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Reservoir Design Criteria: Submitted To
Reservoir Design Criteria: Submitted To
by
A THESIS
submitted to
OREGON STATE COLLEGE
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
CIVIL ENGINEER
June 1956
AP?ROVED:
CHAPTER PAGE
I. INTRODUCTION ...... .... .. 1
FIGURE PAGE
I. LOCATION OF SURFACE STORAGE RESERVOIRS • • . • 7
II. AVERAGE MONTHLY PRECIPITATION FOR THE
EASTERN DIVISION • • .......• ...• . 8
III. CUMULATIVE EXCESS PRE CI PI TAT I 0 N, ZONE 1 . . . 13
IV. CUMULATIVE EXCESS PRECIPITATION, ZONE 2 . . . 14
v. CUMULATIVE EXCESS PRECIPITATION, ZONE 3 . . . 15
VI. CUMULATIVE MONTHLY EXCESS PRECIPITATION
MANHATTAN, KANSAS, ZONE 1 • • . • • • .... 18
VII. CUMULATIVE MONTHLY EXCESS PRECIPITATION
WICHITA, KANSAS, ZONE l . • • .....• . • 19
VIII. CUMULATIVE MONTHLY EXCESS PRECIPITATION
EMPORIA, KANSAS, ZONE 2 • . • • .. • • • • . 20
IX. CUMULATIVE MONTHLY EXCESS PRECIPITATION
INDEPENDENCE, KANSAS, ZONE 2 • .....• . • 21
x. CUMULATIVE MONTHLY EXCESS PRECIPITATION
COLUMBUS, KANSAS, ZONE 3 • ........• . 22
XI. MANY KANSAS RESERVOIRS WERE NEARLY DRY • . 25
XII. A FEW SPILLWAYS HAVE BEEN RAISED . . . . . . . 25
XIII. SILTATION HAS REDUCED VOLUME OF LAKES . . . . 35
XIV. WATER RESERVOIRS SERVE MANY PURPOSES .• . 35
XV. ADJUSTED DRAINAGE AREAS ....... 42
XVI. ADJUSTED DRAINAGE AREAS . . . . . . . . • . . 43
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURE PAGE
XVII. ADJUSTED RESERVOIR VOLUMES ... .. 44
XVIII. ADJUSTED RESERVOIR VOLUMES ......... 45
XIX. VALUES OF K' FACTORS • • • ••••••• 46
XX. CUMULATIVE MONTHLY EXCESS PRECIPITATION
HOLTON, KANSAS ............. • • 48
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
I. OBSERVED RESERVOIR DATA • • ......• 28
II. OBSERV:g;D RESERVOIR DATA ...... ... 29
III. COMPUTED RESERVOIR DATA ...... ... 38
IV. COMPUTED RESERVOIR DATA • . ... 39
v. COMPUTED RESERVOIR DATA . • . . ..... 40
VI. COMPUTED RESERVOIR DATA • • • ......• . 41
VII. SUMMARY OF AVERAGES OF RATIOS .•. ... 49
RESERVOIR DESIGN CRITERIA
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
that has been done in the area has measured the larger
streams. Since most of the drainage areas used for
water supplies feed small streams, no data have been
made available for use in computing runoff for the
smaller reservoirs.
6
CHAPTER III
23c
13n/
b I
v \
Kr( 120
I
I
210
I,~
I ......
I
I
11s:.
'1\, ~
? j
I
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4
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I I
~
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,,.,\ r·
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I ~~ 0
~\l I ''~"'b. t
10 220
I[ I I 0 a "'\· ·-·~a
(\\
/
I 0
6
025
170
7 ...
~I
I 02
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/
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'\'lll:(.
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016
\ 't''
IJ
I 270
I 240 Vo5
1'"'\
I
I
t.l ..' '"
•IJ
..
•
) 30 II 735It -/4on
{Approximate Average Annual Rainfall)
..
8
~ 4~~--~-+--~~~*--+--+--+--+--+~
~
0
~
H
~ 3r--r--r--¥~~~~~~~~~--+--+~
H
~
0
H
8
~ 2r-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~
H
~
H
0
~
~ 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~44~
• ~ >
. •
~ 0
0 ~
FIG. II. AVERAGE MONTHLY PRECIPITATION FOR THE
EASTERN DIVISION.
use.
The installation of check dams and farm ponds in
watersheds has reduced runoff from drainage areas. The
use of terraces and contour plowing in erosion control
have also served to reduce the effectiveness of water
sheds. Check dams, ponds, terraces, and improved farm
ing methods have helped to reduce siltation of reser
voirs as partial compensation for their effect in
reducing runoff. All events have pointed toward the
increased use of these devices which have served to
complicate the problem of obtaining adequate quantities
of surface water for municipal use.
12
CHAPTER IV -.
RECORD OF PRECIPITATION
~~o i---+--~--+-~---+--4---~-4~~~·~~--~IA+-~--~~#A--+-~---r_,l~~
~ I\ El Dorado --~){) n ~\ ~ / 11
\ 'M; '
~ 0 ~\~~+-w~ic--
hit~
~~~~~~~~~~'~N~~~V~~~~~~~~\~~~~~~
; \ rV'~ l ~~ 1 \\~~ l'flf'~~~\
E v\ I \ \j
~-20 1---+--rrr-+-_,--~~4---~~--~--+-~--~~,_--~~H--r--~--1
/~ vrv ~VA ~ ~~ i~
g \ I \ 1
( Council Grove / rJA~
~ \1/ \)'~ I v v
~-~ ~-+--~--~-4--~--~--~~--~--+-~--~--~--~~---r--+-~
~ Manhattan~rv
z
H
o >
+50
{\
r\\\ ~\
/ Emporia
I~~ ~ .-'\ /"... .&. ~\ /r;
"-'V
1\ t \v;J ~" \v v
\(\ v
\ ~ ~~~ \''
Irv;
\ A r-...
M ~ ~~ I ~~ ~ \ / ' J / 1\\ \ I \
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v
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~ 1/! _}{'_
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8
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v ~ Independence ~ Vj\ I
1
\I. ~\ \_ lrJj
g ! D\v 0 -Paola
Iii
0 ~:Leavenworth
rll
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-50
::r::
0
z
H
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\ II
-75 "-""
..
+40 A
{\ 1\ /\ If\
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A
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Columbus ~
\
II
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y
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\y ~"~~ \I/ \: ~\ f/ ) \\
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j - 20
'V\j IN I v t 1/ ...
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Scott _\
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0
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rx:l
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-60
.,
16
In order to determine the span of years over which -.
a reservoir might have to supply storage, curves of
monthly cumulative excesses and deficiencies of rainfall
were plotted. These cumulative curves were plotted for
the longest of the dry periods of record and provided a
graphical representation of the continuing droughts.
From these graphs , duration and severity of dry spells
were compared. These curves were plotted in Figures
VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X from data drawn from records
taken at selected gaging stations within the three rain
fall zones.
In his paper on reservoir design, T. B. Robinson
used curves of cumulative monthly rainfall deficiency
to compare drought severities for the State of Kansas
(10, p. 27). He plotted curves from data for the
average rainfall for the State to compare the drought
of 1932 - 1935 with the current dry spell (1952 through
1955). He found that the current drought has been
more severe up to the time of his writing (early Spring
of 1955) than the drought of 1932 - 1935.
The monthly excess precipitation curves plotted in
this study indicated that the droughts that have oc
curred during the lives of the reservoirs being studied
have been as severe as any of record. The drought
that has extended from 1952 through 1955 has been as
great in deficiency of rainfall and as prolonged as
17
any except the drought of 1936-1941.
This information on relative severity would provide
criteria for reservoir design with respect to probable
severity and duration of future droughts. If the cur
rent drought (1952-1955) should continue, it could
become the most severe of record and should serve as
the basis tor future reservoir design.
I I
0
]' 1'\1873 - 1876
1\\ ~r\
\ ~ ~\
1952-1~-~-
' ~:\ ~
IA
\
\
~~ //\ ~
... v
""'\ ---J
1\ I
/ " ""~
\j\
I I I I • I
\J
I ...L I
I I r I I I I
YEARS BY MON'lHS
..
0
~
\\;
r ~/'
\~
r-.,.
~
~
'\..--,
\
[\ ' \
~- ~\ \~ - \ I
k:-F'~
1936 - 193g___;>v'
~ ~1931 - 1935
~ 1\:7 "\)
\
~
1952 - 1955~
\
\..,
-50
l l I
L "' I I l i
I l l I I I I
YEARS BY MONTHS
~ ~
\-1917 ~~ I-
P:.
0 1952 - 1955~V\ ~
~~ h\ (
(/) -25
·~
~
Dv-'rl/
~
6z
H
t\P IV
-30
I I I I I I I I
v~
u '
I I I
r I I I I I I
YEARS BY MONTHS
FIG. VIII. CUMULATIVE MONTHLY EXCESS PRECIPITATION 1\.)
EMPORIA, KANSAS, ZONE 2. 0
..
0 1\
~ -5 \\ {'../
~
~ - 10
\ '\) ""'\ r~
\ ""' :'\. ~I' _}\'
H
.::X:
~
{/)
Cl)
t3
- 15
- 20 ~ "
~~
'('-1931 - 1935 /
v
~~
><
IZl
1\_ I
\ / __
~ -25
H
8 1952 - 1955/ ""
~\
"
v
.::X: -30 /'o... .__ I
~ ~ Kl
~
~ ""'1916 - 1920
g -35
v ~
- 50
I I I I I I I
I L I I I
r I I I I I I
YEARS BY MONTHS
FIG. IX . CUMULATIVE MONTHLY EXCESS PRECIPITATION
INDEPENDENCE, KANSAS , ZONE 2 .
0
~ /\ _A
~v~
~~ ll'... ~/f'..
\
~ ~) 1\~ ~ 1917 - 1922--....
1'---.
~\ 'i' ~ ~
v~
/'.. I )
\' J- '
~
~
~ ~ ./'\
I I
\ vl'~/'- -J "'--lj I
~ 1931 - 1935--\~·~
J
M " ~ ~1\/\ j_
"_7'V
~952 - 1955--A
~ ~A /
1936 - 1941
".J v \ v
-50
'
_Lj__L_L_L J.l i_l_l
I 1 I _l _j
I I I I I I I
YEARS BY MONTHS
FIG. X. CUMULATIVE MONTHLY EXCESS PRECIPITATI ON (\)
COLUMBUS, KANSAS, ZONE 3. (\)
23
CHAPTER V
SOURCES OF DATA
1 Altamont 1,300 13 40
2 Augusta 6,000 250 34
3 Carbondale 450 -- 36
~
Council Grove 3,000 434 33
Edna 450 12 40
6 El Dorado 12,500 1235 34
6o Old reservoir 12,500 365 34
6n New reservoir 12,500 870 34
7 Emporia 12,000 404 35
8 Eureka 4,000 -- 36
9 Gardner & N.A.S. 3,200 100 38
10 Garnett 2,700 63 38
11 Herington 4,500 -- 32
12 Holton 2,300 59 35
13 Horton 2,700 200 35
14 Howard 1,300 60 36
15
16
Louisburg
Moline
700
900
--
--
38
36
17 Moran 550 -- 38
18n Olathe (new res.) 5,000 148 38
18o
19
Olathe (old res.)
Osage City
5,000
1,900
-- 38
36
49
20 Osawatomie 4,000 22 38
21 Oskaloosa 500 23 36
22 Pleasanton 1,200 26 39
23n
23 0
Sabetha (new res.) ·
Sabetha (old res.)
2,000
2,000
--
120
33
33
24 Sedan "2,000 65 . 37
25 Severy 500 10 36
26 Spring Hill 600 15 38
27 Wellington 9,000 340 33
28 Yates Center 2,250 120 37
30
CHAPTER VII
COMPUTATIONS
- .
.... ~ ....
23n
23o
Sabetha (new res.)
Sabetha (old res.)
--
1.71
--
0.034
24 Sedan 2.69 0.020
25 Severy 2.30 o.oo8
26 Spring Hill 1.73 0.020
~
<
rl) 25
~
v ___...
p
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v
0 o"C\-')
~ ~ei:~ _____ .........
- 20 "9~ c;,O~
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~ s~ "90~ ;:..:--- •6o
< ~~c~~
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~/
<
z
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0:: 10 11 ..::::::: 0 ~
~~ 18 n
~ 8 "27 ~- 7
~
~ 14 4~
rl)
5 0 23JL99
~ / ~ ~2
09
~ ~ e28
~ • 2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000 12,000
PERSONS SERVED
..
0
I
Adequate Reservoirs
I I 10~ ~ / >18n
(/) 9 ~ 114
f:il
p:: • New
Inadequate Reservoirs 0~ 8 /
r~/
0
~ 8 @ Reservoirs
~ ~(§ ~0-o:,
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tf.)
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z~
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c~0~
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24
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< .22 12° 4~20
L213 ®1 5
50
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
PERSONS SERVED
..
I I I 06
. 35
.........
0 Adequate Reservoirs
0
.
~
IX.
0
•
@
Inadequate Reservoirs
New Reservoirs
Cl) 30 -@z
0 6n
~
~
0
~ 25 () 4
-::r::
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p 20
.....:1
~ 70
~
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0
:::>
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~ G 'Pet' _;..::--
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o 18n
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r:il -----: ._:.- 0
~-8--- --- ~
8
Cl)
i; 5
---'ll
1
0 14 ~
ex:
~ 13 =---====== ~ 20 4~180
4
~
2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000 12,000
PERSONS SERVED
IX.
@ Reservoirs
0
{/)
9 I
Q
(il
~ 8 .n"!\.')
§ ~E
li.' .. ~. . . . . . . .
D ~ei.'_............. v
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v ......----
---
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:> 5 ..... ............... -o.)
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4 _.............-v ~.G· ~r11
~ ........ 1,.0·1.~
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- ~
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~ I _.. . . . . . • -
14 .,. . . . . . . 28 J---10
~
{/)
2 0
_. . . . . ~otj2!;
~
12
5 .. ~
~ 1 --21 (.18 0
o1 19.
5p~
A ''2o
~
~· e©26 •1
25
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
PERSONS SERVED .
4 • Inadequate Reservoirs
@ New Reservoirs
06
14
a 23n a 18n
@6
09 n
13 _ 8 K' = 1.2
1 26 ""' 23 0 .. -
- 1l.
K' • 1.0
~~~~5 19~ . 28
~ e1o 4.2 ~· 27 7 " .6
®5 0
. l. 1.2
4. 20 '
,,
47
CHAPTER IX
~
~
<
~
~ 0
v
A
r;
~ \
~
~
-5 \~ A
~ v
0
~
~ \ ~/ ~
v ~/
\
~-10 ~
~-15
~
~
0
I
~
I
I I I I I I I I
r;
1952 1955
•I
1953 1954
FIG. XX. CUMULATIVE MONTHLY EXCESS PRECIPITATION
HOLTON, KANSAS
Average
Ratio for All
Reservoirs