PAPER

RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

GROUP 2
PETROLEUM CLASSIFICATION

Arranged by :

Fitri Ayu Idris 21030119410005

Gian Restu Prinanda 21030118420021
Omar ali Mohammed 21030119429040

Supporting lecturer :
Dr. Ir. Bakti Jos, DEA

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITYSEMARANG
2020

I
 PREFACE

Our gratitude extends to the presence of God Almighty, who by His grace we were
able to complete the preparation of a paper entitled "Classification of Petroleum". This paper
is the fulfillment of one of the assignments and requirements for completing the Renewable
Energy Technology course that Dr. Ir. Bakti Jos, DEA. In this paper, we discuss the
classification and classification of petroleum in the form of specific gravity (SGI and oAPI),
volatility,% sulfur content, boiling (K-UOP, Correlation Index (CI), and USBM),
specifications (viscosity, pour point , flash point and smoke point), type of analysis, and
based on the origin of petroleum. In writing this paper, we feel there are still many
shortcomings, both in technical writing and material, given the ability that we have for that
criticism and suggestions from all parties is very much the author hopes for the improvement
of the making of this paper.
Finally, we hope that this paper will help our friends to know in broad outline about
the "Classification of Petroleum". Thank you for your time to read our paper.

Semarang, 31 May 2020

Author

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE i
PREFACE ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF PICTURE iv
LIST OF TABLES v
BAB 1. PRELIMINARY 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Formulation of the problem 2
1.3 Objective 2
BAB 2. DISCUSSION 3
2.1 Structure and Composition of Petroleum 3
2.1.1 Hydrocarbon Compounds 4
2.1.2 Non Hydrocarbon Compounds 7
2.2 Petroleum Classification 9
2.3 Petroleum Evaluation 15
2.4 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon 20
2.5 Impurity Compounds 20
BAB 3. CLOSING 22
3.1 Conclusion 22
BIBLIOGRAPHY 23

LIST OF PICTURE

Figure 1. Crude Oil 1

Figure 2. The area of formation of petroleum (A), 2

Sources of carbon - oil migrate (B).

Figure 3. Paraffin compounds 5
Figure 4. Naften compound 6
Figure 5. Olefin Compounds 6
Figure 6. Aromatic Compounds 7
Figure 7. Terrestrial petroleum is based on Terrigenous abundance 18
Figure 8. Types of petroleum from the mass spectra results from 5 19

III
 petroleum samples

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. General Characteristics of Crude Oil 10

Table 2. Chemical Composition of Oil Fractions 10
Table 3. Hydrocarbon Composition / Petroleum Products 10
Table 4. Estimated Type of Petroleum based on API degrees 11
Table 5. Classification based on the nature of Evaporation (Volatility) 11
Table 6. Classification based on Sulfur Levels 12
Table 7. Classification based on Characteristics Factors (KUOP) 12
Table 8. Classification based on Correlation Index 13
Table 9. Classification based on Hydrocarbon Composition 13
Table 10. Classification based on VGC 10

IV
 BAB I
PRELIMINARY

1.1. Background
Energy sources that are widely used for cooking, motor vehicles and industry come
from petroleum, natural gas, and coal. The three types of fuel come from weathering the
remains of organisms so they are called fossil fuels. Petroleum and natural gas come from
microorganisms, dead plants and animals. The remains of the organism settle to the bottom of
the earth and are covered with mud (Figures 1 and 2). The mud gradually turns into rock
because of the influence of the pressure layer above it. Meanwhile, with increasing pressure
and temperature, anaerobic bacteria break down the remains of microorganisms into oil and
gas. . Organic sediment material and crude oil contain various compounds (biomarkers) to
determine the types of compounds found in certain organisms (Hatta et al, 2013).

Fig 1. Crude Oil

A Petroleum is a very complex mixture of its constituent hydrocarbons. Elemental

analysis that determines levels of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and metals also
does not provide a description of the character and nature of petroleum. Semi empirical
methods can be used to characterize petroleum based on the results of measurements of
physical properties. and chemistry that is easily determined. Apart from being a fuel,
petroleum is an important industrial material. These materials or products made from
petroleum are called petrochemicals. Today tens of thousands of types of petrochemicals can
be classified into plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, pesticides, detergents, solvents,
fertilizers, and various types of drugs. The main source of hydrocarbons in nature is
petroleum. The use of petroleum is very broad, especially fuel and also raw materials in the
petrochemical industry (Wiyantoko, 2016)

1
 A

Fig. 2. Formation of petroleum (A), Carbon source - migratory oil (B).

1.2. Formulation of The Problem

- What are the compositions of petroleum?
- What are the impurities present in petroleum?

1.3. Objective
- Being able to know the composition contained in petroleum.
- Knowing what impurities are present in petroleum.

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 BAB 2
DISCUSSION

2.1. Structure and Composition of Petroleum

Petroleum is the result of a natural process in the form of hydrocarbons which under
conditions of atmospheric pressure and temperature in the form of a liquid or solid phase,
including asphalt, mineral wax, or ozokerite, and bitumin obtained from the mining process,
but does not include coal or other solid hydrocarbon deposits in the form of solids obtained
from activities not related to business activities and petroleum (Kep MenLH Number 128
Year 2003). Petroleum or "crude oil" is a hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon compound
contained in the earth. Petroleum is blackish brown to black, in liquid form and there are
gases that dissolve in it, with specific gravity ranging from 0.8000-10000. Petroleum is a
complex mixture of organic compounds consisting of hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons
derived from the remnants of microorganisms, plants and animals that have been buried for
millions of years. hydrocarbon compounds can be overhauled by various kinds of microbes.
As a result of the influence of pressure, temperature, the presence of metal and mineral
compounds and the geological location during the process of change, petroleum will have
different compositions in different places. This reshuffle will require a long time, so it is not
proportional to the impact it will cause, if the oil is accumulated in the soil (Nugroho, 2006)
The content of hydrocarbons in petroleum is more than 90% and the rest are non-
hydrocarbon compounds such as sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen in varying degrees, volatility,
specific gravity, and varying viscosity (Speight, 1991). Crude oil and petroleum products are
very complex mixtures and vary from thousands of individual components that have a variety
of physical properties. Understanding this composition is important to be able to know the
behavior of oil spills and the appropriate response choices (Zhu et al, 2001). Hydrocarbon
compounds are organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are one
of the contaminants that can adversely affect both humans and the environment. Petroleum
and its derivatives are one example of hirdocarbons that are widely used by humans and have
the potential to pollute the environment (Notodarmojo, 2005).

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 Speight (1991) states that the composition of petroleum is as follows:
Carbon : 83,5 % - 87,5%
Hidrogen : 11,5% - 14%
Sulfur : 0,005% - 6%
Oksigen : 0,05% - 1,5%
Nitrogen : 0,1% - 2%
Metal : 10-5% - 10-2%

In addition to the above elements there are also metal elements such as vanadium, iron,
nickel, chromium, phosphorus, and other metals whose amounts are less than 0.03% by
weight. The nature of petroleum varies with one another, from mild (thin) to heavy (viscous).
It really depends on the type and amount of the components (elements) in petroleum.
Physical oil refining operations such as evaporation, fractionation and cooling are carried out
by the presence of a large number of oil and gas compilers, while chemical operations such as
treating and filtration are carried out by the presence of sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen
compounds as well. carried out by the presence of small amounts of reactive hydrogen
compounds that may be bound in oil and gas. In crude oil there are several groups of
hydrocarbon compounds and there are still several other groups of hydrocarbon compounds
produced by oil processing processes such as cracking and hydrogenation. Among oil and gas
have molecular formulas such as alkanes (CnH2n), alkenes (CnH2n) and alkuna (CnH2n-2). It is
hoped that petroleum contains the smallest possible amount of non-hydrocarbon elements.
The smaller the content has the higher economic value, because the small content does not
require high costs in the processing process or in meeting the specifications of the products
produced (Risdiyanta, 2015).

2.1.1 Hydrocarbon Compounds

Speight (1991) divides the hydrocarbon component in petroleum. The main
hydrocarbon groups are paraffin, olefin, naphthene, aromatic, diolefin and acetylene. The
number of carbon atoms in petroleum ranging from methane (one carbon atom in its
molecule) to 60 or more, with molecular weights of 16 to 850 or more.

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a. Paraffin
Paraffin is a group of saturated hydrocarbons which is very stable and has a
straight chain (alkane), CnH2n + 2. Examples are methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), n-butane
(C4H10), isobutane (2-methyl propane, C4H10), isopentane (2-methylbutane, C5H12), and
isooktane (2,2,4-trimethyl pentane, C8H18) and others. Paraffin hydrocarbons have the
lowest boiling point between naphthene and aromatic hydrocarbons. Therefore there are
many in the mild fraction. The number of compounds classified into isoparafin
compounds is far more than compounds classified as n-paraffin. However, in crude
petroleum, the levels of isoparafin compounds are usually smaller than n-paraffin.

Fig 3. Paraffin compounds

The advantages of paraffin: high heat value (btu / lb), low SG, high API gravity
resistant to oxidation, easy to be broken (cracking) in the process of thermal cracking
and catalytic cracking process (catalytic cracking) means that the cracking process runs
on relatively low temperatures compared to naphtha and aromat hydrocarbon
compounds.

b. Naften
Naften is a saturated hydrocarbon compound that forms a ring structure with the
molecular formula CnH2n. Naften group compounds that are found are compounds
whose ring structure is composed of 5 or 6 carbon atoms. Examples are cyclopentane
(C5H10) and cyclohexane (C6H12), cyclohepata and others. Generally, in crude
petroleum, naphthene is a group of hydrocarbons which has the second highest amount
after n-paraffin. Naften hydrocarbons have properties between paraffin hydrocarbons
and aromat hydrocarbons. Naften hydrocarbons are also called cycloparafin or cyclo
alkanes. Compared to paraffin hydrocarbons, this hydrocarbon is more stable because it
has a closed C atom chain while the C atom paraffin hydrocarbon is open.

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 Fig 4. Naften compound
c. Olefin
Olefins or called juda with ethylene are a group of unsaturated hydrocarbon
compounds, CnH2n which have a double bond connecting two carbon atoms. For
example ethylene (C2H4), propene (C3H6), and butene (C4H8) and others.

Fig 5. Olefin Compounds

d. Aromatic
Aromatic or often called benzene compounds are unsaturated hydrocarbons in the
form of rings or circular chains. For example benzene (C6H6), phenol, aniline, and
others. Petroleum from Sumatra and Kalimantan generally has relatively large aromatic
levels. These aromat hydrocarbons have a closed and double bonded C atomic chain
structure that alternates (alternating between or alternating) between two adjacent C
atoms. This hydrocarbon cannot react with bromine solution, and cannot react with
alkaline KMnO4 solution.
Properties of aromatic hydrocarbons:
- Compared with paraffin hydrocarbons and naphthene hydrocarbons, that
aromat hydrocarbons are less stable and can react especially with H 2 gas to
produce naphthen.

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 - Has a higher boiling point compared to paraffin hydrocarbons and naphthens.
Therefore there are many in the heavy fraction.
- Low heating value (BTU / LB),
- SG (Spesific Gravty) is high
- API gravity is low and yet resistant to oxidation.
- Requires high heat for thermal cracking or catalytic cracking, producing
naphthene and paraffin. With a smaller number of atoms.

Fig 6. Aromatic Compounds

2.1.2 Non Hydrocarbon Compounds

In addition to compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, in petroleum are
also found non-hydrocarbon compounds such as sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, vanadium, nickel
and sodium which are attached to hydrocarbon chains or rings. Such compounds are called
heteroatom hydrocarbon compounds. As an organic compound, its presence dissolves in
petroleum, while as an inorganic compound does not dissolve in petroleum but dissolves in
water as an emulsion. These elements are generally undesirable in petroleum refining
products, so their existence will greatly affect the steps processing steps carried out on a
petroleum.

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a) Sulfur
Sulfur exists in the form of hydrogen sulfide (H 2S), free sulfur (S), mercaptan (R-
SH, with R = alkyl group), sulfide (RS-R '), disulfide (RSS-R') and thiophene (cyclic
sulfide) . Sulfur compounds are undesirable, because:
 Causes unpleasant odors and corrosive properties in processing products
 Reducing the effectiveness of the tinctors on processing products
 Poisoning cracking catalysts
 Causes air pollution (in combustion of fuel oil sulfur compounds are oxidized to
corrosive substances that endanger the environment, namely SO2 and SO3).

b) Nitrogen
Nitrogen compounds are divided into basic substances such as 3-methyl pyridine
(C6H7N) and quinoline (C9H7N) and non-basic substances such as pyrrole (C4H5N),
indole (C8H7N) and carbazole (C12H9N) and non-base substances such as pyrrole
(C4H5N), indole (C8H7N) and carbazole (C12H9N). Nitrogen compounds can interfere
with the smooth processing of catalytic products which, if brought into the product,
adversely affect the odor, color stability, and aging properties of the product.

c) Oksigen
Oxygen is usually bound in carboxylic groups in naphthenic acids (2,2,6-
trimethyl cyclohexane carboxylates, C10H18O2) and fatty acids (alkanoates), phenolic
hydroxyl groups and ketone groups. Oxygen compounds do not cause serious problems
like sulfur and nitrogen compounds in catalytic processes.

d) Metal compounds
Petroleum usually contains 0.001 - 0.05% by weight of the metal. The metal
content that is usually highest is vanadium, nickel and sodium. These metals are in the
form of salts dissolved in water that are suspended in oil or in the form of organometal
compounds that are soluble in oil. Vanadium and nickel are poisons to petroleum
processing catalysts and can cause problems if carried into processing products.

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2.2. Petroleum Classification (Alhabsy, 2011)
Petroleum is classified into several types. This classification is very important meaning,
namely to find out the nature of petroleum, so it is useful to predict the product to be
produced. Hydrocarbon components in petroleum are divided into hydrocarbon and non-
hydrocarbon structures. This difference in composition will cause differences in the
properties of petroleum, namely differences in the composition of hydrocarbons, SG, oAPI,
volatility, flash points, distillation and so on. Therefore the classification of petroleum is
based on these different properties. The purpose of classification is to determine the
hydrocarbon components in petroleum. About 85% of the world's crude oil (crude oil) is
classified into three groups, namely:

1. Asphaltic base oil

2. Paraffin base oil (paraffinic base)
3. Mixed base oil

Asphalt base oil contains a small amount of paraffin wax with asphalt as the main
residue. Asphalt base oil is very dominantly containing aromatics. The content of sulfur,
oxygen, and nitrogen is relatively higher compared to other base oils. Asphalt based crude oil
is suitable for producing high-quality gasoline, engine oil and asphalt. Mild and medium
fractions have a high percentage of naphthalene.
Paraffin base oil contains very little bitumen, so it is very good as a source for
producing paraffin wax, motor oil and kerosene with high quality. The base oil mixture
contains a number of candles and smoke together. The product produced by this base oil is of
lower quality compared to the other two types of oil. That is because there are variations in
the product and fraction of oil in different crude oils, so there are striking differences from
the properties of these oils. Properties - composition and composition of petroleum in Table
(1,2,3).
In addition to the classification of oil based on hydrocarbon compounds and the
molecular bonds of their atoms, the classification of oil can also be based on evaporation
properties, sulfur content, specific gravity and characteristic factors. Oil fractions such as
naphtha are generally classified as light oil, kerosene, and light gas oil (LGO) which are
classified as intermediate distillates, empty gas oil (VGO) together with residues are stated as
reduced crude oil.

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Table 1. General Characteristics of Crude Oil (Oktarina, 2013)
Characteristics Paraffin Base Oils Asphalt Base Oil
Specific gravity, oAPI High Low
The content of naphtha High Low
Naphtha octane number Low High
Bau (odor) naphtha Sweet Sour
Tendency of kerosene smoke Low High
Tendency to knock diesel Low High
Pour point of lubricant High Low
Lubricating oil content High Low
Lubricant viscosity index High Low

Table 2. Chemical Composition of Oil Fractions (Oktarina, 2013)

AFTM Paraffin Base Oils Asphalt Base Oil
Fraction
Paraffi Naften Aromatic Paraffin Nafte Aromatic Sulfur
50%,oF
s
n n
Gasolin 280 60 30 5 35 35 10 -
Kerosen 450 60 30 10 25 50 25 -
Gas Oil 600 25 55 15 - 65 65 2
Distilat 750 20 65 15 - 55 55 2
ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials,

Table 3. Hydrocarbon Composition / Petroleum Products (Oktarina, 2013)

Fraction Boiling Point, oC Carbon Atoms Utility
Gases < 30 C1 – C4 Gas stove fuel
Petroleum Eter 30 – 90 C5 – C6 Solvent and dry cleaning
Gasoline 30 – 120 C5 – C12 Vehicle fuel
Nafta 100 – 200 C8 – C12 Gasoline additives
Kerosen and Aftur 150 – 250 C11 – C13 Jet fuel
Solar and Fuel Oil 160 – 400 C13 – C17 Diesel fuel
Gas Oil 220 – 345 C17 – C20 Industrial machinery fuel
Heavy Fuel Oil 315 – 540 C20 – C45 Lubricant
Atm residue > 450 > C30 Paraffin wax
Vac residue > 615 > C60 Asphalt
A. Petroleum is generally classified :
 Classification based on Specific Gravity 60 / 60 oF (SG 60 / 60 oF)
The density of petroleum is usually expressed in units of oAPI, which are defined as

o 141,5
follows: API ( API level )= – 131,5
s

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 with s = specific gravity 60 / 60 = oil density at 60 oF (15.6 oC) divided by water
density at 60 oF. The equation shows that oAPI will be even greater if the density of oil
is smaller. Specific gravity is sometimes used as a rough measure to distinguish crude
oil, because crude oil with low specific gravity is usually paraffinic. The greater the SG
means ºAPI is smaller and the oil contains a lot of wax or asphalt residue.

Specific Gravity (SG) of petroleum ranges from 0.8000 – 1.0000. The amount of SG
for each petroleum is very closely related to the molecular structure of hydrocarbons,
and also the content of Sulfur and Nitrogen. Types of oils based on SG in Table 4:

Table 4. Estimated Type of Petroleum based on API degrees

o
Types of Petroleum Spesific Gravity (s) API
Light 0,830 39
Lightweight Medium 0,830 – 0,850 39 – 35
Medium Weight 0,850 – 0,865 35 – 32,1
Weight 0,865 – 0,905 32,1 – 24
Very Heavy 0,905 24,8

 Classification based on the nature of Evaporation (Volatility)

The nature of evaporation of petroleum is used as a measurement in this classification.
As a measure in the classification of petroleum is the number of light fractions
expressed in% of the volume contained in the petroleum obtained from the distillation
results to a temperature of 300 oC. % vol = (fraction vol / sample vol) * 100 shown in
Table 5:

Table 5. Classification based on the nature of Evaporation (Volatility)

Types of Petroleum Light Faction % Vol
Light oil > 50
Medium oil 20 – 50
Heavy oil < 20

 Classification based on Sulfur Content (mass %)

As a measure in the classification of petroleum is the Sulfur content in petroleum,
expressed in% of the mass contained in the petroleum obtained from laboratory testing
using the ASTM D1552 standard method - Standard Test Method for Sulfur in
Petroleum Products in Table 6:

Table 6. Classification based on Sulfur Content (ASTM D1552)

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 Types of Petroleum Sulfur content, % mass
Non Sulfuris 0,001 – 0,3
Low Sulfur < 0,1 – 1
Sulfuris 2,0 – 3,0
High Sulfur > 3,0

B. Distillation / Boiling Range

Measurement of the boiling range produces a clue about the quantity and quality of
various fractions contained in petroleum. Typical boiling range tests conducted in petroleum
characterization laboratories include ATSM distillation or Engler distillation (simple
distillation), Hempel distillation, and TBP (True Boiling Point) distillation. One of the most
important uses of the measurement of the specific gravity and boiling range of a petroleum is
to determine the characterization factors of Watson or UOP (Universal Oil Product Co.),
Correlation Index (CI) and USBM (United States Bureau of Mines).

 Classification based on Characteristics Factors, KUOP (Nelson, Watson & Murphy) As

a measure in the classification of petroleum, is the cube root of the measurement of the
average boiling point of a petroleum divided by SG 60/60 oF.

Formulated : K=
√3 T 3
T
atau 1,216 √ , The classification is presented in Table
SG60 /60 F o s
7.
K = characteristic factor (KUOP), s = 60/60 petroleum specific gravity
T = average boiling point, oRankine (= oF + 460)

Table 7. Classification based on Characteristics Factors (KUOP)

KUOP Classification
10,1 – 10,5 Aromatic
10,5 – 11,5 Naftenic
11,5 – 12,1 Intermediet
12,1 – 12,9 Paraffin

 Classification based on Correlation Index (CI)

The measurement in this petroleum classification is to measure SG 60/60 oF of
petroleum and calculate the average boiling point of petroleum distillation (ASTM
D86) shown in Table 8.
48,640
Fromulated : CI =473,7 SG−456,8+
T
SG = Spesific Gravity 60/60 oF

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 T = average boiling point, oKelvin (= oC + 273)

Table 8. Classification based on Correlation Index (ASTM D86)

Correlation Index Classification
0 Normal Paraffin Series Hydrocarbons
100 Benzene hydrocarbons
0 – 15 The dominant hydrocarbon in the fraction is Parafinic
15 – 50 The dominant hydrocarbon is Naftenic,
(in a mixture of Parafinic - Naftenic and Aromatic)
> 50 The dominant hydrocarbon in the fraction is Aromatic

 Classification based on US Bureau of Mines (Lane & Garton)

Based on the composition of hydrocarbons (Table 9) by Lane And Garton (1934) from
the US Bureau of Mines, the classification of petroleum at SG 60/60 oF from the two
fractions resulting from the distillation of petroleum was of the type of fraction (250 -
275 ºC) and the fraction (275 - 300ºC) is carried out initially at an atmospheric pressure
of 1 atm at an absolute pressure of 40 mm Hg, which is contained in petroleum
obtained from laboratory test results using the standard ASTM D2892 method.

Table 9. Classification based on Hydrocarbon Composition (ASTM D2892)

Key Faction 1 Key Faction 2
Classification o o
SG 60/60 oF  API SG 60/60 oF  API
Parafinic < 0,825 ≥ 40 < 0,876 ≥ 30
Parafinic - Intermediate < 0,825 ≥ 40 0,876 – 0,934 20 – 30
Intermediate - Parafinic 0,825 – 0,860 33 – 40 < 0,876 ≥ 30
Intermediate 0,825 – 0,860 33 – 40 0,876 – 0,934 20 – 30
Naftenic - Intermediate 0,825 – 0,860 33 – 40 > 0,934 ≤ 20
Intermediate - Naftenic > 0,860 ≤ 33 0,876 – 0,934 20 – 30
Naftenic > 0,860 ≤ 33 > 0,934 ≤ 20
Parafinic - Naftenic < 0,825 ≤ 40 > 0,934 ≤ 20
Naftenic - Parafinic > 0,860 ≤ 33 < 0,876 ≥ 30

C. Faction Specifications
The function of these specifications is to determine the quality of a fraction and
whether or not the fraction is suitable for use. Some terms we often hear such as viscosity,
pour point, flash point and smoke point.

 Classification based on Viscosity Gravity Constant (VGC)

The measurement in this petroleum classification (Table 10), is by measuring SG 60/60
oF of petroleum and measuring the viscosity of petroleum (Saybolt viscosity). This
VGC classification is commonly used for lubricating oil fractions.

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 10 G−1,0752 log (V −38)
Formulated : VGC=
10−log (V −38)
SG = Spesific Gravity 60/60 oF. (SSU = Saybolt universal) 
V = Viskosity at 100 oF or 38 oC, oFahrenheit = (100 °F − 32) × 5/9 oC), SSU

G−0,24−0,022log(V −35,5)
Fromulated : VGC=
0,755
SG = Spesific Gravity 60/60 oF. (SSU = Saybolt universal) 
V = Viskosity at 210 oF or 99 oC, oFahrenheit = (100 °F − 32) × 5/9 oC), SSU

Table 10. Classification based on VGC (Saybolt universal)

VGC Classification
0,800 – 0,840 Paraffin Hydrocarbons
0,840 – 0,876 Naftenic Hydrocarbons
0,876 – 1,000 Aromatic Hydrocarbons

 Classification based on Pour Point

Pour Point is the lowest temperature at which a fraction can flow or be poured. The
determination of the pour point serves to determine whether or not the type of pump is
suitable for moving the fraction from one place to another at a certain temperature
(ASTM D97). The lower the pour point, the low paraffin content and the higher aromat
content.
Example: pour point bitumen = 50 °C – 100 °C (122 °F – 212 °F)
Temperature a deposit= 4 °C – 10 °C (39 °F – 50 °F)

 Classification based on Flash Point

Flash point is the temperature at which the fraction will evaporate and cause a fire when
exposed to sparks and then die by itself with a vulnerable time. This is because in these
conditions it has not been able to make the fuel react and produce a continuous fire.
Flash point can be determined by constant heating of a fuel fraction, after reaching a
certain temperature point, the fraction will experience evaporation.

The steam will ignite if the source of the fire is directed at the vapor so that it will cause
sparks and will extinguish by itself due to the vapor pressure from below. so in other
words, the higher the flash point of a fraction it will be difficult to burn as well if the
fraction has a low flash point means it will be easy to burn.

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  Classification based on Smoke Point
Smoke point is a combustion process that has a flame height without causing smoke or
a certain height which makes the flame cause smoke. For example a fraction of
petroleum that has a 50 mm Smoke point, it means that the fraction if burned will cause
smoke at a flame height of 50 mm or more.

2.3. Petroleum Evaluation (Alhabsy, 2011)

The purpose of petroleum evaluation is to determine whether or not the potential of
petroleum as a refinery raw material. The scope of petroleum evaluation includes testing /
analyzing the general properties of petroleum, TBP distillation (cutting temperature to obtain
fractions) and TBP distillation curve.

A. Distillation TBP (True Boiling Point), (ASTM D2892)

Use of TBP distillation for prediction of refinery operating conditions, yield and quality
of petroleum products. The number of samples needed is between 4 - 5 liters. Performed at 2
(two) stages of temperature, namely temperature at atmospheric pressure (narrow cut) then
continued at vacuum pressure temperature (wide cut). Atmospheric pressure temperatures for
mild fractions, medium vacuum pressure temperatures for heavy fractions

 Light Faction (distillation TBP narrow cut) :

1. Nafta Faction : IBP (Initial Boiling point) – 150 oC
2. Kerosine Faction : 150 – 250 oC

 Heavy Faction (distillation TBP wide cut) :

1. Gas oil Faction : 250 – 350 oC
2. Residue : > 350 oC

B. Classification of Petroleum Analysis

Types of Petroleum analysis include:

 Tipe A (quick analysis type)

Type analysis A is a type of petroleum analysis that aims to provide information
relating to newly discovered petroleum. Analysis includes:
- Testing the general properties of petroleum
- Classification of petroleum

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  Tipe B (simple type of analysis)
Type B analysis is a type of petroleum analysis that aims to provide information about
the potential of newly discovered petroleum. Analysis includes:
- Testing the general properties of petroleum
- Classification of petroleum
- Narrow cut and wide cut TBP distillation (up to kerosene fraction)

 Tipe C (medium type analysis)

Type C analysis is the type of analysis that aims to provide information about the
potential of petroleum that is produced or marketed. Analysis includes:
- Testing the general properties of petroleum
- Classification of petroleum
- Narrow cut and wide cut TBP distillation (up to solar oil fraction)
- Analysis of fractions of TBP (True Boiling Point)

 Tipe D (complete analysis type)

Type D analysis is a type of petroleum analysis that aims to provide information about
the potential for petroleum to be processed. Analysis includes:
- Testing the general properties of petroleum
- Classification of petroleum
- Narrow cut and wide cut TBP distillation (up to solar oil fraction)
- Analysis of fractions of TBP (True Boiling Point)
- Metal analysis (V, Pb, Ni, Cu, Na, etc.)

C. The Origin of Petroleum (Tamboesai, 2015)

The Indonesian petroleum system is divided into two, namely Aquatic and terrigenous,
each of which has marine and lacustrine subgroups which are Aquatic subgroups (Figure 4).
Whereas terrigenous has deltic subgroups and two minor subgroups namely resinitic and
olenanane and one single group originating from the JS-53A East Java Basin.

 Aquatic Petroleum

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 - Marine Petroleum: The marine petroleum group is indicated by the presence of
marine algae biomarkers, 24-n-propylsteranes, which are detected using a SIM
(Selected Ion Monitoring) analysis. Variables that differentiate this group from the
others are the high total sterane / hopane ratio, high C27 sterane and low pristane /
phytane ratio values. From research conducted on the oil basin, which originates
from the Sumatra Basin, shows that only those originating from the East Natuna
Basin are classified as marine oils while others are derived from lacustrine source
rocks.

- Lakustrine petroleum: Type lacustrine petroleum is derived from type I kerogen

algae which are deposited in a lake or brackish deposition environment with fresh
water and are usually mixed with terrestrial-type organic material. Lacustrine oil is
characterized by the presence of 24-n-proylsteranes, low content of terrestrial
triterpenes, low tricyclic C26 ratio of tricyclic C25 approaching one / Identification
of lacustrine can be done through compounds detected on m / z mass
chromatograms 259 (with m / z parent 414) relative against regular sterane.

 Land Petroleum
- Deltaik Petroleum: This type of deltaik oil includes kerogen type III kerosene
which is deposited in the delta depositional environment, contains little organic
algae material, delta oil characterization comes from the loss of 24-n-propyl-
sterane, predominantly C29 steranes. high terrestrial triterpanes such as oleanane,
tricyclic C26 / C25 tricyclic ratio. This oil can be found in Western Indonesia
which has a large geographic area in the sedimentary basin such as Kalimantan and
Java, also found in southern Sumatra and the South Makassar Basin (Robinson,
1987).
- Petroleum Resin: Resinitic oil also includes terrestrial oil with kerogen source
rocks of type III and has an abundance of dammar resins derived from the
Diterocarpus family plant. This type of oil is characterized by an abundance of land
type and has a bicadinane structure. The existence of this bicadinane was reported
by (Grantham et al. 1983) marked by W, T, and R.
In general, the two main compounds are trans-trans-trans (compound W) and cis-
cis-trans-bicadinane (compound T) (Van-Aarsen et al. 1990). Bicadinane is always
abbreviated as "bic" can be detected on the chromatogram mass m / z 191, this oil
17
 also has an important compound component which is shown from sterane in / z
217. This oil group can be easily distinguished from other groups by HCA
(Clustering Analysis) but only slightly different from deltaik oil. This type of oil
found in the South Sumatra Basin, West Natuna, Java Basin, resinific crude type
has previously been reported by (Van-Aarsen, et al. 1990) namely the South
Sumatra Basin and the Prabumulih Basin.

- Oleanane Petroleum: Classification according to oleanane content is intended to

show oils derived from kerogen type 111 terrestrial oil. These oils are characterized
by an abundance of terrigenous triterpanes (Figure 3). Oleanane is more resistant to
biodegradation than hopane, so the ratio of oleanane to hopane is higher.

Fig 7. Terrestrial petroleum based on Terrigenous abundance

18
Fig 8. Types of petroleum from the mass spectra results from 5 petroleum samples.

19
2.4. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH)

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) is a term used to describe the hundreds of

chemicals that naturally arise from crude oil. Crude oil is used to make petroleum products,
which can contaminate the environment. Because there are so many different chemicals in
crude oil and other petroleum products, each content is not measured separately. Therefore
the measurements taken in the field are the total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) (Agency for
Toxic Substance and Disease Registry, 1999). The Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease
Registry (1999) also states that TPH is a mixture of chemicals, but most of it comes from
hydrogen and carbon, so it is called hydrocarbons. Scientists divide TPH into groups of
petroleum hydrocarbons that are similar in soil or water. This group is called petroleum
hydrocarbon fractions. Each faction contains many chemicals. Some chemicals contained in
TPH are hexane, jet fuel, mineral oils, benzene, toluene, xylenes, naphtalane, and fluorine, as
well as other petroleum and gasoline products.

2.5. Impurity Compounds

Unwanted impurities present in oil and gas are sulfur or sulfur compounds contained
in crude oil as well as in the final product and its fractions. Types of sulfur compounds often
found in petroleum are hydrogen sulfide (H2S), mercaptans consisting of methyl and benzyl
mercaptan, methyl sulfide and normal butyl sulfide, methyl sulfide, cyclic sulfides, alkyl
sulfates, sulfonic acids, sulfoxides, sulfone and thiofen. These sulfur compounds are
considered impurities and disruptors because they have corrosive properties, smell bad, and
have explosive characteristics. Corrosive due to the presence of small amounts of sulfur in
the final product is due to the product being used at low temperatures, where at that
temperature there are several compounds that are corrosive to commercial metals. Most of the
sulfur compounds contained in petroleum are organic bonds in the form of thiopen (Van-
Hamme et al, 2003).

20
 Sulfur compounds which have a low boiling point tend to be concentrated in gasoline
at the time of the processing process, and therefore corrosive properties are rarely found in
products that have high boiling points. The pungent sulfur odor comes from compounds that
have low boiling points or sulfur compounds in gaseous forms such as hydrogen sulfide
(H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2) coming out through chimneys, mercaptans which have up to 6
carbon atoms (boiling point) around 400 ° F), sulfide up to carbon atoms (boiling point 350 °
F) and metal disulfide (boiling point around 243 ° F). The percentage of sulfur in crude oil
varies from 0 for crude oil that has high oAPI to 7.5% in heavy crude oil. Means that in oil
containing such a high percentage of sulfur, half of the compounds produced from crude oil
will contain sulfur compounds (Hutagaol, 2009).

Oils contain oxygen in the form of naphthenic acids, phenols, carbonic acids, asphalt
and resins. Oxygen content in petroleum is not more than 3%. In fractions that have a low
boiling point, phenols and carbolic acids in very small amounts are found. Oils containing
high naphthenic hydrocarbons usually contain high naphthenic acids. The amount of
naphthenic acid in the heavy gas oil fraction is maximum with a specific gravity of 0.96 to
1.0. These acids are soluble in alcohol and oil products and are insoluble in water. This acid
is a liquid with an unpleasant odor that causes corrosion of metals, zinc, lead, copper and
iron. Nitrogen in oil is in the form of basic compounds such as pyridine, hydrogenated
pyridine, and so on. The composition of oil containing nitrogen compounds is unknown, but
has a specific gravity of 1 and has an unpleasant odor. Other compounds contained in oil are
asphalt and resins which consist of neutral resins, asphalt acids and asphalt and their
anhydrides. Neutral resins can be liquid, semi-solid and sometimes solid. These resins for the
chemical composition of oils containing resins and asphalt are aromatic hydrocarbons,
naphthene and paraffin. The hydrogenation process can be used to remove hydrocarbon
contaminants such as nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and metals from the petroleum fraction. This
method has a success rate of removing impurities reaching 90% (Wiyantoko, 2016).

21
 BAB III
CLOSING

3.1. Conclusion
From the paper made it can be concluded that:
 Crude Oil is a mixture of hydrocarbon complexes plus organic compounds from Sulfur,
Oxygen, Nitrogen and compounds containing metal constituents, especially Nickel,
Iron and Copper. There are 6 groups of important hydrocarbon compounds found in
petroleum, including paraffin, olefin, naphthalene, aromatic, diolefin, and acetylene
 Classification of oil based on hydrocarbon compounds and molecular bonds of atoms.
Petroleum is classified into 3 groups, namely:
- Asphaltic base oil
- Paraffinic base oil
- Mixed base oil
 Types - Classification of Petroleum :
- Specific gravity (SGI and oAPI), Volatility, and% Sulfur Content
- Boiling: K-UOP, Correlation Index (CI), and USBM
- Specifications: viscosity, pour point, flash point and smoke point
- Analysis types and origins of petroleum.
 Unwanted impurities in petroleum are sulfur / sulfur compounds. These sulfur
compounds are considered impurities and disruptors because they have corrosive
properties.

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