Sociology Matters 6th Edition by Richard

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Sample Test
 Chapter 03

Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Social interaction is
A.the process of learning norms, values, beliefs, and other requirements for effective participation
in social groups.
B. the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.
C. the ways in which people respond to one another.
D. a series of relationships that link a person directly to others, and therefore, indirectly to still
more people.

Type: D

2. Which term is used to refer to the way in which a society is organized into predictable
relationships?
A.socialization
B. social structure
 C. social interaction
D. culture

Type: D

3. Philip Zimbardo’s study of a simulated prison environment that used college students as
prisoners and prison guards
A.indicated that it is impossible to replicate a “real life” situation in a laboratory.
B. demonstrated that a social structure can influence the type of social interactions that occur.
C. indicated that social interactions are not influenced by social structure characteristics.
D. all of these

Type: I

4. Which social scientist created a simulation of prison conditions that illustrated the
relationship between social structure and social interaction?
A.Erving Goffman
B. Philip Zimbardo
C. Raymond Mack
D. Gary Huang

Type: S

5. The analysis of how the “definition of the situation” can mold the thinking and personality of
the individual is associated with the
A.functionalist perspective.
B. conflict perspective.
C. interactionist perspective.
D. feminist perspective.

Type: P

6. William I. Thomas notes that people respond not only to the objective features of a person or
situation but also to the meaning that the person or situation has for them. This view represents
which sociological perspective?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective

 
 Type: P

7. Which term is used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined
positions within a large group or society?
A.status
B. culture
C. social structure
D. Gemeinschaft

Type: D

8. Firas, Randy, and Teresa are science majors, and when they graduate from college, they
find jobs as a nurse, a midwife, and a hospital administrator, respectively. These new positions
are examples of
A.ascribed status.
B. social roles.
C. achieved status.
D. social networks.

Type: C

9. Ascribed status is a social position

A.attained by a person largely through his or her own effort.
B. “assigned” to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or
characteristics.
C. that is earned.
D. that is reached as a result of negotiation.

Type: D

10. Which of the following is an ascribed status?

A.a major league baseball player
B. a corporation president
C. a South African
D. all of these

Type: C

 
11. Which of the following statements about an ascribed status is correct?
A.It is easy to change when an individual becomes older.
B. It has the same social meaning in every society.
C. It is based on an individual’s skills.
D. It is often biological in origin, but significant mainly because of the social meanings attached to
it within a given culture.

Type: I

12. Which sociological perspective is especially interested in ascribed statuses because they
often confer privileges or reflect a person’s membership in a subordinate group?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. global perspective

Type: P

13. Achieved status is a social position

A.attained by a person largely through his or her own effort.
B. “assigned” to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or
characteristics.
C. assigned to an individual at birth.
D. given to an individual based upon his or her age, race, or gender.

Type: D

14. Which of the following is an achieved status?

A.a woman
B. a Native American
C. a television news reporter
D. all of these

Type: C

15. Everett Hughes’ studies of social structure focused on which concept?

A.master status
B. ascribed status
C. achieved status
D. status exit
  

Type: S

16. A master status is a

A.term used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a
large group or society.
B. social position attained by a person largely through his or her own effort.
C. status that dominates others and thereby determines a person’s general position within society.
D. series of social relationships that link a person directly to others, and therefore, indirectly to still
more people.

Type: D

17. Mary is 5′ 3″ tall, a field hockey player who sees little playing time, is 21-years-old, and is
African American. Which one of her characteristics is most likely her master status?
A.her height
B. her field hockey team membership
C. her age
D. her African American heritage

Type: C

18. Which term is used by sociologists to refer to a set of expectations for people who occupy a
given social position or status?
A.social role
B. structural role
C. achieved role
D. ascribed role

Type: D

19. Which of the following statements about social roles is correct?

A.The roles that belong to a social status are always performed in the same manner.
B. Social roles are always performed in the same manner in ascribed, but not in achieved,
statuses.
C. Actual performance of a role varies from individual to individual.
D. Role expectations and actual role performances never vary.

Type: I
20. Which term is used to refer to incompatible expectations that arise when the same person
holds two or more social positions?
A.role strain
B. role conflict
C. role ambiguity
D. role exit

Type: D

21. Elaine is a clinical sociologist who practices marriage and family therapy. She is also a
college professor. One of her current students asks her if she can make an appointment for a
therapy session. Elaine tells the student that she will refer her to a colleague because she feels
that performing therapy with a student potentially could be an example of
A.role strain.
B. role conflict.
C. role exit.
D. status displacement.

Type: C

22. A woman in her mid-30s has enrolled in a local community college to earn a degree in
horticulture. The night before her first major course examination she is asked by her boss to work
several additional hours because they have just received a major order that needs to be
processed immediately. This student is experiencing
A.role reversal.
B. role conflict.
C. role exit.
D. status incompatibility.

Type: C

23. In sociology, a group is any number of people

A.with similar norms, values, and expectations who regularly and consciously interact.
B. who happen to be together in the same place (e.g., passengers).
C. who share a common feature (e.g., hair color) but do not interact.
D. all of these

Type: D

 
  

24. Which one of the following is an example of a group?

A.the members of your sociology class
B. the people who live in the community in which your college is located
C. the members of your college
D. all of these

Type: C

25. We seek out groups to

A.establish friendships.
B. accomplish certain goals.
C. fulfill social roles that we have acquired.
D. all of these

Type: I

26. A primary group is a small group that is

A.characterized by impersonality, with little intimacy or mutual understanding.
B. characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.
C. used as a standard for evaluating oneself and one’s behavior.
D. characterized by impersonality and face-to-face associations.

Type: D

27. Which of the following is the best example of a primary group?

A.all of the players in the National Hockey League
B. the American Civil Liberties Union
C. the members of a neighborhood softball team
D. all of these

Type: C

28. Which type of group plays a pivotal role in the socialization process and the development of
roles and statuses?
A.secondary groups
B. primary groups
C. aggregates
D. formal organizations
  

Type: I

29. Which of the following is considered a secondary group?

A.a family
B. the members of a small commune in Idaho
C. the members of the United Nations General Assembly
D. all of these

Type: C

30. Which term is used to refer to a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social
intimacy or mutual understanding?
A.primary group
B. secondary group
C. tertiary group
D. reference group

Type: D

31. The distinction between “in-groups” and “out-groups” was first made by
A.Erving Goffman.
B. Philip Zimbardo.
C. William Graham Sumner.
D. Charles Horton Cooley.

Type: S

32. Any group or category to which people feel they belong is called a(an)
A.dyad.
B. triad.
C. in-group.
D. out-group.

Type: D

33. A group to which people feel they do not belong is called a(an)
A.social network.
B. primary group.
 C. reference group.
D. out-group.

Type: D

34. You are taking a sociology class from Dr. Jones at your local community college. Which of
the following are you most likely to consider an out-group?
A.the members of Dr. Smith’s sociology class
B. the students at the local four-year state school
C. the clique of students in the front of your classroom who all attended high school together and
now hang out with one another after class
D. the people in the class who are from your old high school

Type: C

35. Which sociological perspective would be most likely to emphasize that “we” and “they”
feelings have the positive aspect of promoting in-group solidarity and a sense of belonging?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective

Type: P

36. The destructive consequences of tensions between in-groups and out-groups would be
stressed by which sociological perspective(s)?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspectives
C. interactionist perspective
D. global perspective

Type: P

37. Which term is used by sociologists when speaking of any group that individuals use as a
standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior?
A.primary group
B. secondary group
C. tertiary group
D. reference group

 
 Type: D

38. A college law enforcement major watches the behavior of television police detectives with
great admiration. These detectives could be considered
A.an out-group.
B. a focus group.
C. a triad.
D. a reference group.

Type: C

39. A woman who has not attended school in 13 years enrolls for classes at the local community
college. She is afraid that her younger classmates might not accept her. On the first day of class,
she observes the clothing styles of her classmates, and after school she goes shopping and
purchases similar clothes. Her classmates could be considered
A.a reference group.
B. an in-group.
C. a focus group.
D. both a reference group and an in-group.

Type: C

40. Which sociological perspective would emphasize the role of reference groups in setting and
enforcing standards of conduct and belief?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective

Type: P

41. A social network is

A.a social structure that derives its existence from the social interactions through which people
define and redefine its character.
B. an attempt to reach agreement with others concerning some objective.
C. a series of social relationships that link a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still
more people.
D. the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.

Type: D
  

42. Social networks

A.may constrain individuals by limiting their range of interaction.
B. may empower people by making available vast resources.
C. constrain and empower people.
D. none of these

Type: I

43. A group of businesswomen meet on a monthly basis to assist one another in advancing their
careers. They give each other job leads and advice, and they invite business leaders to attend
their sessions to provide further assistance. This group is an example of
A.role connection.
B. impression management.
C. status assistance.
D. networking.

Type: C

44. Members of prestigious law firms often assist their children in obtaining jobs in other law
firms or corporations by calling their friends and associates and asking for a favor. This example
of networking helps the children of wealthy families maintain the family’s high social status. The
example best illustrates which sociological perspective?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. global perspective

Type: P

45. Which one of the following would be an example of a social institution?

A.the United States government
B. a group of passengers on an inner-city bus
C. the members of a stamp collecting society
D. a children’s playgroup

Type: C
46. Which term is used to refer to organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic
social needs?
A.social networks
B. social institutions
C. functional prerequisites
D. communities

Type: D

47. Émile Durkheim suggested, as society becomes more complex the nature of solidarity
becomes more
A.mechanical.
B. organic.
C. preservationist.
D. institutionalized.

Type: D

48. The concepts Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft were introduced to sociology by

A.Ferdinand Tönnies.
B. Émile Durkheim.
C. Jonathan Kozol.
D. William I. Thomas.

Type: S

49. In a small town in the Midwest, children all attend the same school and most of the
community members attend the same church. Everyone in this community knows everyone else,
and they have shared numerous experiences with one another. This community is characterized
by
A.Gesellschaft relationships.
B. organic solidarity.
C. mechanical solidarity.
D. Gemeinschaft relationships.

Type: C

50. Ferdinand Tönnies used the term ________ to refer to communities that are large,
impersonal, and often urban, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values.
A.Gemeinschaft
B. Gesellschaft
 C. mechanical solidarity
D. organic solidarity

Type: D

51. Today Steve went into a grocery store where a stranger checked out his purchases and
another stranger bagged his groceries. Then he went to Wendy’s and purchased a hamburger
from another stranger, and on his way home another stranger changed the oil in his car. These
experiences are all characteristic of
A.Gesellschaft relationships.
B. organic solidarity.
C. mechanical solidarity.
D. Gemeinschaft relationships.

Type: C

52. Long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and
selection are referred to as
A.postmodern society.
B. negotiated order.
C. industrial society.
D. sociocultural evolution.

Type: D

53. In Gerhard Lenski’s view, societal organization is highly dependent on its level of
A.farming.
B. education.
C. technology.
D. banking.

Type: I

54. An analysis of sociocultural evolution that distinguished between pre-industrial and industrial
societies was developed by
A.Ferdinand Tönnies.
B. Gerhard Lenski.
C. Jonathan Kozol.
D. William I. Thomas.

 
 Type: S

55. A pre-industrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fiber are readily available
in order to live is called a(an)
A.agrarian society.
B. hunting-and-gathering society.
C. horticultural society.
D. slash-and-burn farming society.

Type: D

56. The Yanomamö, a South American culture, live in a village and spend most of their time
searching for food and tending small gardens in which their primary tool is a stone ax they use for
cutting down trees to expand their gardens. The Yanomamö are an example of a(an)
A.agrarian society.
B. horticultural society.
C. hunting-and-gathering society.
D. postmodern society.

Type: C

57. The most technologically advanced form of pre-industrial society, whose members are
engaged primarily in the production of food but increase their crop yield through such innovations
as the plow, is called a(an)
A.hunting-and-gathering society.
B. agrarian society.
C. horticultural society.
D. postmodern society.

Type: D

58. A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services is called a(an)
A.industrial society.
B. postindustrial society.
C. postmodern society.
D. preindustrial society.

Type: D

 
  

59. Which of the following is characteristic of the emergence of industrial societies?

A.families and communities could not continue to function as self-sufficient units
B. individuals, villages, and regions began to exchange goods and services and become
interdependent
C. formal educational institutions developed
D. all of these

Type: I

60. A society whose economic system is engaged in the processing and control of information is
called a(an)
A.industrial society.
B. postmodern society.
C. postindustrial society.
D. agrarian society.

Type: D

61. The type of society that is primarily concerned with providing services rather than
manufacturing goods is called
A.preindustrial.
B. postindustrial.
C. industrial.
D. postmodern.

Type: I

62. Daniel Bell views post-industrial societies as being positive because he believes they are
characterized by interest groups concerned with such national issues as health, education, and
the environment working for the common good. Bell’s view represents which sociological
perspective?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective

Type: P
63. Which functionalist theorist views the transition from industrial to post-industrial societies as
a positive development because he sees a general decline in organized working-class groups,
and a rise in interest groups concerned with such national issues as health, education, and the
environment?
A.Everett Hughes
B. William I. Thomas
C. Daniel Bell
D. Karl Marx

Type: S

64. A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media
images is called a(an)
A.preindustrial society.
B. industrial society.
C. postindustrial society.
D. postmodern society.

Type: D

65. In the United States, we listen to music imported from Jamaica, eat food that originated in
Japan, and watch movies produced in Italy. These are all features of a(an)
A.preindustrial society.
B. industrial society.
C. postindustrial society.
D. postmodern society.

Type: C

66. Special-purpose groups designed and structured in the interests of maximum efficiency are
known as
A.informal organizations.
B. formal organizations.
C. coalitions.
D. primary groups.

Type: D

67. Which of the following is an example of a formal organization?

A.a community college basketball team
B. the people in a New York City subway car
 C. the General Motors Corporation
D. all of these

Type: C

68. Formal organizations may vary in

A.size.
B. degree of efficiency.
C. specificity of goals.
D. all of these

Type: I

69. A bureaucracy is a(an)

A.two-member group.
B. small group in which there is little intimacy or mutual understanding and in which relationships
are impersonal.
C. organization established on the basis of common interest whose membership volunteer or
even pay to participate.
D. component of formal organization in which rules and hierarchical ranking are used to achieve
efficiency.

Type: D

70. Which sociologist emphasized the basic similarity of structure and process found in the
otherwise dissimilar enterprises of religion, government, education, and business?
A.Max Weber
B. Suzanne Staggenborg
C. David Sills
D. Norman Denzin

Type: S

71. A construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which specific cases can be
evaluated is called a(an)
A.coalition.
B. ideal type.
C. metaphor.
D. questionnaire.

 
 Type: D

72. By working at a specific task, people are more likely to become highly skilled and carry out a
job with maximum efficiency. This is the rationale for the bureaucratic characteristic of
A.employment based on technical qualifications.
B. hierarchy of authority.
C. division of labor.
D. written rules and regulations.

Type: I

73. Which sociological perspective might observe the division of labor among the staff members
in a hospital emergency room and focus on how the allocation of responsibilities affects their
relationships with one another?
A.functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. global perspective

Type: P

74. The tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind
spots and fail to notice obvious problems is known as
A.goal displacement.
B. oligarchy.
C. manifest destiny.
D. trained incapacity.

Type: D

75. As explained in the text, the public attention paid to the failure of various government
intelligence-gathering organizations to detect the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001
illustrates which poorly functioning aspect of government bureaucracy?
A.division of labor
B. hierarchy of authority
C. impersonality
D. employment based on technical qualifications

 
 Type: C

76. Which one of the following is not a characteristic of bureaucracies, according to Max Weber?
A.goal displacement
B. trained incapacity
C. democracy
D. the Peter Principle

Type: I

77. A college is run by a board of trustees, which hires a president, who in turn selects vice
presidents and other administrators. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of
A.written rules and regulations.
B. division of labor.
C. impersonality.
D. hierarchy of authority.

Type: C

78. Goal displacement is

A.the tendency for workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind
spots and fail to notice obvious problems.
B. a principle of organizational life in which each individual within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or
her level of incompetence.
C. overzealous conformity to official regulations within a bureaucracy.
D. the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly
bureaucratic.

Type: D

79. A woman and her two children walk into a homeless shelter. It is apparent they are hungry,
dirty, and the children are crying. The shelter attendant refuses them admittance, although there is
ample room in the shelter, because the mother does not have the proper identification card. This
is an example of
A.goal displacement.
B. goal multiplication.
C. trained incapacity.
D. hierarchy of authority.

Type: C
80. The notion that every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of
incompetence is referred to as
A.goal displacement.
B. the Peter Principle.
C. trained incapacity.
D. bureaucracy.

Type: I

81. According to the classical theory of formal organizations, workers are motivated almost
entirely by
A.economic rewards.
B. fear of their superiors.
C. norms of conformity to the group.
D. the need for job satisfaction.

Type: D

82. Planning based on the human relations approach focuses on

A.the dangers of collective bargaining.
B. the role of people, communication, and participation within small groups.
C. the conflict perspective’s critique of capitalism.
D. workers’ feelings, frustrations, and emotional needs for job satisfaction in bureaucracies.

Type: I

True / False Questions

83. The ability to define social reality reflects a group’s power within a society.
TRUE

84. In the United States, ascribed statuses of race and gender can function as master statuses
that have an important impact on one’s potential to achieve a desired professional and social
status.
TRUE

 
85. The mass media are an example of a social institution.
TRUE