned that: by all applicable adjustment factors except 2 t c + 1 Fu'[2-(fe/Fees)] f, <10 (93) “Ra]t (es) laa AMERICAN WOOD COWNCE,RU eeu eee) 2 where: f< Fagg = 1822Eme’ for either uniaxial saad, wise bending or bia bending and 5 < Figy = 0822 Eon! for uniaxial Matwise (62/02) bending or biaxial bend- and fy < Foe - 222 Fae for biaxial bending fu, = actual edgewise bending stress (bending, load applied to narrow face of member) fg = actual flatwise bending stress (bending load applied to wide face of member) d, = wide face dimension (see Figure 3H) 4, = narrow face dimension (see Figure 3H) 3.10 Design for Bearing Effective column lengths, (and €2, shall be d termined in accordance with 3.7.1.2. F, Fen, and For2 shall be determined in accordance with 2.3 and 3.7. Fur Fi’, and Fye shall be determined in accordance with 2.3 and 3.3.3. 3.9.3 Eccentri Loading Compression See 15.4 for members subjected to combined bend- ing and axial compression due to eccentric loading, or eccentric loading in combination with other loads. Figure 3H Combined Bending and | Compression 3.10.1 Bearing Parallel to Grain 3.10.1.1 The actual compressive bearing stress par- allel to grain shall be based on the net bearing area and shall not exceed the reference compression design value parallel to grain multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors except the column stability factor, Cp 3.10.1.2 F., the reference compression design val- vues parallel to grain multiplied by all applicable justment factors except the column stability factor, ap- plies to end-to-end bearing of compression members provided there is adequate lateral support and the end cuts are accurately squared and parallel. 3.10.1.3 When f > (0.75)(F.’) bearing shall be on a metal plate or strap, or on other equivalently durable, rigid, homogeneous material with sufficient stiffness to distribute the applied load. When a rigid insert is re- quired for end-to-end bearing of compression members, it shall be equivalent to 20- plate or better, inserted with a snug fit between abutting ends. 3.10.2 Bea Grain g Perpendicular to The actual compression stress perpendicular to grain shall be based on the net bearing area and shall not exceed the adjusted compression design value per- pendicular to grain, f. < Fe,’. When calculating beating area at the ends of bending members, no allowance shall be made for the fact that as the member bends, pressure upon the inner edge of the bearing is greater than at the member end. AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION SNOLLVNDA ONY SNOISIAOUd NOIS3GPry Be eC Lee LLU d 3.10.3 Bearing at an Angle to Grain The adjusted bearing design value at an angle to grain (see Figure 31 and Appendix J) shall be calculated as follows: .10-1) Fi sin?0+F.,'cos?0 wher 8 = angle between direction of load and direc tion of grain (longitudinal axis of member), degrees 3.10.4 Bearing Area Factor, C, values perpendicular to of any length at the ends of'a member, and to all bearings 6” or more in length at any other location. For bearings less than 6” in length e end of a member erence compression design value perpendicular to grain, F.., shall be permitted to be multiplied by the following bearing area factor, Cy: +0375 the ref .10-2) C bearing length measured parallel to grain, in, Equation 3.10-2 gives the following bearing area factors, Cp, for the indicated bearing length on such small areas as plates and washers: Table 3.10.4 Bearing Area Factors, C, 6 or more 1.00 For round bearing areas such as washers, the ing length, ¢,, shall be equal to the diameter AMERICAN WOOD COWNCE,CML) aD L urd SAWN LUMBER 4.1 General 24 4.2 Reference Design Values 25 4.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 26 4.4 Special Design Considerations 29 Table 4.3.1 Applicabi Sawn Lumbel of Adjustment Factors for Table 4.3.8 Inci ig Facties, C; cisienctenicnnneea as »& AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 23yy POR 4.1 General 4.4.1 Application Chapter 4 applies to engineering design with sawn lumber. Design procedures, reference design values and other information herein apply only to lumber comply- ing with the requirements specified below. 4.1.2 Iden’ ation of Lumber 4.1.2.1 When the reference design values specified herein are used, the lumber, including end-jointed or edge-glued lumber, shall be identified by the grade ‘mark of, or certificate of inspection issued by, a lumber grading or inspection bureau or agency recognized as being competent (see Reference 31). A distinct grade mark of a recognized lumber grading or inspection bu- reau or agency, indicating that joint integrity is subject to qualification and quality control, shall be applied to alued lumber products. 4.1.2.2 Lumber shall be specified by commercial species and grade names, or by required levels of de- sign values as listed in Tables 44, 4B, 4C, 4D, 46, and 4F (published in the Supplement to this Specification). 4.1.3 Defi 4.1.3.1 Structural sawn lumber consists of lumber classifications known as “Dimension,” “Beams and * “Posts and Timbers,” and “Decking,” with s signed to each grade. 4.1.3.2 “Dimension” refers to lumber from 2" 10 4" (nominal) thick, and 2" (nominal) or more in width Dimension lumber is further classified as Structural Light Framing, Light Framing, Studs, and Joists and Planks (see References 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, and 49 for additional information). 4.1.3.3 “Beams and Stringers” refers to lumber of rectangular cross section, 5" (nominal) or more thick, with width more than 2" greater than thickness, graded with respect to its strength in bending when loaded on the narrow face. 4.1.3.4 “Posts and Timbers” refers to lumber of square or approximately square cross section, 5" x 5" (nominal) and larger, with width not more than 2" greater than thickness, graded primarily for use as posts or columns carrying longitudinal load 4.1.3.5 “Decking” refers 10 lumber fiom 2" to 4" (nominal) thick, tongued and grooved, or grooved for spline on the narrow face, and intended for use as a roof, floor, or wall membrane. Decking is graded for application in the flatwise direction, with the wide face of the decking in contact with the supporting members, as normally installed 4.1.4 Moisture Service Condition of Lumber The reference design values for lumber specified herein are applicable to lumber that will be used under dry service conditions such as in most covered struc- tures, where the moisture content in use will be a maxi- mum of 19%, regardless of the moisture content at the time of manufacture, For lumber used under conditions where the moisture content of the wood in service will exceed 19% for an extended period of time, the design values shall be multiplied by the wet service factors, Co, specified in Tables 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4B, and 4F 4.1.5 Lumber Sizes 4.1.5.1 Lumber sizes referred to in this Specifica- tion are nominal sizes. Computations to determine the required sizes of members shall be based on the net di- mensions (actual sizes) and not the nominal sizes. The dressed sizes specified in Reference 31 shall be ac- cepted as the minimum net sizes associated with nomi- nal dimensions (see Table 1 in the Supplement to this Specification) 4.1.5.2 For 4" (nominal) or thinner lumber, the net DRY dressed sizes shall be used in all computations of structural capacity regardless of the moisture content at the time of manufacture or use. 4.1.5.3 For 5" (nominal) and thicker lumber, the net GREEN dressed sizes shall be used in computations of structural capacity regardless of the moisture content at the time of manufacture or use. 4.1.5.4 Where a design is based on rough sizes or special sizes, the applicable moisture content and size used in design shall be clearly indicated in plans or specifications 4.1.6 End-Jointed or Edge-Glued Lumber Reference design values for sawn lumber are appli- cable to structural end-jointed or edge-glued lumber of the same species and grade. Such use shall include, but AMERICAN WOOD COWNCE,RU eeu eee) ord not be limited to light framing, studs, joists, planks, and decking, When finger jointed lumber is marked “STUD USE ONLY” or “VERTICAL USE ONLY” such lum- ber shall be limited to use where any bending or tension stresses are of short duration, 4.1.7 Resawn or Remanufactured Lumber 4.1.7.1 When structural lumber is resawn or re- manufactured, it shall be regraded, and reference design values for the regraded material shall apply (see Refer- ences 16, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, and 49). 4.1.7.2 When sawn lumber is cross cut to shorter lengths, the requirements of 4.1.7.1 shall not apply, ex- cept for reference bending design values for those Beam and Stringer grades where grading provisions for the middle 1/3 of the length of the piece differ from grading provisions for the outer thirds. 4.2 Reference Design Values 4.2.1 Reference Design Values Reference design values for visually graded lumber and for mechanically graded dimension lumber are specified in Tables 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4B, and 4F (pub- lished in the Supplement to this Specification). The ref- erence design values in Tables 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4, and 4F are taken from the published grading rules of the agencies cited in References 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, and 49. 4.2.2 Other Species and Grades Reference design values for species and grades of lumber not otherwise provided herein shall be estab- lished in accordance with appropriate ASTM standards and other technically sound criteria (see References 16, 18, 19, and 31). 4.2.3 Basis for Reference Design Values 4.2.3.1 The reference design values in Tables 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4B, and 4F are for the design of structures where an individual member, such as a beam, girder, post or other memb ponsible for car- tying its full design load. For repetitive member uses see 43.9. 4.2.3.2 Visually Graded Lumber. Reference design values for visually graded lumber in Tables 4, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, and 4F are based on the provisions of ASTM Standards D 245 and D 1990. 4.2.3.3 Machine Stress Rated (MSR) Lumber and Machine Evaluated Lumber (MEL). Reference design values for machine stress rated lumber and machine evaluated lumber in Table 4C are determined by visu grading and nondestructive pretesting of individual pieces. 4.2.4 Modulus of Elas' ty, E Values. Reference design values gned to the visually graded species and grades of lumber listed in Tables 44, 4B, 4C, 4D, 48, and 4F are average values which conform to ASTM Standards D 245 and D 1990. Adjustments in modulus of elasticity have been taken to reflect in- creases for seasoning, increases for density where ap plicable, and, where required, reductions have been made to account for the effect of grade upon stiffness. Reference modulus of elasticity design values are based upon the species or species group average in accor- dance with ASTM Standards D 1990 and D 2555. 4.2.4.2 Special Uses. Average reference modulus of elasticity design values listed in Tables 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, and 4F are to be used in design of repetitive mem ber systems and in calculating the immediate deflection of single members which carry their full design load, In special applications where deflection is a critical factor, or where amount of deformation under long-term load- ing must be limited, the need for use of a reduced modulus of elasticity design value shall be determined. See Appendix F for provisions on design value adjust- ‘ments for special end use requirements. 4.2.5 Bending, F,, 4.2.5.1 Dimension Grades. Adjusted bending de- sign values for Dimension grades apply to members with the load applied to either the narrow or wide face. AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION yagi NMVSPry POR 4.2.5.2 Decking Grades. Adjusted bending design values for Decking grades apply only when the load is applied to the wide face 4.2.5.3 Post and Timber Grades. Adjusted bending design values for Post and Timber grades apply to members with the load applied to either the narrow or wide face. 4.2.5.4 Beam and Stringer Grades. Adjusted bend- ing design values for Beam and Stringer grades apply to members with the load applied to the narrow face. When Post and Timber sizes of lumber are graded to Beam and Stringer grade requirements, design values for the applicable Beam and Stringer grades shall be used. Such lumber shall be identified in accordance with 4.1.2.1 as conforming to Beam and Stringer des 2.5.5 Continuous or Cantilevered Beams. When Beams and Stringers are used as continuous or cantile- vered beams, the design shall include a requirement that the grading provisions applicable to the middle 1/3 of the length (see References 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, and 49) shall be applied to at least the middle 2/3 of the length of pieces to be used as two span continuous beams, and to the entire length of pieces to be used over three or more spans or as cantilevered beams. 4.2.6 Compres: to Grain, F., n Perpendicular For sawn lumber, the ref -nce compression design values perpendicular to grain are based on a deforma- tion limit that has been shown by experience to provide for adequate service in typical wood frame constru tion. The reference compression design values perpen dicular to grain specified in Tables 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, and 4F are species group average values associated with a deformation level of 0.04" for a steel plate on wood member loading condition. One method for limit- ing deformation in special applications where itis cri cal, is use of @ reduced compression design value per- pendicular to grain. The following equation shall be used to calculate the compression design value perpen dicular to grain for a reduced deformation level of 0.02 Frings O73 Fs (42-1) where: F.sgce = Compression perpendicular to grain design value at 0.02" deformation limit F., = reference compression perpendicular to grain design value at 0.04" deformation limit (2s published in Tables 4A, 48, 4C, 4D, AE, and 4F) 4.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 4.3.1 General Reference design values (Fey Fe, Fes Fes Fey Bs Ems) from Tables 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, and 4F shall be muhi- plied by the adjustment factors specified in Table 4.3.1 to determine adjusted design values (Fy, Fi Fu, Fa FE, ¢,(ASD values except modulus of elas ticity for beam and column ticity, E, modulus of el stability, Eg, and compression perpendicular to grain, F.,, shall be multiplied by load duration factors, Cp, as specified in 2.3.2 4.3.3 Wet Service Factor, C,, Reference design values for structural sawn lumber are based on the moisture service conditions specified in 4.1.4. When the moisture content of structural mem- bers in use differs from these moisture service condi- tions, reference design values shall be multiplied by the wet service factors, Cy, specified in Tables 4, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4B, and 4F. 4.3.4 Temperature Factor, C, When structural members will experience sustained exposure to elevated temperatures up to 150°F (see Ap- pendix C), reference design values shall be multiplied by the temperature factors, C,, specified in 2.3.3 AMERICAN WOOD COWNCE,RU eeu eee) Pu Table 4.3.1 Applicabi ity of Adjustment Factors for Sawn Lumber ASD and LRED Beating Area Factor Repetitive Me Fo x]Co Gu GG Cr Cn GG = = Ke ReR x{C> Cy GQ = Ceo- G = = = = Be & oR F=Fy x]Cp Cw G - - = G = = = = Keo 2 Ful =F - MG = 5 7 Ge + = G Kr Oe F=F x[Cp Gy GQ - CG - G - G = - BO oR E=E x} - Cu CG - - - G - - - - a tf iz Enis =Enn x] - Cw G = = = G = - CG = Kr = 4.3.5 Beam Stability Factor, C, tor shall be determined in accordance with 4.3.6.2 on Reference bending design values, Fi, shall be mul- tiplied by the beam stability factor, Cy, specified in 3.33 4.3.6 Size Factor, C, 4.3.6.1 Reference bending, tension, and compres- sion parallel to grain design values for visually graded dimension lumber 2" to 4 thick shall be multiplied by the size factors specified in Tables 4 and 4B, 4.3.6.2 When the depth of a rectangular sawn Jum ber bending member 5" or thicker exceeds 12", the ref- multiplied by the following size factor: C, =(12/ 0)" <1.0 43.6.3 For beams of circular cross s diameter greater than 13.5", or for 12" or larger square beams loaded in the plane of the diagonal, the size fac- the basis of an equivalent conventionally loaded square beam of the same cross-sectional area, 4.3.6.4 Reference bending design values for all species of 2" thick or 3” thick Decking, except Red: ‘wood, shall be multiplied by the size factors specified in Table 4E. 4.3.7 Flat Use Factor, C,, When sawn lumber 2" to 4" thick is loaded on the wide face, multiplying the reference bending design value, Fo, by the flat use factors, Ci, specified in Tables 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4F, shall be permitted. 4.3.8 Incising Factor, C, Reference design values shall be multiplied by the following incising factor, C), when dimension lumber is incised parallel to grain a maximum depth of 0.4", a maximum length of 3/8", and density of incisions up to AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION yagi NMVSry POR 1100/8, Incising factors shall be determined by test or by calculation using reduced section properties for in- cising pattems exceeding these limits, Table 4.3.8 Incising Factors, C, 0.95 0.80 1.00 4.3.9 Repetitive Member Factor, C, Reference bending design values, F,, in Tables 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4F for dimension umber 2" to 4” thick shall be multiplied by the repetitive member factor, C; = 1.15, when such members are used as joists, truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking, or similar mem- bers which are in contact or spaced not more than 24 fon center, are not less than three in number and are joined by floor, roof or other load distributing elements adequate 10 support the design load. (A load distribut- ing element is any adequate system that is designed or has been proven by experience to transmit the design load to adjacent members, spaced as described above, without displaying structural weakness or unacceptable deflection. Subflooring, flooring, sheathing, or other covering elements and nail gluing or tongue and groove joints, and through nailing generally meet these crite- ria.) Reference bending design values in Table 4E for visually graded Decking have already been multiplied by C,= Ls, 4.3.10 Column Stability Factor, C, Reference compression design values parallel to in, F., shall be multiplied by the column stability factor, Cp, specified in 3.7. 4.3.11 Buckling Stiffness Factor, c. Reference modulus of elasticity for beam and col- umn stability, Eqs, shall be permitted to be multiplied by the buckling stiffness factor, Cr, as specified in 442 4.3.12 Bea ig Area Factor, C, Re compression design values perpendicular to grain, F.., shall be permitted to be multiplied by the bearing area factor, Cy, as specified in 3.10.4, 4.3.13 Pressure-Preservative Treatment Reference design values apply to sawn lumber pressure-treated by an approved process and preserva- tive (see Reference 30). Load duration factors greater than 1.6 shall not apply to structural members pressure treated with water-bome preservatives. 4.3.14 Format Conversion Factor, K, (LRED only) For LRED, reference design values shall be mul plied by the format conversion factor, Ks, specified in Appendix N.3.1 4.3.15 Resistance Factor, > (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be multi- plied by the resistance factor, 6, specified in Appendix N32. 4.3.16 Time Effect Factor, ) (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be mult plied by the time effect factor, 2, specified in Appendix N33, AMERICAN WOOD COWNCE,RU eeu eee) Pry 4.4 Special Design Considerations 4.4.1 Stability of Bending Members 4.4.1.1 Sawn lumber bending members shall be de- signed in accordance with the lateral stability caleula- tions in 3.3.3 or shall meet the lateral support requ ments in 4.4.1.2 and 4.4.1.3, 44.1.2 As an alternative to 4.4.1.1, rectangular sawn Jumber beams, rafters, joists, or other bending members, shall be designed in accordance with the fol- lowing provisions to provide restraint against rotation or lateral displacement. If the depth to breadth, di, based on nominal dimensions is (a) dib <2; no lateral support shall be required. (b) 2 < d/b < 4; the ends shall be held in position, as by full depth solid blocking, bridging, hang- ets, nailing, or bolting to other framing mem- bers, or other acceptable means. (©) 4 96", Cr shall be calculated based on &. 96" 4.4.2.2 For additional information concerning metal plate connected wood trusses see Reference 9 AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONEr POR 4.4.3 Notches Figure 4A Notch Limitations for Sawn Lumber Beams 4.4.3.1 End notches, located at the ends of sawn lumber bending members for bearing over a support, shall be permitted, and shall not exceed 1/4 the beam depth (see Figure 4), 4.4.3.2 Interior notches, located in the outer thirds of the span of a single span sawn lumber bending mem- ber, shall be permitted, and shall not exceed 1/6 the depth of the member. Interior notches on the tension side of 3-14" or greater thickness (4" nominal thickness) sawn lumber bending members are not permitted (see Figure 44) 4.4.3.3 See 3.1.2 and 3.4.3 for effect of notches on AMERICAN WOOD COWNCE,POUL SPELL STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER 5.2 Reference Desi 53 Adjustm 5.1 General 32 ign Values nt of Reference Design Values: 33 5.4 Special Design Considerations 36 ‘Table 5.1.3 Net Finished Widths of Structural Glued ‘Table 5.3.1 Laminated Timbers Applicability of Adju Structural Glued Lami »& AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. 34ery Bat eC UR 5.1 General 5.1.1 Application 5.1.1.1 Chapter 5 applies to engineering design with structural glued laminated timber. Basic require- ‘ments are provided in this Specification; for additional detail, see Reference 52. 5.1.1.2 Design procedures, reference design values and other information provided herein apply only to structural glued laminated timber conforming to all per- tinent provisions of the specifications referenced in the footnotes to Tables SA, SB, SC, and SD and produced in accordance with ANSVAITC A190.1 5.1.2 Definition The term “structural glued laminated timber” refers to an engineered, stress rated product of a timber lami- nating plant, comprising assemblies of specially se- lected and prepared wood laminations bonded together with adhesives. The grain of all laminations is ap- proximately parallel longitudinally. The separate lami- nations shall not exceed 2" in net thickness and shall be of + one piece, or + comprised of pieces joined to form any length, or + pieces placed or glued edge-to-edge to wider ones, oF + pieces bent to curved-form during gluing, 5.1.3 Standard Sizes 5.1.3.1 Notmal standard finished widths of struc- tural glued laminated members shall be as follows’ Table 5.1.3 Net Finished Widths of Structural Glued Tonnal Minimum ‘Western Species Net Finished Width (in) ww 1. Southern Pine 23s 6 8 to This Specification is not intended to prohibit other fin- ished widths when required to meet the size require- ments of a design or to meet other special requirements 5.1.3.2 The depth of straight and curved members shall be specified. The length and net dimensions of all members shall also be specified 5.1.4 Specification 5.1.4.1 For structural glued laminated timber, the following shall be specified: (a) Dry or wet service conditions. (b) Laminating combinations or stress require- ments. 5.14.2 For structural glued laminated hardwood timber, all required reference design values shall be specified for each member 5.1.5 Service Conditions 5.1.5.1 Reference design values for dry service conditions shall apply when the moisture content in service is less than 16%, as in most covered structures. 5.1.5.2 Reference design values for glued laminated timber shall be multiplied by the wet service factors, Cu, specified in Tables 5A, SB, SC, and SD when the moisture content in service is 16% or greater, as may occur in exterior and submerged construction, or humid environments, AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) 33 5.2 Reference Design Values 5.2.1 Reference Design Values Reference design values for softwood and hard- wood structural glued laminated timber are specified in Tables 5A, 5B, SC, and SD (published in a separate Supplement to this Specification). The reference design values in Tables SA, 5B, SC, and SD are a compilation of the reference design values provided in the specifica- tions referenced in the footnotes to the tables. 5.2.2 Radial Tension, F,, For curved bending members, the following refer- ence radial tension design values perpendicular to grain shall apply Southern Pine ail Toading, =a conditions Douglas FirLarch, wind or F.-a)r Douglas Fir South, quake loading Hem-Fir, Westem Woods, and Canadian “other types OF STS pa softwood species Toading 5.2.3 Other Species and Grades Reference design values for species and grades of structural glued laminated timber not otherwise pro- vided herein shall be established in accordance with the principles set forth in Reference 22, or shall be based on other substantiated information from an acceptable 5.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 5.3.1 General Reference design values (Fy, Fr, Foy Fos Fos FE. Ey) provided in 5.2 and Tables 5A, 5B, 5C, and SD shall be multiplied by the adjustment factors specified in Table 5.3.1 to determine adjusted design values (Fy, Fi BV Fa Boy Fits EE) 5.3.2 Load Duration Factor, C,(ASD only) All reference design values except modulus of elas- ticity, E, modulus of elasticity for beam and column stability, Emi» and compression perpendicular to grain, F.1, shall be multiplied by load duration factors, Co, specified in 2.3.2 5.3.3 Wet Service Factor, C,, Reference design values for structural glued lan nated timber are based on the moisture service condi- tions specified in 5.1.5. When the moisture content of structural members in use differs from these moisture service conditions, reference design values shall be multiplied by the wet service factors, Cry, specified in Tables 5A, 5B, SC, and SD, AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. UaaWIL GALVNINVT GaNT9 TWHNLONYLsEy Bat eC UR Table 5.3.1 Applicabi ity of Adjustment Factors for Structural Glued Laminated Timber Wer Service Factor sD ASD and LRFD LRED ils i Curvature Factor Fo=Fo x {Cp Cu Go CG. Cy Cu Go - - Kr & A R=F x|CGp Cw GQ - - - - - - Ke @ A Foox|@ Cn G - - - - - - Kk & ’ Fa=Fa xf - Cw GQ - - - - - Ge Kr & 2% R=K ox|/Co Gr GQ - = = - G& - Kk god Fe=Fe ox [Cp Cu Goo- = = = = = Ke E=-E x{[- Gy G - - - - - = oe ee Emin =Eninx | - Cw Go- = = 2 2 T The beam sah Tact 5.3.4 Temperature Factor, C, When structural members will experience sustained exposure to elevated temperatures up to 150°F (see Ap- pendix C), reference design values shall be multiplied by the temperature factors, C, specified in 2.3.3 5.3.5 Beam Stability Factor, C, Reference bending design values, Fy, shall be mul- tiplied by the beam stability factor, C,, specified in 3.3.3. The beam stability factor, C,, shall not apply si- multaneously with the volume factor, Cy, for structural glued laminated timber bending members (see 5.3.6) Therefore the lesser of these adjustment factors shall apply. 5.3.6 Volume Factor, C, When structural glued laminated timber is loaded perpendicular to the wide face of the laminations, refer- allot apy tanconly wi he vtane Teor tending members see 8.3.6), Therefore the ese ofthese asta it Tor ial gas shal apy ence bending design values for loading perpendicular to the wide faces of the laminations, Foa,, shall be multi- plied by the following volume factor: "(12)" 5425)" 22 (53-1) >) 10 LL = length of bending member between points of zeromoment, ft d = depth of bending member, in. b = width (breadth) of bending member. For multiple piece width layups, b = width of widest piece used in the layup. Thus, b=10.75" x = 20 for Southern Pine x = 10 for all other species. ‘The volume factor, Cy, shall not apply simultaneously with the beam stability factor, C, (see 3.3.3). Therefore, the lesser of these adjustment factors shall apply AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) etd 5.3.7 Flat Use Factor, C,, When structural glued laminated timber is loaded parallel to the wide face of the laminations and the member dimension parallel to the wide face of the laminations is less than 12", multiplying the reference bending design value for loading parallel to the wide faces of the laminations, Fy, by the flat use factors, Cu specified in Tables 5A, 5B, 5C, and 5D, shall be permitted 5.3.8 Curvature Factor, C, For curved portions of bending members, the refer- ence bending design value shall be multiplied by the following curvature factor (2000) / RY? = thickness of lamination, in R = radius of curvature of inside face of lami ration, in. {UR < 1/100 for hardwoods and Southern Pine UR < 1/125 for other softwoods The curvature factor shall not apply to reference jgn values in the straight portion of a member regardless of curvature elsewhere. 5.3.9 Column Stability Factor, C, Reference compression design values parallel to ain, F, shall be multiplied by the column stability factor, Cp, specified in 3.7. 5.3.10 Bearing Area Factor, C, Reference compression design values perpendicular to grain, Fa, shall be permitted to be multiplied by the bearing area factor, C,, as specified in 3.10.4 5.3.11 Pressure-Preservative Treatment Reference design values apply to structural glued laminated timber treated by an approved process and svative (see Reference 30). Load duration factors er than 1.6 shall not apply to structural members pressure-ireated with water-borne preservatives. 5.3.12 Format Conversion Factor, K, (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be multi- plied by the format conversion factor, Ks, specified in Appendix N3.1 5.3.13 Resistance Factor, » (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be multi- plied by the resistance factor, 6, specified in Appendix N32. 5.3.14 Time Effect Factor, » (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be mult plied by the time effect factor, 2, specified in Appendix N33, AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. UaaWIL GALVNINVT GaNT9 TWHNLONYLsry Bat eC UR 5.4 Special Design Considerations 5.4.1 Radial Stress 5.4.1.1 The actual radial stress induced by a bend- ing moment in a curved member of constant rectangular cross section is: 3M - (4-1) "2Rba whe M = bending moment, in-Ibs R = radius of curvature at center line of mem- ber, in. Curved bending members having a varying rectan- lar cross section (see Figure 5A) and taper cut struc tural glued laminated bending members shall be de- signed in accordance with Reference igure 5A_Curved Bent 5.4.1.2 When the bending moment is in the direc- tion tending to decrease curvature (increase the radius), the actual radial stress shall not exceed the adjusted radial tension design value perpendicular to grain, f; < F,¢, unless mechanical reinforcing sufficient to resist all radial stresses is used (see Reference 52). In no case shall {> (1/3)K\. 5.4.1.3 When the bending moment is in the direction tending to increase curvature (decrease the radius), the actual radial stress shall not exceed the adjusted com- pression design value perpendicular to grain, f,$ Fas’ 5.4.2 Lateral Stability for Structural Glued Laminated Timber 5.4.2.1 Bending members shall be laterally supported in accordance with 3.3.3, taking into account the provi sions of Appendix A.11. The modulus of elasticity of beams loaded parallel to the wide face of the laminations, Ezqiy Shall be used in beam stability factor calculations. 5.4.2.2 The ratio of tangent point depth to breadth of arches (d/b) shall not exceed 6, based on actual di- mensions, when one edge of the arch is braced by deck- ing fastened directly to the arch, or braced at frequent intervals as by girts or roof purlins, When such lateral bracing is not present, d/b shall not exceed 5, Arches shall be designed for lateral stability in accordance with the provisions of 3.7 and 3.9.2. 5.4.3 Deflection Reference design values for modulus of elasticity in Tables 5A, 5B, 5C, and SD are average values which include the effects of the grade and placement of lami- nations used. In special applications where deflection is ‘critical factor, or where deformation under long-term loading must be limited, the need for use of a reduced reference modulus of elasticity shall be determined, See Appendix F for provisions on design value adjustments for special end use requirements, 5.4.4 Notches 5.44.1 The tension side of structural glued lami- nated timber bending members shall not be notched, except at ends of members for bearing over a support, ‘and notch depth shall not exceed the lesser of 1/10 the depth of the member or 3". The compression side of structural glued laminated timber bending members shall not be notched, except at ends of members, and the notch depth on the compression side shall not ex- ceed 2/5 the depth of the member. Compression side end-notches shall not extend into the middle 1/3 of the Exception: A taper cut on the compres- sion edge at the end of a structural glued Iaminated timber bending member shall not exceed 2/3 the depth of the member and the length shall not exceed three times the depth of the member, 34. For tapered beams where the taper extends into the middle 1/3 of the span, special design pro- visions shall be required. 5.4.4.2 See 3.1.2 and 3.4.3 for effect of notches on strength, AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPOUL SPELL ROUND TIMBER POLES AND PILES 6.1 General 38 6.2 Reference Des ign Values 38 6.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 39 ‘Table6A Reference Design Values for ‘Treated Round, ‘Timber Piles . ‘Table 6B Reference Design Values for Poles Graded in ‘Accordance with ASTM D 3200. ‘Table 6.3.1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for Round imber Poles and Piles... 40 Untreated Factors, C,, for'Timber Poles and Piles . Single Pile Factors, C,,, for Round Timber Piles. »& AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. cu38 CD Ree) 6.1 General 6.1.1 Application 6.1.1.1 Chapter 6 applies to engineering design with round timber poles and piles. Design procedures and reference design values herein pertain to the load carrying capacity of poles and piles as structural wood members. 6.1.1.2 This Specification does not apply to the load supporting capacity of the soil 6.1.2 Specifications 6.1.2.1 The procedures and reference design values herein apply only to timber piles conforming to appli- cable provisions of ASTM Standard D 25 and only to poles conforming to applicable provisions of ASTM Standard D 3200. 6.1.2.2 Specifications for round timber poles and piles shall include the standard for preservative treat- ment, pile length, and nominal tip circumference or nominal circumference 3 feet from the butt, Specifica- tions for piles shall state whether piles are to be used as foundation piles, land and fresh water piles, or marine piles 6.1.3 Standard Sizes 6.1.3.1 Standard sizes for round timber piles are given in ASTM Standard D 25. 6.1.3.2 Standard sizes for round timber poles are given in ASTM Standard D 3200. 6.1.4 Preservative Treatment 6.1.4.1 Reference design values apply to timber poles or piles treated by an approved process and pre- servative (see Reference 30). Load duration faciors greater than 1.6 shall not apply to structural members pressure-treated with water-borne preservatives. 6.1.42 Untreated timber poles and piles shall not be used unless the cutoff is below the lowest ground water level expected during the life of the structure, but in no case less than 3 feet below the existing ground water level unless approved by the authority having Jutisdiction. 6.2 Reference Design Values 6.2.1 Reference De: piles ues in Table 6A are based on the provisions of ASTM Standard D 2899, 6.2.1.2 Reference design values for round timber poles are specified in Table 6B. Reference design val- ues in Table 6B are based on provisions of ASTM Standard D 3200. 6.2.2 Other Species or Grades Reference design values for piles of other species or grades shall be determined in accordance with ASTM Standard D 2899. AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) ery Table 6A Reference Design Values for Treated Round Timber Piles ‘Species Ena Is 230 Pacific Coast Douglas Fir™ 1250 1,500,000 790,000 Red Oak’ 1100 135 350 1,250,000 660,000 Red Pine 900 1900 85 1,280,000 680,000 Souther Pine! 1200 2400 10. 250 1,500,000 790,000. T Poste Coast Dooglas Fr efeence de reterence design vals 2. Red Onk reference design values apply o Norther and Southern Red Oak Toss apply is species os dane iw ASTM Sandisd D170, For connection design use Douglas FirLarch 3. Red Pine refereace design vahics apply to Red Pic gown inthe Unite Stacs For connection design use Northern Pine reference design vals {Souther Pine reference design ves apply to Loblolly, Longa, Sore. Slash Pins, Table 6B =‘ Reference Design Values for Poles Graded in Accordance with ASTM D 3200 Reference design values for normal load duration and wet service conditions, psi Species Ky Fy Fa F E Pacific Coast Douglas Fir 1850 ns 375 1000 1,500,000 Jack Pine 1500 95 280 800 1,070,000 570,000 Lodgepole Pine 1350 85 240 1,080,000 570,000 Northern White Cedar 1050 80 ‘640,000. 340,000 Ponderosa Pine 1300 90 1,000,000 530,000 Red Pine 1450 85 265 1,280,000 680,000 Souther Pine 1700 os 320 1,400,000 740,000 Western Hemlock 1650 us 245 1,310,000 690,000 Western Larch 2050 120 375 1,460,000 770,000 Western Red Cedar 1350 95 255 ‘940,000 500,000 6.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 6.3.1 Applicabi Factors ty of Adjustment Reference design values (Fe, Fy. Fy, Pets By Ba) shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors to determine adjusted design values (Fe, Fe, B', Fes’ E!, Eqic). Table 6.3.1 specifies the adjustment factors which apply to each reference design value for round timber poles and piles 6.3.2 Load Duration Factor, C,(ASD only) All reference design values except modulus of elas- ticity, E, and modulus of elasticity for beam and col- umn stability, Enis, for poles and piles and compression perpendicular to grain Fu, for poles shall be multiplied by load duration factors, Cp, as specified in 2.3.2. Load duration factors greater than 1.6 shall not apply to tim- ber poles or piles pressure-treated with water-borne s ( 30), nor to structural members pressure-treated with fire retardant chemicals (ee Table 2.3.2) 6.3.3 Wet Service Factor, C,, Reference design values apply to wet or dry serviee conditions. 6.3.4 Temperature Factor, C, Reference design values shall be multiplied by temperature factors, C,, as specified in 2.3.3, AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. S3lld NV S310d YaaWIL ANNOYcry CD Ree) Table 6.3.1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for Round Timber Poles and Piles ASD LRED ASD and LRFD only only i ilziats i i z < 2 x}C> G CG = Ce Ca = Cy Ke a x} Cp C CG + - Kr x} Cp C - - - - - Kr oO ” x| Cp! - = = = Kr gk Enin = Emin x| > se Ke ge Toe Ter al a apy 0 Soman PApSOTE I Baa va Tor poe 6.3.5 Untreated Factor, C, Reference design values include an adjustment to compensate for strength reduction due to steam condi- tioning or boultonizing prior to treatment (see Refer- ence 20). Where poles or piles are air dried or kiln dried prior to pressure treatment, or where untreated poles or piles are used, all reference design values except ‘modulus of elasticity, E, and modulus of elasticity for beam and column stability, Eyis, shall be permitted to be multiplied by the untreated factors, Cy, in Table 635. Table 6.3.5 Untreated Factors, C,, for Timber Poles and Red Pine Lu Souther Pine Lis 6.3.6 Beam Stability Factor, C, Reference bending design values, Fp, for round timber poles or piles shall not be adjusted for beam sta- bility 6.3.7 Size Factor, C, When pole or pile circumference exceeds 43" (di- ameter exceeds 13.5") at the critical section in bending, the reference bending design value, Fs, shall be multi plied by the size factor, Cy, specified in 4.3.6.2 and 43.633. 6.3.8 Column Stabil ity Factor, C, Reference compression design values parallel to grain, F,, for the portion of a timber pole or pile stand- ing unbraced in air, water, or material not capable of lateral support shall be multiplied by the column stabib ity factor, Cp, specified in 3.7, AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) a 6.3.9 Ci ical Section Factor, C., Reference compression design values parallel to grain, F., for round timber piles are based on the strength at the tip of the pile. Reference compression design values parallel to grain, Fe, for Pacific Coast Douglas Fir and Southern Pine in Table 6A shall be permitted to be increased 0.2% for cach foot of length from the tip of the pile to the critical section. The criti- cal section factor, C.., shall be determined as follows ©.,=1.0+ (10.002) (63-1) length from tip of pile to critical section, ft The increase for location of critical section shall not exceed 10% for any pile (C. § 1.10). The critical section factors, C.., are independent of tapered column provisions in 3.7.2 and both shall be permitted to be used in design calculations 6.3.10 Bearing Area Factor, C, Reference compression design values perpendicular to grain, F.,, for timber poles or piles shall be permitted to be multiplied by the bearing area factor, C,, specified in 3.104. 6.3.11 Single Pile Factor, C,, Reference bending design values, F;, and reference compression design values parallel to grain, F, are in- tended for use when the design encompasses load shar- ing principles such as occur in a pile cluster. When piles are used in such @ manner that each pile supports its own specific load, reference bending design values and reference compression design values parallel to in shall be multiplied by the single pile factors, Cup able 6.3.1 Table 6.3.11 Single Pil for Round Timber Piles Factors, C_, Fe 0.80 B O77 6.3.12 Format Conversion Factor, K, (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be multi- plied by the format conversion factor, Ks, specified in Appendix N3.1 6.3.13 Resistance Factor, » (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be multi- plied by the resistance factor, 9, specified in Appendix: N32, 6.3.14 Time Effect Factor, > (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be multi- plied by the time effect factor, 2, specified in Appendix N33. AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. S3lld NV S310d YaaWIL ANNOY42 Ce aU) /AVERIGAN WOOO COUN.POCO a Re aC hea) PREFABRICATED WOOD I-JOISTS 7.1 General 44 7.2 Reference Design Values 44 7.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 44 7.4 Special Design Considerations 46 Table 7.3.1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for Prefabri »& REST & PAPER ASSOCIATION eryry De NCSL! 7.1 General 7.1.1 Application Chapter 7 applies to engineering design with pre- fabricated wood I-joists. Basic requirements are pro- vided in this Specification. Design procedures and other information provided herein apply only to prefabricated wood I-joists conforming to all pertinent provisions of ASTM D 5085. 7.1.2 Defi The term “prefabricated wood L-joist” refers to a structural member manufactured using sawn or struc: tural composite lumber flanges and wood structural panel webs bonded together with exterior exposure ad- hesives, forming an “I” cross-sectional shape 7.2 Reference Design Values 7.1.3 Identification When the design procedures and other informa- tion provided herein are used, the prefabricated wood I-joists shall be identified with the manufacturer’s name and the quality assurance ageney's name. 7.1.4 Service Conditions Reference design values reflect dry service condi- tions, where the moisture content in service is less than 16%, as in most covered structures. I-joists shall not be used in higher moisture service conditions unless spe- cifically permitted by the I-joist manufacturer 7.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 7.3.1 General Reference design values (M,, Vi, Ri El, (EDai» K) Shall be multiplied by the adjustment factors specitied 7.3.2 Load Duration Factor, C, (ASD only) Alll reference design values except stiffness, EL (EDpig, and K, shall be multiplied by load duration fac- tors, Cp, as specified in 2.3.2 7.3.3 Wet Service Factor, C,, Reference design values for prefabricated wood joists are applicable to dry service conditions as speci- fied in 7.1.4 where Cy ~ 1.0. When the service condi- tions differ fom the specified conditions, adjustments for high moisture shall be in accordance with informa- tion provided by the prefabricated wood L-joist manu- facturer. 7.3.4 Temperature Factor, C, When structural members will experience sustained exposure to elevated temperatures up to 150°F (see Ap- pendix C), reference design values shall be multiplied by the temperature factors, C,, specified in 2.3.3. For M,, Ves Rey El, (EDnios and K use Cy for Fs, Fy Pos By Eqya, and Fy, respectively AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) ory Table 7.3.1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for Prefabricated Wood I-Joists ASP! Aspangirep | URED only only M.=M, x | Cp x |p x | Cp 7.3.5 Beam Stability Factor, , Lateral stability of prefabricated wood I-joists shall be considered, One acceptable method is the procedure of 3.7.1 using the section properties of the compression flange only. The compression flange shall be evaluated as a column continuously restrained in the direction of the web. Cp of the compression flange shall be used as C_ of the joist. Prefabricated wood I-joists shall be re- strained against lateral movement and rotation at sup- ports, 7.3.6 Repetitive Member Factor, C, For prefabricated wood I-joists with structural composite lumber flanges or sawn lumber flanges, ref- erence moment design resistances shall be multiplied by the repetitive member factor, C, = 1.0 Cw Cw Cu Cu Cw Member Factor Resisance Factor Qc Cas GQ o- + Ke ®& OR Co + Ke & & Cc - - HERBIE G+ = ERE gere Qe ee ee 7.3.7 Pressure-Preservative Treatment Adjustments to reference design values to account for the effects of pressure-preservative treatment shall be in accordance with information provided by the pre- fabricated wood I-joist manufacturer 7.3.8 Format Conversion Factor, K, (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be multi- plied by the format conversion factor, Ke, provided by the wood I-joist manufacturer AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION.ry De NCSL! 7.3.9 Resistance Factor, > (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be muhi- plied by the resistance factor, 6, specified in Appendix N32 7.3.10 Time Effect Factor, , (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be muhi- plied by the time effect factor, 2, specified in Appendix N33. 7.4 Special Design Considerations 7.4.1 Bearing Reference bearing design values, as a function of bearing length, for prefabricated wood I-joists with and without web stiffeners shall be obtained from the pre- fabricated wood I-joist manufacturer's literature or code evaluation reports. 7.4.2 Load Application Prefabricated wood I-joists act primarily to resist loads applied to the top flange. Web stiffener require- ments, if any, at concentrated loads applied to the top flange and design values to resist concentrated loads applied to the web or bottom flange shall be obtained from the prefabricated wood I-joist manufacturer's lit- erature or code evaluation reports. 7.4.3 Web Holes The effects of web holes on strength shall be ac- counted for in the design. Determination of critical shear at a web hole shall consider load combinations of 1.4.4 and partial span loadings defined as live or snow loads applied from each adjacent bearing to the oppo- ige of a rectangular hole (centerline of a circular hole). The effects of web holes on deflection are negli- gible when the number of holes is limited to 3 or less per span, Reference design values for prefabricated wood [joists with round or rectangular holes shall be obtained from the prefabricated wood I-joist manufae- turer’s literature or code evaluation reports 7.4.4 Notches Notched flanges at or between bearings signifi- cantly reduces prefabricated wood I-joist capacity and is beyond the scope of this document. See the mamufac- turer for more information, 7.4.5 Deflection Both bending and shear deformations shall be con- sidered in deflection calculations, in accordance with the prefabricated wood I-joist manufacturer's literature or code evaluation reports 7.4.6 Vertical Load Transfer Loists supporting bearing walls located directly above the L-joist support require rim joists, blocking panels, or other means to directly transfer vertical loads from the bearing wall to the supporting structure below 7.4.7 Shear Provisions of 3.4.3.1 for calculating shear force, V, shall not be used for design of prefabricated wood [joist bending members, AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPOCO a Re aC hea) STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE LUMBER 8.1 General 48 8.2 Reference Design Values 48 8.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 48 8.4 Special Design Considerations 50 ‘Table 8.3.1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for Structural Composite Lumber »& REST & PAPER ASSOCIATION cory Sat mon Cuan 8.1 General 8.1.1 Application Chapter 8 applies to engineering design with struc tural composite lumber. Basic requirements are pro- vided in this Specification. Design procedures and other information provided herein apply only to structural composite lumber conforming to all pertinent. provi- sions of ASTM DS456, 8.1.2 Defi 8.1.2.1 The term “laminated veneer lumber” refers to a composite of wood veneer sheet elements with wood fiber primarily oriented along the length of the member. Veneer thickness shall not exceed 0.25". 8.1.2.2 The term “parallel strand lumber” refers to a composite of wood strand elements with wood fibers primarily oriented along the length of the member. The least dimension of the strands shall not exceed 0.25) and the average length shall be a minimum of 150 times the least dimension, 8.1.2.3 The term “structural composite lumber” re- fers to cither laminated veneer lumber or parallel strand lumber. These materials are structural members bonded with an exterior adhesive. 8.1.3 Identification When the design procedures and other information provided herein are used, the structural composite Tum beer shall be identified with the manufacturer’s mame and the quality assurance ageney"s name. 8.1.4 Service Conditions Reference design values reflect dry service condi- tions, where the moisture content in service is less than 16%, as in most covered structures. Structural compos- ite lumber shall not be used in higher moisture service conditions unless specifically permitted by the struc- tural composite lumber manufacturer 8.2 Reference Design Values Reference design values for structural composite lumber shall be obtained from the structural composite lumber manufacturer's literature or code evaluation report. In special applications where deflection is a critical factor, or where deformation under long-term loading must be limited, the need for use of a reduced modulus of elasticity shall be determined. See Appen- dix F for provisions on adjusted values for special end use requirements, 8.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 8.3.1 General Reference design values (Fy, Fi, Fis Fels Fes Es Ems) shall be multiplied by the adjustment factors specified in Table 8.3.1 to determine adjusted design values (Fy, Fy, Fu, Fe, Fe B', En’) AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) ry Table 8.3.1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for Structural Composite Lumber he ASD and LARFD i R-Fr x]G Ge G GL Cy Se F, x|Cp Cu G - - - - Kr hk a R=R x/Cp Cw G - - = = “BRE EHEy: Fu=Fa xf - Gi G - - - ©, BREE: = x[Cp Cu G - - CG = ke i E=E x} - Cw G - - - - a +H - Enin=Enin x} - Cw Ge - a 1 See 8.5.6 for information on imlaneous application of Ue volume factor. Cy and the Beam subiliy ctor. C 8.3.2 Load Duration Factor, C,(ASD only) All reference design values except modulus of elas- ticity, E, modulus of elasticity for beam and column stability, Ema» and compression perpendicular to grain, F.,, shall be multiplied by load duration factors, Co, specified in 2.3.2 8.3.3 Wet Service Factor, C,, Reference design values for structural composite lumber are applicable to dry service conditions as specified in 8.1.4 where Cy = 1.0. When the service conditions differ from the specified conditions, adjust- ments for high moisture shall be in accordance with information provided by the structural composite um- ber manufacturer. 8.3.4 Temperature Factor, C, When structural members will experience sustained exposure to elevated temperatures up to 150°F (see Ap- pendix C), reference design values shall be multiplied by the temperature factors, C,, specified in 2.3.3 8.3.5 Beam Stability Factor, C, Structural composite lumber bending members shall be laterally supported in accordance with 3.3.3. 8.3.6 Volume Factor, C, Reference bending design values, Fy, for structural composite lumber shall be multiplied by the volume factor, Cy, and shall be obtained from the structural composite lumber manufacturer's literature or code AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. YAWN ALISOdWOO TWUNLONULSevaluation reports. When Cy £ 1.0, the volume factor, Cy, shall not apply simultaneously with the beam sta- bility factor, C,, (See 3.3.3) and therefore, the lesser of these adjustment factors shall apply. When Cy > 1.0, the volume factor, Cy, shall apply simultaneously with the beam stability factor, C, (see 3.3.3). 8.3.7 Repetitive Member Factor, C, Reference bending design values, Fs, shall be mul- tiplied by the repetitive member factor, C, ~ 1.04, when such members are used as joists, studs, or similar mem- bers which are in contact or spaced not more than 24" on center, are not less than 3 in number and are joined by floor, roof, or other load distributing elements ade- quate to support the design load. (A load distributing clement is any adequate system that is designed or has been proven by experience to transmit the design load to adjacent members, spaced as described above, with- ‘out displaying structural weakness or unacceptable de- fection. Subflooring, flooring, sheathing, or other cov- ering clements and nail gluing or tongue and groove joints, and through nailing generally meet these crite- ria.) 8.3.8 Column Stability Factor, C, Reference compression design values parallel to grain, F., shall be multiplied by the column stability factor, Cy, specified in 3.7 8.3.9 Bearing Area Factor, C, Reference compression design values perpendicular to grain, Fu, shall be permitted to be multiplied by the bearing area factor, Cy, as specified in 3.10.4, Sat mon Cuan 8.3.10 Pressure-Preservative Treatment Adjustments to reference design values to account for the effects of pressure-preservative treatment shall be in accordance with information provided by the structural composite lumber manufacturer 8.3.11 Format Conversion Factoi K, (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be multi- plied by the format conversion factor, Ks, specified in Appendix N.3.1 8.3.12 Resistance Factor, » (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be multi- plied by the resistance factor, @, specified in Appendix N32. 8.3.13 Time Effect Factor, » (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be multi- plied by the time effect factor, 2, specified in Appendix N33. 8.4 Special Design Considerations 8.4.1 Notches 84.1.1 The tension side of structural composite bending members shall not be notched, except at ends of members for bearing over a support, and notch depth shall not exceed 1/10 the depth of the member. The compression side of structural composite bending members shall not be notched, except at ends of mem- bers, and the noteh depth on the compression side shall not exceed 2/5 the depth of the member. Compression side end-notches shall not extend into the middle third of the span 8.4.1.2 See 3.1.2 and 3.4.3 for effect of notches on strength, AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPOCO a Re aC hea) woopD STRUCTURAL PANELS 9.1 General 52 9.2 Reference Design Values 52 9.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 53 94 Design Considerat Table 9.3.1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for Wood Structural Panels »& AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. cecy Pe teat ae) 9.1 General 9.1.1 Application Chapter 9 applies to engineering design with the following wood structural panels: plywood, oriented strand board, and composite panels. Basic requirements are provided in this Specification. Design procedures and other information provided herein apply only to wood structural panels complying with the require- ments specified in this Chapter. 9.1.2 Identification 9.1.2.1 When design procedures and other informa- tion herein are used, the wood structural panel shall be idemtfied for grade and glue type by the trademarks of an approved testing and grading agency. 9.1.2.2 Wood structural panels shall be specified by span rating, nominal thickness, exposure rating, and grade. 9.1.3 Definitions 9.1.3.1 The term “wood structural panel” refers to a wood-based panel product bonded with a waterproof adhesive. Included under this designation are plywood, oriented strand board (OSB) and composite panel These panel products meet the requirements of USDOC PS | or PS 2 and are intended for structural use in resi- dential, commercial, and industrial applications. 9.1.3.2 The term “composite panel” refers 10 a ‘wood structural panel comprised of wood veneer and reconstituted wood-based material and bonded with waterproof adhesive. 9.1.3.3 The term “oriented strand board” refers to a mat-formed wood structural panel comprised of thin rectangular wood strands arranged in cross-aligned lay- ers with surface layers normally arranged in the long panel direction and bonded with waterproof adhesive. 9.1.3.4 The term “plywood” refers to a wood struc- tural panel comprised of plies of wood veneer arranged in cross-aligned layers. The plies are bonded with an adhesive 1 application of heat and pressure. 9.1.4 Service Conditions 9.1.4.1 Reference design values reflect dry service conditions, where the moisture content in service is less than 16%, as in most covered structures. 9.2 Reference Design Values 9.2.1 Panel Stiffness and Strength 9.2.1.1 Reference panel stiffness and strength de sign values (the product of material and section proper- ties) shall be obtained from an approved source. 9.2.1.2 Due to the orthotropic nature of panels, ref erence design values shall be provided for the primary and secondary strength axes. The appropriate reference design values shall be applied when designing for each panel orientation. When forces act at an angle 10 the principal axes of the panel, the capacity of the panel at the angle shall be calculated by adjusting the re design values for the principal axes using principles of engineering mechanics. 9.2.2 Strength and Elastic Properties Where required, strength and clastic parameters shall be calculated from reference strength and stiffness design values, respectively, on the basis of tabulated design section properties. 9.2.3 Design Thickness Nominal thickness shall be used in design calcula- tions. The relationships between span ratings and ‘nominal thicknesses are provided with associated refer- ence design values. 9.2.4 Design Section Properties Design section properties shall be assigned on the basis of span rating or design thickness and are pro- vided on a per-foot-of-panel-width basis. AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) coy 9.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 9.3.1 General Reference design values shall be multiplied by the adjustment factors specified in Table 9.3.1 to determine adjusted design values. 9.3.2 Load Duration Factor, C,(ASD only) All reference strength design values (FyS, FA, Ft F,(1b/Q), F.A) shall be multiplied by load duration fa tors, Co, as specified in 2.3.2. 9.3.3 Wet Service Factor, C,, and Temperature Factor, C, Reference design values for wood structural panels Ie to dry service conditions as specified in 9.1.4 where Cyy = 1.0 and C,= 1.0. When the service conditions differ from the specified conditions, adjust- ments for high moisture and/or high temperature shall be based on information from an approved source. are applic Table 9.3.1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for Wood Structural Panels FS = FS x |G FA=FRA Cp =Futy x |p x | Cp x |& EI=El x f= EA'=EA x |= Gat = Goty x Ful =F, iz ASD and LRED Ou Ow Ow Ow Ow Ow Ow Cu Cu G Co Ke dy oN c Cy RGergiseshe c - Kr oy c > Ke G - Ke ge CG Co - jiRRESEEE CG Co = ee CG Co = EERIE CG Co = Ke a AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. STaNVd TVENLONULS doom9.3.4 Grade and Construction Factor, C,, and Panel Size Factor, C, Other adjustments to reference panel design values for grade and construction and panel size shall be based ‘on information from an approved source. 9.3.5 Format Conversion Factor, K, (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be multi- plied by the format conversion factor, Kr, specified in Appendix N.3.1 9.4 Design Considerations Pe teat ae) 9.3.6 Resistance Factor, > (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be mult (or, 6, specified in Appendix plied by the resistance N3.2, 9.3.7 Time Effect Factor, , (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be mult- plied by the time effect factor, 2, specified in Appendix N33. 9.4.1 Flatwise Bending Wood structural panels shall be designed for f ure by checking bending moment, shear, and deflection, Adjusted planar shear shall be used as the shear resis- tance in checking the shear for panels in flatwise bend- ing. Appropriate beam equations shall be used with the ign spans as defined below (a) Bending moment-distance between center-line of supports (b) Shear-clear span. (©) Deflection-clear span plus the support width factor. For 2" nominal and 4" nomi the support width factor is equal to 0.25" and 0.625", respectively. 9.4.2 Tension in the Plane of the Panel When wood structural panels are loaded in axial tension, the orientation of the primary strength axis of the panel with respect to the direction of loading, shall be considered in determining adjusted tensile capacity. 9.4.3 Compression in the Plane of the Panel When wood structural panels are loaded in axial compression, the orientation of the primary strength axis of the panel with respect to the direction of load- ing, shall be considered in determining the adjusted compressive capacity. In addition, panels shall be de- signed to prevent buckling. 9.4.4 Planar (Rolling) Shear The adjusted plat design wien the she: ‘wood structural panels. ir (rolling) shear shall be used in force is applied in the plane of 9.4.5 Through-the-Thickness Shear ‘The adjusted through-the-thickness shear shall be used in design when the shear force is applied through- the-thickness of wood structural panels. is ‘The adjusted bearing design value of wood stru tural panels shall be used in design when the load is applied perpendicular to the panel face. 9.4.6 Beal AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPOUL SPELL MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS 10.1 General 56 10.2 Reference Design Values 57 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 37 ‘Table 10.3.1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for ‘Connections. ‘Table 10.3.3 Wet Service Factors, Cy. for Connections ‘Table 10.3.4 ‘Temperature Factors, C,, for Connections ‘Table 10.3.6 Group Action Factors, C,, for Bolt or Li Connections with Wood Side Members ‘Table 10.3.68. Group Action Factors, Cy, for 4” Shear Plate Connectors with Wood Members.. ‘Table 10.3.6C Group Action Factors, C,, for Bolt or Lag Screw ‘Connections with Steel Side Plates. ‘Table 10.3.6D Group Act Connectors n Factors, C, for 4” Sh ith Steel Side Plates .. Plate »& AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. cc10.1 General Dee eed 10.1.1 Scope 10.1.1.1 Chapter 10 applies to the engineering de- sign of connections using bolts, lag serews, split ring or shear plate connectors, drift bolts, drift pins, wood . nails, spikes, timber rivets, metal connector plates or spike grids in sawn lumber, structural glued Iaminated timber, timber poles, timber piles, structural composite lumber, prefabricated wood Ljoists, and ‘wood structural panels. Except where specifically lim- ited elsewhere herein, the provisions of Chapter 10 shall apply to all fastener types covered in Chapters 11 12, and 13, 10.1.1.2 The requirements of 3.1.3, 3.1.4, and 3.1. shall be accounted for in the design of connections. 10.1.1.3 Connection design provisions in Chapters 10, 11, 12, and 13 shall not preclude the use of connec tions where it is demonstrated by analysis based on generally recognized theory, full-scale, or prototype loading tests, studies of model analogues or extensive experience in use that the connections will perform sat- isfactorily in their intended end uses (see 1.1.1.3). 10.1.2 Stresses in Members at Connections Structural members shall be checked for load carry- ing capacity at connections in accordance with all ap- plicable provisions of this standard including 3.1.2, 3.1.3, and 3.4.3.3. Local stresses in connections using multiple fasteners shall be checked in accordance with principles of engineering mechanics. One method for determining these stresses is provided in Appendix E. 10.1.3 Eccentric Connections connections that induce tension stress perpendicular to grain in the wood shall not be used unless appropriate engineering procedures or tests are employed in the design of such connections to insure that all applied loads will be safely carried by the mem- bers and connections. Connections similar to those in Figure 10A are examples of connections requiring ap- propriate engineering procedures or tests. Eecent 10.1.4 Mixed Fastener Connections Methods of analysis and test data for est reference design values for connections made with more than one type of fastener have not been devel- oped. Reference design values and design value ad- jjustments for mixed fastener connections shall be based. ‘on tests or other analysis (see 1.1.1.3), 10.1.5 Connection Fabrication Reference lateral design values for connections in Chapters 11, 12, and 13 are based on: (a) the assumption that the faces of the members are brought into contact when the fasteners are installed, and (b) allowance for member shrinkage due to se sonal variations in moisture content (see 10.3.3). Figure 10A Eccentric Connections AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) oy 10.2 Reference Design Values 10.2.1 Single Fastener Connections 10.2.1.1 Chapters 11, 12, and 13 contain tabulated reference design values and design provisions for calcu- lating reference design values for various types of sin- gle fastener connections. Reference design values for connections in a given species apply to all grades of that species unless otherwise indicated. Dowel-type fastener connection reference design values for one species of wood are also applicable to other species having the same or higher dowel bearing strength, F, 10.2.1.2 Design provisions and reference design values for dowel-type fastener connections such as bolts, lag screws, wood screws, nails and spikes, drift bolts, and drift pins are provided in Chapter 11 10.2.1.3 Design provisions and reference design values for split ring and shear plate connections are pro- vvided in Chapter 12. 10.2.1.4 Design provisions and reference design values for timber rivet connections are provided in Chapter 13 10.2.1.5. Wood 10 wood connections. involvin spike grids for load transfer shall be designed in accor- dance with principles of engineering mechanics (see Reference 50 for additional information). 10.2.1.6 Metal plate connected wood truss con- struction shall be designed in accordance with ANSUTPL I 10.2.2 Multiple Fastener Connections When a connection contains two or more fasteners of the same type and similar size, each of which exhib- its the same yield mode (see Appendix 1), the total ad- jjusted design value for the connection shall be the sum of the adjusted design values for each individual fa tener. Local stresses in connections using multiple fas- teners shall be evaluated in accordance with principles of engineering mechanics (see 10.1.2). 10.2.3 Design of Metal Parts Metal plates, hangers, fasteners, and other metal paris shall be designed in accordance with applicable metal design procedures to resist failure in tension, shear, bearing (metal on metal), bending, and buckling (see References 39, 40, and 41). When the capacity of a connection is controlled by metal strength rather than ‘wood strength, metal strength shall not be multiplied by the adjustment factors in this Specification. In addition, metal strength shall not be increased by wind and e: quake factors if design loads have already been reduced by load combination factors (see Reference $ for additional information), 10.2.4 Design of Concrete or Masonry Parts Concrete footers, walls, and other concrete or ma- sonry parts shall be designed in accordance with ac- cepted practices (see References | and 2). When the capacity of a connection is controlled by concrete or masonry strength rather than wood strength, concrete or masonry strength shall not be multiplied by the adjust- ment factors in this Specification, In addition, concrete or masonry strength shall not be increased by wind and earthquake factors if design loads have already been reduced by load combination factors (see Reference 5 for additional information). 10.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 10.3.1 Applicabi Factors ty of Adjustment Reference design values (Z, W) shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors to determine ad- justed design values (Z', W). Table 10.3.1 specifies the adjustment factors which apply to reference lateral de sign values (Z) and reference withdrawal design values (W) for each fastener type. The actual load applied to a connection shall not exceed the adjusted design value (Z!, W') for the connection. AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. ‘SNOILO3NNOO TVOINVHOINDee eed 'y of Adjustment Factors for Connections LRED ASD and LRFD Only . g i : 3 j aie Lateral Loads Dowel-type Fasteners Z-Zx[ Co Cu G Cy Cx = Cy = Ca Co Ke & 2 Split Ring and Shear Place = P=P x|/ Cp Cy G C, Cy Cy - Cy - - Kp & 2 Connectors Q=Qx/G GY GG GG - = = - k& ea P=P xpi Cy Go - = = = Ge = Ke ek Timber Rivets Q=Qx| Co Cu CG - co = = Ge = = Ke Metal Plate Connectors Z=Z x| Co Cu G - - - - Ke Spike Grids Z-Z x} CG Gwe G - Cs - - - - - Ke & Withdrawal Loads Nails, spikes, lag screws, ; TG. . wood screws, and drift pins Wx} Co Ge Ge ~ > _% eeeseeaierae TT Fat draion factor, Co sal nor exeesd 10 fr connects ace WAST, 2 The wet service factor, Cyc hall ot appl to toenails leaded n witha (686 1.54.1), 5, Specific information concerning geomet factors >, penetration dept fctrs Cy, en ne tonal tars, Cs prvi in Capers Hy 12a 13, 4 The lod dation fast, rin factors, Cy metal sept fstors, C., daphag factors sony applied wheo wood capacity (P.-Q.) cons (see Chapt 13). 5. The metal side plate factor, C. only applied when rive capacty (BQ) convo (one Chapter 13) 6 The geometry factor, C 10.3.2 Load Duration Factor, C, (ASD only) Reference design values shall be multiplied by the load duration factors, Cp € 1.6, specified in 2.3.2 and Appendix B, except when the capacity of the connee- tion is controlled by metal strength or strength of con- crete/masonry (see 10.2.3, 10.2.4, and Appendix B.3). ‘The impact load duration factor shall not apply to con- nections, 10.3.3 Wet Service Factor, C,, Reference design values are for connections in wood seasoned to a moisture content of 19% or less and used under continuously dry conditions, as in most cov- ered structures. For connections in wood that is unsea- sony applied when wood capacity, Q., eon (See Chapter 13). soned or partially seasoned, or when connections are exposed 10 wet service conditions in use, reference de- sign values shall be multiplied by the wet service fa tors, C,, specified in Table 10.3.3. 10.3.4 Temperature Factor, C, 0 values shall be multiplied by the ; in Table 10.3.4 for connections sustained exposure to elevated Reference des temperature factors, that will experien temperatures up to 150°F (see Appendix C). AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) co Table 10.3.3 Wet Si ice Factors, C,, for Connections Moisture Content At Time of Fabrication In-Service ou Lateral Loads Shear Plates & Split <19% 10 Rings! 19% 08 any 07 Metal Connector S19 10 Plates? 08 08 Dowel-type Fasteners 19% 10, > 19% 04) any 07 Timber Rivets < 19% 10 519% 08 Withdrawal Loads Lag Screws & Wood any <19% 10 Screws any > 19% 07 Nails & Spikes <19% 9% > 19% > 19% ‘Threaded Hardened any ny Lo Nails T.Forspiring wr iar plas conssars aus Conan Tanne ay 8 Gap Sa blow te rks OFT wood 3. Gj.70" fordowelsype fener wat ameter D. lew than 1 Gy~ LO for dowelaype fren conscoos wi one fastens ly 2) owe arr fistnr placed in singh row pall gnc 5) fasteners placed in two or more rows parallel ogra with spate splice plates foreach rm Table 10.3.4 Temperature Factors, C, for Connections Ta-Service Moisture Conditions! T<100°F |100°F (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be multi plied by the resistance factor, 6, specified in Appendix N.3.2. 10.3.9 Time Effect Factor, ) (LRFD only) For LRED, reference design values shall be multi- plied by the time effect factor 2, specified in Appendix N33 AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. ‘SNOILO3NNOO TVOINVHOINry Dee eed Table 10.3.6A Group Action Factors, Cy for Bolt or Lag Screw Connections with Wood Side Members* For D = 1",s= 4", E = 1,400,000 psi AJA’ | Al Number of fasteners in a row in? P2T3 Tats fe l[7 [si] owl ul ep 05 3 | 098 [0.92 [0.84 | 0.75 | 0.68 [06 [0.55 0.50 [045 [O41 | 038 12 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.92 0.87 | 0.81 | 0.76 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.57 | 0.53 20 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.95 0.91 | 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.74 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.62 28 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.79 | 0.76 | 0.72 | 0.69 40 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.97 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.75 64 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 093 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.82 T 5 | 1.00 [0.97 [0.91 [085 [0.78 [0.71 [0.64 [0.59 [054 [049 | 045 12 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.96 0.93 | 0.88 | 084 | 0.79 | 0.74 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.61 20 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.71 28 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.77 40 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.82 64 | 1.00 | 1,00 | 0.99 0.98 | 0.97 | 096 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.88 T Wher AJAy> 10, use AyAvanl use Ay ead oR 2, Tate prop ation factors (Care conserve for D <1". 8-4", 0 > 100,000 ps Table 10.3.6B Group Action Factors, C, for 4" Split Ring or Shear Plate Connectors with Wood Side Members’ 9", E = 1,400,000 psi AJAnt Number of fasteners in a row 2T3s7TeTs [elit s |e Topi 2 05 30.90] 0.73 |059 | 048 [OAT | 0.35 [031 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.20 12 | 0.95 | 0.83 | 0.71 | 0.60 | 0.52 | 0.43 | 0.40 | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.27 20 | 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.78 | 0.69 | 0.60 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.32 28 | 0.97 |.0.91 | 0.82 | 0.74 | 0.66 | 0.59 | 0.53 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.40 | 0.37 40 | 0.98 | 0.93 | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.72 | 0.65 | 0.59 | 0.54 | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.42 64 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.91 0.79 | 0.73 | 0.67 | 0.62 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.50 T 3 | 1.00 | 0.87 | 0.72 | 0.59 [0.50 | 043 | 0.38 [0.34 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.25 12 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.83 | 0.72 | 0.63 | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.33 20 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.88 | 0.79 | 0.71 | 0.63 | 0.57 [0.51 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.39 28 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.91 | 0.83 | 0.76 | 0.69 | 0.62 | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.47 | 0.44 40 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.93 | 0.87 | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.69 | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.50 64 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.87 | 0.82 | 0.77 | 0.72 | 0.67 | 0.62 | 0.58 T Whos AJA, > 10,us0 AyA-and use Ay is 2 Tabula group acon fase (C,) are conservalive for 2-12" spit rng emneciors, 2-88" shea plate connectors, $< 9%, oF E> 1-400,000 ps AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) Table 10.3.6C Group Action Factors, C, for Bolt or Lag Screw Connections with Steel Side Plates* For D= 1", s=4", Fisos = 1,400,000 psi, Eau = 30,000,000 psi AWA, | Aw Number of fasteners in a row in 3 [Taps te[7[ si 9] 12 2) 5 TD | O80 | 0.70 | 0.62 | 055 ] 049 | O44 [OAD 034 Hae 0.93 | 0.85 | 0.77 | 0.70 | 0.463 | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.47 0.40 16 0.96 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.60 052 | 24 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.81 | 0.76 | 0.71 | 0.67 0.59 40 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.90 | 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.79 | 0.76 0.09 64 0.99 | 0.98 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.83 7 120 0.99 | 0.99 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.90 085 | 200 1,00 | 0.99 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.93 0.90 Ww) OS 0.93 | 0.85 | 0.76 | 0.68 | 0.61 | 0.54 | 0.49 | 0.44 037 jog 0.95 | 0.90 0.83 | 0.75 | 0.69 | 0.62 | 0.57 | 0.52 0.44 16 0.98 | 0.94 | 0.90 0.85 | 0.79 | 0.74 | 0.69 | 0.65 0.56 | 24 0.98 [0.96 0.93 | 0.89 | 085 |o80 | 0.76 | 0.72 0.64 40 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.80 078 |64 0.99 |0.98 0.97 | 0.95 |.093 | 091 | 0.89 | 0.86 ost 120 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.92 088 1.00 | 0.99 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.95 0.92 2) 40 0.99 0.89 [0.86 | 0.83 [0.79 072 | 64 0.99 | 0.98 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.85 0.80 120 1.00 | 0.99 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.93 088 |. 200 1.00 | 0.99 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.96 0.92 30) «40 0.98 | 0.96 0.89 | 0.85 [O81 | 0.77 0.65 \@ 0.99 | 0.97 0.93 | 090 | 0.87 | 0.83 073 120 0.99 | 0.99 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.90 083 35 0.97 [0.94 0.60 0.98 | 0.96 0.91 | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.80 0.69 120 0.99 | 0.98 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.88 0.79 | 200 0.99 | 0.99 0.97 | 0.95 [0.94 | 0.92 0.86 2 | 40 0.97 | 0.93 0.83 [0.78 [0.73 | 0.68 085 | 64 0.98 | 0.95 0.88 | 0.84 | 0.80 | 0.76 0.64 120 0.99 | 0.97 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.85 0.75 [200 0.99 | 0.98 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.90 0,83 30) 40 0.96 | 0.91 0.79 | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.63 051 | 64 0.97 | 0.94 0.85 | 081 | 0.76 | 0.72 0.59 120 0.98 | 0.97 0.91 | 088 |0.85 | 0.81 on |. 200 0.99 | 0.98 092 | 0.90 | TTabalans gmap action fairs (Gy) ae conservative ar =T ars AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. ‘SNOILO3NNOO TVOINVHOINcy Dee eed Table 10.3.6D Group Action Factors, C. for 4" Shear Plate Connectors with Steel Side Plates* 9, Bona = 1,400,000 psi, Enns = 30,000,000 psi AWA, | Aw Number of fasteners in a row int PRT 3 Tats ioe [7 [si ofmi[iy Ee 12) 5 091] 0.75 [060 | 050 | 042 [036 | O31 028] 025 | 0.23 | O21 | 8 |094 |.0.80 | 0.67 | 0.56 | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.24 16 | 0.96 | 0.87 | 0.76 | 0.66 osi | 0.45 0.40 | 037 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 24 | 0.97 | 0.90 | 0.82 | 0.73 0.57 | 0.51 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.39 | 0.35 40 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 0.87 | 0.80 0.66 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.43 64 | 0.99 | 0.96 |0.91 | 0.86 0.74 | 0.69 | 0.63 | 059 | 0.5 | 0.51 120 | 0.99 | 0.98 |0.95 | 0.91 0.83 | 0.79 | 0.74 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 200 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.95 089 | 0.85 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.75 | 0.72 18 | 5 | 097 [0.83 [0.68 | 0.56 O41 [0.36 | 032 [0.28 [0.26 | 0.24 | 8 | 098 | 0.87 | 0.74 | 0.62 0.46 | 0.40 | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.27 16 | 0.99 | 0.92 | 082 | 0.73 0.56 | 0.50 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 034 | 24 | 099 |o9a [087 | 0.78 0.63 [057 |051 | 047 | 043 | 0.39 40 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.91 | 0.85 0.72 | 0.66 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 0.47 | 64 | 1.00'}0.97 | 0.94 | 0.89 0.79 | 0.74 | 0.69 } 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.56 120 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.94 0.98 | 0.96 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.79 031 |oa9 | 086 57} 091 | 0.84 O71 [0.65 | 0.59 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 0.89 0.78 | 0.73 | 0.68 120 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.94 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.78 [200 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.96 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.85 30 0.93 | 0.86 | 0.78 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.52 0.96 | 0.90 | 0.84 0.71 | 0.66 | 0.60 0.98 | 0.94 | 0.90 081 | 0.76 | 0.71 35 0.91 [083 | 0.74 059 0.94 | 0.88 | 0.81 0.67 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.88 077 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.92 084 2 0.88 [0.79 | 0.69 054 0.92 | 0.84 | 0.76 0.62 0.95 | 0.90 | 0.83 on 0.97 | 0.94 0.90 0.80 30 0.86 [0.75 | 0.65 0.49 0.90 | 0.81 | 0.72 057 0.94 | 0.88 | 0.81 0.68 0.96 | 0,92 0.77 | 0.71 | 0.66 T Tarn pup acon fcr (Cy arsconsenave or 2-5 shar pate omnes oes = AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPOUL SPELL DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS (BOLTS, LAG SCREWS, WOOD SCREWS, NAILS/SPIKES, DRIFT BOLTS, AND DRIFT PINS) 11.1 General 66 11.2. Reference Withdrawal Design Values 68 Reference Lateral Design Values 1 Combined Lateral and Withdrawal Loads 16 11.5 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 76 11.6 Multiple Fasteners 19 Table 112A Lag Screw Reference Withdrawal Values Table 11.28 Table 11.2C Table 1.3.1 Yield Limit Equations, Table 1.3.18 Reduction Term, Ry Table 11.3 Table 11.3.2 Table 11.3.2B Table 11.5,1A Edge Distance Requirements Table 11,5.1B End Distance Requirement Table 11.5.1C Spacing Requirements Table 11.5.1) Spacing Requirements Between Rows Table 11.5.1F Edge and End Distance for Lag Screw: Tables IAI BOLTS: Reference Lateral Values Vables 11J-K LAG SCREWS: Reference Lateral Values.. Tables 11L-M_ WOOD SCREWS: Reference Lateral Values Tables IIN-R__ NAILS: Reference Lateral Values. » AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION.cy Daa) 11.1 General 11.1.1 Terminology L1LL.1.1 “Edge distance” is the distance from the edge of a member to the center of the nearest fastener measured perpendicular to grain, When a member is loaded perpendicular to grain, the loaded edge shall be defined as the edge in the ditection toward which the fastener is acting. The unloaded edge shall be defined as the edge opposite the loaded edge (see Figure 11G) 111.12 “End distance” is the distance measured parallel to grain from the square-cut end of a member to the center of the nearest bolt (see Figure 11G). IL.1.1.3 “Spacing” is the distance between centers of fasteners measured along a line joining their centers (see Figure 116). LLL.14 A “row of fasteners” is defined as two or more fasteners aligned with the direction of load (see Figure 116). ILL.LS End distance, edge distance, and spacing requirements herein are based on wood properties. Wood-to-metal and wood-to-conerete connections are subject to placement provisions as shown in 11.5.1 however, applicable end and edge distance and spacing requirements for metal and concrete, also apply (see 10.2.3 and 10.2.4), 11.1.2 Bolts 11.1.2.1 Installation requirements apply to bolts meet- ing requirements of ANSVASME Standard BI8.2.1 [1.1.2.2 Holes shall be a minimum of 1/32" to a maximum of 1/16" larger than the bolt diameter. Holes shall be accurately aligned in main members and side plates. Bolts shall not be forcibly driven. 11,1.2.3 A metal plate, metal strap, or washer not less than a standard cut washer shall be between the wood and the bolt head and between the wood and the ut 1.1.2.4 Edge distance, end distance, and fastener spacing shall not be less than the requirements in Ta- bles 11.5.1 through D. 11.1.3 Lag Screws 11.1.3.1 Installation requirements apply to lag screws meeting requirements of ANSVASME Standard BI8.2.1. See Appendix L for lag screw dimensions. 11.1.3.2 Lead holes for lag screws loaded laterally ‘and in withdrawal shall be bored as follows to avoid splitting of the wood member during connection fab cation (a) The clearance hole for the shank shall have the same diameter as the shank, and the same depth of penetration as the length of unthreaded shank, (b) The lead hole for the threaded portion shall have a diameter equal to 65% to 85% of the shank diameter in wood with G > 0.6, 60% to 75% in wood with 0.5 < G $0.6, and 40% to 70% in wood with G $0.5 (see Table 11.3.2) and a length equal to at least the length of the threaded portion. The larger percentile in each range shall apply to lag screws of greater di ameter. 11.1.3.3 Lead holes or clearance holes shall not be required for 3/8" and smaller diameter lag screws loaded primarily in withdrawal in wood with G $0.5 (see Table 11.3.2), provided that edge distances, end distances, and spacing are sufficient to prevent unusual splitting 11.1.3.4 The threaded portion of the lag serew shall be inserted in its lead hole by turing with a wrench, not by driving with a hammer. 11.1,3.5 No reduction to reference design values is anticipated if soap or other lubricant is used on the lag screw of in the lead holes to facilitate insertion and to prevent damage to the lag screw. 11.1.3.6 Minimum penetration (not including the length of the tapered tip) of the lag screw into the main member for single shear connections or the side men ber for double shear connections shall be four times the diameter, Pais ~ 4D. 11.1:3.7 Edge distance, end distance, and fastener spacing shall not be less than the requirements in Ta- bles 1.5.LA through E. 11.1.4 Wood Screws 11.1.4.1 Installation requirements apply to wood serews meeting requirements of ANSVASME Standard BI8.6.1 11.142 Lead holes for wood screws loaded in withdrawal shall have a diameter equal to approxi- mately 90% of the wood screw root diameter in wood with G > 0.6, and approximately 70% of the wood screw root diameter in wood with 0.5 < G < 0.6. Wood with G $0.5 (see Table 11.3.2A) is not required to have a lead hole for insertion of wood screws. AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) 67 1.1.4.3 Lead holes for wood screws loaded later- ally shall be bored as follows: (a) For wood with G > 0.6 (see Table 11.3.2), the part of the lead hole receiving the shank shall have about the same diameter as the shank, and that receiving the threaded portion shall have about the same diameter as the screw at the root of the thread (see Reference 8). (b) For G $0.6 (see Table 11.3.2A), the part of the lead hole receiving the shank shall be about 7/8 the diameter of the shank and that receiving the threaded portion shall be about 7/8 the diameter of the screw at the root of the thread (see Ref- erence 8), 111.44 The wood serew shall be inserted in its lead hole by turning with a screw driver or other tool, not by driving with a hammer. 1.1.4.5 No reduction to reference design values is anticipated if soap or other lubricant is used on the wood screw or in the lead holes to facilitate insertion ‘and to prevent damage to the wood screw. 11.1.4.6 Minimum penetration of the wood screw imo the main member for single shear connections or the side member for double shear connections shall be six times the diameter, Pnis = 6D. 1.1.4.7 Edge distances, end distances, and spac- ings shall be sufficient to prevent splitting of the wood. 11.1.5 Nails and Spikes 1.1.5.1 Installation requirements apply to common steel wire nails and spikes, box nails, and threaded hardened-steel nails meeting requirements in ASTM F1667. Nail specifications for engineered construction shall include the minimum lengths and diameters for the nails and spikes to be used. 1.1.5.2 Threaded, hardened-stee! nails, and spikes shall be made of high carbon steel wire, headed pointed, annularly or helically threaded, and heat- treated and tempered to provide greater yield strength than for common wire nails of corresponding size. 111.53 Reference design values herein apply to nailed and spiked connections either with or without bored holes. When a bored hole is desired to prevent splitting of wood, the diameter of the bored hole shall not exceed 90% of the nail or spike diameter for wood with G > 0.6, nor 75% of the nail or spike diameter for wood with G < 0.6 (see Table 11.3.2A). 1.1.5.4 Toe-nails shall be driven at an angle of ap- proximately 30° with the member and started approxi- ‘mately 1/3 the length of the nail from the member end (see Figure 11). Figure 11A_Toe-Nail Connection 11.1.5.5 Minimum penetration of the nail o spike into the main member for single shear connections ot the side member for double shear connections shall be six times the diameter, Pais ~ 6D. mmetric double shear connections Exception: when 12d or smaller nails extend at least three diameters beyond the side member and are clinched, and side members are at least 3/8" thick. 11.1.5.6 Edge distances, end distances, and spac- ings shall be sufficient to prevent splitting of the wood. 11.1.6 Drift Bolts and Drift Pins 11.1.6.1 Lead holes shall be drilled 0” to 1/32" smaller than the actual pin diameter. 11.1.62 Additional penetration of pin into. mem- bers shall be provided in licu of the washer, head, and nut on a common bolt (see Reference 53 for additional information). 11.1.6.3 Edge distance, end distance, and fastener spacing shall not be less than the requirements in Ta- bles 11.5.LA through D. 11.1.7 Other Dowel-Type Fasteners When fastener type or connection fabrication and assembly requirements vary from those specified in 111.2, 11.13, 11.1.4, 11.1.5, and 11.1.6, provisions of 11.3 shall be permitted to be used in calculation of ref= erence lateral design values provided allowance is made to account for such variation. Edge distances, end distances, and spacings shall be sufficient to prevent splitting of the wood. AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. SuaNaISV4 3dA1-1aM0acy Peo 11.2 Reference Withdrawal Design Values 11.2.1 Lag Screws 1.2.1.1 The reference withdrawal de Ibvin. of penetration, for a single lag screw inserted in side grain, with the lag screw axis perpendicular to the shall be determined from Table 11.2A or _ section shall not be exc Equation 11.2-1, within the ra wood fib w=1800 6" and screw diameters given in Table 11.2A. Reference withdrawal design values, W, shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 10.3.1) to ob- tain adjusted withdrawal design values, W' of speci 11.2.1.2 When lag serews are loaded in withdrawal from end grain, reference withdrawal design values, W, shall be multiplied by the end grain factor, Coy = 0.75. 11.2.1.3 When lag screws are loaded in withdrawal, the tensile strength of the lag serew at the net (root) «ded (see 10.2.3) values, in c gravities (2-1) Table 11.2A_ Lag Screw Reference Withdrawal Design Values (W)* Tabulated withdrawal design values (W) are in pounds per inch of thread penetration into side grain of main member. Length of thread penetrat member shall not include the length of the tapered tip (see Appendix L). Specific Gray Lag Screw Unthreaded Shank Diameter, D G war sie" | 378" | ro | v2" [sien aan ree [eas aa” 0.73 | 397 | 469 | 538 | 604 | 668 | 789 | 905 | 1016 | 1123 | 1226 | 1327 0.71 a8 | 450° | 516° 579°) 640] 757) 868 | 974 | 4077 || 4176 || 1273 357 | 422 | 484 | 543 | 600 | 709 | sis | 913 | 1009 | 1103 | 1193 .67 349 | 43 J 473 | S31) | 587 | 694 | 796 | 893. | 987 || 1078 | 1167 0.58 | 281 | 332 | 381 | 428 | 473 | ss9 | 641 | 719 | 795 | 869 | 940 0,55° }°© 260° | 307°) 352°] "398° 437] St6 S92") Ged] 734°) 802" | 868 ost | 232 | 274 | 314 | 353 | 390 | 461 593 | 656 | 716 | 775 225°) 266 5) 305°} °'342°° 378°] 447-9 '813°1) 576°] 636°!) 695°] 952 218 | 258 | 296 | 332 | 367 | 434 | 498 9 | 617 | 674 | 730 05°85] -24n'] 27894 -'312° 1345] 408 467°) 525°] '580°*| 634° | “686: 199 | 235 | 269 | 302 | 334 | 395 | 453 | so8 | 562 | 613 | 664 186 )|'2200°)] 252.5] -/aag') |) 312! f)) a69°! ff aaa} azsi° | sas%{| isza° || seat 179 | 212 | 243 | 273 | 302 | 357 | 409 | 459 | sos | 554 | 600 173°] 205°] 235°) ‘264 | 201° 344] 395°] 443] 490°] 535° | 579. 167 | 198 | 226 | 254 | 281 | 332 | 381 ys | 473 | si6 | 559 161 || 190 | 218°] as] 271) 320 |) 367] ata) | ass] 407: | 53K 155 | 183 | 210 | 236 | 261 | 308 | 353 | 397 | 438 | 479 | si8 149° §] 176°] 202°) 297° asi") 296 |) 3408] BRT | aa2!*) Sar | “age 143 | 169 | 194 | 218 | 241 | 285 | 326 | 367 | 405 | 443 | 479 137|] 463] 186° | 209°) 6-231 273] 313/352!) // 389! | 425” | “460. 132 | 156 | 179 | 200 | 2: 262 | 300 | 337 | 373 | 407 | 441 0.31 110: §] 130° | 449] t67 Saas fate | 25008 | aan ant | i339° | 367 T Tate whrawal dea ales (Wf Tagen connections shal be mlipied by allappeablealjuament Tasers Gee Tae TOS AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) cr 11.2.2 Wood Screws 1.2.2.1 The reference withdrawal design value, in Ib/in, of penetration, for a single wood screw (cut thread o rolled thread) inserted in side grain, with the wood screw axis perpendicular to the wood fibers, shall be determined from Table 11.2B or Equation 11.2-2 within the range of specific gravities and screw diame- ters given in Table 11.2B. Reference withdrawal design values, W, shall be multiplied by all applicable adjust- ment factors (see Table 10.3.1) to obtain adjusted with- drawal design values, W' w 1850 GD 1.222} 1.2.2.2 Wood screws shall not be loaded in with- drawal from end grain of wood. 11.2.2.3 When wood screws are loaded in with- drawal, the adjusted tensile strength of the wood screw at net (root) section shall not be exceeded (see 10.2.3) 11.2.3 Nails and Spikes 11.2.3.1 The reference withdrawal design value, in Ib/in, of penetration, for a single nail or spike driven in the side grain of the main member, with the nail ot spike axis perpendicular to the wood fibers, shall be determined from Table 11.2C or Equation 11.2 within the range of specific gravities and nail or spike diameters given in Table 11.2C. Reference withdrawal design values, W, shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (See Table 10.3.1) to obtain adjusted withdrawal design values, W' w=13806""D (11.2.3) 11.2.3.2 Nails and spikes shall not be loaded in withdrawal from end grain of wood. 11.2.4 Drift Bolts and Drift Pins Drift bolt and drift pin connections loaded in with drawal shall be designed in accordance with principles of engineering mechanics. Table 11.2B Cut Thread or Rolled Thread Wood Screw Reference Withdrawal Design Values (W)* ‘Tabulated withdrawal design values (W) are in pounds per inch of thread penetration into side grain of main Jength iy approximately 2/3 the total wood serew length (see Appendix L). ‘Wood Screw Number 7 8 9 10 2 14 20 24 209) 229+) 249 288] 327 | 367 485] 364 198 |. 216 | 235 272}. 310 | 347 459 | 533 Isl | 199 | 216 250 | 284 | 318 2 | 489 176°} 193°|°°209 243 | 276 | 309. 409) 475 132 | 144 | 157 1x2 | 207 | 232 306 | 356 119} 130 | tar 16s | 1x6 | 208 2751320 wz} 12 | it iat | 160 | 179 237 | 275 98 poo107 }oon17 135 |oeasa | ooa72 228/264 o4 | 103 | 112 no | 147 | 16s 219 | 254 87] 95 103 ng 136} 152 201 | 234 83 | 91 oS) na | 130 | 146 193 | 224 76 | 033 90 105} 119 | 133 176 | 205 nl 86 oo | 14 | 127 168 | 196 0 | 16 2 95 lox | 121 il | 187 66 | 72 18 1 103 | 116 153 | 178 3 | 69 75 86 98 | 110 146 | 169 60 | 65 a 82 93 105 Bs | 161 s7fo62 67 8 89 99 wr} 153 sa) 59) 64 69 m4 84 94 is | 145 sr] 56 60 6s 70 80 99 99 ns |137 48 | 53 37 62 66 78 84 3 mt | 130 3s fai 45 48 52 59 66 B 8705} 102 T Tate waa eg vanes 0) for wood stew connections al be mapa Ryall appisable juste Factors we Table TOT AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. SuaNaISV4 3dA1-1aM0aPeo Fy apa T a pe x | 6 st xe fi vee oe oF [oe] a2 ves Pee ae sa 9 ee x | jo ja | st |e se | oe x fe fa jo fa | o a) oF. ai] 9) 9p se] ze aes fae se ped soe we a eo | sc fic jo | at |e fw jac | re e fa |se jie fo | a Hee) odes Yee se] Hee eg ef oe Tops b ae Ie epee eet ae Pat e | | ve ot | os or | a | 6¢ ee o |e | | oz 6 se f 0g | 9 eps fee ete seo Pree ore feos fete sie. 0 se | ze | az w w ilo fw lw fe [ss foe la fx le la |e or | Fe 62 e sf os foie bee bop des pe ee [oe oe] eed ee se | se | ze x | me |o | os lcs | a | se | ow | se | ce foe | | | sx |p |e Froese ed is ee tae Cot oe Os oe ee ss ee ae zw | sp | ae o jus | w w | us |e | a fs | se fre | te | oe | or se fap ow 9m | ee 9 por Pome | see feos fae ope foe cee fae or | cr | se | ve wo | 9 zw |e | se | te 6 fos | op |e fe 8 for | ce fae so [us | zs | oF 1 | oor | es us | es | a | or a | su | 9% ast | wet | eer | ser we | sc | 9 | 99 | 99 ss | se | 69 | aot | por | ott | sci | sci sofa ju | | ee oe freee oot pst | ar eee freeee| eet ee 6 | cs | 9c | 961 esl 1 | eo | ss | ww | sara | sero ro ore ro] wore | are roa (FOOTE TAN Ceara (UN PApLAAL mids aaa, WoUIWO: PUL ‘SHEN XOg ‘SHEN auEAA UOLNUIO: “CT Mpusddy as) aoquiout ujeu jou o(M) SON|EA UZISE [EMeAPyIM SoUS1050N OyIdS pu EN OZTT 919 SPR ona wopearowod Jo yout od spunod wy AD 99m) UB sop TEMCAPUHTN PFET AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) rc 11.3 Reference Lateral Design Values 11.3.1 Yield Limit Equations For single shear and symmetric double shear con- nections using dowel-type fasteners (see Appendix | Figures 11B and 11C) where: (a) the faces of the connected members are in con- tact (b) the load acts perpendicular to the axis of the dowel (©) edge distances, end distances, and spacing are not less than the requirements in 11.5, and (@) the depth of fastener penetration in the main member for single shear connections or the side member holding the point for double shear jer than or equal to the minimum penetration required (see 11.1). ‘The reference design value, Z, shall be the mini mum computed yield mode value using equations in Tables 11.3.1A and B. Re design values for con- nections with bolts (see Tables 11A through 1), I serews (see Tables IJ and K), wood screws (see T: bles 11L and M), and nails and spikes (see Tables 11N through R) are calculated for common connection con- ditions in accordance with yield mode equations in Ta- bles 11.3.14 and B. connections is Table 11.3.1A _ Yield Limit Equations Yield Mode Single Shear Double Shear 7 Dinan Din Fan In = (113-1) . (is: Dé Fas 2D 6, Fes IL R, (113-2) —_ (113-8) " z (1133) u, 2 (1134) 2-H 0 tsFin 1135 2K D ts Fan 1139 um, (2+RR, (113-5) (2+R)R, (113-9) D? [2 Fen Fie 2D? [2Fan Fo y ZS igs 11.3-6) is 11.3-10) WV R\3a+R,) (113-6) R, \3C+R,) ( D. = diameter in (6ee 13.6) Re(L +R) Fy. — dowel bending yield strength, psi fata +R), 227 RID Re Sle? reduetion term (see Table 11.3.1B) FoalFa main member dowel bearing length, side member dowel bearing length, in, ‘main member dowel bearing strength, psi (sce Table 11.3.2) side member dowel bea 113.2) ith, psi (see Table AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. SuaNaISV4 3dA1-1aM0ao7y Peo Table 11.3.1B Reduction Term, R, Figure 11B Single Shear Bolted Connections Reduction D Fastener Size Yield Mode Term, Ru a 025" Sumner se Plt Kp = 22 for D<0.17 Ke = l0p+05 — forduT™=D<028 ‘T for cada famonars whan sonal Gamster (ss Append Es Beast han or equal 1 0.25" and ox diameters ess than 0.2 K. 11.3.2 Dowel Bearing Strength 1.3.2.1 Dowel bearing strengths, F., for parallel or perpendicular to grain loading are provided for dowel- type fasteners with 1/4" < D £1" in Table 11.3.2. When fastener diameter, D < 1/4", a single dowel bearing sirength, Fe, is used for both parallel and perpendicular ain loading 113.22 Dowel bearing strengths, Fe, for wood structural panels are provided in Table 11.3.2B. 1.3.2.3 Dowel bearing strengths, F., for structural composite lumber shall be obtained from the manufac- turer’s literature or code evaluation report. 11.3.2.4 When dowel-type fasteners with D > 1/4" are inserted into the end grain of the main member, with the fastener axis parallel to the wood fibers, Fer shall be used in determination of the dowel bearing strength of the main member, Foo. 11.3.3 Dowel Bearing Strength at an Angle to Grain When a member in a connection is loaded at an angle to grain, the dowel bearing strength, F.s, for the member shall be determined as follows (see Appendix J) Fa F,sin?0+F,, cos™@ (113-11) wher angle between direction of load and diree- tion of grain (longitudinal axis of member) 11.3.4 Dowel Bearing Length 11.3.4.1 Dowel bearing length in the side member(s) and main member, (, and (yy represent the length of dowel bearing perpendicular to the application of loa The length of dowel bearing shall not include the tapered tip of fastener for fastener penetration lengths less than 10D. 11.3.5 Dowel Bending Yield Strength 1.3.5.1 Reference design values for bolts, lag screws, ‘wood screws, nails, and spikes are based on bending yield strengths provided in Tables ILA through 11R. 11.3.5.2 Dowel bending yield strengths, F,p, used in calculation of reference design values shall be based on yield strength derived using methods provided in ‘ASTM F 1575 or the tensile yield strength derived us ing procedures of ASTM F 606. 11.3.6 Dowel Diameter 11.3.6.1 When used in Tables 11.3-1A and 11.3; 1B, the fastener diameter shall be taken as D for un- threaded full-body diameter fasteners and D, for duced body diameter fasteners or threaded fasteners except as provided in 1.3.6.2. For bolts meeting the requirements of ANSVASME Standard B18.2.1 for full-body diameter bolts, the fastener diameter shall be taken as D (see Appendix L). AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) 73 Table 11.3.2 Dowel Bearing Strengths Dowel bearing strength in pounds per square inch (pAD™ mY Fa ? evar | peway Dosi6” Dawa" _D=TAG” Del?" Dosw" Deva” DATA” _DeI™ 9300 | 6200 900 6300 6850 8450 4000 4450 4150 3850 9050 | 8050 6800 62005750 5350-4800 «4850 © «4050 3800 8aso_| 7950 6650 6050 560052504700 _—~4300_~—«3950~—_—=3700 8600 | 7850 500-5950 8500 8150 4600 +—-«4200+«3900:~=«3650 s400 | 7750 6350 5800 54005050 4500-4100 «« 38003550 8150_| 7600 6250 5700 5250 4950 _—4400_—4050 3750 3600 7950 | 7500 6100 5850 5150 4850 4300 +~«3050~«=«3650 «3400 7750 | 7400 5950 5450 5050 4700 -«4200««3850 «3550 «3350 7500_| 7300 5850 5350 4950 4600 _—4150_—3750_—_—3500__—3250 7300. | 7150 5700 5200-4850 ~«4500~«4050:~«=«3700~«=«3400.~—«3200 7100 | 7080 5600 5100 4700 ««4400:«=« 3850 ©3800 ©3350 ©3100 6900_| 6950 5450 5000 4600 430038503500 3250 3050 ‘6700 | 6850 5350 4850 4500 4200 +~«—«3750 ~—«3450 +—«3200-~—«3000 500 | 6700 5200 4750 «4400. ««4100-«-3700-«« 3850-3100 2900 6300__| 6600 5100 4850 43004000 _3600__—3800_—3050 2850 ‘e100 | 6500 4950 4500 ~—-4200~—«8900~=~«3500”~=«200~=«9GD~—~«TBO s900 | 6200 4850 4400 4100~««3800-»«3400-«« 3100 «2900 = 2700 5700 | 6250 4700 _4300__4000__-3700__3350_—3050 28002850 5550 | 6750 4600 4200 «3900 +~—<3650~«3250:~«050~=«2750~—«2550 5350 | 6050 4é50 4100 -—«3750-—«3550«« 3150-2000» «2650 2500 5150_| 5950 4350 3950 365034503050 2800_—~2600 2450 5000 | 5800 4250 -3850”—6 greater Perpendicular to Grain: Toaded edge 4D unloaded edge 18D The (7D rato wsed to dsernine the nian ego anes wal Pe the ser of (a length of festencr in wood main memberyD = €/D (total length of fstenerin wood side membosoD = €/D 2. Heavy or moun consented lnae al ao be suspended below the eutral axe ofa single soem aero taal ge laminae i. fer ecm escept where mechanical or equivalent einforsement i povided to resist weasion esses pependictla to gain (see 8.2 and fo AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) 7 Figure 11G Bolted Connection Geometry Geant Parallel to grain loading in all wood members (Z,) a Perpendicular to gain loading inthe side member ‘and paralleto grain loading inthe main member (Z,) (a) When dowel-type fasteners are used and the ae- tual end distance for parallel or perpendicular Table 11,.5.1B End Distance to grain loading is greater than ot equal to the Requirements minimum end distance (see Table 11.5.1B) for Cx = 0.5, but less than the minimum end dis- End Distances tance for Cy = 1.0, the geometry factor, Cs, Minimum Minimum end shall be determined as follows’ end distance for distance for C= 1.0 actual end distance Direction of Loading | C,=0.5 8 minimum end distance for C,=1.0 ~Perpendicularte Grin [3D 5 (b) For loading at an angle to the fastener, when Parallel to Grain, ‘Compression: dowel-type fasteners are used, the minimum. ype (fastener bearing away shear area for C, = 1.0 shall be equivalent to the shear area fora parallel member connection with _ —ammember end) _1_2D. 4D. minimum end distance for Cy = 1.0 (see Table Tension: 11.5.1B and Figure 11E). The minimum shear (fastener bearing to area for Cy = 0.5 shall be equivalent to % the Ward member end) minimum shear area for C, = 1.0. When the ac- for softwoods 35D 2D tual shear area is greater than or equal to the for hardwoods 23D sb. minimum shear area for Cs = 0.5, but less than the minimum shear area for Cy = 1.0, the geome- tuy factor, Cs, shall be determined as follows: Table 11.5.1C Spacing Requirements for Fasteners in a Row actual shear area Cam minimum shear area for C,= 1.0 = Spacing (©) When the actual spacing between dowel-type Direction of Minimum Minimum spacing teners in a row for parallel or perpendicular to —_Loading spacin, for C= 1.0 grain loading is greater than or equal to the mini- “Parallel to Gram 3D. @D mum spacing (see Table 11.5.1C), but less than "Perpendicular to 3D Required spacing for the minimum spacing for Cy = 1.0, the geometry Grain attached members factor, C,, shall be determined as follows: actual spacing minimum spacing for C,=1.0 AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. SuaNaISV4 3dA1-1aM0acry Peo Table 11.5.1D Spacing Requirements Between Rows * Direction of Loading Parallel to Grain LSD Perpendicular to Grain: when (<2 28D when2<(/D<6 (3+ 10D)/8 when UD=6 5D T The CD rao we to deine te minim Spe Uae Sal the eset of The spacing been outer rows of fasteners parallcting the member 11.5.2 End Grain Factor, C, 1.5.2.1 When lag screws are loaded in withdrawal from end grain, the reference withdrawal design values, W, shall be multiplied by the end grain factor, Cog 0.75 1.5.2.2 When dowel-type fasteners are inserted in the end grain of the main member, with the fastener axis parallel to the wood fibers, reference lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by the end grain factor, Cop = 0.67. 11.5.3 phragm Factor, C, When nails or spikes are used in diaphragm con- I design values, Z, shall be multiplied by the diaphragm factor, Cy = 1 struction, reference late 11.5.4 Toe-Nail Factor, C,, 11.5.4.1 When toe-nailed connections are used, ref erence withdrawal design values, W, for the nails or spikes shall be multiplied by the toe-nail factor, Cy 0.67. The wet service factor, Cy, shall not apply for toe-nailed connections loaded in withdrawal, 11.5.4.2 When toe-nailed connections are used, ref- erence lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by the toe-nail factor, Cy = 0.83 Table 11.5.4E Edge and End Distance and Spacing Requirements for Lag Screws Loaded in Withdrawal and Not Loaded Laterally Orientation Minimum Dis- tance/Spacing Edge Distance 15D End Distance 4D Spacing 4D Figure 11H Spacing Between Outer Rows of Bolts AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) rT) 11.6 Multiple Fasteners 11.6.1 Symmetrically Staggered Fasteners When a connection contains multiple fasteners, fas- teners shall be staggered symmetrically in members loaded perpendicular to grain whenever possible (see 3.1.2.2 and 10,3.6.2 for special design provisions when bolts, lag screws, or drift pins are staggered), 11.6.2 Fasteners Loaded at an Angle to Grain When a multiple fastener connection is loaded at an angle to ity axis of each member shall pass through the center of resistance of the group of fasteners to insure uniform stress in the main member and a uniform distribution of load to all fasteners, rain, the 11.6.3 Local Stresses in Connections Local stresses in connections using multiple fasten- crs shall be evaluated in accordance with principles of nies (see 10.1.2 AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. SuaNaISV4 3dA1-1aM0ary Daa) Table 11A BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values (Z) for Single Sh ir (two member) Connections*? for sawn lumber or SCL with both members of identical specific gravity > Thickness | sl yl : s feta! red Wage 080 sie) stleilt vse Wo : cro49 augers 2282/38|__ason SautamPae | pougasfitacs | oomsFirtashoy | “ram Sat w woe Bom mm Bl he mm Be wh Be me | h hi mu Z ela le |e Sebo tee | oe te ee te | bebe ete |e ee ae s9a}s2| S| 90 foo 260 eo 0] Yao aan azo. a7o| 710400 400 200| ord teow 20 | ta | seo a0 a0. S20. 300] eto aro. aro. 200) aa0. ae. aco 200| ToD a0 zd 260 } 1060580, 350] 970 530310, 950 510 510 300] B90 480 480 280 jefe aan ‘on 61010 0 999A aa a0) ar gn an So Sa Lit eto 4240_690. 680.470] 1190610610900] 1140_600_ 600.360] 1040_S60_ S80 amd Ge0a00aal—‘80] G10 8707030" 610 ae 300300, 50090 | woo, foo se0 ao so] eco sao a0 | 630 eon aad 300] Te0 470 00 je | #5809 aro 60] 190 720-620 70 460-60 aa) 40 SH 00 50 S00 [7 | Aezo seo feo] so. 770. ean ao] ta60 Gao ao] aso ea 40) 180 eto ig} ro 480 e600 eo; ero s10-400- 200} 610 ae0 420200; 800-8400 | toro. eco 780. #00 foo s00 fz sad ago| o70 azo 00 460] 690 470 400 teva) S| 50 S00. 600 770 Seo] 200 S00 610 Sr 1100 oo) sao. 0.580 || ee ao 0 30 150/690 600/047 30 Ta 550" 00 LE as 70 1890680140590, $700, 0, is | reo 600 0 S20 od 460) Sob eva) Su | 1350. S00. S40 Tao tm 50. G10. 220, 1200 ) | ssr0- geen 6204 A 0) LIP dato o0 ‘as0_ton._tho_ So, 420 3s | 1200. 600 zo 700 700 580) 1110 sea) St | to00 1190 qe10 oro bro e20 100 | fe | 2510-4430 1070 060-000 80] 1040 0 | nga t6z0 Zola test 20) 210 a 1070 660 Te B00 360600400} B70 0, 00470 so seanl. 20 | 460 000. 990.20 1200 S00 700 S| 1190 seo } | os oan 0 4680" 690 4000 70 Py LP (tana sna0 4500.02, oso Gat 010 0] 2000 nr e160 600 a2 ead a0 82600 a7} aad a0 seat) 2 | 1850 600 1080 200, 1280 650.600 e20| 1200 eH || tara aos ‘Tan ta) te ‘5 padi 1040790, _750| 31290800 207000680) 1170 ean 70 seg) | 1800 1180 Seo 1000 a60| toto _a70 1t20__ 20] 1000 Ss sao ro "| 718 | 2540 1410 1640. 1260) +1160 1380) 1000] 2190 1060 1230° 870) 2170 840) 2060, ‘170 | 7 | et0 tere tea Mao] 2e7o too 1620 tos, 2000 120 1950s) 2000 Soo] zo 1910 tas0 ea 3 30rd 86) Teo son 8a) S60 GAOT a8) 520500 ae B70 en) 0) a70so0 a0 ‘1a 34 | 1450. 890 S50 7e0| 1270660 850. Geo] 1200. 590. 790.560) 110 Seo] 140520740520 | feb 120 90] 660 Pan 4090-70) 4800 680 080) aro 00 150950" 600 sa sva|__| | ito sooo faeo_ a0] 2160. 770 Ino] 2050 eat 0] 2000 | io) ooo bie Goo is 1200-800 B00Tanl- 1170 —P807o0 Gao) 1820700790170 ean} 1070680600 sig 2 | 1890 1100 1240 1080| food 960 1000 80] te10_ 870 1090 780) 100 eo 110200 970 110 | | asto aso a0 a0] samo 360 40" 402) 2160-404 1980" So) 2470 70 00 9004160780 | 1 eva tro 1pm tro] aera 100 4600 too) 2eeo oot 1900 97) Anan Stn] fom 1910 Y250 eo S| 1070 660 760 B00| 840 S60-es0 B00} 890 520-500 a00) 870 50) 88) 470-Se0 80 ‘ta 2M | 1480 600. S50. Ten| 1270 660.850. Go| 1200. S00. 790.280) 110 Seo) 11a s00_ 140.320 | fab 12090) eno "a 400" 7) 880 an 01a TD oo isan sso" os0 8 74102 |1_| 2410 1020 18601020] 77O_1350_770| 2050 680 1270 680] 2030650 1240 _650| 1930600 1190 600 9172) 7g | 2540 1410-1640. 1260 “7960 450° 1020} 2190." 1960""1960 990): 2170°"1040 1940" 900} 2060" 980" 1280-850 | 7 | 35io tno ooo 0] zero en 4ea0 120] 2ee0 12m 4ea0 sv] 2ean a 4970 soo] 2a00 0 taro 1000 1 Tabulated lateral design values (2) fr bolted compectios shal be muliplied by all applicable adjustment actos (se Tale 103.) 2 Tabula lateral design Values (2) ae foe “Yul ameter” bolts (ee Append AVERIGANWOOD COUNCL wth Beading ye steagth (F) of 48.00 piTable 11A BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values (Z) for Single (Cont.) = Shi Pe ou oa) ir (two member) Connections*? for sawn lumber or SCL with both members of identical specific gravity cre To Thiiness | Eason Sotoods B| 3] ‘Spruce-Pine-Fir(S), gilet|ei| oo c-o42 o-oar VWesom Gods, oo f2\a2\a6 Hem-Fic ‘Spruce-Pine-Fir ‘Redwood (apen grain), ‘Westem Woods [Norther Species: Ble fole nm alm mm lhe mm ale Le mm wih ku ku 2 Slit (n ee moet |e ee me tele ee mem fe |e ee bene a| a2 900 Bio 200 220 ten) 80 200 20 eo] 440 240 240 160) 420 240 240 Te0 te] se] S| ao 30 Stoo feo 210) $20 220 0 _$70| 20.260. 290.170) 500 270 Z70_t00 a | tao 300 ho. tao" feo Zan) 0° 3200 oo] ro” 4a0 az0| 400) S00 BIO S10 TO | an ae iig_s30 00 Zan) fan S10_ 00 200] 700 seo. oso 100, 070 360360100 a} aa 0 70-280 aeo ato) tao 200 200-0] 410-210-210 —1e0} 900-230-280 —Ted se | e00 380 20) S20 200 250 100] s10 220 20 te0| od 270 270 170 raul to) S| 50 doo 20) 630 340 3H0. 200| 610 990.350. 190| $90. 300 0 0) 30° 300 300 zz) to 1350 70 2a) rar| aa| a70 2301 230, 210) 220) 2564 2 190 ‘70 500 no va] 4 | 00 460.500 400510 {370/600 580 420") 340) 1570_540_600 #00300 00340400 20 aan|rou| S| 90. 580520. S40] 1920, 530. 510 22%) 1390" 580-50 S70 570 $170 460470" 380) 41500 600_640 810690 tao 490. 520. 370, oo) 040 000 ‘10350000 370) 600380560 310 1040 600 600 560 550 $80 500 500 250| $20 460 400 40 ova] | 50 74040 0730 1220 20 620.360] 1e0 620620. 370 4660-910 610 00 660, ‘90 76042014870: 720720 300 “| 4860 1030 1030 580] 1890 1000 100 450.6000, 450 1570 610 810.40 3] 7o0 42530410) 78) 410 82 70330 460 320) 700 320 480 320 tva| 281100. 460.650. $80] 1080. 480 67 $90 380 540 260, $70 350 590. 350 78 4400. S00 750, 410) 1330 390. 600. 990) 2A0. 370560. 370 + | 000540820 io] isa) $2699. 420| e040 90410 Be] e40480 60 500270) 740300480260) 730370470360 eval va 24 | 4890 540.700 570 40] 1020 420. $60 420) 1000 440. 540410 | 00580770, 80 470] 1350. 460. 620. 460) 1520 430. 580 430 | 910 4e0_ 670.460 {700.470.680.470 ‘so 740.900 e0_520| 1370 690. 730.600] 1300 920710. 490 1950" $20 1010 {50 S00] 1770" 800 30 / $80| 1860 770° 70. 510 2a 4140490 $10 foo) 2000 90 Stoo] 2000. G60 ano Sed To) €20- 530 ‘70 360) 710330 460 B00) 700220 48220 tral 24 | 1100. 460. 700 520 370| 900 360 570. 360) O70 350. #80 350 2) ra -4460 San 780 sao) 90 30° 690 00} amo Sra sao TO san | tom) 540. 860, Yoo. aio] 1620. $20 680.4201 180.410. 630.0 1950920" 1020 010 820870" S00| 1740/80 /B40""870, 18601" 770" 900" ao 2570140 1980 120 4025960620) 2000 $80 920 600) 2030 940600 680 750420530 20 360-470 s50| 71083046090) 70032450 220 112g 00900 860°" 480) 1950 410° B10 410] 1330990800" 38011260 370° 770-370 rev|__| | s000 540 790. sto] 1700 550 1170. Ss0| t500. 440 920. dao] a0 420 890 420) 1400410. 800. 410 58 | 180 e006o0 590] 020 S50 050 820] S60 520 910 a00] 80 S07 590 a¥0l G30 450 560 330 sia 490 740.920 730 910 640] 1390 €50 G40 560] 1370 690.820 550) 1330 60 B10 340 719 4950: G20 +290, $40. 1180. 700] 1740-820 4010 700 1740-800 980° 690 1850-70-20. 650 | 2sr0 1340 140 4120 1300 950) 2120 1020 1100 0) 2080 980 1070 790 2030 650 1050760, 1 Tubulte tater! design values fr bolted connections sal be mulled by al applicable adjustment factors (see Table 10.3.1). 2-Tabulted lateral design vals (2) a orl diameer™ bos (oe Appendin Loh tending yl strength AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. 1 45,000 ps SuaNaISV4 3dA1-1aM0acry Daa) Table 11B BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values (Z) for Shear (two member) Connections** for sawn lumber or SCL with 4/4" ASTM A 36 steel side plate Taree = g $ : ga g sis 2 § 4 & = Be eal 3 Bla el i) f] fe i ef be 8 5/5/§ s ge ‘ s oe - ¢ BE) b262| e e\e|2| 3g | 238) 2 | $2 | See | 22 | 32 | Bee euch) 22 2/8/8| 62 | 628 | 38 | 38 | $88) SF | 85 | 28 Basse] 32 te |) oO) Ale Alm Alm Al mw Wl Aw) mw Alm Alma Al mw ie |i | in [ios ips [ipso | toes, |e s.| e.e_|te. oe. |oe ee [ime ibe | oe | WZ] 730 A420] G2 S50} S40 310] SBO STO, 550-200] S20 280 S10 a7O| 470240) aod BAO] a0 | 910 480] 780 400] 730 360] 720 360) 690 340] 650 320] 640 320) 500 290] S80 280) 560, t-v2| 14] 314 [1090 $60) 940 450] 670 420] 960 410) 620 300] 780 360) 770 360] 710 320) 690 320) 680 1 | 1270-600) 1090' 510] 1020 470) 1010. 450) 980 430] 810° 410) 900° 400 20.370) 810° 360) 790 ‘| 1460660] 1250560) 1170 510] 1150500] 1100_480| 1040 450] 1030 450 940 400] $30 400) 900 2] 810 a60] G90 370) 640 340] G30 330) 600 S10] 870 200 860280] 510 250) S00 250] 490 210 | 1020 520] 870 430) 800 390] 790 380) 750 30] 710 340] 700 330) 640 300] 630 200) 610 280 t-aia 14] 314 [1220 590] 1040480] 960 44a} 950 430) 900 410] 60 380) 840 370] 70 330) 750 330] 730 320 ‘7 | 1420 ° 650) 1210!540| 1130 490) 1110 480) 1050" 450] 1000 420) 960" 420) "860." 380880" 370) 'B50-" 360 4. | 4630. 740] 1380 _580) 1280540] 1270 520] 1200 500] 1140 470] 1120460] 1020410] 1000410) 980 _400 2] 930 600) 60470} 830-410) 820 400] 780 380] 740 350) 720 S40] 650 300 640 200] 620 280 581370 6701150 530] 1050 470| 1040 470) 960 430] 920 00] 910 390) 810 340] 800 330] 770 320, 2-va| wa] ata | 1640 750] 1370 590) 1270 530] 1260 520) 1180 490] 1110 450| 1090 440] 980 380) 960 370] 930 360 ‘7 | 1910 820} 1600650) 1480 "'690| 450° $70) 1370°"'630| 1290 480) 1270480) 1140-°'420| 120°" 410] 1080-400 | 2190 80] 1a30_700) 1680 _640| 60620) 1570 _S80] 1480540] 1450890) 1300 40] 1280450) 1240_440, 2] 930-620] 60850) 830 510) 820510) 600 480] 770 480) 770 430] 720 370) 720360] 710 350 381370 860] 1260 690] 1210 610] 1200 600) 1160 550] 1130 500] 1120 490) 1060 420] 1050 410) 1020 400. s-va| vaya | 1000 680] 1660. 660| 1580610] 1480 60] 1450. 540] 1200 460) 1260. 450] 1220 440 718 2590 740] 1960 ° 710) 1840" 680) 1720°"'610| 1690 560] 1510510) 1480 "'500|1430°° 470 ‘| 2080 1480] 2480890) 2270 800] 7280770) 2100_730] 1970 60] 1930 650) 1720560] 190.540] 1630530 ‘88 | 1370-860] 1260 760) 1210710} 1200700) 1160 670] 1130 640} 1120 630] 106080] 1080 560] 1030 540 34 | 1900 1149] 1740. 1000] 1670.40] 1650 930) 1610 860] 1560. 770| 1550 760] 1460 640] 1450. 620] 1420 600 778 | 252071480) 2320' 1190) 2220 4040} 2440 920] 2070 B40) 2050" 820] 1840 700) 1920" 680) 1800" 640 [260.1660 1080 2750 1010| 2670 $20) 2640 890] 2490 750] 2450730] 2360710 ‘88 | 1370860) 1260760) 1210 710} 1200700) 1160 670] 1130 640] 1120 630] 1060 80) 1050 570] 1030 560 ‘34 | 1900 1149] 1740 1000] 1670940] 1660 930) 161090] 1560810] 1550 790) 1460 660] 1450. 640] 1420 620 73 | 2530 1480) 2320 1210] 2220 1090) 2200 1050] 2140 960| 2070 B80) 2050° 860| 1640 730) 1920. 710] 1890. 660, ‘| 3260 1730] 28801320) 2860 1170| 2840. 1130) 2750 1060| 2670 950] 2640930] 2400 780] 2470 760) 2420740 1 | 1370860} 1260 760] 1210 710) 1200 700) 1160 670] 1180 G40) 1120 630] 1060 580) 1050 570} 1030 60 ‘44 | 1900 1140] 1740 1000] 1670.40] 1660830) 161090] 1560 850] 1550 @4o] 1460 760] 1450. 750] 1420 740 ‘8 2580) 1460) 2520" 280) 2220 -1210| 2200" +180) 2140" 1130] 2070 1080) 2050/1070) 1940 960] 1820 ° 930] 1890" B70. 4_| $260 1820] 29801590) 2860 1500] 40.1470) 2750. 1400] 2570 1270] 2640. 1230) 2490 1050] 2470 1000) 2420 960 ‘4a | 1800 1740] 1740 1000) 1670 940} 1860 930) 1610 90] 1560 850] 1550 840] 1460 760] 1450 750] 1420 740 e-12| wt] 718] 2630 1480] 2320 1280) 2220 1210| 2200 1180] 2140 1130] 2070 1080| 2060 1070] 1940 980) 1920 970] 1890 830 + | s260 1820] 2960 1590) 2860 1500] 2840_ 1470] 2750 1420] 2670 1360] 2640 1330) 2490 1220] 2470 1200) 2420 1180 "i 2530 1460) 2320-1280] 2220 1210] 2200 1180] 2140 1130) 2070 10e0} 2050 1070] 1940 980] 1820 970] 1890 930 + | 3260 1820] 2980 1590) 2860 1500| 2640 1470) 2750 1420] 2670 1350] 2640_ 1330) 2490 1220] 2470 1200) 24201180 a3-12] v1 [32801620] 2580 1590) 2860 1500] 2540 1470] 2750 1420) 26701350] 2640 1330] 2490 1220] 2470 1200] 2420 1180 ewes glee sua | 4 52] 34 ra] a ane 8 1. Tabulted ata design vals (2) for bolted connection shall be molplied by all aplicable ajusimcat actors (se Table 10.3.1), 2 Tabled Lateral design vals (2) ae for“ diame” ols (ee Appendix L) with bending ied srength CF.) of 45.00 psi and dowel bering strength (0 87.000 psi for ASTM A 36 tel, AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS El SF aa aa OS Te pa aay OE Gee! dee Orb [bos Goes 6 Oo ez Geol ek avi] ses bee cer oso [ovr 00 er Oh 028 se ose, ose tes Gir ony [osy_oe5_ oct oss oge os_trs_ oss oat abs 051 [ors ove Ons 68008 mr Ol Ger ore [bos Grz 08 Oe Oss mS avs ose Gs? ve |osr 018 oar O01 loce ord cs ozs Oly coy [oxy Goer tas_ oie 5 ORE GEr De Te aE ORS WHE eros we Oe Sie Oot Oro ee oF cnr aia look Ls uae Ose OLE O86 8 fst ocr cer oro [ose 05 er avi] ave Ose ce OEE ous lace oor oir onl lore tir ocr cee Ose Ger oc lowe ort Get ore lose Got oct : : ail OE Di Wee ae HE Oey GES OAT [SE ray Ge O1E GG€ 88 (ve Ory Ger 0! [ose soe Ose ee Ove one On, onz oor gsr ore [oe oer ozs ¢ Jans] ene O12 Ose Ore O1s love ose oir on fore eave Oi Giz azo lone one_ otra [se ooe_ke ore eae] ea aes] oa a 2 2 “2 "2 ) 2 ™2 "Z '2) 2 ™2 TZ a 4 FREES EHTS glgelzs woo oreo Eee) 45 g aN Ayneu8 oyloads jeo1juap! Jo JaqWW Apis JaquIN] UMeS YjIM JeQWEU U]EW JeqUIN] payeUILUE| panjs jesNyONAyS 40}, | exSu0};20N109 (2oquious om}) sBoUS O1ZUIS 405 (Z) SON1EA UBISEq 1210327 ©DN010J0U *S1108_ OTT O1GEL AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION.ory Table 11D BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values (Z) for Daa) Shear (two member) Connections*? for structural glued laminated timber with 1/4" ASTM A 36 steel side plate Tames = § & iy B)g)3 i é ge elgii : i . é B e13|\8) #8 ae ge 33 883 2//a| 33 Ba 3s 5 bas tn te D ue zu zy zy zy zu Zy z, ZX Z, zy z, mie [in| oe oe | oe me | ee | ee | ee | FE TO 38 tos 470] 80420] a2 ato] ord —s00) 600300 aaa] 14 | 3 10 20490] 110. 480] to aio] 860.370 soos eog ua 4370530) 1200400) tz79 ao} 4120410 He =| 60. 1570580, 1480 540] 1450530] 1280450. 2] 660 540 us| 1260 80 a) m|ae| too eo | : Spl: i8| 1980 740, g g shaman 4 2150 790) - = =z = a 12] 30 00 aio) 770 -a0of 72030 xe) 2: | a 80 do] 1000 aso] 60380 ore) us| aa| | ‘540 ti20 io] 1310 s0o| 1150420 re} 2 btre0. 4660 560)" 1530 sso’ 4340" 470 aa SD een 1900 e010] 1750600] 1590. S10 ie} 280 : me : : : au | 1740 1000] 2 : : : Sf U4 | pia} za20 rao} cS nee | 3500210) oe se] = “20 416067) 190 a0) 120 a0) 0 sul vm (38) ‘670 foro o40] 1500700] i550 Tao] aso 610 718 af + | a0 2140 00) 2070 30/2080 ato] 1920 670. es 150 soo] boro soo) 2040. sol_ 2300.10 se} 1260 Teo) 1210 4160 7} 1100 0] 1120630] — 1680 —a70 coal om | 3% | 1780 1000) 670 re es 71} 220° 200) 2220 2140" 490) 2070" 4060) 2050“ ogo)" 920° aso 4 2080 1590; 2880 27601270] 2670 11802640 1120-2470 910 aa} ae i000) : : : era) 1) ne | 2201200 1 | boo tse) | : : : ae | | aero} 610 — 0) 550 — a) 359 — aa] aa eau] va] ze | za s2io] 201100] 2070 002050 1070] 20970 1 560 1500] 27601420, 2670380] _a840__ 100] _2470 1180 rr rr : : : fone) Maly 2080 1590) - - - - - - - - - coal aa | 7 ee Bia) Fiae ea) Bore bea) BoB —oTa) 6a oT 1 2660 1500, 27601420, 26701380] _a40__ 900] _2470__1200 eral aw) || B28) Hato) 2te0 trea) 2070 aaa) 2060 tora) 1800 o70 a 2060__1500|_ 2750 a0] _ 26701350] _2840__ 1300] _2470__ 1200 fea at 3860 —1s0o| 2750 — 10 — 2670 — 350] — 2540 1590] — 2470 — ta [Tila nl aun vac re sng all b aly al aple ahmca ao ee Be103.1 {F) of 87,000 ps for ASTMA 86sec AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) Table 11E BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values (Z) for Shear (two member) Connections***+ for sav lumber or SCL to concrete i.e? Z z get] i 33 ai 28 eEs| 3 g g z o86| 3 6d 68 é8 ele) ole zl ne ala nla noo tae 34 | tao eo] sso ee] sara Sol sae ae) Fa El eG em) je fea Ss ore. pap apa es oe qa ee ee) TS 73500 ce | som onl] tooo tol nemo ast ar PL Sie ism) Se tay Sawn Hy Soro ieee 1300 3 2/4 é & gig] a | 3 ag BE é 3 5 $ a bb ele) om ala ala 2]% 4 fre | tg fo) tago 2a ane anf ae ara fia aati S| iol tee ol oat za So} ee Sof ae se Lo a ago Stok arr nore eater a a $8) ae ae Phd fio) Segal poe ol ean Z| ea oo Sy eee mm | bo 360 joo ro) tomo as] Toned Teas ae dn aes (2 re insti lB alii yal apa lst isto Ge Tae Tabulted lateral design values (2) are for “fl ameter” bolts see Appeni L) with bending yield strength (of 48.000 ps Tabultd lateral design values (2) ate based on dowel easing sength (of 7.300 psf coaeete wih iis =2 50 ps AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. SuaNaISV4 3dA1-1aM0a86 Daa) Table 11F BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values (Z) for Double ir (three member) Connections*? Sh for sawn lumber or SCL with all members of identical specific gravity =F |g X 60 o-n49 Dowie Fi) fos Oak SoutamnPine | DowanFeLach | dougae Fe tach) | “Ham PEN) ele fol a wom) x Ze I Zee a Za a sea} ta] se 730 owt ‘a0 20 ‘0580 200 260 ais} taie| a 10 2ava| re] a sr) 34 42| 14] 9 76 | 5-14) 1314 s.| sar sa 0] ar el 742 a0 5-12) | ge: 200 280) ten 2300" 290) 230 ‘0 © | erx0 3900 _seo|_s740_ 2740 3500) A000 2480 2 Tabolt lateral design values (2) ae la Yall dance bos fee Appel L) with bending yeh tenth Fy) of 48.000 ps AVERIGANWOOD COUNCLPe ou oa) 87 Table 11F BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values (Z) for Double (Cont.) Shear (three member) Connections —=-= for sav lumber or SCL with all members of identical specific gravity BL Sek ep tter | eommtzengan ve See wlelo| x Ze ta] Be Aa Beh las sn] S00 480] 1970. 740379 00700 70" 4ao} 4860830" a9 ‘290 740 tale 2a oe 1170960) iea0 1090 10) 1900 1000 70) ord om0 0 a12| ie e020) 200200 70] 2000. 1270 bo) 200 Toad 1 fes0""-o0] 30" ean 960) Seon Tot an) Go 1580 65) 192) og ‘970 1700] 2690 810 1420| 2860 790 t380] 280 740. 1200 SoMa] 34g 1180 2950/" 4190/4700] 2740950 ° +420) "2700" 900° 1390) 2840 ben /3280, 12h iano] a0 aro "700 a” fea” a0] “a0 ot tan] a 180 1200 ae 4000: 880° 9701780] © 2890°° 8101490} ©2680" 790° 1440} 880° Tan! 1380 sin|__ | ‘ion _ato| 10 aoo] 30.70. tam] soa) tao)_ pean ta) aanl. 2 4400, oo) 2900 1460 80) 2770 t2m0_ ton] 20 _ Tard 1a) 2600 toad 1280 %* ‘a0 iat) “sen 10 on] 940” ean” a0] "S40 Tot” a) So To ta80 112 | 2900" i000 2880 STO. 1780 2690-810 1690] 2680 790 1600| 2860740 1880 ran|__| 7 | foie tom tare) 20 80 _sn|_sr0__ 7030) sou) bao 21) pead__T eval 24 | 2080. 1200 718 | 3000-1640 56401830 2420] 3460" Yea 090] 9400 A610" 970] 53801580" 40 T Tabula lara design valves (2) for bolted conpectios shal be muluplicd hy all applicable ajusumoat actors (Se Tale 103.1 2 Tabula lateral design als (2) ae foe Tl diameter” bots (ae Appendis with bending el tength Fy) 8,000 ps AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION. SuaNaISV4 3dA1-1aM0acy Daa) Table 11G_ BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values (Z) for Double Shear (three member) Connections*? for sawn lumber or SCL with 1/4" ASTM A 36 steel side plate A Themes $ g = g 8 slsis 2) 3] 3 @ e ae, g Blai? ai| | ¢ g 2 g| 238s) é ElElE) ne leis] ob led | ok e |) vt |sBe B22 oe 2/2\a| &s |8g2| se jeg | ee sf | 93 | 532 cess 88 ale\s| es | 28) $2 |eee)e88| e8 | eh | see RET $8 £/8/8|_82 | 325 | $s | $sz2/ $s? | SF | 85 | Ses bases] Ss wfeloly aly ala ala aim aly alma ala aly ala 2 [in| in| ws, tos [pss | bss | ibs ts.| s,s. | ibs, tbs | oss [ibs ts.| ts, bs. | s,s TE] HATO 730] 1160 50/1050 470] W030 aed] G70 Az0] GOO Seo] BHO a7] 7eO ai} 76d 2G0) 730-250 8 | 780 810) 1440 G10] 1910 590] 1290 520] 1210 470] 1130 420] 1100 410] 7D 350) 50 330] O10 320 ea] val 54 | 2110. @g0| 1730 680| 1580 580] 1550. 560) 1450 520) 1950 460| 1220. 450] 1970. 970) 1140. 360] 1100. 350 41 | 24600] 2020 720 te40" 690 180000] Y600" SS) 1580") 540" 490] 1950°440|4390°"360| 1280"! 370 ‘t|e10 1020] 2910. 770)2100_ 680) 2060 650] 1930. 600800 S40 760 $90] 1980. 440 152042011460. 410 4121840 850] 1950 G40] 1200 $60] 1200 S80] 1130 490] 1050 460] 1080 a0] 81030} 6003] 50220 8 [2050 940) 1660 710) 1530 610] 1500 oo] 1410 so 1310 400| ¥290. 480/120 400] 1110 360] 1070. 370, tan] val att [2460 to40| 2000 770) 1840 680| 1000. 680) Y690 600) 1580 0 110. 500/160. 490 1230. 420] 1200. 410 78 | zero $20) 2950° 840] 2140" 740| 2110" 700] 4970" 640) ‘840 ”Sa0| 1800" $70] 1500 470) 1560" 400] 1400" 430 1 | 3290 1190] 2000 600] 2480 700] 2410 750] 2250. 700] 2100 690] 2060 640) 1820 540) 1770 490) 1710. 70 2 1870 1210] 1720 G10] 1650 700] T640 ToD] 1690 700} 1600 640} 170610] 30010] 1270490] 1220 460 418 [2740 1240] 2400 1020) 2100 80] 2180 860] 2010 780/180 700/1840 690] 1620 SCD] 1580 S50] 1520. 590, 2eva| w| 34 | 3520 4480) 2680 1110) 2690 S60] 2580. S40) 2410. 660] 2250. 770| 2200. 750| 1960. 620] 1900. 600] 1890. 580 ‘78 | $00 4600) 3360 1200| 3060 1080| 2010 1010) 2820. G20] 2630. e20| 2570. 8t0| 2270 ea 2210 680] 2130 610 Es 100 80 0.1 0] 3000900] 340 a0] 2590730) 700] 2440 680 12 | 1870-1240] 1720 1100] 1650 1030] Te10 1010) 1500 970] 1540 800| 1590 —a60] 1480 720] 1430 680] 1410670. se |2740 1720] 2510 1420] 2410 1230] 2300 1200] 2330 1090] 2260 980| 2230 960] 2110 a0) 2000 770) 2000 740 a-va| wal 44 | 3800 2070] 3490 1550| 2040 1370] 3320 ta%0| 2220 1210] 3120 t080| 2080 1050| 2720 270) 2660. a4o] 2560. 810 200° 1470| 42404410] 90404200] 96604160] 96004190] 31€0° 960] S100" 920) 2000" 860 | 8520 2380 5380 1780) 4000 1580| 4810 1510] 4510. 1400, 4200 1260] 4110 1230] 3630 1020] 3540980] 3410_950 2740 1720] 2510 1510] 010 1420] 2500 140 2390 1940) 2260 1200] 2290-1270] 2110-1170] 2090 T140] 2060 1120 a4 | 2600 2200] 2480 2000) 2840 1390] 3520 1850] 3220 1780) 3120 to 3090 15e0| 2020 1300] 2800 1200] 2840 1220 200) 4690 2530] 4440’ 2210] 4410°2110| 4280 $990) 41501750] 4410" 1700] 2860 4420] 340 4380] 2770" 1200 fe 570] 5960. 2680] 0] 53 Ba] zr40 1720) 2510 1510] 2410 1420] 2500 400] 2330-1340] 2260 444 | 3800 2200] 480 2000| 2940 1800] 3320 taso| 2220 t7a0| 3120 1600| 2000 1650] 2020 1360) 2800 1220] 2840 1280 ‘718 | 5060 2930) 4630 2570| 4440 2310] 4410 2210) 4280 2020| 4150 1830] 4110 1780| 3880 1490| 3840 1440) 3770 1350 1 | 6520 3640] 5960 2810] 5720 2480] 5670 2370] 5510 2200] 5330 1980] 5280 1930] 4990 1600] 4930 1540] 4850 1490 Bir]a740 1720) 2510 1510/2110 142] 2300 1400) 2530 1940) 2280 1200/2290 1270] 2110-1170] Z0N0 1140] 2060 1120 24 | 3600 2200] 2480 2000] 2840 1390] 3520 1as0| 3220 4720) 320 1600| 3090 1670] 2020 1520] 2800 1500] 2640 1460, ‘78 | 5060 2930) 4630 2570| 4440 2410| 4410 2360) 4280 2260| 4150 2160/4110 2130| 3880 1960] 3840 1930/3770 1840 | 1 | 6520 3640] 5960 3180] 5720. 3000] 5670 2940| 5510 2640| 5330 2700] 5280 2630] 4990 2180| 4930 2100] 4850 2030 44 | 3800 2700] 3480 2000] 3340 1800] 3920 tas0] 2220 t7A0] 3120 TeG0] 3000 1670] 2000 1530 2800 1500] 840 1480 -v2| wve| 77 | 5060 2990 4620 2570/4440 2410] 4810 2560 4200 2260] 4150 2160| 4110 2400] 2800 1960| 2640 1890] 9770 1870 "| 6820 S640] 960 3100] 720 2000| 6670 2940] 6510 2640] 5930 2700] $280 2660] e860 24a] 4530 2400] 4860 2950 7] So8D- 2550] 4690-2570] 4440-247] 10-2960] 4280" 2260| 80 2780] 4770-2180] 3890 T8ED] 3840-T0G0] 3770-107O saa tia f) 4 ‘2230 1270] 2110 1170| 2090 1140} 2060 1120 san va rar] aia ‘At1ra| 141 “s" | 650 3640] 59603180] 5720 2000] $670 2040] 8510 2a40) $330 2700) 5280 2660) 4900 2440) 4930 2400) 4850 2350 Tia Ta)_1 [8520 3640) 5960 3180/5720 3000] 5670 2840/5510 2840) 5530 2700]5280 2660] 49602440] 4930 2400] 4950 2350 {Tabula lateral design vals (2) for bled connections bal be mulpied by all aplicable jus actors (see Tale 10.3.1), 2 Tubult atl design vles (2) az or “ll damete” ols See Append 1) with ending ye sent (F,) of 4.000 ps and a dowel bearing suength F,) AVERIGANWOOD COUNCL