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    BALMACEDA-Finals Activity 1 Compilation-Frequency Modulation

    Uploaded by

    Ian Villarojo

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ADAMSON UNIVERSITY College of Engineering Electronics and Communications Department Finals Activity No. T Frequency Modulation Compilation of Questions & Problems (TITLE) MON-WED-FRI ECE412A: PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION LEC. (9625) SECTION: 59009 SUBJECT Submitted by: BALMACEDA, EDUARDO JR. T. ‘April 30,2020 ENGR. BERNADETH B. ZARI, PECE Instructor Scanned with CamScanner 2 ROY BLAKE © i van X _aleine 8. WHAT Two TYPES OF MODULATIONS AKE INCLUDED IN THE TERM “ANGLE MopuLATiON”? ANSWER: FREQUENCY MODULATION & PHAGE MODULATION 9. CONIPARC, IN GENERAL TERUG, THE PANOWIDTH A SIGLAL-T0-NOSE RATIO OF FM dS AN. ANGVER: IN TERMS OF BANDWIDTH, AM [¢ TWICE THE MODULATING FREQUENCY A FM Is Twice THE SUM OF MODULATING FRE - QUENCY A FREQUENCY DEVIATION. AM 2 WORE SUSCEPTIELE TO NOISE WHILE FM HAG IMPROVED SIGNAL -70- NOISE RATIO AT LEAST TOR STRONG SIGNALS. 0. DESCRIBE { COMPARE TWO WAYS TO DETERMING THE FeAcrICAL BANDVIOTH OF AN FM SICHAL. ANSWER: BEESEL FUNCTIONS 16 ATABLE & CKAPH THAT REPRESENT NOKMALIZIO VOLTAGES FOR THE VARIOUS TKEQUENCY COMFO- NENT OF AN TM SIGNAL. THE PANOVICTH EQUAL TOG. THE NUMBER OF THE HIGHEST SIGNIFICANT BECCEL COeICENT MULTIPUED PY MODULATING FREQUENCY, CARSON'S RULE Ie AN APPROXIMATION. I's Noy AS ACCURATE AS USING Be- CEL FUGTION UT CAN BE APPLIED ALMocT INGANTLY WITHOUT UCING TABLES. MVHAT IS PREEMPHASIG & How IS Ir UStb TO IMPROVE THE SIGNAL-10- NO RATIO OF FM TRANSMISSION ? | ANSVER: AN IMPROVEMENT IN S/N RATIO. BY BOOSTING THE 4). GHER FREQUENCIES IN THE BACEBAND aiGHAL. PeroRe Vo. ULATION, WITH A CORRESPONDING cur IN he RECE NEI ATTER DEMODULATION. Scanned with CamScanner 12. FOR FM, WHAT CHARACTERICTICS OF THE MODULATING. Sean DETERMINES THE INSTANTANEOUS FREQUENCY DEMATION? ANCWER: FREQUCHOY DEMIATION I PROPORTIONAL TO ‘Hic AMPUTUDE OF THE MODULATING SKNAL, 18. WHAT 16 THE CAPTURE EFFECT? ANSWER: CAPTURE EFFECT B A PROPERTY OF IM THAT STATES THE STRONGER SIGNAL “CAPTURES” THE RECEIVER.AS LING AS HE DESIRED SCNAL [6 CONSIDERABLY STRONGER THAN THE INTERPERCNCE.THE KATIO OF DEaRED TO INTERFERING SIoNAL STRENGTH VILL EC oREATERR AT THe OUTPUT OF THE DETECTOR THAN AT THE INPUT. ‘A. WHERE 1$ FHACE MODULATION UccD? ANSVER: FHASE MODULATION the GKEATEGT APPLICATION IN PATA CONNUNICATION 1 CPLAIN vitY THE SIGNAL-TO- NOISE KATID OF FM CAN INCREASE wiTtt THE BANDMIOTH. 16 THIS. ALWAYS TRUE FOR FMT COMPARE wittt THE otUA- TION TOR AM, ANoveR: AN FM SIGNAL CAN PROPUCE A Berm S/N AT THE Ours Pur OF A RECEIVER THAN AN AM SIGNAL wit A SIM)LAK, INPUT S/N, BUT THE 16 NOT ALWAYS THE CASE Tike |e A THREGHOLD SAI PELOW WHCH THE PERFORMANCE Ic NO PETTER TRAN AM. JHE GREATER ANOMIOTH OF THE FM SIGNAL REQUIRES A WIDER RECEIVER NOSE BANDVIDTH 4. COMPARE THE EFFECTS OF MODULATION ON THE CARRIER POWER & TRE TOFAL. SIGNAL FoOwER IN FM 4 AM ANSWER: THE POWER IN AN AM SIGNAL INCREASES WITH MOPULA- TION. THE EXTRA FOVER GobS INTO THE SIDE bANDO.THE FOVER OF AN TM SIGNAL DOESNT CHANGE Wirt THE Monu. LATION, BUT THE EANDMIDT INCKEACES DUE TO THE CoNcA~ TIONS OF MULTIPLE c1S OF CICKEANDS. Scanned with CamScanner 4F.WHAT (6 THRESHOLD Certcr? FE ANGVER: THRESHOLD EFFECT Is VHCKE THE SUPERIOR HOISc PaRFORM AE OF FM DEFENDS ON THERE BEING A SUFFICIENT INeur S{1 RATIO. TE EXPLAIN, HOV LIMITING REDUCcKS THE GEFECT Or NOKE DN FM SIGNALS: ANeVEIG SINCE FM GIGHALG Do NOT DePENID ON AN ENVELOPE FOR DETECTION, THE KECENEIC CAN EMPLOY LIMITING TO REMOVE ANY AMPUTUDE VARLATIONS FROM THE SIGNAL. THAT IG, WOCAN USE AMPUPIERS WHOCE OUTPUT AMPLITUDE 1S HE GAME FUR A WIDE VARIETY OF (NPUT ACNAL LEVELS, 49. EXPLAIN HOv NOIST AFFECTS FM SIGNALS Evil AFTER LIMIT WG. ANSWER: AS LONG AG THE SIGNAL AMPLITUDE 1S CONSIDERABLY LARGER TRAN THE KOE 10 RESIN WITH, THE AMPLITUDE COMPONENT Of THE HOE WILL NOT BE A PRORLEM, 20. EXPLAIN THE FACT THAT THERE [¢ NO SIMPLE KELATIONSHP BETWEEN MoDU- LATING FREQUENCY 2 PANDVIOTH TUR AN FM SICHAL AMlsver: FOR A GIVEN AMOUNT OF FREQUENCY PEMATION, THE MODULATING INDEX 16 INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE MODULATING FRE QuENey, IF THE AMPLITUDE OF THE MOCULATING Sige Mejor, » 2 ANNE: My 2 Scanned with CamScanner FE (p)HOV MUCH POWER IS PRESENT AT THE CARRICR FREQUENCY % SOLN: ap oe ineW “hy bg] ANSUER: = 4.NIV 5 fe = 0.005V (C)MHAT 6 THE VOLTACE LEVEL OF THC SECOND SIDE BAND FELov THE CARRIER FREQUENCY ? SOON. me2 5 ee 0.58 Me V% R, + fGzewye0a) - 25y Ver Jy (M4) + 056 (a5v) = bY ANSWER: Vy» J4.5V (d) WHAT 16 THE PANOWIDTH UF THE SIGNAL, IGNCANG ALL COMPONENTS wilt HAVE Lees THAN 4% UF THE TOTAL SIGNAL VOLTAGE? aw: B+ 2(G4 fn) © 2(40M + 5K) = 20kly ANSUER! Bs 20KHe 24. AN FM TRANGMITTER OPERATES with A TUTAL Fou UF 4OV, A DEVIATION OF Skt, 2 A MODULATING INCE OF 2, (2) VHAT (6 Tit MODULATING FREQUENCY? OU: fy + Sy oe, + 2.5K = 4.1tW ANSUR: Fin = 2.5 Ke (bY You MucH POWER 16 TRANGWITTEO AT TAG CARRIER FREQUENCY? SOUN.! 0.99 5 & +(0.22)7 + 0.0484 ANSWERS FZ = 0.0404W (c) IF A RECEIVER HAG A BANDWIDTH SUFFICIENT TO NCLUCE THE CARRIER £ THE FikeT TWO cetS pF SiockANDG VAT PERGNTACE UF THE TOTAL SIGNAL POWER WIL IT Kecont? SUN FeO s5eeW) + 042050 Fle 42(P +h) 0.0484 + 2(d-2904r0.1009) =0.9ceN) Fy 10-0. Gee2 = 9. 0296 v Px (‘h)- 9.0328/40. £100 * %.6% ON ok Scanned with CamScanner 1. AN FM TRANQMITTER HAG A CARRIEK a 220 Mita. ITS. MopULATION INDEX 16 3 WITH MODULATING FREQUENCY OF hile. THE TOTAL FOVER OUTRAT 16 {tw INTO A 50.2. LOAD. (2) WHAT IS THE PEMIATION? SOLN.: & = (ite)( fr) = (2) (Ekle) = 15kHe ANSWER: § = 15Ki2 (b) SKETCH THE GetCTRUM OF THIS SIGNAL INCLUDING ALL SioceANDS WITH NORE THAN 4% OF THE SIGNAL VOLTAGE. SOLN.: Ley, * 220 Nk + 5K = 200.005 Mil, Facey * 20M ~ Bite ~ 219.995 Mite Fusey = 200 Mie + A0KHe = 220. 010 Mitte fue, « 220MHe - OK = 219. 990M Fuse, * 20M 5k * 290. D5 Nie > 200 Mie - 18 Kh * 219.906 Ne ANUSER: Tas TRG ThE eH ome AE eA) (CQ) WHAT 16 THE BANDMIDTH OT THS SIGNAL ACCORDING qo THE - TERION USED IN PART Cb)? SUL'N.: Be 220.0152 ~ 219.985 Mile ANSER: B « sO Kit CAUSE CARSON'S RULE To CALCULATE THE BANDWIDTH oF A. COMPARE wiTh PART (c). SUN: Be 2 (64 fn) = 2(45Kie + SKK) = dorite ANISWER: B> 40KH2, WOULD CONTAN MORE OF THE SlejyL POWER THAN IN PART CC) THIS Seta Scanned with CamScanner 23, AN FM TRANCMITIER HAS A CARRICR rhacr OF 4a) NiH2, THe DEVIATION {S (Okt A THE MODULATION FREQUENCY [6 2Kte. A SPECTRUM ANALYZER ShovG THAT THE CARRIER FREQUENCY COMPONENT OF THE SIGNAL HAG A foMEtt OF BV. WHAT 18 THE TOTAL SIGNAL fOWER? sows ms Y= May, = = GW + 2(0.33% + 0.05% 4 0.304...) ANevER: FP + 154W 14. USE CARGON'S KULE TO COMPARE THE BANDWIOTH THAT VOULD BC REQUIRED TO TRANGNIT A BDACCEAND SIGNAL WITH A FREQUENCY KANE FROM acole 10 Bkte USING: (4) NARROVBAND FM WITH MAXIMUM DEVIATION OF Skt SCL. Be aka - dh = 2.7 He HARROVBAND fn cgay 7 SOOKE Be 2(b4 Sm) > 2(BKiz +20kHe) = 7OKe ANIENER: 5B 70K , NUCH LARGE PANDVIOTR (b) VIDEBAND FM ett MAXIMUM DEVIATION OF 75 Kt SUN: B? 2(76Kie 4 200K) = 550 Khe ANGVER: B+S!DKlk ; BANDVIOTI COyERG WIDER RANGE 25. AN FAN RECENT OPERATES WITH A GIGNAL-TO-HOIGE RATIO OF 20d@ AT He pe TECTUR & 16 OPERATING VT Mh = 40 (a) IF THE RECENED SIGNAL HAS A VOLTAGE OF 40mv, WAT 1 THE AMPLITUDE OF THE NOKE vOLTAce ? Sos: 20dB+ 20 ig) 5 Sy “91-62 ADV. 31.62 5 N= Flea ANEVER Gta (b) FIND THE MAXUM FIASE SFT THAT COULD FE NEN D THE stg By THE NDIGE VOLTAGE ALN: Oy # Yee > orca © 0.086 rad ANIVER: Qy = 0.0316 rad. Scanned with CamScanner CO CALGILATE. sv R&tIO At THE DETECTOR OUTPUT, AGUMING THE DETEC- TOR 16 comPLeTeLy INZENSITIVE 10 AMPLITUDE YARIATIONS. SOUNL: (SAN), capy * M0 log, (ale, 227) « SDae MNEER: (EA) yyy « 50 AB 26. A CERTAIN FULL CARWICK Da AM. CIGHAL HAS A BANDVICTA OF ole. IAT WOULD BE THE Aprox BANDVICTH REQUIRED IF THC SANE INFORMATION, AAGNAL VERE JO BE TRANGHITTED USING @) Depec AM SUN: B2 fq = 2 (20K) « dole ANSWER: B+ 40 Kdte (b) Se SOUN.: 640K /2 * ake ANGER: Be DKie (©) FM wml 10k, DEVIATION son. B2(& Hm) > 2 Coke +20Kte) < Colt ANSNER: B= 0 Ke (2) FM viTll SOK, DEMATION SON: B+ 2(6 44m) = 2 (SDK + 20KHe) > Yoke ANSMER: Be 140 Kite DEUGING TH TABLE OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS, DEMONSTRATE. THAT THE TOTAL POWER, RS AN FM SIGNAL [6 EQUAL “TD THE FOOER IN THC UNMODULATED CARI FOR, we 2. COMPARE WITH SITUATION FOR FULL CARKIEK FM & FOR sopsc Ou'N.: F + (0.22)* +2 [(o.08)* + (0.30)*+ (0.1)* 4 (062)24(0 on] Pra 0. SOW ANSWER: FOR TULL: CARRIER AM, SIDEBAND FOVER Je IN Aborrioy TO CARKICR PONCK MICH REMAINS CONSTANT. OR aspey AM, TH CARRIER FONER 6 22K0. Scanned with CamScanner 28, GUPFOSE YOU WERE CALLED uFoy <0 CE cro A MODULATION TEGINIQUE FOR A NOV COMMUNICATION Sy4rem FOR VOICE FREQUENCIES SrATE WHICH THE NIQUES STUDIED <0 FAR WOULD ~tu KECOMMIEND 2 VEY In cACH OF THE TOLLOVING stTUATIONS () SIMPLE, CHEAP RECEIVER DEON Ie OF GREATEST IMPORTANCE ANEMER: 1VILL RECOMMEND AMPLITUDE MODULATION SINCE ITé SIMPLE TO MPLEMENT 5 VERY CHEAP AG WO SPEUALIZED COMPONENTS ARE NEEDED. (E)NARROV NAL BANOWITE 16 OF GREATEST IMPORTANCE ANGER: AMPLITUCZ MOOULATION SINCE AM SIGNAL 1G NARROWER, COMMUNITY TO fice & IATRRFE RENCE ANGVER: ANGLE MODULATION TAS IMPROVED Sh KATO. Scanned with CamScanner Louis “EFRENTEL= CHAPTERS “Ys Questions SWHAT 16 THE GENCRAL NAME civEN TO BOTH FM & PM? ANSWER: ANGLE MODULATION a 2 STATE THE tertcs ON THE AM RIER DURING FM OR PI PLITUDE OF THE CARR ANeWER, THE CARRIER AMPLITUDE IS CONSTANT /DOtZ NOT CHANCE DURING FM OR PM SS WIAT ARE Tye NAME A. MATHC MATICAL EXPRESSIONS TOR Tc AMOUNT THAT THE cater (eR, Ko 1D CINTER FREQUENCY DURING NODULaTIOG ARIES ROM Ire UNMODULATE ANeutR: FREQUENCY DEVIATION (£4) STATE: tow THE PREQUCICY OF A CARRIER VARIG WN FM eNETEM WHEN THE MODULATING SIGNAL AMPLITUDE & FREQUEN CY CHANGE. ANSWER: DURING FM, AC Tie AMPLITUDE OF THE MODULATING ckNAL INCKEASLE, THE FREQUENCY DEVIATION OF THE CARRIER INCREAGES IN PROPORTION. THE RATE OF Tit Dev ATION le THE GAME AG THC FREQUINCY OF TH MODULATING ZICH. S-STATE HOW THE FRUQUENCY OF A CARRIER VAKICG IN PM SYSTEM WHEL THE MODULATING SIGNAL AMPLITUDE & FRIQUINGY CHANGE ANcHER’ DURING FM, THC FREQUENCY DEVIATION 6 PROPORTIONAL TO THE AMPLITUDE A THE FREQUENCY OF THE MODY LATING GNAL 6. WHEN DOLE MAXIMUM FREQUENCY DEVIATION OCCUR NI AN TM cIGNAL? A PM SIGNAL? ANSWER: MAXIMUM DEMATION OccuRG IN FM AT Tie MAXIMUM AMPLITUDE FONT OF TH MOPULATING CIGNAL. INA py SIGNAL, MAXIMUM DEVIATION OCCURG DURING THe Max RATE OF CHANGE OF THE MODULATING CioyaL WHICH CORRESPONDS TO THE MAX. MODULATING FREQUENCY AT THE ZERO CROSLING POINTS. 7 STATE THE QONDITIONS THAT MUGT EXIéT FOR A PACE MODULATION TO PRODUCE FM. ANSWER: TO PRODUCE TM, A PHAGE MODULATOR Muér HAVE A Low- PAGe TILTER AT THE MODULATING GIGNAL INPUT THAT ROLLG OFF THE MODULATING IGNAL AMPLITUDE AT THE HIGHER FREQUENCIES TO COMPENGATE FOR THE digit IoDVI4- TION THE PHAGE MODULATOR PRODUCE AT THE HIGHER Mo- DULATING FREQUEN Cite. Scanned with CamScanner B WHAT 50 You CALL FM PRODUCED BY PM TealNiQure? ANSWER: INDIRECT FM 9 STATE THE MaTuRe oF WE OUTPUT OF A Pikes MopuLaTeR puRING THE TIME WHEN THE MODULATING GiGNAL VOLTAGE [6 CON cTANT. ANSWER: WHEM THC MODULATING SIGNAL Ie coverTanT, THe PM MODU- LATOR OUTPUT 1S AT THE CARRIER FREQUENCY. 1. WHAT Io TUE NAME civEN TO THE PHOcces OF FREQUENCY MUDULATION OF A CARRIER BY BINARY DATAT ANSWER: FREQUENCY suit KEYING (FSi) He WHAT I6 THE NAME GWEN TO Tik PROCKee OF PACE MODULATION OF A CAKRICK BY BINARY PATA? ANeWER: PHASE-sHIFT KEYING (PSK) 42. Wow Must THE NATUKC Of THE MODULATING SIGNAL BE NODIFItiZ TO PRODUCE FM py PM TEcuiques? AN@WER: THC HIGHER MODULATING FREQUENCIES Must #¢ ATTCNUATED IN PROPORTION TO THIK FREQUENCY By A 1/P OR Low. PAS ALTER TO FRODUCE FM 13. WHAT [6 TIC DIFFERENCE BCTWEEN THC MODULATION INDEX & THC DEVIATION RATION ANGWER: BOTH TH MODULATION INDEX ATIC DEVIATION RATIO ARC CoMPUurED PY PNIONG TH DEVIATION BY TH NODULATING FREQUENCY, Tur DEVIATION RATIO 16 CALCULATED By USING THE MAXIMUM ALLOWED DEVIATION & MODULATING FRIQUENGY. 14, DEFINE NARROWBAND FM. WHAT RITEKION [g UGE TO INDICATE NBM? ANSWER: NARROWBAND FM 1S A SYSTEM WITH DEVIATION RATIO. or Lees THAN 172, THE GOAL OF NETM Ie TO HAVE ONLY ONE cig, NIFLCANT PAIR OF By THE LIMITING & DEMODULATION ACTON IN THE KECENER, Q7.WHAT 1S THE NATURE OF THE MODULATING SI¢NALS THAT ARE MocT NE- GATIVELY AFFECTED BY NOISE ON AN FM SIGNAL? ANGHIER: HIGHER FREQUENCY MODULATING GIGNALS ARC Most AFFECTED By NOISE BECAUSE NOISE CONTAING MORE HGH FREQUEN cy. 28. DESCRIBE THC PROCESS OF PRELMPUASIS WoW Dore IT MPRONE ComMUNI- CATION PERFORMANCE IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE? WHERE & IT PERFOR AT THE TRANSMITTER OF KicelveK ? ANSVEK: PREEMPHAMe 6 THE PKOCbeS OF FASEING THE MODULATING AGNAL THROUSH A SPECIAL Hh-PKSe FLUTE THAT BooeT The AVPUTUDE OF THE FRORUNEtS, Scanned with CamScanner AT THE MODULATOR, PRIOR TO ee 0 TWAT Ir wil BE LARGER THAN NOT OF THE NOISE IT we RIK UP ATTHE Keceer 29. WHAT 16 THE BASIC CIRCUIT USO TO PRODUCE PeEMPHASS? ANevER. HIGH-PASS FILTER aRCUIT. 20. DeecRIE THe PROCESS OF DEEMpHAG, WEEKS le IT PERFORMED, AT THE TRANSMITTER, OK RECEIVER? ANEVER: DEEMPHASIO 16 ThE PROCKes UF FLATTENING THE PRE- QUENCY REsroNst TO me NORMAL LovéL By ATTENUA- TING THE PREVIOUSLY oOETED HleH-FREQUENCY SteNALs, THS 6 DONE AT THe Receiver. St. WHAT TYPE OF cIKGuIT 1 UéeD TO ACCOMPUSH PrEMPHASIS t ANEWER: LOW: PASS FILTER ciecuir, S2.WUAT 16 THE CUT OFF FREQUENCY OF PREKMIPHASIS A DELMIPHASIS cittuITSt ANeER: 2122 Ha 33, LIST FOUR MAJOR APPLICATIONS oF FM. ANSWER: CELLULAR) wiKeLLeS TELEPUONE, FM RADIO TY, VOR Gone, Scanned with CamScanner PROBLEMS & 4A 162 Miz CARRIER 16 DEVIATED BY 42Klla BY ail, NODULATING oleHAL WHAT IS THE MODULATION INDEX + SoLuTion Ha 1K Oh ta ORG” ANSWER: 6 2. THE MAXIMUM DEVIATION OF AN FM CARRICR wittl A 2.5 Kip CIGNAL IS 4kHz WHAT IG THE DEVIATION RATIO? _ my fd «Ake oe AG 2.6 fie ANEVER: 1.6 3. FOR PROBLEMS 1) 2, ComPuTE THE BANDMIOTH OccUPIED BY THE SIGNAL BY USING THE CONVENTIONAL METHOD A CARSON'S RULE. SKETCH THE ePECTRUM OF EACH SIGNAL, SlowING ALL GIGNIFICANT SIDEBARP S AOTHCIR EXACT AMPLITUDES. GOLUTION: FOR PROBLEM Net, mips 6, THERE ARE 9 SIGNIFICANT SIPEBANDS SPACED 2k, APART ON BOTH HIRES OF TIE CARRIER Bye 2(9) (2kte) = 36 Ke BY CAKEON'S KULE: Bve2 [Liman + Sn one) Be 9 [taki + 2K] = 26 KH AN@VEK: CONVENTIONAL METHOD Bw 2b lie CAREON'S RULE PW = 26 Ke SKETCH: tie 2 ; Pie Boke om 0% inte : etl lls one al lFinke ~os0 L! FREQUENCY a Scanned with CamScanner OLUTION : FOR PROBLEM No.2, =o GINIFICANT SIDCRANDS ONCACH SIDE OF THE CARRIER SFACED 2.5 kl APART. CONVENTIONAL METHOD : BAY= 2(4)(2.5KHe) = 20kKHe CARAN'S RULE: BY~ 2(Lmae + fmamay] 204K 4 2.54) “Ft ANS¥ER: CONVENTIONAL METHOD pw = 20Kls CARSON'S Kult BW> 43 Ke SKETCH 2.6KH2, : f $v ota 4.FOR A SINGLE FREQUENCY SINE WAVE MODULATING SIGNAL OF Skte WiTH CARRIER FREQUENCY OF 2% Miz, WHAT 16 THE SPACING BETWEEN SICEEANDS? ANSWER: 3Kiz BWHAT ARE THE KELATVE AMPLITUDES OF THE FOURTH FAIK OF SIDE PANOS FOR AN PM GICNAL WITH A DEVIATION RATIO oF Bt ANSWER: BASED ON BEZEL FUNCTIONS: -0.10 6. AT APPROXIMATELY WHAT MODULATION INDEX Dore THE AMPLITUCE OF THE FIRET PAIR OF SIDEANDS GO To ZERO? USE Fig.5-8 K5-9 JO FIND THE LOWEST MODULATION INDEX TAT Gite THis RESULT. ANSWER: FROM Fig.5-8 08 5-9, MODULATION INDCX AT = 3.8, 7. AN AVAILABLE CHANNEL FOR FM TRANSMISSION IS GOKH2 WIE. THE MAXL- MUM ALLOWABLE MOPULATING SigNAL FREQUENCY Ig 3.5 kte WHAT DeviA- TION RATIO SHOULD BE UeeD? SOLUTION: 5-2 = 6.57 ANSWER: § - 8.57 Scanned with CamScanner B.THE GIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO IN AN TM eine 4:4, THE MAXIMUM ALLOVED DEVIATION 16 dKil2. HOW MUCH FREQUENCY OEvIATION 16 INTRODUCED PY THe PHAGE HFT CAUSED EY THE Nolsi WHEN THE MODULATING FREQUENOY Is @50H27 WHAT 16 THE REAL GIGNAL TO NOLGE RATIO? SOLUTION: = cin” 4h) « 44. 47751019° Gees) = 0. 250.000881 rad. S= Blfm) + 0.2526802801 (50H) = 1o4. 2424658 AL. Regnier DoMATION pReoUAD PY NOE « os. 24Y608 MASAMI ALLOVED DEVIATION AkHg Ye o.ogoer , So e+ come “AF ANeveR: $= fo4.24 5 24.o511 9. A OLEMPHASK CIRCUIT HAG A CAPACITOR VALUE OF 0.02,f. EAT VALUE OF Kraist0% [6 NEEDED? Give THE CLOZKET rANOAKO CIA VALUG. SoLurions be KC, Ree + WMS /o.cour « 3tHOD ANSVEK: Ke 2700.0 , CLOSEST STANDAR VALUE spa fox 10. UE CAREON'S RULE TO DETERMINE Th PANDWIOTH OF AN! FM CHANNEL WHEN THE MAXIMUM DEVIATION ALLOWED 1S Ske AT FREQUENCIES UP TO 2.00 Kz. SKETCH THE SPECTRUM, GHOVING CARRIER 2 SIDEPANP VALUES, SOLUTION: CAREONS KULE: (Leno + Sota] *2 [eta + 2.2204] BV = 10.67 KHe ANGVER: Bars 10.67 Ktle SKETCH Scanned with CamScanner CHAPTER FM CIKCUITS @ PE QUECTIONS: A.WHAT PART OF THE VARACTOR ACT AS THE PLATES OF A CAPACITOR? ANSWER: P-TYPE & N-TYPE MATERIAL 2. HOW DOES CAPACITANCE VARY WITH APPLIED VOLTAGE? ANSWER: AS REVERSE VUNCTION VOLTAGE INCREAcce, TH CAPA- CITANCE DECREAGLS & AG THE REVERSE JUNCTION VOLTAGE DECREASES, THE CAPACITANCE INCREACES. 3. PO VARACTORS OPERATE WITH FORWAKD oR REVERSE BAe? ANeVER: REVERSE BIAS 4..WHAT 1S THE MAIN REACON Wiy LZ OsCILLATURS ARE NOT UseD IN TRANSMITTER TODAY ? ANGUER: LO OSCILLATOR ARE NoT STABLE CNOUGH 70 FROWIOL A CARKIER SIGNAL. GUC INGTABILITIE® CANNOT BE TOLERATED IN MO6T MODERN ELECTRONIC cOMMUNII- CATION SYGTEM WHIKE A TRANEMITTER MUST STAY ON FREQUENCY AS PRECISELY AS FOSIBLE.LC O&I- LLATORS Docs NOT MEET THC STRINGENT REQUIREMENTS IMPOSED BY FeO 5. CAN THE MO6T WIDELY Ustb TYPE OF CARRIER OSCILLATOR BE FREQUENCY MODULATED PY A VARAGTOR 7 ANSWER: YES. BY CHANGING THC VALUC OF TH CAPACITANCE IN SERIES OK IN PARALLEL WITH THE CRYSTAL. PY MAKING THE —2— , —_*“S_ rw 4 (1-20) (5e0pF) ANewer: {0 = 446.43 Kip THE TOTAL LOck RANGE? fe of, Me (dv. 42 Ke) i Ne foy (b) WHAT 1g. SN. ANSWER: 9. 714.092 5. A VARACTOR PHASE MUQULATR LIKE THE ONC IN Tig. @-12 FAS A KECBTANCE VALUE DF B-3K.0. THE CAPACITANCE OF THE VARACIUR AT THe CENTEK UNMODULATED FREQUENCY 16 40pF £ THE CARRIER FREQUENCY 1G AMM. (2) WHAT 16 THe PHASE StirT? SON: Ye ete ZFC) (aDge) * 7978-8186 -4{_2.aka] . Saas [aeecal eat Anlever: = 24-67" (b) IF THE MODULATING SIGKAL CHANGES THE VARAcTDR CAPACITANCE TU 55pF, wHaT THE No PHASE Shiny 2 SON Ye «ay (eippy * 2693. T2062 $: oui" [Sth | 48.75" 293.7208 ANGuR: = 48.75" (c) IF THE MODULATING SIGNAL FREQUENCY IS 4udlz, WUAT 15 “HE AbriOY. FREQUENCY DEVIATION KEPRESENTED BY THIS PHASE SHIFT SOUN.: THRE DITERENCE - 48.95"- 39.07" + 4.08" x 0 [586 rad. Fa Gly = (0.1685) (400) ANGUR: f+ Go Ale Scanned with CamScanner © GARY M. MILLEK & : ae Bef, ucaTINS A PROBLEMS: a a 1-DEFING ANGLE MODULATION & LisT 11 SUBcATECORICS. ANNER: ANGLE MODULATION (2 THE PROCESS OF SUPERIMPOZING THE INTELLIGENCE SicAL ot A HIGH FREQUENCY CARKIGR So THAT (TS PHAGE ANGLE OR FREQUENCY IG ALTERED Xo A FUNCTION OF THE INTELLIGCNCE AMPLITUDE. SUBCATEGORIES: PHASE MODULATION (pu) ZWHAT (6 THE DIFFERENCE Srrwcen eee Fee ton? ANSWER: IN PM, THE ANQUNT OF PHASE CHANGE 16 PROPORTIONAL TO TRE INTELLIGENCE AMPLITUDE. IN FM, THE AMOUNT OF FREQUENCY CHANGE IG PROPORTIONAL To THE INTELLIGENCE AMPLITUDE. SEVEN THOUGH PM We NOT AGUALLY TRANSMITTED, PROVIDE TWO REAZONS THAT MAKE IT IMPORTANT HE STUDY Of FM ANSwER: FIRST, PM I OFTEN USD JO GINERATE FM. SECONDLY, IT Io MOSTLY APPLIDD IN DATA COMMUNICATION, 4. ARADID TRANSMISSION 1S CLASSIFIED A 2A), PESCRIEE THIS SIGNAL AS FULLY AS PUSSIOLE ANEMR: AM, SINGLE-SIOCPAND, HO CARRIER (MORSE COPE,RADAR kite bw. BEYPLAIN How A CONOENSER MICROPIONE CAN © USbP VERY EASILY TO GENcKATE FM. ANSWER: WHEN SOUND WAVEG REACH THE CONOENCER MIKE, THCY ALTERMA- TELY CAUSE 11S PLATES “D Move IN A OUT-THIG cAUES Ire c4- PACITANCE Go UPA PovN AROUND ITS CENTER VALUE. tHe RATE or THIS CAPACITANCE CHANGE [S EQUAL TD THE FRE. QUENCY OF THE SCUNDWAVES STRIKING THE MIKE & THC Avtuge Of CAPACITANCE CHANGE (¢ PROPORTIONAL TO ie AUIPUtUCE Oy TH oun waves. Scanned with CamScanner ©. DEFINE DEVIATION CONCTANT & ANSWER: IT DOFINGS HOV MUCH THD CARRIER TREAUCUCY WILL DCWIATE TOR A GWEN SMOOULATING INPUT VOLTAGE LrvcL. uwit: Kl A. % A BOmV SINUCID, AT A FREQUENCY OF ake, 16 APPLIED TO A CAPACITOR MICRO FIOUL FM GENERATOR IF THE DEVIATION CONGTANT FUR THC CAPACITOR MICROFONE FM GENERATOR [S BxOHla /20 mv, DETERMINE « (a) THE TOTAL FREQUENCY DEVIATION . SOLN: @ 4 Say: sony eee 1251; 0 fae: eb x SEE «1-054 ANGER: TOTAL fay = t 1.05 kth, (tb) THE RATC AT VHCH THE caRRiun FRGUENCY 1 BEING DeviATED. SSOL'N.: RATE = FREQUENCY \NFUT AMOR: RATE + 4K B. EXPLAIN FOV THE INTELLIGENCE SIGNAL MODULATES CARKIER ANSWER: THE AMPLITUPC OF THE INTELLIGENCE 16 KECPONGIBLE FOR DRVIA- TING THE CARKItR FREQUENCY. TH RATC Ar WHO! THE CARRIER (6 DEVIATED [6 CONTROLLED DY THC FREQUENCY OF THE INTE LLICHIT. 9.IN AN FM TRANSMITTER THC OUTPUT 16 CHANGING BETUEEN go.001 & 69.999 Nig 4000 TIMEG A SECOND. THE INTELLIGENCE SIGNAL AMPLITUDE [6 SV. DETERMINE THE CARRIER FREQUENCY % INTELLIGENCE SIGRIAL FREQUENCY. IF THE OUTPUT DEVIATION CHANGES JO PUTWEEN 90.0015 2 89.9905 Mik, CALCULATE THE INTELLIGENCE SIGNAL AMPLITUDE. COUN bjs 1H (5) + 4oy ANeviR: £ = 90M, fi > the 5 Ge Aby 70. WHAT DETERMINGS THE RATE OF FREQUENCY SWING FOR AN FM pROADCACT TRANSMITTER 2 ANlowor: THE RATE AT HCE THE CARRIER 1G DEVIATED i CONTROLLED by THE FREQUENCY oF ThE INTELLIGENCE. Scanned with CamScanner ALWRITC AN EQUATION THAT ExPREascS khhnn FRQUENCY $ OF THE FM GENERATOR: Auswer: Bf af Vit K (Khe/y) WHR: for FRM CARRICR FRCQUENCY \G> AMPLITUDE OF THE INTELUGENCE SIGNAL K= DEVIATION CONSTANT 42. DEFINE MOPULATION INDEX (ity) AG APPLIED Jo AN FM SyoreM, ANeVER: MODULATION INOLY EQUALS “THE MAXIMUM CARRICR FREQUENCY SGHIFT DIVIDED BY THe INTELLIGENCE PRCQUENCY, 43, WHAT CHARACTERIeTICG. OF AN AUDIO TONE DETERMINES THE PERCENTAGE OF MODULATION OF AN FM BROADCACT TRANSMITTER, ANSWER: THe AMPLITUOE & TREQUCNGY 44 EXPLAIN WHAT RAPPENG TD THE CARRIER IN FM AC fin Cote FRU) D-45, ANSWER: AS THE MODULATION INDEX GOES FROM 0-15, THE CARRIER AMPLITUDE DtcrpActs. LASTLY, THE FREQUENCY SPEoRUM CHANGES. 1. CALCULATE THE BANDWIOTH OF AN FM GYCTEM WHEN TRE MAXIMUM DEVIATION (6 9ki2 AL e ale. REPCAT TOR fir 25 2 Gite COUN OM: aka > Thy oe +B (da) , bus 1 (8k) 424K = 4B tte Chi + 25Khe* a. re 6 (As BYet9 (C5Kh) 290 Skt « 45h, Ch OMla: ay, KE 5 (Jy), brs G (Bkle)-4 ZOkthe » Cotte \w Kha ‘ ANSWER: BW 4bKH , BV: 45K, ; bv colt 46. EXPLAIN “THE PURPOSE OF GUARD HANDS FOR BROADCAST TM, HOV MIDE |e AN FM BROADCAST CHANNEL? ANaweR: THE GUARD BANOS YELPS MINIMIZE INTERFERENCE WIR AD. JACENT CHANNELS. IT 1¢ A NARROW FREQUENCY RANGE THAT GUPARATES TWO RANGES uF WIOEK FREQUENCY. NORMALLY EACH CHANNEL I 200Kie WIDE Scanned with CamScanner ‘ YT VHAT TRERUCNCY GvING Io DEFINED Az AtO% MODULATION. TOR AN FM. EROADCACT STATION? ANSWER: THE MAXIMUM POSSIBLE FREQUENCY DEVIATON. 48.VHAT IS THC MEANING OF THE TERM CENTER FREQUENCY IN RETEKENCE TO FM BROADCASTING ¢ ANSwtR: THE CENTER FREGUENOY ISTHE FREQUENCY OF THE CARH VHEN IIS AT Kost. AT Keer MIPLIES THAT THRE 16 HO MODULATING SIGNAL {2.WHAT IS THE MEANING OF THe TERM FREQUENCY SING IN RereKeHcc To FM eRO- ADCAST STATIONS? ANSWER: THIS REFER 70 4OV MUCH THE FM CHANNEL DEMATEG. THE AVCUNT UF DEMATION DICTATES JHE BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION. ZO.WHAT 1S THE FREQUENCY SVING tr AN FM BROADCAST TRANSMITTER WHEN MCDU~ LATED wor? SOLN.: Ge OF FULL PERMISSIBLE AMOUNT TOR SROADcAST FM. Of. OF 175K « t 45K ANGWER: f 45Kib 21 AN FM BROADCACT TRANSMITTER IS MODULATED 40° BY A BK TEST TONE. WHEN THE PERCENTAGE OF MODULATION Is DOUBLED, WHAT IC THE FREQUENCY SWING OF THE TRANSMITTER 7 ANSWER: DOUBLE HS PREVIOUC SVING. 10, AY FM BROAPCACT TRANSMITTER [6 MODULATED 20%; BY A 7KH2 TEST TONE. WIEN. THE FREQUENCY OF THE TECTTUNE I¢ CHANGED 10 Bite A THE PERCENTAGE OF MODULATION ICUNCHANCED, VBAT [S TRE TRANCMITTER FRIQUENCY CvING? ANSWER: TRANCMITTER FREQUENCY 1 UNAIANGtD. 22. 1F TR OUTPUT CURRENT OF AN FM BROADCAST TRANEMITTER IS @.54 wiTHOUr MCOULATION, WHAT [6 THE QUTPUT CURRENT WEEN THE MODULATION Io obo? ANSVER: CAME CURRENT AS BEFORE NCE TRANSMITTER TOWER BoEg oT CHANGE IN. FM. Scanned with CamScanner 24. ANTM TRANSMITTER PELIVERS TO A 750, oe SIGNAL OF Vs fucdens (0% + eins fo't), CALCULATE THE CARRIER 4 INTCLLI GCNCE FREQUENCIES, Power, MODULA TON INOEX cea ( BANDVIDTH. SOL. 4% ss, she A A, Bet Fo.uiKW 5&4 (459K) < 6-37 He Bye ay = 2(o.37 kt + 1-542) - Joke ANSWER: {19M 5 fi 1b0KHe 5 Pe Out KW 5S + 63d sv Heke 25. ASSUMING THAT THE Q.e92kV RESULT DF EXAMPLE 7 [6 EXACTLY CORRECT, oeTeR- MING THE TOTAL FovER IN THE J, sICCEANIDG & HicleR SOLIN.: Ry & HIGHER * 10000-9829 = TW ANSWER: P= TW 20. DETERMINE THE DEVIATION RATIO TOR AN FM SYGTEM THAT HAS Adi MUM FOCEIBLE DEVIATION OF Bidke ATH MAXIMUM INPUT TREQUENICY 1G Site le THIS NARROW CR Wing BAND FM? SON: DR ite fa hed AAR: 1-67, VIDGAND IFWRAT THEEG OF RADIO RECENERS tO yoy REGROMO 1D STATIC WrERIERENGT ANGER: FM RECEINERS ARE NOT StnemTNe -p STANC. fO.\UAT (6 We PURPOSE OF A LIMITER STAGE IN AN A BROADCAGT Rect - VERT ANEMER: THE LIMITER STACE REMOVES ANY AMPLITUDE VARIATIONS OF THe RECGIVED TM SIGNAL ‘BEFORE IT ReéAchs TH pe. CRIMINATOR . 29, EXPLAIN WAY THE LIMITER pOcG NOT ELIMINATE ALL NOE EFFtCS WN AN FM GyoTEM? — ANSVER: REMOVAL OF 6OME OPIS Gauge A PEACE Stitt x THUS FREQUENCY GIFT OF THE FM GIGNAL THE HReQuency SHIET CANNOT BE REMOVED, Scanned with CamScanner ®. CALCULATE THE AMOUNT Of TRCQUENCY bras AugeD ex A LiMiTet> NOISE SPIKE THAT STILL CAUGEG AN UNDESIRED FIASE SIFT OF 25" VEN fi NONeKi = SON 8 aS atieeds o TT 44 Gf; - (0-G1)(GHte) - 2054.0 ANever: $y + 3-03 M2 SAAN A BROADCAST $M GYCTEM. TH INPUT S/d 24, CALOULATE THe weReT- Ace SIN AT THE OUTPUT IF THE RECENGRS INMERNAL WOKE BATEOT % HecuCleLe . SOU. WORET CASE OCCURS WHEN SAN ARE 0° CUT OF HAS ONG + My 0.05 + b44.49° % 0.058 rad $+ 0.06% (18H) « 239k i x PUL DeMATION | PKs 49 39 eno ert eau ANSWER: Aaran * 19.014 31. EXPLAIN WHY NARROVEAND FM SYSTEMG FAVE POORER HOSE PERFORMANCE THAN WwICkeAND SYSTEMG. ANSVER: THE NARROW BAND TRANSWISION HAS LIMITED BXNOWICTH AS A RECULT ONLY THE FIRET HARMONIC. CONTAINS AGNIF- CANT POWER. ALL OTHER Gitc FREQUENCIES HAVE A ReoweD AMPLITUDE A ARE MORE GUCCEPNELE TO NOISE. THE Devi4- TION GF THE CARKIER 1G SMALL % THERE 16 LIME RANGE FROM THE INTELUGENCE 1b THE SMALL DevIA - TIONS RESULTING FROM Nowe @. EXPLAIN THE CAPTURE EFFICT IN FMA INCLUDE THE UNK BEOMEEN IT FM's INHERENT NOISE RECUCTION CAPABILITY, ANGWER: THE CAPTURE EFFECT (6 AN FM RECEIVER PHENOMENON! THAT INVOLVES LOCKING UNTO THE STRONGER fF Two. RECEIVED SIGNALS OF THE CAME FREQUENCY & Sue. RECSING THE WEAKER SIGNAL. Scanned with CamScanner SANIN IC NARROVEMND FM RATHER THAN WIDEBAND FM UceD USED IN. RADIO COMM NICATIONS SyeTeMS? ANGNER: THE VOICE COMMUNICATION CHANNEL OR RADIO COMMUNIGETIONS WRICALLY REQUIRE A LIMITED BSNOWIOTH THERCFOR THE Kebu- CED CARRIER DEVIATION HAG MINIMAL IMPACT ON THE OVERALL Notee, 95. WHAT IS THE PURFOSE OF FREEMPHASIG IN AN FV BROADCAST? OF DELMIGHAGS WI AN FM RECEIVER? DRAW A CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF A METHOD OF OBTAINING FrREEMIEIA: ls, ANSWER: PREEMPHASIS CIRCUITS AMPLIFY THE HIGHER FREQUENCIES MORE THAN LOVER FREQUEN CIEG. THIS IMPROVES TH. NOSE REDUCTION CAPAPILITY. THE DeEMIPHASIS CIRCUIT RETURNS THE Receive SIGNAL BAGK TO THE ORIGINAL VALUES. omar PRE EMPHASIS. 3 a etRCUT SG, DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING TOR FREQUENCY MODULATION éYertu: (A) THE PROPUCTION OF

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