TEORIA ELECTROMAGNETICA Y ONDAS

CODIGO: 203058

Task 3
Electromagnetic waves in guided media
Individual work

Presentado a:
Omar Leonardo Leyton
Tutor

Entregado por:
Wendy Lucrecia Vásquez
Código: 1005828059

Grupo: 203058_40

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2020 16-01
 Introduction

“There are, in truth, two different things: knowing and believing that you

know. Science is knowing; in believing that you know is ignorance”

Hippocrates

Next, we will talk about waves when they propagate in limited guided media

in an easy way from one point to another, applying concepts of physics and

electromagnetism to determine the behavior of electromagnetic waves.

To describe these means we will use mathematical methods through

application exercises, such as:

- Lines of transmission.

- Electrical parameters in transmission lines.

- Propagation in delimited transmission lines.

- Smith's letter
 Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you understand by transmission line? Mention some

types.

Answer

They are systems formed by two conductors separated by insulation,

through which an electromagnetic signal, represented in a potential

difference and a current, is sent from one emitting point to another receiver.

Some types of these transmission lines for communication systems are:

- Balanced lines: They are transmitted by two wires, one of which is the

main conductor and the other is the return conductor. It is transmitted by

potential difference between both conductors carrying the same current.

- Unbalanced lines: Unlike the other, this transmission is made by separate

lines or by several wires where there is a single return conductor that is

connected to ground, the electromagnetic signal is transmitted as power to

the ground for each of line drivers.

- Bipolar lines: They consist of two parallel conductors with or without

external insulation and with or without external insulation.

In this type of lines, we find local area or power distribution lines, power

transmission cables, and cables for UTP and STP data transmission.
- Parallel plate lines: They are two parallel flat conductors with or without

external insulation and with or without external insulation

In this type of lines, we find the coils of rotating electrical machines.

- Coaxial Lines: They are made up of an insulated internal conductor,

covered by an external conductor and the set is jacketed in an external

insulator. [ CITATION Paz13 \l 3082 ]

2. What is a limited transmission line?

Answer

They are those lines called cable communication or limited transmission

media where they use a physical route or a conductor to transmit signals.

Some of these lines are twisted pair cables, coaxial cable, and fiber optics.

[ CITATION Paz13 \l 3082 ]

3. Define the following electrical parameters of the transmission lines:

Answer

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.

It is emitted by a generator and is understood as the ratio between total

voltage and total current.

b. Standing wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.

Standing waves represent a power that is not accepted by the load and

reflected along the power or transmission line.

Although standing waves and VSWRs are very important, VSWR theory and

analysis can often mask a view of what is happening. Fortunately. It is

possible to get a good overview of the subject, without going too deep into

VSWR theory.

c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.

In physics, the distance recorded by a periodic disturbance that propagates

through a medium in one cycle is known as a wavelength. The wavelength,

also known as the spatial period, is the inverse of the frequency. The

wavelength is generally represented by the Greek letter λ.

In general, the concept of wavelength is associated with sine waves,

although it can be extended to any periodic wave. The magnitude of the

wavelength can be determined as the distance between two consecutive

maxima of the disturbance. For example, in an electromagnetic wave, the

wavelength corresponds to the distance between two maxima in the electric

field. In the case of sea waves, the wavelength coincides with the separation

between two consecutive crests

4. What is the purpose of the Smith Letter in the study of wave propagation?

Answer
The Smith chart is a graphical method, on the Gaussian plane, where we are

allowed to obtain some parameters of the transmission lines and solve

impedance adaptation problems, avoiding operations with complex numbers

[ CITATION Paz13 \l 3082 ]

 Application exercises:

For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺 𝐺 corresponds to

the group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the first 3 digits of the identification number.

1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:

Geometric parameters: a=0.2 mm b=20 mmt=50 μm

8
Conductor properties: (conductivity): σ c =4.3 x 10 Sm/m

Sm
∈ =2.1 μr =1
−13
Insulator properties: σ d=1 x 10
m r

Signal frequency applied: 𝑓 = 100 𝐾𝐻𝑧

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾

𝑎𝑛𝑑 Z 0

c. Calculate the velocity of propagation 𝑉𝑝, the wavelength 𝜆 and the

attenuation 𝛼𝑑𝐵 / 𝐾𝑚

Solution

Developing

We find the depth of penetration into the conductive wave.

 1
δ p=
√ πfσ μ 0

1
δ p= =0.000076752 ≅ 7.6752 x 10−5 m
3 8
√ ( 3.1415 ) ( 100 x 10 )( 4.3 x 10 ) ( 4 π x 10 −7
)

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

It has the following geometric parameters:

Geometric parameters: a=0.2 mm b=20 mmt=50 μm

We find the relation of resistivity between alternating current and direct

current:

R AC a2
=
R DC −a

2δ
a
δp
2
[
−1+ e δ
p
p

]
2
R AC ( 0.2 x 10−3 )
=
R DC −0.2 x 10−3

2 ( 7.6752 x 10 )
[
0.2 x 10−3
−5 2

7.6752 x 10
−5
−1+ e 7.6752 x 10
−5

]
R AC (40 x 10−9)
=
R DC −0.2 x10
−3

1.1858 x 10 −8
[1.5974+e 0.000077 ]
R AC
=2.021
R DC

According to the parameter it would be an average frequency since a> δ p >t

Therefore, to find the value of R

1 1 1
R=
( +
π σ c a 2 bt
2 )
1 1 1
R= 8
( 2
+
π∗4.3 x 10 Sm/m ( 0.2 x 10−3 m) 2 ( 20 x 10 m) ( 50 x 10−6 m)
−3
)
R=1.8877 x 10−2 Ohm/m

We find the value G

2 π σd

ln ( ba )
2 π∗1 x 10−13
G=
20 x 10−3
ln( 0.2 x 10−3 )
G=1.363 x 10−13 Sm/m

We find the value L

μ0 b
L=
4π[ ( )]
1+2 ln
a

L=
1.257 x 10−6
4π [ (
1+2 ln
20 x 10−3
0.2 x 10−3 )]
L=1.021 x 10−6

We find the value C

 2 πε
C=
b
ln()a

2 π∗ε r∗ε 0 2 π∗2.1∗8.854 x 10−12

C= →C=
ln ( ba ) ln
20 x 10−3
(
0.2 x 10−3 )
C=2.5368 x 10−11 F /m

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation

parameters 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Z 0

We must:

γ =± √ ( R+ jωL ) ( G+ jωC )

Where:

ω=2 πf → ω=2 π∗100 x 103

ω=628. 32 x 103

R=1.8877 x 10−2 Ohm/m

G=1.363 x 10−13 Sm/m

L=1.021 x 10−6

C=2.5368 x 10−11 F /m

γ =± √ ( 1.8877 x 10−2+ j∗628. 32 x 103∗1.021 x 10−6 )( 1.363 x 10−13+ j∗628.32 x 103∗2.5368 x 10−11 )
γ =0.0000470+ 0.0032 j

Therefore, the values of 𝛼, 𝛽 are:

a=0.0000470 Np/m

β=0.0032 Rad /m

We find Z 0

dV R+ jωL
Z 0=
dI √
=
G+ jωC

1.8877 x 10−2 + j∗628. 32 x 103∗1.021 x 10−6

Z 0=
√ 1.363 x 10−13+ j∗628. 32 x 103∗2.5368 x 10−11

Z 0=200.64−2.051 j ohm

c. Calculate the velocity of propagation 𝑉𝑝, the wavelength 𝜆 and

the attenuation 𝛼𝑑𝐵 / 𝐾𝑚

ω
V p=
β
 2 π∗100 x 103
V p=
0.0032 Rad/m

m
V p=1.964 x 108
s

We find the value of the wavelength

2π
λ=
β

2π
λ=
0.0032

λ=1964 m

Attenuation

∝ dB =−8.68 ∝
m
( Npm )
∝ dB =−8.68∗0.00009411
m

∝ dB =−0.008168748
m

2. A lossless transmission line of Z 0=75 Ω has a Z L =35− j75 Ω. If it is 40 𝑚 long

and the wavelength is 100 𝑚𝑚, Calculate:

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.

b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

C. VSWR.
Solution:
a. Input impedance Z¿
L 40
l= → l= → l=400
λ 100 x 10−3

Z L + j Z 0 tan(2 πl )
Z¿ =Z 0
Z 0 + j Z L tan(2 πl )

( 35− j 75 Ω ) +J ( 75 Ω ) tan ( 2 π∗400 )

Z¿ =75 Ω
75 Ω+ ( 35− j75 Ω ) tan ( 2 π∗400 )

Z¿ =35−75 j

b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

V −¿
1
Γ= ¿
+¿ Z L−Z 0
V1 = ¿
Z L+ Z 0

( 35− j 75 Ω )−75
Γ=
35− j 75 Ω+75
Γ =0.0691−0.6347
Γ =0,6384←83.79 ° >¿

C. VSWR.
V MAX 1+|0,6384|
VSWR= =
V MIN 1−|0,6384|
1+ 0,6384
VSWR=
1−0,6384
 VSWR=4.531

3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the

transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software found in the Practical

Learning Environment to check the results obtained in point 2.

a. Input impedance Z¿ .

b. Reflection coefficient Γ .

c. VSWR.

d. Find an electrical length 𝓁 where the input impedance Z¿ is real.

Solution
 Figure 4. Verification of results with the Smith 4.1 program
We observe that the results obtained in the previous point are the same as
those obtained by the program, thus observing the good mathematical
procedure.
 Conclusions

- With the development of this work, it was possible to conclude that a high
frequency is that region in which the depth of penetration of the signal into
the conductor becomes insignificant in its physical dimensions.

- When we have a potential difference between the conductors and the

polarization of the dielectric medium that separates it, it is because we are
talking about a parallel capacitance C
 Bibliography

1. Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston:

Academic Press. (pp. 525-537). Obtenido de

https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?

url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?

direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=eds-

live&scope=site

2. Gutiérrez, W. (2017). The Smith Chart basics. [Video]. Obtenido de

http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13141

3. Paz, A. (2013). Electrodinámica y ondas. Electromagnetismo para

ingeniería electrónica. Capitulo 8. pp 311 - 400.