WALDEN| MEDIA Writ ie pert GAGI Ais) |e GUIDE MAY. te DUCED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.Jourey tothe Contra the Earth A MESSAGE FROM WALDEN MEDIA ABOUT THE MOVIE by MCHA & MARK LEVIN. THE EVENTUALLY COMING IN SOUTHERN TALY, RST MAGRATIN iS T ri . ING ON EAR TABLE OF CONTENTS WHAT KIND OF ROCK x8 FOUND REVIEWERS DECIR Ne AE GER 10 ER ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Nh EOL & WALDEN MEDIA NEU CORPORATION 0 WAGE See anyJourney tthe Cntr ofthe Farts STUDENT REFERENCE PAGE @) activity 1: MEET TREVOR ANDERSON, PROFESSOR OF — WHA77/ MEET TREVOR “ANDERSON, THE (MAIN CHARACTER OF JOURNEY 10 THE CENTER OF THE EARTH, AND LEARN ABOUT THE SCIENCE BEHIND His Pres THIS 1S WHERE JOURNEY BEGINS. BUT FRST, A WORD NOW HE WORKS AT A UNVERSITY IN THE MAXWELL ANDERSON CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF PLATE TECTONICS. MAX- WELL IS TREVOR'S BROTHER. HE DISAP- PEARED MYSTERIOUSLY TEN YEARS AGO. ABOUT STUDYING..."PLATES™ HUH? PLATE TECTONICS IS A THEORY ABOUT EARTH'S OUTERMOST LAYER, OR CRUST. THIS THEORY STATES THAT THE CRUST, WHICH IS MADE OF SOLID ROCK, 1S BROKEN INTO FIFTEEN OR MORE LARGE AND SMALL “PLATES” THAT MOVE IN RELATION TO ONE ANOTHER AS THEY RIDE ON TOP OF ROCK MATERIAL THAT IS HOTTER, SOFTER, AND MORE MOVABLE THAN THE PLATES THEMSELVES. FORCES IN THE SOFTER ROCK BELOW THE CRUST MOVE THE PLATES IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS. THE MOVING PLATES CAUSE HUGE GEOLOGICAL CHANGES, INCLUDING EARTHQUAKES, MOUNTAIN BULDING, AND VOLCANIC ACTIVITY. ‘THE EARTH DON'T ALWAYS LOOK UKE IT DOES TODAY. AT ONE TIME, THE CONTINENTS WERE JONED INTO ONE SUPERCONTINENT THAT HAS BEEN NAMED PANGAEA. BETWEEN 225 AND 200 MILLION YEARS AGO, PANGAEA BROKE UP INTO SEVERAL SMALLER PLATES THAT TOGETHER CARRY ALL THE LAND AND OCEANS OF EARTH, THROUGH THE MOVEMENT OF THE PLATES OVER TIME, THE CONTINENTS HAVE MOVED AND BEEN SHAPED INTO THE FORMS AS WE KNOW THEM TODAY, [SEE ILLUSTRATION) ‘THE THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS HAS PROVIDED EXPLANATIONS TO QUESTIONS THAT SCIEN- TISTS HAVE WONDERED ABOUT FOR CENTURIES, SUCH AS WHY EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS OCCUR IN VERY SPECIFIC AREAS AROUND THE WORLD, AND HOW AND WHY GREAT MOUNTAIN RANGES LIKE THE ALPS AND THE HIMALAYAS FORM, op WHAT ARE PERMIAN, TRIASSIC, JURASSIC, AND Ie CRETACEOUS? Wie uw Us w Taig passsier a uy oe s g H thastration ofthe breakup of Pangaea a Nepal eae cogs a) Tenadeptd fom: the Eh Werks by Kevin Cal wi fan Carmichael ee and Caray Wild Bereey, CA: Lawrence Half Sl, Universo Calf, 2002 Log on to www.walden.com for additional activities & information Register at www.walden.com/journeysurvey fo win a Walden Media library of books & DVDs© stupevrnererence pace Jourey tothe Centr af the Earth READ ABOUT THE SCIENCE FACT AND SCIENCE FICTION CONTAI ANYTHING ONE ULES VERNE'S STORY, A JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF TE ‘RT IN THE TIME WHEN JULES VERNE LIVED, THERE WAS [MUCH SCIENTIFIC AND POPULAR INTEREST IN WHAT WAS INSIDE OF THE EARTH, THE DETAILS OF EARTH'S INTERIOR. HAD NOT YET BEEN DISCOVERED. ALTHOUGH VOLCANC ERUPTIONS SHOWED THAT AT LEAST PART OF EARTH'S INTERIOR WAS HOT ENOUGH TO MELT ROCKS, TEMPERA TURES WITHIN THE EARTH AND THE EXISTENCE OF RADIO- ACTIVITY WERE UNKNOWN. VERNE'S BOOK, A. JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH (1864, ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN FRANCE AS VOYAGE AU CENTRE DE LA TERRE), BULT ON THIS INTEREST IN THE STRUCTURE OF EARTH WITH AN EXCITING SOENCE FICTION STORY THAT IS STILL POPULAR TODAY. VERNE'S STORY INTRORICED US TO A DEDICATED AND QURKY PROFESSOR AND HIS NEPHEW, WHO TRAVEL TOGETHER INTO THE EARTH'S DEEP INTERIOR BY ENTERING INTO AN OPENING IN ICELAND, TODAY, THE CURRENT LIMITS OF TECHNOLOGY MAKE SUCH A JOURNEY IMPOSSIBLE ‘THE TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE CONDITIONS WITHIN THE EARTH ARE SO EXTREME THAT HUMANS COULD NOT SURVIVE BELOW AA FEW KILOMETERS OF DEPTH INTO THE 6371 KM RADIUS EARTH. EXCEPT FOR NATURAL CAVES, TUNNELS, MINE SHAFTS, AND DRILL HOLES THAT EXTEND FROM THE SURFACE TO DEPTHS OF A FEW KILOMETERS, WE KNOW OF NO LARGE OPENINGS THAT COULD PROVIDE ACCESS TO EARTH'S DEEP INTERIOR. THE VERY HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE AND THE LACK OF AIR IN THE DEEP EARTH CREATE CONDITIONS IN WHICH PEOPLE COULD NOT SURVIVE. IT'S ALSO A LONG JOURNEY — 6371 KILOMETERS (APPROXIMATELY 3,950 MILES) TO THE EARTH'S. CENTER. IF A PERSON WERE ABLE TO WALK DRECTLY TO THE EARTH'S CENTER, IT WOULD TAKE ABOUT 53 DAYS (AT 5 KM/HR, APPROXIMATELY 3.1 MILES PER HOUR, 24 HOURS PER DAY) OF WALKING. AND THEN THERE WOULD BE THE WALK BACK! \VERNE'S WRITING APPLIED NEW DISCOVERES AND IDEAS FROM HIS TIME TO NEW STORES AND SETTINGS, FOR EXAMPLE, UNDERSEA VESSELS HAD BEEN UNSUCCESSFULLY ATTEMPTED WHEN VERNE WROTE TWENTY THOUSAND LEAGUES UNDER ce THE SEA IN 1869, SOME THINGS VERNE GOT ALL ZY Ya WRONG. HIS MOON-ROCKET IS A GIANT SHELL SHOT FROM A GUN. THE ROCKET'S INTEROR HAS FANCY STUFFED ARMCHARS AND CUPBOARDS. VERNE'S | ASTRONAUTS EVEN OPEN THE WINDOWS OF THER SPACE VEHICLE TO THROW OUT THE GARBAGE AND ADMIRE THE VIEW! YET IN ALL OF VERNE'S WRITING, HE TRED TO BRIDGE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN FACT AND FICTION USING THE TOOLS OF IMAGINATION, Logon to www.walden.com for additional activities & information Register at wwwiwalden.com/journeysurvey to win a Walden Media library of books & DVDsJourney othe Center ofthe Earth stupenracrviry Pace @ AcTIVITY 2: JULES VERNE’S SCIENCE FACT AND FICTION NAME. DATE NOW THAT YOU'VE LEARNED ABOUT JULES. VERNE'S “SCIENCE FACT. AND FRCTION,” DECDE WHETHER EACH OF THE STATEMENTS BELOW IS FACT OR FICTION. CIRCLE THE WORD FACT OR FICTION AFTER EACH STATENENT. THEN FIND THE STATEMENT(S) FROM THE READING THAT SUPPORT(S) YOUR ANSWER AND WRITE IT/THEM ON THE LINES PROVIDED, ‘Loa autes veRNe’S TIME THERE WAS LITTLE INTEREST IN WAT WAS. INSIDE THE EARTH. Tas IS FACT FICTION pecause: 2. m JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH TODAY 'S VERY POSSBLE, HUMANS COULD SURVIVE WELL BELOW A FEW KILOMETERS. THS IS FACT FICTION Because: 3. We KNOW OF ABOUT FFTEEN LARGE OPENINGS THAT PROVIDE ACCESS TO ‘THE EARTH'S DEEP INTERIOR, THS IS FACT FICTION Because: 4. IT 8 A LONG JOURNEY TO THE EARTH'S CENTER, ABOUT 3,950 MLES. Tass FACT FICTION Because: 'S. WWE COULD NOT SURVIVE SUCH A JOURNEY BECAUSE THE TEMPERA ‘TURE AND PRESSURE CONDITIONS ARE SO EXTREME. Tass FACT FICTION secaust Log on to www.walden.com for additional activities & information Register at www.walden.com/journeysurvey to win a Walden Media library of books & DVDsJury tthe Comer afte Earth = CREATE: YOUR: OWN: (EARTH) SCIENCE FICTION COMIC BOOK: we ise oe aT is OF Tiese eat SoMce FACTS To cReaTe EARTH SCIENCE FACTS TO Cf KNOWN ABOUT EARTH SCIENCE YOUR OWN SCIENCE FICTION COMIC BOOK, YOU can | NAME: PURING HIS TE TO WRITE JOURNEY 31.s0 RESEARCH YOUR OWN EARTH SCIENCE FACTS! PHOTOCOPY THis TAGE TO CREATE, YOUR. (EARTH) ‘SCIENCE FICTION COMIC BOOK. © sonraconre en ACTIVITY. Deepest Places the Ocean ‘Greatest Volante Eruption on Earth Challenger Deep which is sa. the | Yelowstone Volcanos hist eruption o Manianselenctlosted the Mart | 2-1 mllon years ago was 2500 nes tha slnds inthe South Pati, iis | more poweralthan the Mist. Helens B38 for 1092 ‘ruption an perhaps was the gest, ‘loo ales i ‘ost woot volcanic eruption inthe ful theoagh the water ll the way to { story of Earth, Enough ash and ol the very bot. fan Usbre exploded irom the erup= tion of Yelowatone Volcano to gover Lowest Elevation i the World the ene western hal ofthe United ‘The Dead Seals loeued inthe Made] Sates wih slayer that would about as, between fodan snd es Four fest dsp. turface of the Dead Sea's oer 1.30 ‘eat bg meter) below sealevel The | Deepest Cave in the Word ‘ery hotom ofthese inthe decpet | Za western Caueass Mountain o Below sen eve The Dead Sea at estate thal ome ofthe sakiest water on earth | hus otic been yried wo be 7.02 The waters alin can be as much | fet (140 m) deep Hottest Place on Earth Tofind more extreme facts got HY'Asiae te cued on the nartheen | where we joumeyed fond these: prof the African continent. On | huis Eiptember 13,1922 the thermomcer ehoda Hisering 136°F/S7 8° Log on to www.walden.com for additional activities & informations Register at www.walden.com/journeysurvey to win a Walden Media library of books & DVDsTER” OF JOURNE IRACTER TREVOR ANDERSON'S STUDIES AND HIS AMAZING ADVENTURES, THE ATMOSPHERE THE BLOSPHERE STAN IS MAKE TS PART FT ATH SYSTEM mn TH PART OF ART SYSTEN MDE OF A SET Of NORE TAIT, CLOSELY Lawe> SNM] MIE OTE MATE Fc EAL UM TGS, CLD AS, SYSTEMS THAT WOR TOGETHER MAKING RROD Te PAT ANNALS, NO OTHER (RGIS, THe WORLD WE KNOW, EARTHS PROCESSES DRE PONERED BY TWO SOURCES: THE SUN AND EARTHS OWN TNNER HEAT. FOUR OF THESE WMPORTANT SYSTEMS. ARE: THE GEOSPHERE. THE HYDROSPHERE TS PART OFTHE EARTH SYSTEM I MADE oF Tue] Ts PART OFTHE EARTH SYSTEM TE PLANET'S (AUST, MANTA, AND IER, AND OUTER. CORE. THS ‘WATER, NLLDNG OCEAN, LAKE, AVES, 1S AL ROCK MATERAL ETHER SLD OR MOLTEN CGROLND WATER, CE, AND WATER VAPOR. CHANGE IN ANY ONE OF THE EARTH SYSTEMS AFFECTS THE OTHERS. THIS IS WAY WE THINK OF EARTH AS MADE OF SEVERN. INTERRELATED SYSTEMS. WE DEPEND ON EARTHS RESOURCES, RESOURCES THAT ARE BOTH MINED AND GROWN, KNOWING ABOUT THe DYNAMIC EARTH WILL HELP YOU TO UNDERSTAND THE PAST AND PREPARE YOU FOR THE FUTURE. GEOLOGY IS A WAY OF STUDYING THE EARTH AND READING ITS STORY, THE ‘STUDY OF PLANET EARTH INVOLVES INVESTIGATING THE MATERIALS OF WHICH IT 1S MADE, THE PROCESSES THAT ACT ON THOSE MATERIALS, THE PRODUCTS FORMED }Y THOSE PROCESSES, AND THE HSTORY OF THE PLANET AND ALL ITS LIFE FORMS SINCE IT BEGAN. THE CHANGES ON EARTH QVER TIME HAVE LEFT A RECORD OF TTS HISTORY IN THE ROCKS AROUND US, GEOSCENTISTS STUDY THS RECORD AND ANALYZE IT TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE EARTH TODAY, ra Oe er anne ee[iol molhg PS lesa HEAT CHANGE Dba tesael aia BIOSPHERE IbaNio} ice onli BILLION Peace ad DYNAMIC MANTLE ‘THIS PART OF THE EARTH SYSTEM IS MADE OF THE CRUST, (MANTLE, AND INNER AND QUTER CORE, ‘THIS PART OF THE EARTH SYSTEM IS MADE OF THE MIXTURE OF GASES THAT SURROUND THE PLANET. WHEN THIS HAPPENS IN ANY ONE OF EARTH'S SYSTEMS, IT AFFECTS THE OTHERS. TT MEANS POWERFUL OR ACTIVE. ‘ONE OF TWO KINDS OF EARTH'S RESOURCES, NOT GROWN BUT __; ALSO MEANS TO HAVE REMOVED FROM THE EARTH'S INTERIOR, TTS A WAY OF LOOKING AT THE EARTH, mew a ‘THIS PART OF THE EARTH SYSTEM IS MADE OF ALL. LIVING THINGS, INCLUDING PLANTS, ANIMALS, AND OTHER ORGANISMS, GEOLOGICAL CHANGES OF EARTH OVER TIME HAVE LEFT A RECORD OF ITS _ “THE PORTION OF THE EARTH, ‘ABOUT 1800 MILES (2896 METERS) THICK, BETWEEN THE CRUST AND THE INNER AND OUTER CORE, ‘THIS PART OF THE EARTH SYSTEM IS THE PLANET'S WATER, INCLUDING OCEANS, LAKES, RIVERS, GROUND WATER, ICE, AND WATER VAPOR. ‘THE EARTH'S OWN INNER 1S ONE OF TWO. ‘SOURCES THAT POWERS EARTH'S PROCESSES, ‘THE EARTH'S BEGINNINGS CAN BE TRACED TO ALMOST 4S. YEARS AGO.Journey to the Cota of the Earth v 2 ° actrvzty 5: LOOK INTO 30! nf NOT YOUR FATHER’S SUNGLASSES MOVIE THEATER WEARING THE SPECIAL GLASSES YOU We = YOU BOUGHT YOUR TICKET, SUDDENLY A GIGANTOSAURUS COMES ETT RREONT THE MOVIE SCREEN, HEADING STRAIGHT AT YOU! HOW CAN = errant, N SCREEN SEEM. THREE-DIMENSIONAL ‘ (GD)? HOW CAN WEARING WHAT LOOKS LKE A PAR OF SINGLASSES MAKE THINGS APPEAR SO REAL THEY CAUSE YOU TO DUCK UNDER YOUR SEAT? UTS Ss Uae UE Na a CSS THE RIGHT-EYE FRAME AND LEFT-EYE FRAME. IT CIRCULARLY POLARIZES THESE FRAMES, CLOCKWISE FOR THE RIGHT-EYE AND COUNTERCLOCKWISE FOR THE LEFT- aaa ZS Re NS esac Ne ear acca ‘LENS, CIRCULARLY POLARIZED GLASSES MAKE SURE EACH EYE SEES ONLY “ITS 7 Cases oe OLD SCHOOL: Serato ND IN FLM, THE TERM. 3D S USED TO DESCRIBE ANY VISUAL PRESENTATION SYSTEM NARA ca LDL cum NS Naa aC LM eam a a THREE DIMENSIONAL THE REASON WAY YOU WEAR 20 GLASSES 1S TO FEED SUGHTLY DIFFERENT IMAGES N a TO HAVE TO YOUR EYES, THE SCREEN ACTUALLY DSPLAYS TWO MAGES, AND THE GLASSES YOU WEAR CAUSE ONE OF THE IMAGES TO ENTER ONE EYE AND THE OTHER IMAGE SHNCHRONIZ ; UAC RUG CMURCA RRNA on, CPTICAL TULUSIO ARCANE UMMA wo\t, oy WOR Se ne aa ALLOW ONLY ONE IMAGE TO ENTER EACH EYE, AND OUR BRAN PUTS THE TWO RENAE (er pmune ces CR CaO Cama cas eon ATEXACTLY OR MSLEADNG WAR OTHERS, WHICH GIVES THE ILLUSION OF DEPTH! SAME TM OF REALTY, Log on to www.walden.com for additional as & information Register at www.walden.com/journeysurvey to win a Wallen Media libiaty of 00k = DVDS@ sronpxracrenence race Fourney tthe Canter ofthe arth AcTZViTY 5: WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FEGILD))3D, 3D; AND: OTHER KINDS-OF 307 HAVING TWO EYES SPACED AS THEY ARE ON THE FRONT OF OUR HEADS GIVES US THE ABILITY TO SEE THE WORLD IN THREE DIMENSIONAL SPACE. OUR BRAIN INTERPRETS THE SLIGHTLY ‘DIFFERENT IMAGES FROM EACH EYE AND TELLS US THAT CERTAIN OBJECTS ARE CLOSER TO US THAN OTHERS. ‘30 MOVIES FROM THE PAST USED THE SCIENCE OF COLOR FILTRATION TO ALLOW A VIEWER’S RIGHT EYE TO SEE A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT IMAGE FROM THEIR LEFT, THROUGH COLORED GLASSES, MOVIES WERE PRINTED ACCORDINGLY, AND WHEN A 3D MOVIE WAS. SHOWN, IT WAS ACTUALLY BEING PROJECTED FROM TWO DIFFERENT PROJECTORS. AUDIENCES HAD SUCH A GOOD TIME EXPERIENCING THE 3D DEPTH THAT THEY FORGAVE FILMMAKERS FOR FORCING THER EYES TO WATCH IMAGES THAT SOMETIMES FLASHED FROM ‘ONE COLOR TO ANOTHER AND OFTEN APPEARED TO BE BLACK AND WHITE, THIS OFTEN GAVE PEOPLE A HEADACHE OR MADE THEM FEEL SICK TO THER STOMACHS! TODAY, MOVIE THEATERS OFTEN SHOW MOVIES (ON ONE DIGITAL PROJECTOR RATHER THAN OFF | STEREOSCOPIC OF TWO MOVIE PRINTS ON LARGE SPOOLS OF VISION FILM, THE IMAGE IS SHARP, CLEAN, AND BRIGHT , ‘AND THERE ARE NO PRINTS ON SPOOLS STORED CLOSE YOUR LEFT EYE. NOW IN “CANS” TO CARRY UP STAIRS INTO A PROJEC- | _ CLOSE YOUR RIGHT, SEE HOW THON BOOTH, OR TO RELACE WREN THEY WEAR, | THINGS LOOK A LITLE DEFERENT QUT. REAL D 3D CINEMA TAKES ADVANTAGE IN EACH EYE? THIS IS CALLED OF DIGITAL PROJECTOR TECHNOLOGY, RATHER STEREOSCOPIC VISION. THAN USING COLOR FILTERS IN FRONT OF YOUR YES, IT USES THE SCIENCE OF POLARIZED LIGHT TO SEPARATE THE MOVE INTO A RIGHT EYE AND A LEFT EYE IMAGE. POLARIZATION AS BEEN USED FOR YEARS IN FANCY SUNGLASSES, AS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT CONTROLLING THE DRECTION OF LIGHT HELPS PROTECT THE WEARER'S EYES, IT IS ALSO USED IN JET PLANE COCKATS TO PROTECT PILOTS FROM DEADLY GLARE IN FLIGHT. ‘THE RESULT OF CLEVER COMBINATION OF POLARIZED LIGHT AND DIGITAL PROJECTORS IN THE MOVIES IS THAT REAL D VIEWERS EXPERIENCE A 3D IMAGE MORE REALISTIC THAN ANYONE HAS SEEN ‘TO DATE IN A THEATER: DEEP AND EVENLY COLORED SKIES, AC~ CURATE SKIN AND EYE COLOR, AND OBJECTS THAT CAN APPEAR TO FLY AROUND THE THEATER. POLARIZING GLASSES ARE MORE ‘COMFORTABLE BECAUSE EACH EYE IS SEEING EXACTLY THE SAME BRIGHTNESS AND COLORS JUST LIKE IN REAL LIFE. IF THE MOVIE Is EXCITING LIKE JOURNEY, YOU FORGET YOU'RE WEARING THEM. ‘AND NO MORE HEADACHES OR MOTION SICKNESS! MORE ABOUT FOR A COMPLETE DISCUSSION OF POLARIZATION WITH HELPFUL VISUAL EXAMPLES, SEE: POLARIZATION _ HITP://WWW.COLORADOEDU/PHYSICS/2000/POLARIZATION/INDEX.HTML Log on to www.walden.comt for additional activities & information Register at www.walden,comfjourneysurvey to win a Walden Media library of books & DVDsJourney tthe Cntr ofthe Fart srupexracviry pace @) activity s: LOOK INTO 3D! STEP 2 STEP 3 TRACE THE STENCIL ON TAPE THE RED (LEFT) AND THE OAK TAG OR STURDY} J BLUE (RIGHT) ACETATE PIECES POSTER BOARD, CUT THE TO COVER THE EYEHOLES. GLASSES QUT, MAKING SURE] ] MAKE SURE TO CUT THE TO ALSO CUT OUT THE ACETATE PIECES & LITTLE LARGER THAN THE OPEN CUT QUT THE SAMPLE PAT- TERN (INCLUDING EYEHOLES) FOR YOUR 3D GLASSES AND ‘TAPE THE SIDES TO THE CENTER SECTION. YOU NOW HAVE YOUR STENCIL FOR THE ACTUAL GLASSES. VG eae [itary SC cae 2. ter eros Ya a, ie OF WE GASSES TO MAKE THEM 3. ane A TIRE Gain THER GLASSES. R, Waane or ne ase WEARING THER GLASSES AS TH SUBJECT OF YOUR OW 30 OTOL Tas ACTIVITY. COMES FROME ITPY/STEREOGSFCNASA, ‘SHIM. Log on to www.walden.com for additional activities & information Register at www.walden.com/journeysurvey fo win a Walden Media library of books & DVDs@ verenence mcs TO UNDERSTAND WHAT MGHT AWAIT TREVOR, HANNAH, AND SEAN ON THEIR JOURNEY INSIDE EARTH, T'S IMPORTANT TO FIRST UNDERSTAND SOME THINGS ABOUT THE OUTSIDE OF EARTH, AND ABOUT LEARNING TO OBSERVE AND RECORD YOUR OBSERVATIONS. THE OBSERVATIONS SEAN'S FATHER’S MAX RECORDED IN HIS COPY OF JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH HELP TREVOR, HANNAH, AND SEAN MAKE SOME (OF THER DISCOVERIES. \WE UVE ON THE TOPMOST LAYER OF THE EARTH, THE CRUST, WHICH IS MADE OF SOLID ROCK. THINK ABOUT WHAT YOU ALREADY KNOW ABOUT ROCKS. WHAT ARE ROCKS MADE QUT OF? ARE ALL ROCKS FORMED IN THE SAME WAY? TO FIND QUT, HERE'S AN INVESTIGATION YOU CAN DO WITH MEMBERS OF YOUR CLASS. TTT T v + SANPLES OF ROCKS* ‘1, TAKE ONE OF THE ROCK SAMPLES, * HAND LENS. 2. OBSERVE YOUR ROCK SAMPLE VERY CLOSELY. YOU CAN USE A HAND LENS TO HELP + 5X7 INDEX CARDS YOU MAKE YOUR OBSERVATIONS. TRY TO NOTICE EVERY DETAIL ABOUT YOUR ROCK. USE (ENOUGH FOR EACH YOUR SENSE OF SIGHT AND TOUCH TO DO $0. PERSON PARTICIPATING IN, WRITE DOWN YOUR NAME AND ALL YOUR OBSERVATIONS ON ONE SIDE OF AN INDEX CARD. Ee ay 4. AFTER EVERYONE HAS DONE THE SAME THING, HAVE ONE PERSON COLLECT ALL THE MARKERS ROCK SAMPLES AND PLACE THEM INA LONG LINE, AT RANDOM, , WHEN EVERYTHING IS READY, GO OVER AND LOOK AT THE LINE OF ROCKS. USE YOUR PREVIOUS OBSERVATIONS TO FIND YOUR ROCK. WHEN YOU HAVE FOUND iT, TAKE IT BACK TO YOUR GROUP, G. IN YOUR GROUP, DISCUSS HOW EASY OR DIFFICULT IT WAS TO FIND YOUR ROCK. CCONSIDER WAAT YOU COULD ADD TO YOUR DESCRIPTION TO MAKE IT MORE ACCURATE. THINK ABOUT WHETHER THERE IS A BETTER. METHOD OF RECORDING YOUR DESCRIPTION. REVIEW YOUR (OBSERVATIONS TO SEE IF YOU INCLUDED FEATURES SUCH AS COLOR, SIZE AND ARRANGEMENT OF CRYSTALS OR GRAINS, FRACTURES OR BREAKS IN THE ROCK, LAYERING, OR HARDNESS, “7 ADD ANY NEW DESCRPTIONS TO YOUR INDEX CARD. HAVE SOMEONE AGAIN COLLECT THE ROCKS AND PLACE THEM IN A LONG, RANDOM LINE, ‘9, THIS TIME TRADE YOUR INDEX CARD WITH ANOTHER MEMBER OF YOUR GROUP, ‘20, USE THE INFORMATION ON THE NEW INDEX CARD TO FIND THE ROCK IT DESCRBES, 44, YOU CAN REPEAT THIS PROCEDURE SEVERAL TIMES. HOW EASY OR DFRCULT WAS IT TO FND ANOTHER PERSON'S ROCK USING HIS OR HER INDEX CARD? WHAT DOES THIS TELL YOU ABOUT MAKING AND RECORDING OBSERVATIONS? WHAT CONCLUSIONS CAN YOU NOW DRAW ABOUT ROCKS BASED (ON THE EVDENCE YOU HAVE COLLECTED?Journey othe Center of he Earth asrenence race @) PART IT (ol tolet aoe sa} ‘L, THE TYPES OF ROCK SAMPLES YOU HAVE BEEN OBSERVING ARE CALLED SEDIMENTARY ROCK. HOW ARE THESE ROCKS ALIKE AND DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER? Pe aa Ie COMA Rage) IGNEOUS ROCKS. OBSERVE THEM CLOSELY. LOOK TO SEE HOW THEY ARE DIFFERENT FROM, AND SIMLAR TO, THE SEDIMENTARY ROCK SAMPLES. 3, LIST ANY DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES THAT YOU FIND BETWEEN THE IGNEOUS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, 4, FINALLY, YOU WILL BE GIVEN SAMPLES OF ANOTHER DIFFERENT ROCK TYPE, THESE ARE CALLED METAMORPHIC ROCKS. OBSERVE THEM CLOSELY 10 . ‘SEE HOW THEY ARE DIFFERENT FROM, AND SIMILAR TO, THE SEDIMENTARY AND IGNEOUS ROCK SAMPLES, 'S, AGAIN LIST THE DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES THAT YOU FIND. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS IGNEOUS ROCKS METAMORPHIC ROCKS IGNEQUS ROCKS COME FROM MELTED ROCK CALLED MAGMA. MAGMA IS FORMED DEEP BENEATH EARTH'S SURFACE AT CERTAIN TIMES AND PLACES. AS MAGMA MOVES UPWARD TOWARD THE SURFACE, ‘SOME OF IT IS OFTEN FORCED QUT TO THE ‘SURFACE IN THE FORM OF LAVA AND ASH, WHICH IN TURN FORM A VOLCANO, METAMORPHIC ROCK IS ROCK THAT HAS BECOME CHANGED FROM SOME ORIGINAL ROCK. BY HIGH TEMPERATURE OR PRESSURE (USUALLY BOTH) AS IT IS BURIED. METAMORPHIC ROCKS ARE OFTEN LAYERED, WITH DIFFERENT LAYERS HAVING DIFFERENT MINERAL COMPOSITION, SEDIMENT 'S MADE UP OF LOOSE PIECES OF MINERALS AND ROCKS (IN THE FORM OF GRAVEL, SAND, SILT AND CLAY), OFTEN IT CONTAINS THE REMAINS OF LUVING THINGS AS WELL. IN CERTAIN CONDITIONS, AND OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME, SEDIMENT BECONES COMPACTED AND CEMENTED INTO SEDIMENTARY ROCK. USUALLY THSS HAPPENS AS SEDIMENT IS BURIED MORE AND MORE DEEPLY BETWEEN NEW LAYERS OF SEDIMENT THAT ARE DEPOSITED LATER. BURIAL INCREASES THE TEMPERATURE IN THE SEDIMENT, AND THE PRESSURE ON IT, AS THAT HAPPENS, MINERALS ARE DEPOSITED AROUND THE GRAINS OF SEDIMENT, CEMENTING THEM INTO SOUD ROCK. TWO WAYS TO TELL IF A ROCK SAMPLE IS SEDIMENTARY IS TO SEE IF IT 1S IN LAYERS AND TO SEE F IT CONTAINS PARTIALLY WORN GRAINS. Adapted with permission from boesigaling Earth Systems, Rocks and Landforms. Copyeight Log on to www.walden.com for additional activities & information Register at www.vwalden.com/journeysurvey to win a Walden Media library of books & DVDsournsy tthe Center of the Barth WF er cone) PART I MATERIALS NEEDED Z s&s Ue % es > TRACING PAPER ROCK SAMPLES ‘TOPOGRAPHIC AND aon. ROCK DENTIRCATION ras so cn GEOLOGIC MAPS OF HAND LENS SHEETS OR GUDEBOOK MARKERS ‘YOUR AREA a PROCEDURES aan ‘L, LOOK AT THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF YOUR REGION TO ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS: 'A) WHERE ARE THE HIGH AND LOW ELEVATIONS FOUND IN YOUR AREA? 'B) WHERE ARE THE STEEPEST AND GENTLEST SLOPES IN YOUR AREA? 12, GEOLOGISTS DO FELD WORK IN AN AREA OR REGION AND DESCRBE EACH KIND OF ROCK THEY FIND. THEY PUT THIS INFORMATION ON A GEOLOGC MAP, LOOK CLOSELY AT A GEOLOGIC MAP OF YOUR AREA. COMPARE THE NAMES OF THE ROCKS IN YOUR AREA TO THE ROCK IDENTIFICATION SHEETS OR GUIDEBOOKS YOU HAVE ON HAND: 'A) WHERE CAN YOU FIND THE THREE DIFFERENT ROCK TYPES IN YOUR. AREA (SEDIMENTARY, IGNEOUS, AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS)? “3, PLACE A PIECE OF TRACING PAPER OVER THE MAP. ANCHOR THE TRACING PAPER SO THAT IT WILL NOT MOVE BUT WILL BE EASY TO REMOVE WHEN YOU ARE DONE. 4, MAKE AN OVERLAY SHOWING THE MAJOR KINDS OF ROCK IN YOUR AREA. GIVE EACH OF THE ROCK TYPES A SEPARATE COLOR. ON THE TRACING PAPER, SHADE IN THE DIFFERENT CCOLORS FOR EACH ROCK TYPE, WHERE THERE IS A MIXTURE OF TWO KINDS OF ROCKS, USE LUNES OF TWO COLORS TO SHOW THS, S, LOOK AT THE EXAMPLES OF ROCKS FROM YOUR AREA. '8) USING YOUR ROCK IDENTIFICATION GUDEBOOK, IDENTIFY AND RECORD EACH TYPE OF ; ROCK SAMPLE, B) MATCH ANY LOCAL ROCK SAMPLES YOU HAVE DENTIRED WITH THE TRACED GEOLOGIC YUP OF YOR AREA, (©) WHAT DO YOU THINK ARE THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE KINDS OF ROCKS YOU | FOUND IN YOUR AREA AND THE LANDFORMS ON THE TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP? ‘i G, WHAT NEW INFORMATION ABOUT THE THREE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF ROCKS IN YOUR AREA DD YOU DISCOVER IN THS INVESTIGATION? 7, HOW DO THE FINDINGS FROM THIS INVESTIGATION RELATE TO THE EARTH'S CRUST? Log on to www.walden.com for additional activities & information ‘w.walden.com/journeysurvey to win a Walden Media library of books & DVDsSTUDENT nereRENCE PAGE WHERE TO GET TOPOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL MAPS eee ASU aOR ORR Nea a Aum Om ULULy TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS OF THE AREA WHERE YOU LIVE, GO TO: HTTP//WWW.ISGS.GOV/. THEN CLICK ON MAPS, IMAGERY, AND PUBLICATIONS. cule SE Oe OO aN a Ba Ce ORS ARE PRESENT IN THE AREA OF THE MAP. TO ORDER GEOLOGIC MAPS OF YOUR AREA, PLEASE SEE: PUNE MAUS CN LOMO Mea SECO y TION, Ceme; = comers NT ap, THE ROCK CYCLE %,%, % Ss % THE ROCK Bi CYCLE IS THE 7 we CCOMBRNATION OF Ws ALL PROCESSES THAT ACT 10 BREAK DOWN ROCKS, MOVE SEDIMENTARY MATERIALS FROM PLACE TO PLACE, AND PRODUCE NEW ROCKS. IT |S SHOWN BEST IN THE FORM OF AA DIAGRAM, LIKE THS ONE. Rocks THE PROCESSES IN THE ROCK, CYCLE OPERATE VERY SLOWLY, E COVER TIMES THAT RANGE FROM TENS ow? OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS TO MANY MILLIONS (OF YEARS, OR EVEN LONGER. TIMES THAT LONG: —e ‘ARE HARD FOR HUNAN BENGS TO UNDERSTAND, “© stupenraerenence mace WHAT'S REALLY IN THE CENTER. OF THE EARTH? YOU MAY BE ‘SURPRISED BY WHAT YOU FIND, HERE'S A DRAWING OF THE INSIDE OF THE EARTH, IN THIS DRAWING IT'S AS THOUGH THE EARTH HAS BEEN SPLIT DOWN THE MIDDLE, EARTH IS MADE UP OF THREE MAIN LAYERS: THE VERY THIN, BRITTLE CRUST, THE MANTLE, AND THE CORE, THE CORE IS DIVIDED INTO Ba] TWO PARTS, ALTHOUGH THE CORE AND MANTLE ARE ABOUT EQUAL IN THICKNESS, THE CORE ACTU- ALLY FORMS ONLY 15 PERCENT OF THE EARTH'S VOLUME, WHEREAS THE MANTLE OCCUPES 84 PER- CENT, THE CRUST MAKES UP THE REMAINING 1 PERCENT, [From “The Interior of the Earth” by Eugene C. Robertson: hupsiipubs plintetlor! Drawing of Barth and {ext also taken from: “Journey to the Center ofthe Earth by Layrence W Braile and Sheryl . Brsle:bitpl web ies, purdue.edu/~braileledumod/journey/journey.html Log on to www.walden.com for addit ym journeysurvey 10 Register at ww SO WHAT'S IN THE CENTER OF THE EARTH? DIG DEEPER Tourney tothe Genter of the Earth ‘OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE LAYERING AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH IS STEADILY BEING IMPROVED BY EARTH SCIENTISTS DOING LABORATORY EXPERIVENTS ON ROCKS AT HIGH PRESSURE ‘AND ANALYZING EARTHQUAKE RECORDS ON COMPUTERS. ‘THE EARTH'S CRUST IS MADE UP PRIMARILY OF STLICIC (A WGH PERCENTAGE OF SILICON AND OXYGEN) CRYSTALLINE (DISTINCT CRYSTALS OF INDIVIDUAL MINERALS ARE VISBLE) ROCKS. THE MANTLE CONSISTS OF IRON- AND MAGNESIUM-RICH SILICATE ROCKS, ‘THE CORE IS MOSTLY IRON, WITH A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF NCKEL. THE OUTER CORE IS MOLTEN AND THE INNER CORE IS SOUD, NOW WRITE YOUR OWN BRIEF VERSION OF A JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH BASED ON MORE ACCURATE INFORMATION ABOUT THE NATURE OF THE EARTH'S INTERIOR, HOW WILL THE STORY CHANGE? activities & information in a Walden Media library of books & DVDsJourney othe Centr ofthe arth STUDENT REFERENCE PAGE| JOURNEY READING LIST FOR OTHER ADVENTURES IN READING, TRY READING ANYTHING BY GARY PAULSEN (DOGSONG, Hi TCHET, AND BRIAN’S SAGA AT WWW,RANDOMHOUSE, COM/FEATURES/GARYPAULSEN/LIBRARY) AND WILL HOBBS (LEAVING PROTECTION, WILD MAN TSLAND, JASONS GOLD, AND OTHERS AT WWW, © Pen) WILLHOBRSAUTHOR,COM) FOR REALISTIC ADVENTURES ‘AND ANYTHING BY BILL SLEATOR (THE BEASTIES, THE }0Y WHO REVERSED HIMSELF, AT WWW.TYCHO, ‘ORG/SLEATOR.SHTML#*BOOKS) AND T.A. BARRON (THE LOST YEARS OF MERLIN EPIC AND THE GREAT TREE OF AVALON TRILOGY AT WIW.TABARRON,COM/ TABARRON) FOR SOME GOOD SCIENCE FICTION/FANTASY, meee DUPRAU'S ae OF ieee = ‘SET IN A FUTURISTIC SOCIETY WHERE THERE IS NO MOON OR STARS BUT ONLY FLOODLIGHTS TO ILLUMINATE THE CITY, TWO 12-YEAR-OLDS APPEAR TO BE THE ONLY ONES CONCERNED ABOUT THE DWINDLING FOOD SUPPLY AND THE: MALFUNCTIONING GENERATOR. RICK RIORDAN'S THE LIGHTNING THIEF Eeen-10: oomn72sHHK 7 TsBN-13: 978-0786986299 SET IN THE 21ST CENTURY WHERE THE GREEK GODS AND GODDESSES ARE ALIVE AND WELL, READERS MEET AN ORDINARY 12-YEAR-OLD KID WHOSE GEEKY LIFE CHANGES ‘THE MOMENT HE DISCOVERS THAT POSEIDON IS HiS FATHER. YOU ALSO MIGHT WANT TO CHECK, QUT VAMPIRATES BY JUSTIN SSONPER WW\N.VANPRATESHP, COM, 17'S A PRETTY NETY WEBSITE ABOUT HIS BOOKS. All book coveracts copyrighted and wsed by ppormisiow ofthe publishers: All righisteserved. Log on to www.walden.com for additional activities & information Register at www.walden.com/journeysurvey to win a Walden Media library of books & DVDsTHE AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE THE AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE HT TP://WWW.AGIWEB.ORG THE AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE (AGI) IS A NONPRORT FEDERATION OF 44 GEOSCIRNTIRC AND PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS (HITP://WWWW.AGIWEB,ORG/MEMBERS/- INDEX.HTML) THAT REPRESENTS MORE THAN 120,000 GEOLOGISTS, GEOPHYSICISTS, AND OTHER EARTH SCIENTISTS, FOUNDED IN 1948, AGI PROVIDES INFORMATION SERVICES TO GEOSCIENTISTS, SERVES AS AA VOICE OF SHARED INTERESTS IN THE PROFESSION, PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN STRENGTHENNG GEOSCIENCE EDUCATION, AND STRIVES TO INCREASE PUBLIC AWARENESS OF THE VITAL ROLE THE GEOSCIENCES PLAY IN SOCIETY'S USE OF RESOURCES AND INTERACTION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT, ADA ALAN-YA.ORG, ALAN, THE ASSEMBLY ON LITERATURE FOR __-ADOLESCENTS, 1S ONE OF NCTE'S SPECIAL:Se a @- : EDUCATOR PAGE ALL ACTIVITIES ARE APPROPRIATE FOR GRADES S AND UP, -s NATIONAL CONTENT = Ee é z & STANDARDS FOR ACTIVITIES BE 3 alee es 22 95 52.5 &, 33 # 21 26 22 28 54 2 SS 2 se = B= 28 2 ue 9 35 2 22 32 3 > fi a E ACTEVETY 8: LOOK INTO 30! ACTEVETY © CANTER OF THE EARTH? ACTIVITY 7: NCTE/IRA ENGUSH/LANGUAGE ARTS STANDARD T: READING FOR PERSPECTIVE NCTE/IRA STANDARD 2: READING FOR UNDERSTANDING INCTE/IRA STANDARD : EVALUATION STRATEGES. NSES EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE STANDARDS, GRADES S-B: EARTH'S HISTORY INSES EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE STANDARDS, GRADES 5-8: STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH SYSTEM INSES SOENCE AND TEOINGLOGY STANDARDS, GRADES 5-8: UNDERSTANDING ABOUT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NSES SCENCE AS INOURY STANDARD [ABLUTIES NECESSARY TO DO SCENTINC INOURY INSES SCIENCE AS INOURY STANDARD B UNDERSTANDING OF PROPERTIES. AND CHANGES (OF PROPERTIES IN MATTER; MOTIONS AND FORCES; TRANSFER OF ENERGY NOSS SOCIAL STUDIES STANDARD 2: TWN, ‘AND CHANGE INCSS STANDARD 8: ‘SOENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCETY NCS STANDARD 9: GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AEA VISUAL ARTS: STANDARD 1: ‘UNDERSTANDING AND APPL MEDIA, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCESSES: [AEA STANDARD 2: USING KNOWLEDGE (OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS a * PASE NOTE: FOR THS ACTTTY YOU WILL NED CLASS-SZRD SETS OF SEMANTARY, YGYEQUS, AND. NETAMORPMC ROCKS, Logon to www.walden.com for additional activites e information Register at www.wvalden.com jourmeysurvey 0 wia Walder ia horary of books & DVDs al : "08007 TL XIAP siz0 x bs Crh TEEPE (ire 1h gles Eres , HLaa : Les EFT E ce = AANUNOL "pe 3 Ae ar ae der ey AD TCE NANECOULT Aa Oana