Communication Class 1

COMMUNICATION
CLASS - 1
TALVIR SINGH
JRF IN COMMERCE
JRF IN MANAGEMENT
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Rule of Success….
Never Reveal everything
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HOW TO FOLLOW THIS COURSE
THEORY PRACTICAL
STRATEGY TO PREPARE PAPER 1
80+ ONLY
• IT’S NOT HOW MUCH YOU ARE STUDYING.
• IT’S ABOUT HOW YOU ARE STUDYING .
• IT’S NOT HOW YOU ARE PREPARAING FOR EXAM.
• IT’S ABOUT HOW YOU ARE PREPARING YOURSELF FOR
THE EXAM.
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS BEFORE STARTING THE SESSION
• FIRST AND FOREMOST YOU NEED A PROPER MINDSET.

• IF YOU CAN THINK OF IT YOU CAN ACHIEVE IT.
• THESE 5 N HALF MONTH YOU WILL CHALLENGE MY LIMIT AND WILL ACHIEVE MY GOAL.
• YOU HAVE ALREADY CLEARED YOUR JRF. ☺
• CONSISTENCY AND DETERMINATION IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS.
• EFFORTS ARE NEEDED FROM BOTH THE SIDES.
• YOU HAVE TO FOLLOW A DAILY TARGET STUDY PLAN.
• YOU WILL START FROM TODAY AND WILL NOT SKIP EVEN A SINGLE DAY.
• YES,,, YOU READ IT RIGHT NOT A SINGLE DAY.
• THE BEST WAY TO PREDICT YOUR FUTURE IS TO CREATE IT.
TALVIRS REFFERAL CODE TO GET 10% DISCOUNT TALVIR SINGH – 95923-65456 (Whats App)
• USE REINFORCEMENT .
• I WANT A BEAUTIFUL LIFE AND HAPPINESS OF MY PARENTS.
• DAILY USE POSITIVE AFFIRMATION .START AND END YOUR DAY WITH THIS POSITIVE
AFFIRMATION. ( MY JRF IS COMING)
• TRUST IS VERY IMPORTANT.
• HAVE FAITH IN YOU YOUR TEACHER YOUR GOD.
• PREVIOUS YEAR MCQ PLAYS A VITAL ROLE.
• GET THE BEST BOOK FOR PAPER 1. (PEARSON PUBLICATION)
• A PROPER STRATEGY FOR REVISON.
• SPECIAL FOCUS ON PRACTICAL UNIT.
• PLAN YOUR DAY IN ADVANCE.

• CRISPY NOTES. (NOTES ARE VERY IMPORTANT)
• MCQ FROM THE VERY FIRST DAY.
• DAILY REVISING THE PDF AFTER THE CLASS.
• PROPER DIARY FOR NOTES.
• ONE SMALL NOTEBOOK FOR DAILY SCHEDULE.
• ONE SEPARATE NOTE BOOK FOR STATIC PORTION.
• 15 MINUTES GOOGLE TECHNIQUE.
• BE ACCOUNTABLE TO YOURSLEF ONLY.
• SMALL SMALL EFFORTS MAKE THE BIG DIFFERENCE.
• PLAN YOUR DAY IN ADVANCE.

• CRISPY NOTES. (NOTES ARE VERY IMPORTANT)
• MCQ FROM THE VERY FIRST DAY.
• DAILY REVISING THE PDF AFTER THE CLASS.
• PROPER DIARY FOR NOTES.
• ONE SMALL NOTEBOOK FOR DAILY SCHEDULE.
• ONE SEPARATE NOTE BOOK FOR STATIC PORTION.
• 15 MINUTES GOOGLE TECHNIQUE.
• BE ACCOUNTABLE TO YOURSLEF ONLY.
• SMALL SMALL EFFORTS MAKE THE BIG DIFFERENCE.
• SPECIAL STRATEGY FOR MOCK TEST AND ANALYSIS.
• SPECIAL STRATEGY FOR PRACTICAL UNITS.
• SPECIAL STRATEGY FOR NOTES MAKING.
• IMPORTANCE OF HOME WORK AND MCQ.
BASIC TERMS OF
COMMUNICATION
• Active listening. Process of analyzing and evaluating what another
person is saying in an effort to understand the speaker's feelings or
the true meaning of the message.
• Agenda List of all topics to be discussed during a meeting.
• Asynchronous communication Also known as non simultaneous
communication. Communication during which participants engage
in the process at different times, such as bulletin boards or e-mail.
• Chronemics The study of how people perceive, structure, and use
time as communication.
• Aware public. People who know about a problem but don't act on
it.
• Code. Set of rules or symbols used to translate a message from one
form to another.
• Communication. The mutual process through which persons
interpret messages in order to coordinate individual and social
meanings.
• Human manipulation of symbols to stimulate meaning in other
humans.
• The process by which a person, group, organization (the
sender) transmits some type of information (the message) to
another person, group, organization (the receiver).
• The simultaneous sharing and creating of meaning through
human symbolic action.
• Communication apprehension Fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated
communication with others.
• Communication competence. Ability to take part in effective communication,
which is characterized by skills and understandings that enable communication
partners to exchange messages successfully.
• Communication flow. The direction (upward, downward, horizontal) messages
travel through the networks in an organization
• Communication networks. The patterns of communication flow between
individuals in organization.
• Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) Any form of interpersonal, small
group, organizational, or public communication that occurs with the use of
computers.
• Constructivism. Theory explaining communication as a
fundamentally interpretive process through which persons organize
and create personal reality; examines the complexity with which
persons develop and organize different categories of perception
called constructs.
• Controlled media Those media that the public relations practitioner
has actual control over, such as a company newsletter.
• Cool media A term for media that are incomplete and, thus, require
human involvement and participation
• Critical listening Listening that judges the accuracy of the information presented,
determines the reasonable of its conclusions, and evaluates its presenter.
• Cross-cultural communication Communication of different combinations of
people. A cross-cultural communication study might compare and contrast
Japanese and American negotiation tactics, for example.
• Decentralized networks Communication networks in which all members play an
equal role in the transmittal of information.
• Decoding Process of translating a message into the thoughts or feelings that were
communicated
• Defensive communication Behavior which occurs when a person perceives or
anticipates threat in interaction.
• Downward communication. Communication from higher members
of the organization (i.e., managers, vice-presidents) to members
lower in the organizational hierarchy (subordinates).
• Dyad A two-person communication system
• Empathic listening. Listening to understand what another person is
thinking and feeling.
• Encoding. Process by which the source expresses thoughts or
feelings in words, sounds, and physical expressions, which together
make up the actual message that is sent.
• Evaluative listening. Listening to judge or analyze information.
• Feedback Any message that aids a communicator in evaluating the
success of previous message(s).
• The responses of the receiver that shape and alter subsequent
messages from the source.
• Formal communication systems. Communication links and networks
determined and sanctioned by the organization.
• Gangplank. Horizontal chain of communication between employees
on the same hierarchical level but in different departments.
• Grapevine. An organization's informal channels of communication,
based mainly on friendship or acquaintance.
• Organizational Communication Communication between and among the
individuals and groups which make up an organization.
• Paralanguage. Vocal (but nonverbal) dimension of speech; the manner in
which something is said rather than what is said.
• Organizational communication. Communication between and among the
individuals and groups which make up an organization.
• Plagiarism. Use of another person's information, language, or ideas
without citing the originator and making it appear that the user is the
originator.
• Proxemics. Study of the use of space and of distance between individuals
when they are communicating.
• Rumors. Information with little basis in fact, often transmitted through
informal channels.
• Verbal communication. One of two major communication code systems;
associated with our spoken and written language; typically labeled as "language".
• Vertical chain of communication. Communication between members of different
levels of organizational hierarchy; i.e., between managers and subordinates.
• Upward Communication Communication from lower members of the
organizational hierarchy (subordinates) to members higher in the organization
(i.e., managers, vice-presidents).
• Decentralized networks Communication networks in which all members play an
equal role in the transmittal of information.
• Ad hominem. A fallacy that attacks a person rather than the argument itself. This
is also referred to as "name calling.
• Acculturation. Acculturation is a process in which an individual adopts, acquires
and adjusts to a new cultural environment.
• A process of cultural transformation initiated by contacts between different
cultures. At a global level, acculturation takes place as societies experience the
transforming impact of international cultural contact. Individuals experience
acculturation when their social roles and socialization are shaped by norms and
values that are largely foreign to their native culture.
• Artifact. Ornament or possession that communicates information about a
person. The Basics of Human Communication.
• Artifacts are physical objects, such as clothing, homes, and cars, that indicate to
others a person's personal and social beliefs and habits. Messages are thus
conveyed in a nonverbal manner .
Meaning of
Communication
Meaning of Communication
The term communication is derived from the Latin word “communis” or “communicare”
which means to make common.
Thus communication means to make common facts, information’s, thoughts and
requirements. Communication therefore is the exchange of thoughts, message,
information etc. by way of speech, signal or in writing.
Communication is two way process and works well with feedback, this helps to confirm that
intended message has been successful.
• It emphasis on sharing common information, ideas and messages. It is not merely

issuing orders and instructions.
• Communication can broadly be defined as
• exchange of ideas, messages and information between two or more persons, through a
medium, in a manner that the sender and the receiver understand the message in the
common sense, that is, they develop common understanding of the message.
• Communication is defined as “the process of passing information
and understanding from one person to another, it is essentially a
bridge of meaning between people”
• All communication is essentially sharing of information or some
message. Communication is the most important of our social
activities.
• Communication plays a vital role right from our childhood.
• It is not only a specific tool which is essential for our survival but also a basic
right. This modern age of communication is characterized by speed, efficiency
and the ability to transcend physical or geographical limitations.
• The dictionary meaning of communication is ‘to exchange (thoughts) or convey
(information or feelings) by oration, writing or other means to disseminate data.
• Communication is more than just messaging or swapping information, where
words are not the only tool to be prioritized but also our senses. In order to
convey or communicate some information in our day to-day interactions, the
parameters, such as our facial expression, oral tone, body language, ability to
listen with patience are the contributing factors in delivering a message.
• Communication is the sharing of information.
• Communication is the giving and receiving of messages.
• Communication is the transfer of information from one or more people to one or
more other people The first of these three definitions is the simplest, and also the
broadest.
• In communication process, the sender (encoder) encodes the message and then
using a medium/ channel, sends it to the receiver (decoder) who decodes the
message, and after processing the information, the receiver sends back
appropriate feedback/reply using a medium/channel. It is important to mention
that effective communication always includes feedback.
• “Communication is the transfer of information from a sender to a receiver, with
the information being understood by the receiver”.
—Koontz and Weihrich
• “Communication is the art of developing and attaining understanding between
people. It is the process of exchanging information and feelings between two or
more people and it is essential to effective management.”
—Terry and Franklin
• “Communication is the sum of all things one person does when he wants to
create understanding in the mind of another. It is a bridge of meaning. It involves
a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding.”
• —Allen Louis
• “Communication is the process by which people attempt to share meaning via
the transmission of symbolic messages.”
• —Stoner and Wankel
Definition of Communication
• The process of creating and exchanging meaning through symbolic

interaction.
• As a process communication constantly moves and changes. It does
not stand still.
• Meaning involves thoughts, ideas and understandings shared by
communicators.
• Symbolic means that we rely on words and non verbal behaviours
to communicate meaning and feelings.
Communication Process
Socio-Psychological Tradition
• Emphasizes scientific perspective
• Associated with Carl Hovland and the Yale team
• Concentrated on the source and the content of persuasive
messages, and the audience characteristics
• Source credibility rests on expertness and character;
expertness had the bigger effect on credibility, but did not
last.
• The “sleeper effect” : the impact of credibility does not last.
Cybernetic Tradition
• Wiener coined the term, in the field of artificial intelligence
• Introduced the concept of feedback
• Claude Shannon established the idea of communication as
information processing
• Goal was to maximize line capacity with minimum distortion
• Reduce uncertainty through redundancy; more
redundancy=reduced capacity.
Rhetorical Tradition
• Speech distinguishes humans
• Confidence in efficacy of public address
• Setting: one speaker addressing large audience with intention to
persuade
• Oratorical training for leader’s education
• Power and beauty of language moves people emotionally and
stir them to action
• Rhetoric as male province
Semiotic Tradition
• The study of signs (Richards, Ogden, Saussure).
• Signs signify by indication, representation or by arbitrary
convention (symbol)
• Words are symbols (arbitrary)
• Words do not have precise meanings
• Meanings reside in people not words or symbols
• A symbol is indirectly related to its referent
Socio-Cultural Tradition
• Communication produces and reproduces culture
• Sapir-Whorf hypothesis says structure of language shapes what people do and
think
• Language is not a neutral conduit
• Through language, reality is produced, maintained, repaired and transformed.
• Conduit - the act or an instance of communicating; the imparting or exchange of

information, ideas, or feelings.
• Something communicated, such as a message, letter, or telephone call.
Critical Tradition
• Associated with Frankfurt School
• In the critical tradition communication is seen as a reflective challenge of
unjust discourse. It is critical of societies that limit the masses from seeing
inequalities through the use of communication.
• Focus on history as the unjust distribution of power and suffering
• Control of language (discourses) perpetuates power imbalances
• Mass media dull sensitivity to repression
• Blind reliance on scientific method and empiricism blunts critical thinking.
• Above all in this tradition, social action and theory cannot be separated
from each other.
Phenomenological Tradition
• Intentional analysis of everyday life
from the standpoint of the person who
is living it
• Emphasizes people’s perceptions and
interpretations of their own subjective
experiences
• Rogers: 3 conditions for personality
and relationship change – congruence,
unconditional positive regard,
empathic understanding
The Ethical tradition
• Communication as people of character interacting in just
and beneficial ways.
• Accepts responsibility for short-term and long-term
consequences of communication.
• Strives to understand and respect other communicators
before evaluating and responding to their messages.
It is helpful to examine communication and communication theory
through one of the following viewpoints:
1. Mechanistic: The perfect transaction of a message from the sender to the
receiver.
2. Psychological: The sending of a message to a receiver and emotions of the
receiver upon interpreting the message.
3. Social constructionist (Symbolic interactionist): It sees the product of the
interactants sharing and creating of meaning of message, while ‘transmission
model’ sees communication as robotic and computer-like situation.
4. Systemic: The new messages created via ‘through-put’, or what happens as the
message is being interpreted and reinterpreted as it travels through people.
5. Critical: A source of power and oppression of individuals and social groups.
Inspection of a particular theory on this level will provide a framework on the
nature of communication as seen within the confines of that theory.
FEATURES OF
COMMUNICATION
Sender-
Receiver
Models
Listening Choice of
techniques Media
Features of
Facilitator Communication
Writing Styles
Techniques
Meeting
Presentation
Management
Styles
Styles
Features of Communication
1. Communication is continuous: Communication is not a static act, but it is a dynamic process of
action and interaction towards a desired goal. Sharing or exchanging information is a
continuous process.
2. Communication is all-pervasive: Lower levels provide information to the middle level. It is further
processed to the top level in the desired format that helps in decision-making. Top level issues
instructions to the middle and lower levels. This happens in an educational organization as well.
3. Effective communication is a two-way process: Communication is deemed to be effective when
there is some kind of feedback mechanism. This basic aspect has been taken into account in
Cole and Chan Model as well as given in other Models.
4. Communication is always with a context and a relationship aspect: Both in terms of
(i) what you say and
(ii) how you say the matter.
Same message can be communicated
authoritatively or politely.
For example:
While asking for a glass of water, one can say:
(a) Please bring me a glass of water
(b) Give me a glass of water
(c) Can I have a glass of water?
(d) Could you please give me a glass of water?
Each message will have a different effect on the person you are
talking to.
5.Communication exchanges are based on symmetry and complementary:
Symmetry refers to similarity and complimentary refers to the differences in
characteristics.
For example, two students who are very good in Mathematics will have a good
communication relationship. This will be termed as symmetry.
On the other hand, suppose there are two students, one is good in Mathematics but
poor in English and the other is good in English but poor in Mathematics. They
may have good complementary communication relationship with each other
because they can compensate each other’s weakness.
6. Common language: This helps developing better understanding between the
sender and the receiver of a message and thus, making communication more
effective.
7. Meeting of minds is necessary: The receiver must comprehend the intended
meaning of the message that the sender wants him/her to understand.
8. The message must have substance: The gist of the message holds importance only
until the receiver shows interest in the subject matter. For example, any
discussion about cricket will be well received by a cricket fanatic.
9. Communication can also be conducted through gestures: Communication should
not necessarily be verbal or written. Nodding of heads, rolling of eyes,
movement of lips, etc., are some of the gestures used to convey certain basic
ideas.
10. Communication is of different types: It can be formal or
informal, verbal or non-verbal. The different types have been
discussed in detail in the ensuing discussion.
11. Communication always has a context: Communication always
takes place within a context. According to Bateson, ‘Without
context, words and actions do not carry any meaning at all’.
At times, this context may not be obvious and at times, it may
stand out boldly.
Dimensions of Communication
The context of communication has four dimensions and they are as follows:
(a) Physical context: It refers to the place where communication is taking place, such as in public,
conference room, classroom, etc. It refers to the ambience of the place as well.
(b) Social context: Social context is mainly about
(i) role and status relationship between the sender and the receiver of messages
(ii) norms and culture of the society.
For example, the social context of friends attending a party will be different from the people attending a
meeting in an organization or a doctor attending a patient.
(c) Psychological context: It refers to the environment characterized by formality or informality,
friendliness or unfriendliness.
(d) Temporal context: It refers to the time factor in communication, such as at what time of the day
communication is taking place. In morning, we usually talk about religious and spiritual aspects of life
and during day time, it is usually about professional aspects, and so on.
The Communication Setting
• Physical Context :- Where communication takes place, the
environment, the distance between participants, seating, time of
day
• SocialContext :- The nature of the relationship
• Historical Context :- The background of previous
communication
• Cultural Context :- Beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, social
hierarchies, religion, notion of time, and roles of the participants
• Sender has an idea.
• Sender encodes the idea.
• Sender transmits the message through medium.
• Receiver gets the message.
• Receiver decodes the message.
• Receiver sends feedback.
• Feedback in the communication process is the response that gives
us some indication of how effectively we communicate.
• It is the gauge of efficiency in communication.
Rules about behavior that may not be clearly Attending to the rules and expectations that apply
articulated but are understood in a social situation
-Everyone is not an expert. -Self Awareness
-Adaptability
-Communication will not solve everything.
-Empathy: the ability to understand and share the
-Communication cannot break down. feelings of another.
-Communication is not inherently good. -Cognitive Complexity
-More communication is not always better. -Ethics
-It is pervasive. Being aware of behavior and effect on others; how
behavior fits or doesn't fit certain social settings
Awareness of one's behavior and how it affects
others
The ability to adapt one's communication to fit the
circumstances
The ability to think and feel as others do
The ability to understand a given situation in
multiple ways
A code of morality or a set of ideas about what is
right
Objectives/Purpose Of Communication
• The objectives of communication are dynamic and ever-changing.
• Some of the common objectives of official communication are to get or give
information, to ask for or give instructions or advice or suggestions, to make
requests, to persuade other people to agree with us.
• Sometimes, we communicate with the intention of complaining, or warning; but
unfortunately, we do this angrily and get into arguments.
• If we learn to complain and warn in an acceptable and constructive manner, our
serious intention can be conveyed quite effectively without damaging
relationships.
• In order to caution, counsel, clarify, apprise, evaluate, reprimand, organize and
numerous such objectives, we make use of communication.
Mnemonics
• This is somewhat in different context, mainly
about learning and recalling of words, numbers,
facts, etc.
• Mnemonics are memory devices that help
learners recall larger pieces of information,
especially in the form of lists, like characteristics,
steps, stages, parts, phases, etc.
• A study conducted by Gerald R. Miller in 1967
found that mnemonics increased recall.
Mnemonics can even be used to recall words or
remember numbers. For example, BRASS is an
acronym for how to shoot a rifle—Breath, Relax,
Aim, Sight, Squeeze. They help in taking notes
also.

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COMMUNICATION

• FIRST AND FOREMOST YOU NEED A PROPER MINDSET.

• PLAN YOUR DAY IN ADVANCE.

• PLAN YOUR DAY IN ADVANCE.

• It emphasis on sharing common information, ideas and messages. It is not merely

• The process of creating and exchanging meaning through symbolic

• Conduit - the act or an instance of communicating; the imparting or exchange of

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