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Unit 4.1 PDF
Unit 4.1 PDF
MACROMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR
OF A LAMINA
Chapter 6 -
MACROMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR
OF A LAMINA
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The material who% properties are direction dependent is called anisotropic medium. Fully anisotropic
materials arc usually nol found in engineering application. f h e simplified form o f anisorropy characterized
by the presence o f planes o f elastic symmetry is ohen found. As the number o f planes o f elastic symmetry
increaser. the number o f independent elastic propenies required to characterize the material reduces. Staning
with fully anisotropic medium, the constitutive relations are stated without presenting formal derivations for
difrerent materials in the order of reducing anisotropy. Later these relations arc panicularized to the lamina.
1.ekhnitshii (207) derived the expressions for compliances o f an anisotropic body by transforming the elastic
constants fmm material coordinate system to body coordinate s)stem. I n the present u80rka new method of
directly evaluating compliance matrix referred to body geometric coordinates by 2 - 0 elasticit) based tinite
cle~ncntmndelit~g1s introduced. These propenies can be direct]? substituted for the anal)sis o f lamin;rtes.
gurrn Itlading. !he generalized Hooke's law states thal the stresses are gibcn h? linear functions of strains. In
whcm n denotes stress. c engineering strains and ', is the stiffncsr nratrih of claslic~t?.I'hc vontr.*cted
notation o~slrcsscsand strains is o, - 01,. o? - 0::.a, = ot,. n, t : , . n. .; r:,. and n, I,:. and ti cil.
,..) .: c,). bi ci;. c.,-'yJ1. C, *- yrl md r, - yl:. Similarly the rlraln-lrcss relations arc
where &, is the compliance matrix of elasticity. and equals t o the i n v u s c o f c,].
'fhc stiffness matrix C, and the compliance matrix a, have 3 6 conrmts. Howcvcr, less than 36 of Ihcse
Cmstmta C a n k ahown l o be actually independent for elastic materials when the a m i n energy is considered.
Elastic materials tor which an elastic pokntial or strain energy density function exis& have incremental work
dw a 0, dr, 6.3
where the slrcrr a,act through strains dc, ttowcver. because of stress-strain relations. Equation 6.1. rhe
tncrcmenfal work k c o m c s
d w = ~ , gd~ 6.4
W a '4 c , L, t, 6.5
t3ut the order o f d~ffercnttatrono f M IS ~mnlaterial.so c,, = c,, and a,, = a, 6.9
c l a s ~ ~propenlc\
c 'The material characterized by 21 independent elastic constants docs not possess an? plane
o f clastlc symmetry. and such 3 niediunr is known as anisotropic o r triclinic material. A plane o f material
s)nrnietr) o f a medium IS one ~ b h i c h possesses equivalent elastic properties along the directions
5ymmcatcally oriented with respect to that plane. hlaterials possessing planes of elastic synlmctn requires
the number o f elastic constants less than 21. 'me cl.lstic ~natriuesc,, and a,; of a nrcdium \\i:h no planes of
stresses d ~ i cto normal strains snd vtcc bcrsa Thcse coupltng coetlicientr hecome zero I n caw o f m.~tertal
having plancs of elastic symnictry. The equalions 6.1 and 6.2 are m d u c d to the case ordifferent n u m k r o f
plants o f elastic symmetry. 'The presentation given hcldw corresponds to c,, nratris. and thc prwcdurc is
e q u l l y valid For 4, matrix 100. The procedure wed for reducing c,, to materials o f elastic symmetry blfows
the invariance property ofeither potential energy or generalized Hooke's law w i h respcct to the directions o f
The
elastic symmetry. As already stated derivation is not detail, only the final expressions are reported (I).
numeric subscripls (I, 2. 3) stands for either (x, y. z)axes of the Canesian coordinale system o f geometry, or
principal material directions I,2.3.
I-el xy- plane be the plane o f elastic symmeuy. i.c. the material properties along psiti\-c and negative z-
;.
and contains I ~ndcpcndcntelastic propcnics. l'he coapling influcncc is partly eliminatrd
equally valid for a, matrix too. The procedure used for reducing c,, to materials o f elastic symmcty follows
rhe invariance propcny o f either potential energy w g e n e r a l i d Hooke's law with respect to the directions o f
elastic symmetry. As already stated derivation is not detail. only the final expressions are reporred (I).The
numeric subscripts (I. 2.3) stands Tor either (x, y, z) axes o f the Canesian coordinate SyRem o f geometry. or
Let xy- plane be thc plane o f elastic s)mmetry. i.e. the material properties along positive and negative z.
Let xz- plane be the second plane o f elastic symmetry. i n addition t o xy- plane already considered. Then
The independent elastic properties are reduced to 9. if there are two orthogonal planes o f elastic symmeay
at a point o f the medium, the third orthogonal plane becomes automatically plane o f elastic symmerry. A
body f t k r reinforced i n three mutually perpendicular directions possesses three mutually onhogonal planes
o f elastic symmelry. Such a medium is said to be orIhotropic. As is clear from the above m y the normal
stresses depend only on normal strains, and shear stresses depend upon the corresponding shear swain as i n
the case o f isotropic medium, i. e. so called coupling is completely eliminated. These three directions are
called principal material directions. Thc generalized Hooke's law referred to the principal material directions
does not contain the coupling terms. i n c, or a., The elastic properties along any arbitrary direction can be
expressed i n terms o f the 9 independent principal material propenies. The Hooke's law referred to three
arbitrarily oriented mutually onhogonal directions conrains the coupling coefiicients i n c,, (a,,).
is said to be ~ransvcrselyisotropic. I n unidirectional composite. the plane normal to rhe fibers is a plane o f
isotrupy. and the unidirectional composite is an example for a transversely isotropy medium. For c\aniple ~f
Ihc fibers am oriented along 3- direction. 1-2 plane becomcs plane o f elastic isotmp): the corresponding
stiffness matrix is
Them arc only S independent elastic constants in t l ~ cslifiless matrix oftrans\crsely isotrrrpis riicdlnm
6.2.4 Isotropic Materials
If l h m are infinite d i r a t i o n s with idmtialelastic properties at a point of UIC medium, then i t is said to bc
isotropic. I t needs only t w o independent elastic proptnies for its material chsrrcrcriurion. l l niffmss
~ ~
matrix for this c w is
I n engineering applications, the mutual conversion of elastic stiffness (c,,) and compliances (4) are
S i ~ n p l yinterchanging c, and a,, i n equations 6. IS and 6.16. one can express a,, i n terms o f c,,
nieaningrul elastic constants are the engineering elastic nioduli and Poisson's ntios. The experimental
evaluations of the engineering constants are carried on simple specimens subjcctrd rii appropriate uniform
stress state. It is easy l o express compliance coelticients i n Ienns o f engineering constmls. The strain-s~rcss
V,, = Poisoon's ralio for transverse strain in r h t j- direction when stressed i n the i-direction. i.e.
= 4'G 6.18
GZI. GI, GI? Shear moduli i n 2-3,3-1 and 1-2 planes, respectively.
Using equations 6.17 i n equations 6.1 5 and 6.16. the stifhess can be wrinen i n terms o f engineering
constants. i.c.
;
; (VII * V,,Vi,)! E: EI p = ( V t l + V,:V:I)~ El E: [1.
A lamina bccausc of its v c p sntall lhicknrss is crmsidercd w be in-plane slrcss $talc. 11 1s strcsscd In its
plane of rc~nforcemcnicoinciding with 1-2 plane and x-) pliinc. w- and >- axcs are callcd !he gcomrtrlc axes.
-
a t 4 I and 2- oxcs arc Ihc principal sialerial dirtxtions ( f i g h. I).If ~ h pcr ~ r u i p aniatcrl.il
l directionns I and 2
coincide with geometric axes x and y. the medium is called specially orthotropic (Fig. 6. la); in case the
principal material directions orient at an arbitrary angle 9. with respect to geometric axes. the medium is
According to thc gcometr). and coordinate system o f Fig. 6.l(b), the plane stress state is defined by
fix q ~ ~ c l ; l l lortlrntrctpic
) clred~utrl 'The strain- stress rel;rtic,tr> In equation h 23 can he 1nbent.J to get ~ h r
geometric axes of the laminale. For the solution to be meaningful. it is necessaty to rcfcr it to geometric axes.
For this purpose one has l o know the elastic properties o f any lamina referred to geometric axes. This is
possible by transforming the principal material propenies to geometric axes. Referring to Fig. 6.l(b). one
gets
\
Substitution o f the Eq. 6.25 in 4 . 6 . 2 7 , yields
inverting Eq. 6.28 and substituting in Eq. 6.30, one can get the stress-strain relations of generally onhotropic
where
-
I]:
01,= 911cos'0 + Q: sin40+ 2 (Qli .2 0,)sin% cos'0.
-Qz2 Qll sin'O
= + Q:, cos40 * 2 (Ql, - 2 )Q
, sin$ cos28,
-911. ( 9 1 + Q: - 4 om) sinrO cos20 - 01:(cos40 sin40).
I +
-
916 - Q I ~- 2 Qm) sin0 cos'0 .- (0- - Q1, - 2 Qm) cos0 sin'0.
(911
arc the transformed reduced stiffncsses. Thc sltlfness matrix of genenll> orthotropic lamina is fully
populated in contrast to specially onhotropic n~ediuln.The strain-stress relations for grnerall) onhotrt,~ic
The Poisson's ratios arc i n t m d d to replace the physical meaning o f transverse contraction due to axial
stress. Similarly coefficients o f mutual influence are introduced to represent. zb,&. c,and % Zr a n d z b
characterize the contraction, respectively, along x- and y- dimctions due to shear smss r,,: z, and &
charactcriv the shear strain i n x-y plane due to, respeclively. a. and oy These are defined as
where m, and m, are he cwflicients o f mutual influence that couples the normal strains with shcar stress.
tn,~-y,,~(a,~El~=-~~(~.,~El).
Note that major principal Young's modulrrs El is used in the definition o f coefficients o f mutual influence.
I?.quating the clenients of compliance matrix nf Eq. 6.35 to the corresponding relaticm o f Eq. 6.34. after
6.17. one can write the rollowing relations between the cnginecring constants o f geometric ascs and principal
malerial directions.
6 3 APPLICATION OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
The lheory p n ~ n t e in
d the previous section is useful for understanding the macromechanical behavior o f
a unidirectional continuous fiber reinforced composite lamina. From the equalions (6.35) given for
engineering properties, the variation o f these propenies with respect to the fiber angle 0 can be observed. For
the analysis o f a laminated composite plate using three dimensional elasticity o f anisofropic body approach.
the material propenies referred to material coordinate system are not sufficient. It is required to input the 21
elastic constants o f stifhess matrix or compliance matrix. In his scclion rhe finite element method i s applied
to evaluate the elastic constants (a,,) o f the compliance matris. For this purpose the finite element soAuare
ANSYS is used. The features o f the sailware. its capabilities and the details o f the finite element used for the
ANSYS is a large-scale mulli pUrpoK finitc clement program developed and mainlaincd b? ANSYS Inc..
&gin level
The Begin level acts as a gateway into and out o f the ANSYS program. I t is also used for cemin global
program controls such as changing the job name. clearing (zeroing out) the database. and copying binary
tiles.
At the Processor level, several processors arc available. Each processor is a set o f functions that perform a
specific analysis task. For example, the general preprocessor (PREP7) is where the model is built. the
solution processor (SOLUTION) is where the loads arc applied and the solution is obtained. and the general
postprocessor (POSTI) is where the results are evaluated for a solution. An additional postprocessor.
POST26, enables to evaluate solution results at specific points i n the model as a function o f time.
-
Linear elastic material models (isotropic. onhotropic. and anisotropic).
6.43 Loads
'The word loads in ANSYS terminology includes boundan conditions onsf externally or internally applied
Thermal: temperatures. heat now nles. convections. internal heal generation. infinite surface
Magnetic: magnetic potentials. magnetic flux, magnetic c u m n t segments. source current density.
infinite surfoee
* Electric: eketric potentials (volta~e). electric current. electric charges. charge densities. infinite
surface
Loads arc divided into six categories: D O F constraints. forces (concentrated loads). surface loads. body
A DOF constraint fixes a degree o f freedom (DOF) to a known value. Exampks o f constraints are
A force is a concentrated load applied at a node in the model. Examples are forces and moments i n a
structural analysis. heat flow rates i n a thermal analysis, and current segments i n a magnetic field
analysis.
A surface load is a distributed load applied over a surface. Examples are pressures i n a structural
A body load is a volumetric or field load. Examples are temperatures and fluences i n a structural
analysis. heat generation n t c s i n a thermal anal>sis. and current densities i n a magnetic field
- analysis.
Inertia loads are those attributable to the inertia (mass matrix) o f a body. such as gravitational
acceleration. angular velccity. and angular acceleration used mainly i n a structural analysis.
Coupled-field loads are simply a special case o f one o f the above loads. where results from one
analysis are used as loads i n another analysis. Far example. the tcmpemturcs calculated i n a thermal
Ruckling Analysis. Explicit Dynamic Analysis. Fracture mechanics, and Beam Anal,scs.
6.4.5 Port Processing
Post processing means reviewing the results o f an analysis. It is probably the most imponant step in the
analysis; to understand how the applied loads a t k t the design. how well the finite ekmml mesh is, and to
on. Two ~~~~~~~~rs an available to review the results: POSTI, the general postprocessor, and POST26.
the time-history postpmcessor. POST1 allows the user to review the results over the entire model at spccilic
6.4.6 -
Finite Element Used SOLID191
SOLlDl9l (Fig 6.2) is a layered structural solid element used to model layered solids or shells. It allows
up to 100 different material layers. If more than 100 layers are required, the elements may be stacked. The
element is defined by 20 nodes having three degrees offrecdorn per node: vanslations in the nodal x, y, and z
directions. SOLID191 has stress stiffening capabilities. The element is defined by twenty nodes, layer
In the present work, the conrputational iiumcrical analysis is drHlc using tfNSY.5 running ~m ?cntlum 1%'
-
9 Fibers are perfectly aligned.
The following propeaies rcfemd to material coordinate system arc given as input to the ANSYS program
vI. 0.6
v11 0.4206
\'I I 0.0224
4.0301
I
4 3592
I
The following A.L. Rabinovich expressions (207) uc used for predicting the elastic wnztantl for a
I
6,= - t a . - v , ~ . - v , u , + v w . r , + % . r n + v w . r r )
E,
I n case o f uni-axial state o f stress. say a. # 0 and all other stresses equal to zero. the above equations are
reduced to
I n case o f pure shear say t., # 0. the shear strain equation is reduced to
In the same manner all the 36 elastic constants (a,, ) are calculated fmm the finite element results.
6.6 PROPOSED FINITE ELEMENT MODELS
I n the present work all the 36 elastic constants for 60.A fiber volume (Vr = 0.6) o f an angle-ply GFRP
lamina with perfectly bonded fiber-matrix interface are determined by treating i t as an anisotropic material
using finite element analysis. For this purpose six different Finite Element models are developed as
explained.
mprctively): I n this model the lamina with the given dimensions i n x, y and z direction
following equations arc used to determine the first column elements o f compliance matrix
(Eq. 6.39).
ii) E,-model (A solid block o f dimensions i n x-, y- and z- directions as 1000 x 100 x I m m
rapcctlvely): The uni-axial load is applied in the y-direction and all the strains arc calculated
from the finite element solution and the following equations arc used to determine the second
8, = [a 1 a, whcre j = I ta 6. 6.44
iii) E,-model (A solid block or dimensions i n x-. y- and z- directions as 1000 x 100 x I m m
respcctivcly): The uni-axial load is applied in the r-direction and all the strains arc c ~ l c u l r t r d
from the finite element solution and the following equations arc used to determine the third
&, = [a ,, ) a. where j I to 6.
iv) Gr+
-model (A d i d black of dimensions in x-, y- and t directions as 1 r 100 x l00mm
nrpcetlvely): I n this case a shear load is applied in the y-z plane and all the strains arc
calculated from the finite element solution and the following equations are uscd to daermine
nrpcttivdy): I n this case a shear load is applied in the x-z plane and all the strains arc
calculated from the finite element solution and the following equations are used to determine
vi) CxY
-model (A solid block of dimensions i n x-. y- and x- directions as100 a 100 x lrnm
mpcetlvely): I n this case a shear load is applied in the x-y plane and all the strains are
calculated from the finite clement solution and the following equations arc used to determine
6, = la ,] r., where j = l to 6.
The Mechanical properties o f the angle-ply lan~inaarc determined horn the clsslic constants.
vsvE I x E. 6.50
. . . . . etc..
The objective of this analysis is to obtain the propenies o f the angle-ply lamina which can be readily used
k r furiher analysis o f a lamina or a laminate. The results are discussed in the chapter 7.