‘lect Pawer Systems Research 169 (2018) 65-73 ELSEVIER ‘Content lists available at ScienceDirect, crap Electric Power Systems Research journal homepage: wuw.elsevier.comilocatelepsr Coordinated control of MPPT and voltage regulation using single-stage high | @) gain DC-DC converter in a grid-connected PV system ™M, Lakshmi, S. Hemamalini'* Soe Sbl of Ege Cena nia Sots petals Cad inert nd pone qaliy 1m genecal,ged-connected PV system wes two sages of DC-DC converter to accomplish Maximum Power Polat Tracking (MPPT) and DC voltage regulation. In order to overcome the two rage conversion, «rage wage high gun DCDC converters presented in this pape. The operation of tree switches with two diferent duty rats {Ge main advantage ofthis converter to eccomplsh the coordinated contol of MPPT and DC voltage regulation This coordinated conzl aso helps to provide constant DC voltage co the DC lads though the inverter i cenneced from the DC bs. A IKW ri-connecte PV system eth the proposeé DC-DG converse is developed. ‘snd i validated rng 094500 Real-Time tert platform n adton, denepled conl strategy with actional ‘order propertionalinegra (FOPD controler i implemented atthe inverter end. Alo, the Teac power ‘pensation, harmonic reduction les than 5% a per the IFEE 519 andar and the grid power factor close to 1. Introduction Reneveable energy sources (RESS) suchas wind and solar PV are the bese solution to avercome the increasing energy demand and issues felate to global warming. In the recent pat, RES became attractive in the growth of grid integration technologie 1. Particularly, solar PVs Delieved as an alterative energy source owing to its competency to tenerate pollution free, noscless and reliable energy [2.3]. Also, vo. Tution in PV material and fabrication technology decreases the mani- facturing cost of the PV panel. Therefore, large capacity PV power i stallation is economical compared with other RESS [1]. However, the generated output power from the PV panel/array is intermittent as it depends on the solar insolation and ambient temperature, Hence, ‘maximum power point tricking (MPPT) is employed to utilize the ‘maximum energy from the PV array. PV power generation is cate gorised as islanded and grid-connected mode of operation. The stan- dalone PV systems are generally used for rural electrification, battery ‘charging and battery energy management system 5-7]. Batery storage system (BSS) is essencal to support the loed demand in off-grid mode of operation (8). But, BSS requires regular maintenance an timely re placement Hence, grid connected PV system without Batery storage is alorays preferred inthe vicinity of grid access Different PV array topologies are presented in the erature based mall arent heramalil s@vic se (S. Hemamalin Vellore Insitute of Techaeogy, Cuennel,idl, -ap//do ong/10 1036/3 ¢pr:2018.12011 [Received 11 Apel 2018 Received in eve frm 25 October 20: ‘on the power conversion stages like single stage (DC/AG) of two-stage (DC/DC/AC) [0]. Most of the ged connected PV system uses two stage conversion; where the fitst stage is used to increase the voltage level and to extrac the maximum power from the PV source and the second stage is fr DC to AC conversion [10,11] In this scenario, the DC vol tage regulation is done by inverter contol n ase of any disconnection atthe front end of the inverter, DC voltage regulation is not possible and thereby, DG loads are tobe disconnected foeefully (12). Therefore, {is necessary for maximum power extraction and the DC voltage regulation to happen a the first stage conversion, Some researchers have considered buck/buck-boost converter [13,18], double boott/ sepie converter [15], sepic/buekcboost converter [15] and a novel DC-DC converter 17) for the coordinated contol of MPPT and DC voltage regulation. But, the increase inthe conversion stage, decreases the system efficiency and increases the cos. For a grid connected PV system, inverter contol is necessary to provide reactive power support ané to maintain grid power factor as unity (14, 18]. Direct feedback control |19] is employed to control the grid current But, this control poses instability du to the absence of DC link capacitor voltage regulation. This isue is overcome by in corporating an outer feedback control lop (20). Tie contol strategy is temployed in both stationary and rotating reference frames that contol the reactive power interchange with the grid. The control in the Accepted 12 December 2018Me Lao Hai stationary reference frame (af) (21,22) is desirable due to its simp celty. However, it requires an independent system, wich isin quad- rature tothe grid. The control in dg reference frame gives the aetive- reactive power references based on controllers and generates the eur. rent references. However, dve co high accuracy, the synchronous ro. tating (da) reference frame based instantaneous power calculation [27] is generally wed For many years, proportional-integral (PD) controllers are popular In grid connected PV applications, to costco the system parameters under disturbances (24.25). The performance of PI controler is ex- hanced by introducing FOPI controller whose integral oder is non ‘teger. The increase in tuning parameters of FOPI controller, inereases the robustness of the system, provides optimal control and delivers better system response than the PI controller 25) In this paper, coordinated control of MPPT and DC voltage reguls- tion is done inasngle stage DC/DC converter. The operation of three switches with two diferent duty ratios enables both the coatrol In ‘addition, the efficiency ofthe overall system is increased compared to ‘the converter presented in (1-16) due tothe reduction in conversion stages This paper ures Perturb and observe algorithm to extract peak power from the PV module, ‘The DC voltage regulation is done by comparing reference DC vol tage with the converter ouput voltage. The main advantage of the proposed coordinated contro i that, the DC loads ae supplied from the DDC bus, even though the inverter is disconnected during fault condi= tions. Also, a single phase H-bridge inverter with decoupled contol slcategy supports in eduction of harmonies, reactive power compen- sation and feeds PV power tothe grid and maintains grid power factor «lose to unity. The proposed coordinated contol at the coaverter and the decoupled control atthe inverter in a grid connected PV system is ‘modelled and the results are verified vsing OP4500 real-time simulator. 2. System description ‘The system configuration for the proposed high gain DC-DG con- verter in grid connected PV system is shown in Pig. 1. The proposed system consists of a solar PV array a high gain DC-DC converte, @ single-phase H-bridge inverter, LCL iter, PL, single-phase dscibue ion system, DC and AC loads, Single-phase distribution system, AC losds, and H-bridge inverter are connected at the point of common Be Powr Syn Reserh 1692019) 65-7 Jnverter and its ied tothe distribution system through LCL filter The Inverter with decoupled conteol strategy not only supplies the gener ated PV power Into the grid but also satisfies load demand. In the proposed grid connected PY system, a Synchronous Reference Frame PLL (SRE-PLL) is used to synchronise che inverter voltage withthe grid voltage in terme of frequency and phase angle 2.1. High gain DC-DG converter ‘The high gain DC-DC converter [171 shown n Fig 1 is developed to perform both MPPT and DC voltage regulation in a single stage. This converter consists of three active switches Sy, Ss and S;, two inductors 4 and La, two diodes D1 and D2 and one oxtput capacitor C., The svitches $), 5, and Sy operate ata switching frequency off. The daly ratio ofthe switches S, and 5, sD, and the third switch 5; is Dn this topology, there are three modes of operation for a single switching period with two diferent duty ratios. Inmode 1, and S, are tured ON and Sf tumed OFF. The source energy is transferred tothe inductors I, Lp and the energy stored in the capacitor Cis discharged tothe load. Here, the diode D1 and D? are in reverse bias condition, Therefor, the conduction voltage of this diode appears across switch $; when itis tured OFF. In mode 2, and S, ae turned OFF and Si turned ON. The source energy i transferred tothe inductors and the eutren lows through J, i and L. The stored energy in the capacitor C, is delivered tothe load since diode D2 isin the reverse bias condition, In thie mode, the voltage across the switch S, and Sis half of the input voltage. In mode 3, 5, Sz and S, ate turned OFF. Here, both source and the Inductors supply the load. Diode D1 isin reverse bias condition. In addition, the capacitor C, is in charging mode as the diode D2 is for ward biased. "The voltage across the switches Sy and S, isthe average of {he input and ouspat voltages, whereas, the vllage across switch Sy is the addition of input and output voltages, The voltage gain of the proposed converter is given in (1), Va 14 Dy Wy TDD a where Vas the output volage of the converter/DC link voltage, Vp is {he BY source voltage, Dy and Ds ae the duty ratios. The voltage sess fon the diodes and ssicches are ealeslaed using (2) and (3). wy oo a oe i MPPT and DC link voltage regulation in one single DC-DC converter. os Vos ‘The regulated output of the DC-DC converter is the input for H-bridge Yass = Vac @ One ene ante ever ot |e @ mM ol T i] @ = rfren) [ee bo: [SEs Fig 1. System configuration.Me Lao Hai ‘here Vox and Vor ate the voltage stress on the diodes and Vos, Vase ‘and Voss are the snitch voltage stesses. The critical valve of inductors 1y and Ly and capacitor G, ae caeutated using (9) and (3), ae o G ° here AV isthe ripple voltage, Ais the ripple cucent and P is the ‘output power of the converter. Weave, 2.2. Coordinated control of MPPT and DC voltage regulation Ina standalone/grid connected PV sytem, itis necessary to perform ‘both maximum power exraction and the DC voltage regulation to supply the DC load demand even when the inverter is disconnected from the grd-connected PV system during fault condition. In general two stages of DC-DC converters are used independently for MPPT and [DG voltage regulation. In this paper, a single stage high gain DO-DC ‘converter with three switches S$, and Sy perform both the control; in ‘hich two switches $; and Sz are operated witha duty ratio of Dy to ‘extract maximum power and third switeh S, ie operated with « ducy ratio of D; to provide DC voltage regulation. ‘The switching frequency (considered for operating the three switches $, Sp and S, ace the Using the PV array output voltage (0) and curren (jy) maximum power is extracted with the help of Pecturh & Observe (P & 0) algo- rithm. This MPPT algorithm operates peviodically by comparing the PV array output power with that ofthe previous perturbation cycle, Based fon the change in power (AP), the PV array voltage is incremented or ‘decremented to reach maximim power poi ‘Tae DC output voltage regulation is done by comparing the re ference DC voltage (Vi) with the converter output voltage (Vg) and the difference ie given to the FOPI controller. The output ofthis con- twoller is Une duty ratio (D,) with which switeh Sis operated to regulate the converter output voltage (Va. 2.3, Inverter control ‘Generally, Inverter contro in a grid connected PV system carry out DC voltage regulation and the current control. In thie paper, DC link voltage regulation is dane by controlling DC-DC converter switch and ‘the current contro is executed by contrlling the inverter switches as shown in Fig. 1. In day mode operation, the proposed control supplies [DG loads with constant DC voltage even when the inverter is dis ‘connected from the grd-connected PV system during fault condition. Here, thee parameters such as converter output current (i), inverter ‘eurtent (yy) and load current gud) are detected to control the current Which is Injected Into the grid ad also controls ative and reactive power. In night mode, the PV array and the DC-DC converter are dive ‘connected form the inverter. Then both DC link voltage regulation and ‘current conteol is done by controlling inverter switehes as shown i Pig. 2 whieh i not only during night mode but che same is applicable uring fale at frontend (PV and/or DC-DC converter), As illustrated in Fig 2 the stationazy reference frame inverter curent fora single phase system is expressed as iw) 9) ‘here ly the inverter curren aligned with A-axs, .e, slong ot and Igoe 8 the verter current aligned at 90° with reference to A-axis, Le, (ot + 1/2). The rotating reference frame inverter current (ep) 6 ‘converted into stationary frame curcent (ly, () for better conteller © ‘oan Be Powr Syn Reserh 1692019) 65-7 sincan) i ores Fig. 2, Decoupled contlsrategy ‘output The da current component of the inverter is computed using (3) and (9). i (0t)in(ot) (1+ SJersten @ syne) not 2) ne) o where Lan isthe inverter direct current component and gris the in vercer quadrature current component. Similarly, the stationary current component of the loa ie given in (10), sneha) =o Same 2 ao) where igus i the quadrature current component of the load. The in vercer direct current component (iy) and the reference direct current ‘component (i) determines the reference active current component Gag) asin tie [OB i) — fal tr A ‘where is the proportional constant and kis the inte reference reactive component (yg) is obtained by the quadrature cur rent component of the inverter (gua) and the lad (jad) Sf (12) $= Ud) ~ elf + aa rom (71) andl (12), the reference current component (by) isealeutated asin (19). i= La S(t) + fg 48) a3) ‘A sinssoidal pulse width modulation is implemented to control the inverter output current by comparing triangular waveform with the generated sinusoidal reference current given in (13). In this inverter control, the activereactive curent components are controlled by FOPI controller and the gain values Ay and k, are calculated using Ziegler Nichols (ZN) toning method 3. Design of grid connected PV system “The selection of rating ofthe PV array, calculation of DC link val tage, capacitor value and the design of LCL. filter are explained inthis section. The voltage and power rating of PV array depends on there (quirement of Dlink voltage andthe power demanded by the lod. The amount of PV power generation is based on the available sola ies lation, temperature and ating of the panel. In this paper, ELDORA25OW pane is considered and the specifiations are given in Appendix