| IN BRITISH STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE CP 114: Pere: 1969 init 7 cee anges : EMA apie! %1-R-13 eet oa. aT? 9m ah rm ~ ea aes ; . ” THE STRUCTURAL USE OF Fastigis REINFORCED CONCRETE IN BUILDINGS - Incorporating ameriment sud in : s February, 1965 (PD 5463) and May, 1967 (PD 6151) Kee STANDARD EE Part-2. Metricinits- Amd ist Purpose of amendment Oncr revennt years considerable crmcern has been expressed fllowine Fires, tn concrete wincl have heen attibuted.to a number of causes, including ; excest concentrations af chlorides ed To puted apainst this, recommendations have been included esvering the sis clown chloride andthe limits of chloride it conerete, These clauses sine a consents view reached after considerable discussion within the Commitee. The bint on chloride cuntent in aggregates (particulaely those "tis maine sonreest isa matter for continuing research in the fight ot the > ition a che UK with repard to aggregates. clntent Nu, 4 covers the following items: |. the use wf admintures containing chlorides and in particular the use of calcium chloride 2. the level of chlorides in concrete. British Standards House, 2 Park Street, London, W.I‘paveroma 1480 es Mice Fore Sua JFooriuers. To RE ‘ee jeoe: pdt forte ren bGieaey “Conpmnreh? Mox. Fe! Cousins Sue! Poe to me * ceouecierComapentsion> Due Te “apisiiey) ape joo” psd eye ace 2.000 P ios a Mal! pa. Meo Same tenet : 1 yee zorone phd (eb Beka wem : wits) free shove Ps Canoes pas wim Mio? *) Waren Toe fe oe a sorts coe PY: oo A RemporeeerT jae!) Musas See Rous ae Mana Bare 1 a “Te Bb TBP Except: THe! ome Hide Biya. Depew > Bens | te Fens Lae FS oa. Dd. Dow FSAmnes Copserry “po RRS b0 Bape pose Jews: pe FMF t Four Rooks 1koe a CP 114 Bort: 1969, "pig Part of CP 134 has been prepared by # Commits con Tenad by the Coles of Practice Commitee for Duiliing Haring been endorsed by the Council for Codes of Pras, Itasastblished under the authority of the Executive Board fon 16th January, 1969, ‘SBN: 580 00469 4 First published, April, 1948, First revision, June, 1957. Ne Reset and reprinted, February, 1968. Pablished in metric form as Pact 2, January, 1968. art 2 incorporates the amendments to CP 114 issued 9 February, 1965 (PD $463) and May, 1967 (PD 6151) “This Part of this Code of Practice makes reference t0 the Tolowing Briish Standards and British Standard Codss of Practice TA Bs.12, Portland cement (ordinary and rapid hardening) BS 146, Portand-blastfuenace cement oP Ws. 449, The use of structural steel in building anni ison building materials and sicturen z fy He Eas, Schedule of weights of bung materials a ees, General requirements for oxyraceiylens welding of mild steel. : 1s, 785. Rolled steel bars and hard drawn steel wire For concrete reinforcement. : rps. 812, Methods for sampling and testing of mineral Regregntes, sands and files. ws pS. 877, foamed bastfumnce shg for coneree agEreEe- BS gear. Concrete aggregates From natural squses, ror? f 212 PE 1017.” Alecooled blastfurnace shag oarse eEEregN'e for concrete. Tigments for Portland cement and Portland come iS, 3802 Pulverized-fuel ash for use in concrete, BS. 4027 Sulphate-resisting Portland com 88.4248 Supersulphated cement. BS. SO7S Concrete admixiuces TS, 1200, Building sanils from natu! se BS, 1370. Low heat Portland cement 5.1018 products. ‘ei t956-— Genera reqrirementy forthe metatare weirs | mobeubb-steel mses BS. 1881, Methods uf gestmg concrete TNS. M48, Tests for water for making concrete bo TLS 3764, International systems (SP wits IS AO2T Clay bricks and backs We esa Hot sled steel has for he einfoncemett of concrete, : pe taal Cab worked stl aes fo the remtonee nett of gonerete 2 Fe Gao wing inno ad steduting of ae forthe reinfowcement of concrete WS. AAKA Stoel frie fr the reinreete WS.S18S. Metabane welding of carbon 1} carbon nusnganese steels {Pd Code of basic data for he Westen of touildings. Chapter V. Loading Part 1 Dead and imposed toads Part 2 Wind loads. CR L1O The structural use of concrete, Ch iii, Structural recommendations for load-bearing walls. CP 116, Sicuctural use of precast concrete CP 21. Painting. nish Stand Cates of Practice are revisedy when necessary tthe ee ever afer slips or af revised Ans 1 Ieartant tat ssereaxcertan that they are i posession of the latest eniendments or editions i “the folowing B.A reference relates 10 the work on this Code of ractie | ‘Comnitiee seference BLCP/?CP LE Perr: 1969 coor THE STREC TURAL USE OF REIS DRAFTING COMMITIVE BLCPIT ORCLD CONCRETE, (Seerctariat: Institution of Steuetural Engineers) Mr D. HL. Orne Me 10, Measur Mr CA. Tall Mr J.B Celt Ain K. Newnan Mr. Renal Tie ALM, Burdon oe SC ©. Hate Mr AoW, HI, Dr KL, Rowe f Ate RE Laveaster Mr RB. Hl Me EW. Bu Mr. D. Sheil Profeysor A. Le be Baker dnsiitution of Civil Eng Me Sei og MG. ley Ne J Es Gaet } De, DD. Matos nat. Aba MF osu tir 6, awe Nin JA toe ‘Dr, 1. D. Matthews (Chairman) Representing “Association of Constenstional Moor Specialists Asociation of Consubing Enginecrs Brink: Raat Bourd Bruink Reuiy-maved Concrete Ansacianon Fvnsk Stanton bustiraton Deieih Steel Industey Buikding Research Station Cement anal Concrete Association Canceete Steel Reinforcement association Tesdevasvn of Cisil Lngincering Contractors Greater London Council Icarporated Association of Architects and Surveyors Insiitation of Mesieipul Engineers Insitution of Structural Engineers Miniveey of Publi Building anel Works Minisry of Transport Nationa Federation of Building Trae Employers Reval Research Laborato Ne Petey J Lowd-Smith Reval Institue of Britis Architects Me, Di ie Hollingsworth Rovul lustiution of Chartered Surveyors Mr. © V. Blumield The Concrete Society CONTENIS Foreword SECTION ONE: GENERAL Jol, Seope 102, etinitions 103, Symbols SECTION TWO; MATERIALS, APPLIANCES AND COMPONENTS at, Cement dor Argiegates Sov Maxiniuin size of coarse aggeegales dik Sands for mortar Sos, Water 208A, Adawxtures: do, Reinforeeme . dur Conercte Jos, Nominal concrete mixes Son) Designed corerete mises 240, Durability SECTION THREE: DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS SUDSECTION 94: GENFRAL, a1. Masis of design poz, Lonulings GOI. Permisarie stresses in eonerete Sok, Permissible stresses in eeinforcement hs, Increases of permisible stresses ave solely 10 wind forees, 300. Calculation of resistance moments of beams and slabs by the load-factor method wr. Cover SSoR,_ Distance between bacs Soy. Stilfiness of members S10. Bond and anchorage SUBSECTION JB: BEAMS AND SLABS HL. General 312. Henwling moments 313. Bening moments in Beams and slabs sparing in ‘one direction 5 Rn rs B 18 we 16 lo wv v 7 1s 2 » » » 3 35 as 38 8 EY 40 a 45 4sCP 114: Beets 1960) aud. 31s. HG 317. BIS. 319. 320. hy 3. ak CONTENTS (continued) Page honing moments in stabs spanning in to dite : tions at right angles with unitorinly distributed loads 46 Trinwning for openings sl Resistance to shear st Distriation of concentrated loads on slabs 2 earings for slabs an stecl joists s Moors and roofs of ribbed and hollow block construction st Tigots and roofs of precast construction So Reinforgentent in columns 6 ecmissible loads on columns 37 erHOn AD: HLAT-SLAB-EOTTRUETIONS General oo Methouls of design 2 Division of panels As Notation for Mat stab construction an “Thickness of Mat slab x od Shearing stresses in Hat slabs” ot Openings ia panels “ of ending moments in pancts with earginal beams or walls 65 Cotumnn heads “s Design of fat siabtas continuous frames 66 Empirical desiga of flat slabs a “iCtincal seetions for bending moments in flat slabs 68 ending moments in ats: we Widths of reinforcing bands ot Acrangement of reinforcement in fat slabs » ee momiwauesn-entuens——————————F+ 339. 340, Re nforced concrete walls 7 ‘Bases for eeintorced concrete columns and walls 72 6 CONTENTS (continued) Poge Mt. Fon of Toning on stairs n 32, Effective span of stairs 1" auingre aos Ms RINFORCED LICHTORERGUT NGTREGATE 3 General 15 TAL Permissinle stresses in eeinforced tightweight= erepate concrete s ‘yas, terms senses in reinforcement % LG. Stithness of members 6 347, Permissible Toads on columns n MMa_ Reinforced concrete walls n M9, Moxlular ratio n 350, Cover n 4351, Fire resistance of reinforeed concrete 8 genceeTiON MK: ATSISTANCE TO CHEMICAL ATTA 4352, Tilfects of chemical reagents 8 L.CTION 3L: STABILITY, Yet Stability AS84, Lies SECTION FOUR: WORK OFF SITE aol, General B SECTION FIVE: WORKMANSHIP sot. Concrete 502, Steel 0 gay, Formwork BI S04, Fixing blocks 8 aon. 02. on. an 605 SECTION SIX: TESTING AND INSPECTION. Methods of testing concrete 2 resid method of deterring the necessary aloe nent for the bulking of fine aggees™e 8s ond tests 86 Inspection. 87 Lond testing of structures a7 7 poe dtd tCONTENTS (continued) SECTION SEVEN: MAINTENANCE AND PROTECTION Page 701, Genera " APPENDICES A QYED Aire resin of enforced coerte———— © ie Hhgtentumina-cement concrete 9 2 TABLES: 1, Proportions and strength requirements for nominal | Concrete mixes with Porthand cement or Portland astfarnace rement a plhing with MLS, 842 oF 1S, 107 9 2 Fropomiemeamd srenpth reqierments Foren in weregate complying wih BS. a) or : 0 3. Tramscresrengts af eeree z © Stem ; rongih requirement for designed conerete mins 24 $5. Standard mixes ua 2B | 6 Terma wees for nominal concrete ies sit Portland cment or Portia hwurmace cement and with aggregates complying wil D'S 882 of BS. 1047 nae 30 ea FRermiticree orm mominnh 22 4 omerete downs 2 rmrestirin atommncement and with ipereate- 5 ‘ 8. ‘Pernice comprasive sews for dedgned com mo crete mixes. z : ee 32 9, hee fcr for permite compressive atresia 2 10, Permissible shear and bond siresses for designed 31, Pennisi siresces in steel reinforcement u 12, Values of y for computing inoment of resistance based on the strength of the concrete in com pression a7 13, Permissible values of span/depth ratio of beams and slabs 39 | 8 CP 14 Pero 1969 CONTENTS (continued) Page 14, Stress reduction coefficient for slender beams 43 15, Approsimate valucs of bending moments in uni Tormly loaded beams and slabs continuous over Uizee oF more approximately equal spans 46 16. Pending moment coefficients for slabs spanning in ‘ovo ditcetions at eight angles simply supported on owe sides a 17. Rensing moment enetTcients for rectangular panes suppoeted 09 four sides with provision for torsion 49 at comers 18, Reduction cvelTicient for loads on tong columns 58 PEMfective eokann Fength sa 20, Momente ia columns 9 -2h—Ditristinn of bending moments inpanehro at shri clesipned ae enntinnooe frames ——————#?= a ithition ne henlingeemamente in panels oF int— 23. Stress increase for walls n 24, Lightweight-aggregate concrete: permissible values of the spanidepth ratio of all beams, and of slabs with an inypesed Toad exceeding 3 kN/m? 16 25, Reduction coelicients for loads on long columns: of reinforced lightweight-aggregate concrete n -26,—Fite resistance of reinforoed comenete-svalls with, rminimuim cover 19 the main reinforcement of 25 mm aR 27. Tire cesistance of reinforced cons "9 28. Hire ceeistance of reinforces etferete beams 89 DOA. Tire resistance of ssinfSrced concrete columns Inst ints fre-resisrg walls 0 200, Tire revitgac@of reinforced concrete columns 90 30. Macinypefhigh alumina cement content in relation sire of a member a piss stresses for high alamina cement con: FIGURES 1. Types of hook for mit steo! bars 4 2. Division of slab into middle and edge strips 48 9 Benen dm or®CP 14: Pad: 1969 mdi, CONTENTS—{continved) Page 3. Diagram showing the load cartied by supporting beams 50 4. Erfective width of solid slab carrying a concen- trated load near an unsupported eilge 3 5. ~ Critical seotiome-for-shenrme-streney hr flat slab "03 -6-- Divisionof Hash panels into-colummand middle wie ne 7. Loading on stairs with open wells 2 8. Loading on stairs built into walls 4 9. Lifective span for slats supported at each end by landings spanning pacallel with the risers mM This Code of Practice represents a standard of ond practice and therefore takes the form of recommendations. Compliance Ireland, and in the Scottish the presisions of ertain Meitis Sta i Vesctce, we af specie elawees there, is "deemed to satnly "the equirements of ‘erin ofthe byelaws ia the Fields covered hy: the Dit Standards And Codes of Practice, or by the specific elauses referred w CP 114: Part 24 1969 FOREWORD “This metic edition of CP 114,-onpinallys-been designated Part 2, has been Am D1 prepared in severance wit the ehange to the metri system in the Construction Industry, giving values in terms of SP units. For fucther information on Si units, reference should be made to BS 3763, *Lnternational system (SI) units’, ann PD Sie, * The use of SI units. The values itthie ark represent the equivalents of the values in imperial AmD\ tums in CP 114 1987, rounded to convenient numbers. Although the values are not exaet equivalents of the imperial ones, this artis not a technical revision x.y cy otto tnd om) “Hecent reseatel following Swosidetally lteted the understanding of the behaviour and sensitivity of hot alanis cement sonaaete, ASa result of both the research and the « consensus of opinion tural collapses in 1973 and 1974 has et nl, AL CRIS ine dato sterial Appendds Ht the 1968 ssye of this Code bi vents thesnselves th theretore been sithlrawn ain! the Code ao longer covers the stuctural use of concrete ‘onde with hurl alone cement, Consequently, an engineer wishing to spesily concrete niade with hugh alumina cement must rely entirely on his ‘wn enpmnoering jalyetient without guidance trom this Cade of Practice Auention is awn to CP 110 *The structural use of concrete” published m 1972, “ower lass fam this Code must not be used wth caus from CP 10 in the sune design. ace This Coule does not eover the design of fat slabs. Structures containing Hat slabs should be designed in accordance with CP 110,"f sss qe ee ee ae eee eee BRITISH STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE CP 14 THE STRUCTURAL USE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN BUILDINGS Part 2. Metric units SECTION ONE: GENERAL, This Code deals wath dhe structural we of reinfored concrete in builngs, It iy retision of Code of Practice CP 11 1948) Ia he revisions, Sub-Condes CF 114.100 14.108 (1951), "Suspended eonerete foocs atid routs, have Dect theiyes nity this cade. Subs Code (14.105, * Ville Jolt constuction", hs not beet tushiaed sinee this torm of construction is ealt with i B.S. Hy, “The use of structural steed in busling Tie Coe dics tt deal walls prestressed concrete or with recommendations for the manufacture of prowst fastorymtade ronforeed concte teafrentcuncele Ctstciny Ul 4 ajo chutes, nsh at Waa ASR RES A RR Mg ERA us i deen cosa He has boon propre, an that the exswutunt of the teinfurced euasiete work is eattied oul under the dteetion ‘vi a quullivd supervisor, he tessuusteriations tor stability gave an this Code have heen prepared fn tlhe apsanyptiont elometnts fe g slabs, cule, tally ete dae of gontcaete, li a uikdrg whee custete elenacats sath a Hat slabs, walls et. ate ducal coi toot wath fa hearing eletenty call fot atatlity me Caitse 94 Tuncttead by AMD EDT vid aniended by AMD 192 8) seth appiopatate never, thee tis ecattinstded at Clase 394 Grnserted OMIT Land auwinded by AMD P9234) a patt wt the micaty of satinty iy the patcaples a Clas 488 wll Be gga vats we soa tay pow 102. Definitions. For the purposes of this Code the following definitions apply: jute wiatcriuls, the petaypbe ée Bands Diugonal band, A band of reinforcing bars parallel to a diagonal of @ flat slab panel which i reinforced in four directions tive. edgewise and diagonally) Direct bal, A band of reinforcing bars parallel to an edge fof a flat slab panel whieh is reinforced in four directions, (ie, edgewise and diagonally). Column head An enlargement of the top of a column supporting a flat slab so designed aru constructed as to act monolithically will both the column and the Mat slab. Columns, long Columns having a ratio of effective column length, as given in Table 19, to least Lateral dimension greater unan 15. oo” Caps ag et gitect__ pum gin, ajo SS in-Table 19, 1o Feast lateral dimension not exceeding 15. Core of helically The portion of the concrete enclosed withio the centre ine reinforced cokunn ofthe helical reinforvement, Deep The portion of a flat slab above and immediately surrounding she culos head anid of greater thickness than the remainder Of the Hat stab panel eens area of ‘The ate obtains by miplying the nodal erst ee Meu he enocatent bythe caine of teste at whieh ie ae band sila oe stn for which Kselletveness of flat babs Uyfestive bean oF slab Hyjective span Exterior pasel tne flat Slab at slub Stender bowns 103, Symbol is required. kprh of The distance between the centre of tension and the edge of the cow pecssion section, “The lesser of the two following distances: {) the distance between centres of bearings. (id) the clear distance between supports plus the effective depth of the beam or slab. [A panel having at least one edge which is non-continuoys. ‘A reinforced concrete slab with of without drops, supported, senccally without beams, by columns with of without Maced olunn heals LBcams whose length between lateral restraints exceeds thisty tunes the breadth of their compression tinge, he symbols used in this Code are as follows: ‘dy = equivalent area of helical reinforcement (volume of helix per unit length of coluinn). : de. = cronssectional arca of concrete, excluding any finishing material ‘and reinforcing st cl ‘Ay = cross-acetional area of concrete in column core, excluding area of Jongjtudinal reinforcement, Aue = cross-sectional at Ana = cross-sectional area of steel Ti = cross-sectional area of strry of steel in compression. tension. 5” = breath of a rectangular beam or breadth of flange of a T-beamn for Lebearn, breadth of the rib of a T-beam or Lebeam. jianncter generally. overall depth. Uy = effective depth to the tensile reinforcement it vi, = depth to the compressive reinforcement in & bean. BSUP 14: Pert 2: 1969) dq depth of conerete in compression in a beam. dy ~ depth of sal foreving the Nange of a T-beam oF L-beam. f ~exeentricty of a loual ona column, Jp meunantecd Vell OF prow! s4es rinse of ea Key = sitfiess of beam on one sie of a column, safes of bea) oa the opposite side oF a column, sitlaess of kawer ela, Ky = stitinss of upper eoluann, LS teazth of a ecknin of bean betacen adequate Lateral cestraints (ia Mit slabs, Ls tie average of fy andl Fah Ly = Gin fist slain) Kegti of panel aa the direction of span, : Laos Gin fat slabs) width of pic! at righ angles te direction of span, 1s tloctise span of boaat ar slab or eilecuve height of column, fy fever artw of the rewstanve niament [= eet of shorter site af sab spaiaing in (9 sections. 1h lenetle hanger sits af shah span ai to directions. AF bensing monet fuullines as expres Me = bering women! al end of beam framing into a column, assuming, Fixit at Both ents of the beam, Mea the maxinwuin difference between the moments at the ends of two reams framing into opposite sides of a column, each calculated fon the assumption that the ends of the beams are fixed and Urat fone of the beams is not loaded. rmioment of resistance of a section to bending. Me Me and [My = maxinwun bending moments, for spans fy and Jy respectively, on trips of unit width in slabs spanning in two dircetions modular rato, © = sym of perimeters of the bars in the tensile reinforcement. P= permissible load on a short column subject to both direet load and bending, Py = load on a column as defined by equation 17. Pq. = axial load permissible on a short column, oo = pros rset enmpression, fon = permissible conipressive stress in eunerete in bending. permissible enmpeessive sess in the reinforeement permissible tensile stress un the reinforcement. Pa {Q = total shear across a section. 4g shear strexs ata section of a beam or slab, R= modulus of rupture 4 = spacing or pitch of stirrups. 4 CP 14 : Partha: 1969 ube erushing, strength of euncrete iy actor prctimainary test, te = a for works tes iW total vid an beam oF slab yy = shoud tod 17, superimposed Bond. i tolal loa per unit area of slab or per unit length of beam. a. and 2) = bending moment enefficients for the short and long spans respec: tihely, for slabs spanning in (wo dircetions and simply supported ‘on four sides and Fh_-= berating moment eneficients forthe short aed long spans respec: techy for reckanggihar pancls supported on four sides and with provision for torsion at corners, SECHON TWO: MATERIALS, APPLIANCES AND COMPONENTS dot, Cement, ‘The esment weed shoud be Portland cement, Portland-biast- Tucnace cement setriphahreninn-eement, ovttn! cement shoukd eamply with BS. 12, * Portland cement (ordinary and rap-lvardning) Devinn -blastfurnace cement should comply with BS. 146, * Portand- Inastfarace coment Tow heat Portland cement should comply with BS. 1370, *Low beat Porttunl eement creheatumina cement shonld comply with: B.S: H5;*-Highmtamineeerment Tech-ahinina cement shiukl not be rived with either of the othet kinds of nny be ainsuitable For use with certain aggregates which may fiberate vpreciable anwunts of soluble alkalis ot Hime, ‘The user ean only be guided by Jrevws experignce in determining whether it is suitable for use with such ‘eth aaa coment eoneretes are sometimes unsatisfactory in waren mist senecinnnns, Specitl recomimendations an their use are given in-Appencdix 8 Tiles coments, sock as sulpleite-tesisting Portand and. super-sulphated chun coments. faesehich there are at present no Hritish Standard, are desirable vr covtain eivcumstances and may be used provided that any necessary modifi tations are made fo the norntal recommendations of this Code. Is Dmce ns Pare; 1969 202. Aggregates a, Permussible materials, The aggreys following: 1, fine and course aggregates complying wit 2, * Concrete aggregates from natural sources; in the ease of fine aggretates, Zones 1-3 only should be used for nominal mives but Zone 4 may be suitable for designed ‘cooled blastfurnace stag coarse * Air-cooted blasifurnace slag (coarse a 3. fioanvod blacthurnace s tes should consist of one of the ste complying with 1.8, 1047, 1" somiplying with BS, $77, "Foaned blasturnace shg for eoserste aggregate’, provided that the grading is suitable for reinforced concrste: or 4. fine an! eoaree expand clay, sate, shale oe slag and sintered pulverved fuel ash, andl other types of apyesgate lor whieh there is wo Elitih Seay dard, provided that such materials are suitable for reinforced conercte having rowud t the properties of goncrete meade with these ageregates, ys shrinkage aad durability, b. Grading. 1 of the aggregates should be such as t» produce a concrete nf the specie’ propertions whieh will work readily into position wit ‘out segregation and without the use of an excessive water content, The grading should be conteolied throughout the Work so that i¢ evnforins closely to that used for the preliminary tests, *e, Aeerewutes containing salt or shell, Some aggregates, particularly these from manne and estiinne sousces, normally eodttatn pioportions wl salts, especially chlorides. These angregates ate suitable Yar use in sti sunetete depending on the } pe and total ebloride content of the (see Clause 207), These aagrevates. both course and fine. may contain hollow andfor Nat shells which hke any other flaky niatenal if present in sufficient quantities, may affect adversely the workability of the concrete. Same workability problems can be eased by the niclision of an appispriate admivtare In hardened conciete, bots hallo ai! at shells coarse aprepates may. present in sutficient quantities, attect adversely the qualities of the jomerete, thouph ne Lunt on shell eantent at present thouyli ecessary for the mayonty of work. Generally, shell is comparatively uninypwoetant in fine aggiegates aggregates, The maximum size of coarse aggregate should e as large as possible, within the limit specified in the appropriate Hots Standard as given in Subclause 2024, but in no case greater than one- Uf the minimum thickness of the member, provided that the conercte placed without dificuty so as (o surround all reinforcement thoroughly and (0 fill the corners of the formwork. (See also Clause 303.) Vor heavily reinforced ennerete memibers, e.g the ribs of main beams, the nomint masionin size of the aggregate should usually be restricted to 5mm ul distanee between the main bars, of $ man less Un the eover to the reinforventent, whichever is the smaller Where, liowever, asin solid slabs, the reinforcement is widely spaced, li ‘ion of the size of aggregate is not so important and the nominal maximum sive stay sometincs be as ureat as, oF greater than, the minimum cover, except gales ate used ’ fess thean the: mininynt 204, Sands for mortar. Where mortar is used in the construction of Moors and oo's. e.g in the jomting of blocks, the fine aggregate for the mortar should ‘consist of one of the following: L Natural sand or crushed natural stone sanit complying with B.S, 1209, Sands for mortar for plain and reinforsed brickwork; black walling an} masonry 2. Such other types of fine hi a All fine aggregates should comply sith the requirements for quality and rd 10 repate as may be suitable, having re ability ard fsedon from harnaful matter, grading in BLS. 1200,¢ a = 20S, Water, The water should be elean and free fram haemfil matter, Attention is drawn to BS. 3148, * Tests for water for makinie cov SS 2 2_=_e_ Se = =_ "205A. Admixtuces 1. General, Suni able adinigtees 1199 Be with the prior approval sf the aginicer Hath ctl ab ase shah be t Ce op provided with the 4 soya of the Faguncer ylia shuld be ving ata 1. the ty pica dosage and letrnental eHteets, any. ol aniderdosae Lavesdosags 2 the eheneal name(s) of the anata active vagtedient{sf a the sahmstute A. whether nF not the adn ine cvantaaas eaten labore snd Ue chloride won coment expressed as a perwentage hy weight almisture, 206. Reinforcement, @ General. The reinforcement should be one ofthe following: | Sterl hans contplying with IS. 4449, “Hot rolled steel bars fer the seantorcentent of concrete and B.S, 4461, “Cold worked steel bars for tHe reamtorcement of concrete’ * Steel tabuie complying with BS. 4443 1 console 4 such other rcinforcement as may be suitable having regard to the yield F proof stress, ductility, tensile stiength and other essential propestcs 1 Effective diameter of a bar. For the purposes of this Code, the elfective diameter of a bar should be eatculated as follows: cel fabric for the reinforcement ements of the fullowing Batsh Standans WS THE WS. A899 andl U.S, SU7S. For adonix tutes tot which there 1. nv Beaush Standard, the type ellgetive diameter is that of a eifele Having the same afea ab tke close Eeelion of 2% a Bar whose cross-sectional area varies along its length, the effective dliameter is that of a ciccle having an area equal to the lnst acca of any, ve paopnielty band shail be specie. 4 ea of any Pe tee eee ‘ cross-section of the bar; an allowance, not execeding 3 per cent, may () concrete containmy remntencement and embeded metal and made however be adiei! to the least area of the cross-section on aecount of wath any typ of cement and rete without einbeied suctal wade with cente wall BS 4027 and HS ADA the clone won content slumbl not exceed 27 by weagit a the adoustine 0F 0.02% by weight at the cement Adunixtures should never be tested as 2 replagenient fur paral conciete practice and shuld never be used sadisettiminately Chet sit tahality shed renctally he vertued by tual unnyes, Costas adistuses canttatn highly tive shemueals and may imipaet undesirable as well as desitable properties to the teonciete. IHtwo ar more asa sties ave thoaght to be required i the munulacturet of cach shoul be consulted. The belaviunir at hated cemtent may dilter tron their behaviour with Portisnd eensent and adsice should he sought betore use, adiuxtures with spersulp 4. Caléiun chtonade Uxpnence hay shuswn that eactesion of presteesmy tendons, wintowcene hevlded metal usnally results tiem 3 Heat of taetons inelinny ex. e96 ait st ealeiim lalske dane fos faslute (0 asain ¢pvettied desape, dep Proportions, poor compaction, anid peate cover His therctone strongly recomended that calc inover be aude an presteessea from specitied 1 nF pow detail dos hilorick shut rete, euonced concrete and conerete ng embedded mera This reeomanenslation dies not apply to eo rete that nt perstressc WF temnForced or that dhs at cantata erbeikdea metal because theve hear no problea of catronton ti these vases caleinin chluride may be used ath cement 1 HS, 12 a # HOE Apel vl thy: Fniicer, Ln epectty should i the dosage and snuainer at pad fo spectlist iterates une the valcsun hbo ie, stent ‘ny non-continuous ribs, 207. Concrete, Two methods of proportioning concrete mines are permvited ty this Code, Nominal conerete mines may be adopved in accontince wah Chuse 208, where the quality conteol requirements for designed mines nie ‘impractical, but the proportions should preferably be specified hy eight sed ecspond shete appropriate with those ef the standard miner aco im Clusse 209. On small juts, however, where the concrete is mised onthe whe itis permivibte to use wulume batching of the aggregates or nominal mises {Im general itis peefeable to design the concrete mi in actordene ih Clause 209 to produce a concrete having the desired strength. Where Ueigned omerste mites are adopted, the designer may use higher compresive stresses ithe coneretes if so the speifetion forthe consinasreg ee Ses at designed mites are 10 be uscd, wth the appro Clause 209 inches the pr marily concrete mixes, but which may also be ‘of compliance withSoames ti ot it any atetnsishanes exceed tlie tallosst bins esptessed it ol eemestt 1 tsi poragiitage eelationshap betsecen clei tot el Iype ne use of soncrete tase ‘intent exprewe petwentae tc Wont iy weight of cement Sera tural voncrete atv stoan e WSa027 and WS, 42 : Reinforced vanctote made auth cement unply ing aith ust 018 tar 96 test arent complying wrth MS. 12° | teste wil ees NOT = chloride nome Las F sc ise ehlonde ton © 1 865 208. Nominal concrete mixes. (0 Comet ad eerrepate The five aggregate an the eoarse aggregate Should be rwasured. separately. The proportions of coment a0 ing ‘ sepate should Be sv set out in Table 1 a 3 fe inthe case of Tube 1, tn any interme ppt in whieh the volume of ewsese aggregate twice the vane ef fine aggeegte gate and coarse a bys sacticin she saps ay cola Wf eoeae gasses at ot fhe eggrept, ts vaio maybe vred iin the lee stot and oot regate, each measured should nevertheless equal the cum of the volumes of coarse and fine aggregate appropriate to the nominal aix (or interme: where applicable) in Tables 1 and 2, 11 is moreover desirable to adjust the ratio to suit the maximum size fof the coarse aggregate and also the grading of the fine aggregate. For ‘example, then the fine aggregate is within Grading Zone 2 of B.S. 882 1954, ratios of 144 t0 1, 2 to I and 3 to 1 may be Suitable for maximum sizes of 10 mm, 19 mim and 38 mm respectively. For fine aggregates within other grading zones, the ratio should be increased as the fine aggregate gets finer, that is, passes from Zone | to Zone 3, Far example, using a coarse aggregate of 19 mm maximum size, ratios of 196 to | 210 | and 3 to T may be suitable for fine aggregates within Zones 1, 2 fand 3 respectively. Fine aggregate within Zone 4 is unsuitable for use with nominal concrete mises for structural work, whatever coarse aggregate size is adopted, hut ean be used in special mixes. In proportioning concrete, the quamity of cement should be deter- ‘mined by weight. The quantities of fine and coarse aggregates may be etermined by volume, but this should preferably be done by weight. In the latier case the Weight should be determined from the volume fequired by the table and the weight per cubie metve of the ay The proportions given in this sub-clause ables 1 a oe a CP 114 Parte: 1969 fon the assumption that the aggregates are dry. If the fine aggregate is nivist, due allowance must be made for bulking (see Clause 602). [AS prosided for in Clause 207, the stanclard mises given in Table 5 ray also be adopted for nominal mixes instead of those given in this Sublause. 4it-ikater|cement ratio. “The quanlity- of waler-wed-tor-reinforced-conereter should be sillicient, but not more than sulicionl, to prosace& dense concrete of audequitte workability for its purpore Which will surround and properly grip all the rcinforeement. So far as possible, the work= inf the gonerete should) be controlled by maintaining a water/ (rato that is Found to give a concrete which is just sulficiently wet Jere placed ancl compacted withutditiviltyr withthe meaeavattable, Gil) Workabitity, ‘The workabillty should be contcolled by direct measurement ‘of water content, making allowance for any water in the fine and coarse aggregates, ‘The slump Lest or the compacting factor test described in 1S. 1431, * Methods of testing concrete", may be used as a guide, The Iter ces is primarily designed for laboratory conditions and is particu- larly useful for concrete mines of very low workability STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE. () Portland cement concrete or Portiand-blastfurnace cement concrete with goyregutes conglying sith B.S. 882 or B.S. 1047. Concrete made with Portland cement or Portland-blastfurnace cement should comply with the strength requirements of Table 1, Cols. 3 and 4 (works test). Where TABLE 1, PROPORTIONS AND STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS FOR NOMINAL CONCRETE MIXES WITH PORTLAND CEMENT OR PORTLAND-B.ASTFURNACE CEMENT AND WITIL AGGREGATES COMPLYING WITH BS, 882 OR BS, 1087 ow @ wii thay ‘ater sisi AmD\SSCP LL Parra 1969 intermediate proportions of agg; jn Subclause 208a(H. the eube strengths required should’ be oblained by proportion from the to nsarest nominal mixes. W the required cube strenguhs at 7 days, given in Table 1, Column 4 are not reach, the eonrete may stil be accepted if de 28 day strengths given in Column 3 ate attained, Where ditfculty is foul in reaching the requisite eube ste Table 1, figures loser thaw those given may be accepted, but not more © perimssible stresses are reduced, ie 10 cement are used, as provides sts in than 25 per cent lowee, provided that in accordance with Subchiuse 30h Where, on the other hand, the misterias used for the eonerete, andl the standard of werkananship erp he cubs steengl Fequirements lor bith the prciosinaty and works tests For any nominal nistontly exceeded by a certain percentage, the permissitte reased in aueordanee with Sub- stresses for the comer clause 30a {9 Hii akemee coment concrete with-arercpetee-romphring with BS-882 or WS. 1047, Tigh alan SCOMRTGTE Souk! comply with the Heong x st, TABLE:-2—PROPORTIONS“AND-STRENGTH-REQUIREMENTS-FOR A NOMINAL CONCRETE MIX WITIL HIGH ALUMINA. CEMENT AND WIT AGGREGATE COMPLYING WITIL BS, $82 OR BS. 1017 = | ah Ge seenath within “4 ns roti | ER | [tie jae j | , oY bat | om | ou | ar 0 ates nor cumplying sith B.S, 882 or B.S. 10ST. No provision is this Code fort ates not coniplying with B.S. 882 or WS. 1087, except where lightweight 3 in accordance with 3 or 4 in Swbelause 2020 are used, ant concrete made with these aggregates satis the strength requirements of Table 1. For other ayzregates, the concrete should be designed in accordance with Clause 209, 20 w w ow w CP 114 Pare 2 15 OF CONCRETE QUALITY. Pretinunary cube suengch tests, Unless satistactory evidence of strength is produced frou reluble sources, preliminary strength tests should be tnuule in accordance with BS. 1881, * Methods of testing concrete * (see Subelause 6010), both prior to the commencement of the constructional work anf sulnequently whenever aay important change is 10 be made int the materials or in the proportions of the materials to be used. The strengths shoul comply with the requicements of Subslause 208 for peclininary tews Works cule strengih tests, Works cube strength tests should be made fn accontance with 18S. 1881 (Soe Subelause 6Dle) as may be necessary ‘and particularly whenever materials or peoportions are changed, ta prove the qualuy of the eonvrete, A record of such tests, identifying them with the part af the work executed, should be kept on the works, Sturhurd uf acceptance for eube strength tes, Three test cubes should be ima for each ape at which tests are required. The cube strength should be calculated froin the maximum [aad sustained by the cube at failure, The appropriate strength requirement may be considered to be satistied AH none of the strengths of the three cubes is below the specified cube oF if the average strength of the three cubes is not less than the ccube strength and the difference between the greatest and the least strengths is Transverse works strength (ests, Check tests of the quality of the concrete may alwo he mae by means of the transverse (ets on 406-4 mm x HOE Gn # 10mm beams described in Subelause ODld. The modus ‘of rupture of the concrete determined from this test may be expected fo reach the values given in Table 3 when aggregates complying with BS, X82 oF 11S, 1087 are wsed. Where itis impracticable to make eube tests, and the transverse (est is cempluyed as the only control on the strength of the concrete, the figures given in the table should be increased by 10 per cent. "the method of testing beams described in Subclause 601d differs from. {hat in H.S. ISB in respect of the length of the supporting span, the ‘method of loading, and the Orientation of the beam under tes in relation to its position during moulding. The Ogures given in Table 3 are based fon a farge number of tests obtained over many years before B.S. (881 ‘08 published. Since the two methods of test give different values of ‘modulus of rupture for the same concrete, it has been thought advisable not to introduce the B.S. 1881 method into this Code until sulicient rote that there wil bem rational mci sized Beam to rene the 16 in > ra this sae iv eegarded a8 obsolete. Exact equivalent values of 16 in Sain ate ceneee eee 8 er 6S Cr td barre L9ey ata have beea collected to enable such modifications as become neces: sary to the tires in Table 3 to be made with confidence. 1 should be noted that the modulus of rupture varies roughly with the square root of the cube strength. E TABLE 3. TRANSVERSE STRENGTHS OF CONCREI [Corel tom Sabctause Mules of rapture auce | T days ater yns 209, Desiqued conerete mixes. fa, Grucral, The vonesete mix should be designed to satisty any specified works cube sieength requirement within the range given in Table 4, provided tat the mis famitations given in Column J of that table are observed and that the mis is i aseoraanee with tis Chiuse In order to allow for unavoidable variations, the mix should be designed to have a nyean sirengtn that exceeds the specified works cube strength by (wice the espected standard deviation.* The standard deviation should be calculated From at Keast 40 individual cube results, cach representing separate batches of similae concrete produced by the same plant and under the same supervision, exces that ng siindard deviation less than 3° N/mny? should be used as a basis for designing the puis, 4. the minimum avargin bewveen the specified. works ube strenglir and the designed mean strc thus be 7 N/mm’, fm the absence of previous information, a standard deviation of 7 Nf’, ie. a margin of 14 Naum, should be used initially for mix design purposes. + if te siferencesbsicen the iuivaduat rowland heir average are squared and added fogeter an the tool thon divided by the number of the resus tunes ove, the taaderd Geviauor is wie square r00t ofthe seul Haute. CP 114 sat 2: 1959 TABLE 4. STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGNED CONCRETE MIXES @ ‘Specificd works abe sir Nimm* ror Poritand cement o¢ Porttund blast-furnace cement concrete, | 15 t0 50 ar fee than 210 by nor more than $40 kg of cement per cubic | at 28 days Thetee of finned concrete: snd designed for the reqited concrete Svengll at 2 day, waitin the range given in Column @) Fc hievthuminn cement-conerete-net-es-then 270-3 Than 430 by nf cement pee cue naire eF-conaratey-and-dashaned far the sequal concrete strength at one: day,- within the-range five in Golan (2, wit a waterocmient ra9 not more than 0-50 pwsiss? nn ‘Although the strength requirement is normally related to an age of 28 days, it is useful in the trial mines and in the subsequent control of concrete quality to take appropriate action on the results oblained earlier from 7-day strength teste. The conerete mix may be provisionally accepted on the basis of the 7-day results, when these satisfy the requirements for the 28-day results except that the steenglhs at 7 days are not less than two-thirds of those required at 28 days. © Where there are sulliient data available to establish the relationship between the Talay and 28-day strengths for the materials and proportions used, the “Tay results may be adopted as the erterion for control. D. Trial mixes, Unless there are existing data showing that the proposed mix proportions will produce the grave of concrete required with adequate ‘workability for full compaction by the method (0 be used, rial mixes should be prepared under fllscale conditions and tested jn accordance with B.S. 1881, P Methods of testing concrete". Asa preliminary it may be convenient to prepare trial mixes in a laboratory in accordance with B.S. 1881. Trial mixes should also be sna subsoquently whenever a change is intended in the materials or in the proportions of the materials (0 be used. Representative samples of the materials to be used should be taken and a trial mix using the proposed proportions should be made on each of three Wlilferent days. The workability of each of these three trial mixes should be ‘doiermined, and a batch of six cubes from each should be made, three for test 07 days and three for test at 28 days. The proposed mix proportions should not be accepted if the average strength of the thro tcial mixes is less than the 2= = ih ieee ee cud Tt es Pore? : 1969 specitied works cube strength plus the designed standard deviation. Purther ail mises should usually be made ifthe ange of the three cube resulls in any hatch eseceds 1S per cent af the tires bs we oF that batch, oF iF the range of the Shoold be svi! in tat unly thre Cubes ned be me for each tle ana he sents shouldbe determined at an ate of one ay. Werks cube tests for control prposen, Sarples of Gonezte shld he token ache miner and works evbes made, cured and ested in accordance with the weguiteren of BS. 1881 When a icf used for the fst me ft important to get a inege numer of result avs a8 pase order to estab the level conte ad the Suita of th mit proportions sample of emnerete should Be taken at random on eight separne oscnhins during cach ofthe fist Eve days of sing tint mie Thereafer at least one sample sald be taken each day apy concrete fla particular stronth make. The umber of samples per day ante ne BX itch they ate ten shouldbe varied a random eom each samp two cies shal he ade, one fot let at 7 days and the other fr test 8 exeees 20 per eet af the overall average of the hatches. 124 days. To ensure that the mis proportions are suitable for 4& particular strength of concrete, a comprehensive statistical check should be made continuously during the progress of the work. This requirement may be dcomed to be satisfied if the 25-day works cube stgength results are shown (© satisfy the four conditions given boiow. The works cube results should be examined both individually and in conse- cutive (but not overlapping) sets of four, for which the average and the range Of cach set is calculated. The mix proportions should be mowlfied to increase the strengzh if, in the first ten consecutive (but not overlapping) sets, any of the following conditions are not satisfied: isha 7 1. not more than two invita celts of the 40 cube teste should fall Below the epi works cube suengths 2 no value of the range In any st should exceed four time the dstgned Stand deviations 3. not more than one set shoul have an average which ies han the 1. ses ssh es 4/3 ties the deed anand devin ad no value of the average for any set should be Tes than the speci ‘weagih pls the designed standard deviation on Alter ten consecutive sets of results have been obtained, the overall average and the standard deviation of the forty results should be calculated and any appropriate modifications made. ve if any of the foregoing conditions are not tatistied, the overall average and the standard deviation of the previous consecutive forty results, 4 yey eee cei including the non-complying set, should he calculated and appropriate steps Cokow if the oxerall average steengtl minus twice the standard deviation is less tian the specified works ewbe strength, ‘Wher higlh alums eement is used, the recommendations of this Subclause life, in that only ane cube shouk! be made from each sample Of cnaerete and contra! should be based on the results of tests on the cubes itt a0 age of one day @ Quatty conrol requirements. In order to maintain a bigh standard of quality, the following should be observed: shuld be 1, Supervision. A competent person should he employed whose frst duty it ‘sill be to supervise all stages in the prepatation aad placing of the eon- crete, All tests on materials, the making and testing of cubes and. the ‘maintenance and calibration ofall mixing and measuring plant should be carried out under his direct supervision. 2. Aggregutes. Seperate slorage bine with adequate provision for drainage Shild he provided for each size of aggregate used, eg. for the Following " yplicable: 38-19 mm, 19-10 mm, 10-5 mm hat ample Sizes where i Sh ‘The geading of the coarse and fing aggregates should be determined ‘at least once a week to check whether the gradings are similar to those fof the samples used in the trial mixes or of those used as the basis for the selection of the weights of aggregates in Table 5 and in the case of standard mixes. Some sariation may occur, and in the case of sands it ‘would not be unreasonable for the grading (o vary by a range equivalent to that ofa single grading zone in ILS, 882, For example, ifthe grading ‘of the sample corresponded to the middle of Zone 2, then provided the sand fenmained within Zone 2 no adjustment to the mix would be required. Similarly, af the sample grading was close to the finer limit of Zone 2, tlien it snight vary from the middie of Zone 2 to the middle of Zone 3. For any given maximum size the grading of the coarse aggregate, provided this is within the appropriate limits of BS, 882, is unlikely to alfect the properties of concrete unless a high degree of control is exer- ised. Where the range permitted hy B.S. 882 for graded aggregates is considered to be (oo wide, its recommended that single-sized aggregates are used, the relative proportions being determined on the basis of the trial mixes, Batching and mixing plant. Provision should be made to measure the {quantities of cement and fine and coarse aggregates by weight, Where the weight of the cement is determined by accepting the maker's weiglit pee bag, a reasonable number of bags should periodically be weiglied separately to check the net weight, Where the cement is weighed, separate 25 Peed: 1968ing pnt shouldbe provided for tis purpose. The fe 2 dint thevirgus nes of he coarse arate awl be weight Nie tall. "The amount of wate aed shout fe nested alawanee Beng The acunacy of weighing equmnent Shoukd be i 284 percent of the quired weight ofthe cement of of te total weight of the agyrezates The aeueacy ef volumscis weighing equiprert shoul bet 26 per cent of the fated quaty, All nese ogupment for wate shold te serviceable condition c aterecmemt ratio ray be tontroledinuvectly through the acute ta propertanr ard the canta af the worl, or iely Dy the Bs 30 ok, alge coll xsl far the anus cent ithe degrees To th end provision shout be mau for the derivado efi msiure contend of the agrees in averdance with BS. B12, Sstether forthe sping nd tein of neal greats, sands and files" Tests should mae onthe ne aggregates has one 4d, anon the course aggregate ls ec, Fur sa shoul be made tthonever thee isa notkesbl lence i the moire eonteat of 3ny of ie ages. The inal bach weights both ofthe ageezates and the amount af wate tbe added should be adjusted alow for te average moisture content of the aggregate, Subse, anes here tre urge variations inthe menue content ofthe regis, sli fata to aajust only the amount of added wast compensate for Ihe tiserfed.Masteations inthe moiure conten of he aggregates fom the value initially assumed. rts ¢. Stondord mises, ay be convenient in sulle csunstancs to adept the prtcula proportions pen i Tale 3. Sine these proportions have ben shou tobe satsatoy for produsng const ofthe Dee spect stents inated, assuming ¢ standard devon uf? Ninn te al mises ered tein Sutulnse b sad not be mde hee proportions are adopted “The standard mses aply only to conte mae with cement complying with IS. -or BS. brand wih agregate compying wih BS. 882 oF BS. 1047, Whore aggegtesn avordance wih 3 or 4 in Subeluse 2024 are Teds mit proporvonsretommanded by the produce of partiuaeHightight Sercznte nay be accepted onasniar bs, provided that he recommendations Tere bes deornied rom stable ex dst "The weighs penn Table are used onthe ws oa sand having grading 26 aa within the Kinuts of grading Zone 2 in B.S. 882, Ifa erushed stone sand oF a Crushed gravel sand is used insicxl of sand, the weight of the coarse aggregate Should he veduced by at feast 10 ky without altering the weight of the sand, sould be deercaved by at least 10 hg if its geaaing 15 withia the lions of g ‘one 3 of HS. BK? and increased by av kent 10 ky if ite graving is within the ints of grading Zone 1 of B.S. 882 THicte shoul be & enrresponding increase or decrease respectively in the weight of coarse aggregate requited; ie. the total weight of aggregate should remain tie same, Larger adjustments are mare likely to be required with the Jeaner fnnsce_ Fine aggregates in graviing Zone 4 of BLS. $82 are not eonsidered in these ‘examples, “rhe proportions of single-sized couse aggregates should be chosen (0 pro~ ‘duce combined gradings within the Fimits of BS. 882 or B.S. 1047 for graded aggregate of the appropriate size. We the specific gravity of either the coarse or the fine aggregate differs signitcantly from 26, the weight of each type of aggregate should be adjusted in proportion to the specific gravity of the materials, When the works eube test results fail to satisly any of the conditions given in Subelause ¢, the mix shoul be altered by using the quantities of materials frien in Table $ for the next higher strength of concrcic, Where there is no higher strength includ in the Table, the eement eontent should be inereased by LO per cent. The revised inix should continue to be used until 40 works cube test results have been obtained and the mean and the standard deviation of these results eaeulated, Ifthe strength is unnecessarily high, further modifica tion ta the mix ean be made having regard to the data from the works cubes fof both the original and modified mixes. The aseight of the fine a 210, Durability, fn order to ensure adequate protection to the reinforcement, ‘with the cover specilicd in Clause 307, itis essential that it should be dense, jinpecmeable and of a quality suitable for the conditions of exposure involved. ‘The greater the severity of the exposure, the higher the quality of concrete ‘and thus although a weaker conerete may be adequate from structural teousiderations this weaker mix may not be suitable from the durability view= point, For example, a conceete having a specified works cube strength of Non? at 28 days may he suitable sleueturally and when used in exposed conditions in a non-industrial area; however, ifthe structures were sited in an industrial area, a higher grade of concrete with 9 greater strength would prob- ably be required, (See also Clause 352 on chemical attack.) ‘Nominal eonerete mixes should not be used for structures exposed (0 sea water. roquited nas ox 5, STANDARD. TABI SUNSECTION 3A: GENERAL 301, Nhasis of The method of design should accord with the taws of ecTiannce and the pevicral principles relating to the design of reinforced concrete Tansy be assumed that plane sections remain plane, aad 1. at any cross-sector 2 all tensile stresses are taken by the reinforcement exsept that Tuy be aswuned to resist diagonal tension within the “sie spectiod for The strength of members may be assessed by the commonly employed laste theory which makes the Further assumption dat stcel and_ennereis ace inte within the range of the perinissble stress given in Clauses 303 and 304, dnd that the suglulae ratio mis equal 10 1S, ‘Altrnaively the oal-Zactor-metiod algsefibed in Clause 306 and Sub chasse 4224 may be adopted. in hich the Base equitement it that there should testable lad factor (he. the ratio of the ultimate strength of the member {0 its design toad. Tine design recommendations given in this Code may be taken as applicable wiichever method is used except where indicated otherwise Yor concrete made with ligltwveight aggregates, special recommendations Mon pecmese eri erin pind “Srability. The structure should he designed to support loads caused by ‘noninalfunetion, but there should be a reasonable probability that it will not Thllapse catastrophically under the effect of misuse or accident. The layout of the structure on plan, and the interaction between the structural members, Should be such 9s to ensure a robust and stable design. No structure can be ‘expected tu be resistant to the excessive loads of forces that could arise due to an extreme cause, but it should not be damaged (o an extent disproportionate tothe original cause. Tn auditinn, due to the nature ofa particular occupancy or use of a structure (et. ur mill, chennial plant, ete), I may be necessary inthe design concept or a design reappraisal to consider the effect of a particular huavard and to ensure that, inthe event of an accident, there isan acceptable probability of the structure remaining after the event, even if in a damaged vondlition The recommendations given in Clause 354 on tying the structure together, and on the plan form of the building, aim at enabling the structure to “iccommodate 4 limited amount of accidental loading which may occur 254 tosull of causes such as construction loading, differential settlement of the supports, thermal movements, explosions, accidental impact etc., which are trot defined as normal loading. These accidental loadings may produce local damage, but the recommendations have as their objective the limitation of the ‘extent of such damage. abd “The engineer responsible for the overall stability of the structure should censure the compatibility of the design and details of parts and components. ‘There should be ao doubl of this responsibility for overall stability when all_ ae —S ol —— oe So a ‘he luadings sould be fo accordance with CP 3. Giake ot bane data 17 ° the desiyn of buildings’. Chapter V,*Luadnng’, Past 1, "Dead and imps fords) ond rt 2. Wind loads. de or the purpose of calculating dead loading, the weg) Tintess utheewise agreed, be taken 10 be as in BS. O18, of bidding materials ‘of material shoul, Inedule of weights Pr orainary construction the density of reinforced cnnerete may We taker 9s 2400 Kym? hut where the Amount of Shay Fe more appropriate. Where lightweight ageregates appropriate weight may be taken. Gui distribution of foads on stairs is given in Clauses 317 and 341 respectively 303, Permissible stresses in concrete i) Compressive, shear and bond stress. Tine compressive, shea el exceeds 2, snme greater weiphl used a smaller aaaesene distribution of concentrated Wade on slabs and on He ‘CONCRETE MINES whEnH AUOALOATES ConLY winit BS. BS? OR ir and bond sence in teinforged concrete should not exceed those shown as apro- priate for each aomunal mix of concrete in Tables Gam ‘LE 6, PERMISSIBLE STRESSES FOR. Dost NOMINAL _CONCRETE “TABLE _6, PERMISSIBLE STRESSES _FOR_NOMINAL_CONCEETE MIXES WITH PORTLAND CEM! ENT OR PORTLAND:BLASTFURNACE CEMENT AND WITH AGGREGATES COMPLYING WITH BS. 882 ‘OR BS. 1047 SREEISATInOsAISBSEIn nasa ess ee ‘Perlsibe conerete sresses Mu Coupeessne | Boot oparions — Shear 7 __ ( 1 \ NSE oS pies | Duero ‘shehnse | | sie | ‘Toe Nees | Simm Nimw aa | oe | 03 1.00 lings [63 | os 033 12 53 os fe For modifications to the permissible suresses given in this Table see: Subelause 303a(i) for variations in concrete strength Subclause 303d for age at loading Clause 305 for wind forces Subclause 310% for bond stresses where high-bond bars are used Subclause 3118 for slender beams. __ Whece the proportions of total aggregate to cent te tween those, given in Table I, the permissible concrete stresses should be based 08 suo ofthe sum ofthe volumes of the fine and coarse aggregates, measured Separately, (0 the quantity of cemeat and should be obtained by propor= finn fram the two nearest nominal mixes. (Gi) Modifications in permissible stresses due 0 variations in concrete strength. Where dificully is found ia reaching the requisite cube strengths in Table 1, figures lower than those given may be accepted, but not more than 25 per cent lower, provided that the permissible compressive stresses are reduced in the same ratio. ‘Where, om the other hand, the materials used for the concrete, and the standard of workmanship employed, are such that the minimum strength requirements for any nominal mix are consistently exceeded by a certain percentage, the permissible compressive stresses for the ‘concrete may be increased by the same perceatage. Tbe increase in permissible stress on this basis should, bowever, not exceed 25 per cent. ‘The shear and bond stresses corresponding to the modified com- pressive stresses permissible under this Subclause should be obtained from Table 10 in relation to a specified works cube strength equal to three times the permissible compressive stress in bending. b. NOMINAL CONCRETE MIXES WHERE TRE AGGREGATES DO NOT COMPLY WIFE BS. 882 on BS. HOT. Where lightwcight aggregates in accordance with 3 o: 4 jn Subelause 200 are used, and the quality of the aggregates is such that the Strength requirements of Table 1 are satisfied, the permissible compressive Stresses may be determined as for,concrete with aggregates complying with BS, 882 of BS. 1047, For the permissible shear and bond stresses, reference should be made to Subelauses 344b and c. ce DESONED CONCRETE Maxes, Where 2 concrete mix has been specielly esigned in accordance with Clause 209 to ave a specified works cube strengt buy at 28 days ( the permissible tresses should not exceed the values obtained {rom consideration of the strength fests using the appropriate proportioas of the works cube strength given in Tables 8 and 10. “The figure of 2-73 by which the specified works cube strength’ must be vided to obtain the permissible compressive stress in bending corresponds to aa increase of 10 per cent in this stress, beyond the value of one-third of the works cube streageh, 3CP ALA: Bere: 1969 TABLE 6 PERMISSINLE STRESSES FOR NOMINAL CONCRETE MIXES WITH PORTLAND CEMENT OR PORTLAND-BLASTFURNACE CEMENT AND WITH AGGREGATES COMPLYING WITH BS. 882 ‘OR BS. 1047 | Peemisibie concrete sresses ond ST asciage re |e Ninn | Naum? | Nino aekie 16 10 09 1.09 10 Line:3 6s 85 os 093 140 Linea 53 1 or 083, 125 For modifications 10 the permissible stresses given in this Table see Subclause 303a(ii) for variations in concrete strength Subelause 3034 for age at loading Clause 305 For wind Forces Subclause 310K for bond stresses where high-bond bars are used Subclause 3116 for slender beams. Where the proportions of total agyregate (0 cement lie between, these given in Table 1, the permissible concrete stresses should be based on the Fatio of the sum ofthe volumes ofthe fine and coarse aggregates, measured separately, to the quantity of cement and should be obtained by propor- tion from the two nearest nominal mixes. @ ‘Modifications in permissible stresses due to variations in eonerete strength. Where difficulty is found in reaching the requisite cubs strengths in ‘Table I, figuees lower than those given may be accepted, but not more than 25 per cent lower, provided that the permissible compressive stresses are reduced in the same ratio. ‘Where, on the other hand, the materials used for the concrete, and the standard of workmanship employed, are such that the minimum strength requirements for any nominal mix are consistently exceeded by a certain percentage, the permissible compressive stresses for the concrete may be increased by the same percentage. The increase in permissible stress on this basis should, however, not exceed 25 per cent 30 CP 114 5 Poets: 1969 ‘The shear and bond stresses corresponding to the modified com: prostive stresses permissible under this Sutclanse should be obtained From Table 10 in relation to a specified works eube strength equal to thrve times the permissible compressive stress in bending. -TADLE 7 PERMISSIREE STRESSES FORA NOMINAL TT 2 CONCRETE MIX WITIL HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT np eh AGGREGATE COMPLYING WITH BS. 882 OR BS,4687 Compressive st Due 9 en Nimo? | Nimmt w | 9 For modifications to the permissible stresses given in this Table, see: Chuuse 305 ‘Subclause 310K for bond stresses where high-bond bars are used _-Sulbolause 3b forshender beams, for wind forces bh. RUMINAL CONCRETE MINES WHERE THE AGGKFOATES BO NOF COMPLY WWFTIE DS. Ae? on BS. 1047, Where lightweight aggregates in accordance with 3 or 4 jn Subclause 20% are used, and the quality of the aggrcgates is such that the strcngth fequirements of Table 1 are saisied, the permissible compressive tresses may be determined as for concrete with aggregates complying, with DS, 882 oF BS. 1047. For the permissible shear and bond stresses, reference should be made 1o Subclauses 3444 and c, ¢. pesigneD concnere Where a concrete mix has been specially designed in accordance with Clause 209 to have a specified works cube strength th at 28 days (or }-day-for-high-alornine-cement-eoneret}, the permissible Siicsses should not exceed the values obtained from consideration of the strength {ests using the appropriate proportions of the works cube strength given in Tables 8 and 10. ‘The figute of 2:73 by wl divided to obtain the permissible compressive stress to an increase of 10 per cent in this stress, beyond the value of one-t works cube strength. the specified works cube strength must be bending corresponds of the 3 bensm—m——eei ioe ee | CP 114: Rase2: 1969 "CP 114 :Partt: 1969 . Compressive stresses. Co slabs may be calculated as E STRESSES FOR Noincremein mespectofageattondingshouldtesitoned wherchighalumine | 1. As giving assistan — (HxEs cement-conerete iste, ances aalbebyneate y FE fe PERMISSIML® SIEAR AND BOND srHESES, The relationship of permissible ae Ae comeceni shear and bond stresses to the works cube strength is given in Table 10, which eau Ce however is not applicable tothe nominal mix of high alumina oxment concrete Tea" Fe [veto betg J 82 ‘ Au pe Me ‘TADLE 10, PERMISSIBLE SHEAR AND OND STRESSES c -—iiqs 2 Pn 2 - FOR DESIGNED CONCRETE MIXES = § ¥ : : pease ernie and ae wax cs | permite |} a : cays aoe | Reteaees [cea | ga tthe peat M100) 9h) ® 1 tbond bars are used Nan Nine Nine 2ue ‘SSSES IN RESPECT OF AGE een toe i Stee 4 : not receive its full design but aot but not oe af the member (for example, mmorctban | more han in foundation? and the lower cotumns or wudstorey builingsy the cone mOiNS'2 pressive sresies given in Subclass 10o,b and widhshe exeepion-of Fable: a [ow [ow | 1% may be increased by multiplying by the factor given in Table TABLE 9. AGE FACTOR FOR PERMISSIBLE COMPRESSIVE ess han 0 a s Ps STRESSES IN CONCRETE ei at palette erases Gena Tus abs sod empresa CCS ha NATE saciid a ast tite aiaoa es eepines or oak eaaguiser et ee nee Pe dealt ct aultiee ees uieion ne pares yet a eecer cna at ta congioe! barr edu secede rae ia mace Teinforced concrete, as specified in the relevant British Standard. It is anticipated ere asta aie’ wa mate aeet nausimt tor al ea Sri peala ctencteacissitogh ity besoboned tTotie terse Sismuten pessonprootsmsa The dren bool deel ireptng fo the Laan Speee ie tend enn deere he permis ese ses, eed shoul ss ent ath Sut shad Soa on TE ve Si ie tepals waletate escing Lower ote than Titi io on chess eielstrogh tal te depen of deel ee atari nayhiee ts suetal ean aceon wrorts cube sveogh andthe age nto : es tho gen in Table 11 may 7 re 2 32CP 114 : Bowed : 1969 TABLE 8. PERMISSIBLE COMPRESSIVE STRESSES FOR DESIGNED CONCRETE MIXES CP 114 Pert: 1969 Noincressein respect ofageattonding should beslloned-wherehighahimine | cement-conrete ised, 6: Pemwissint yn RAND BOND STRESSES, The relationship of permissible Sree wor cube srneth Peay ter high ‘lamin Permisine ompeenre ‘emsnt concrete) Dicer | Due to bending J 2 yy, Wy — 2 73pm 3 OFS rey mee shear and bond stresses to the works cube strength is given in Table 10, which however is not applicable to the nominal mix of high alumina cement concrete. TADLE 10, PERMISSIBLE SHEAR AND BOND STRESSES FOR DESIGNED CONCRETE MIXES The tee HN For modifications to the permissible stresses, see: ‘Subelause 303d for age at loading Cause 305 for wind forces ‘Subelause 310k for bond stresses where high-bond bars are used Subelause 3118 for slender beams, dd. (NCRPASTS IN PRRNOSSINLE CONCRETE. STRESSES IN RESPECT OF AGH AT toAvINa, Where it can be shown that a member will not receive its full design load within a period of 28 days after the easting of the member (For example, in foundations and the lower columns of multi-storey buildings), the com= pressive stresses given in Subelauses 3030, & and e-with-the-eveeption-of Fable? may be increased by multiplying by the factor given in Table 9. wee TABLE 9. AGE FACTOR FOR PERMISSIBLE COMPRESSIVE STRESSES IN CONCRETE Milnor age of meniber when fai dei toed Te apc Ane tector ‘The shear and bond stresses corresponding to the increased compressive stresses permissible under this Subclause should be obtained from Table 10 in relation (0 an effective cube strength equal to the product of the specified works cube strength and the age factor. ie 32 . toa Tome | ce Schone ion io Ninm® Ninm* Nim Ninn a) “404 | 4067 Move than 20 5 40 Sa MS 40 tt not | hat noe ut not snore than | avore than] more than 08 Yo 18 » oe | oe ry 2 1 we ity Les than 20 | Se 304, Permissible stresses in reinforcement, 2. General, The tensile and compressive stresses in steel reinforcement should not exceed those shown as appropriate for each designation of stress in Table 11. “The guaranteed yield of proof stress referred to in this Table isthe guaranteed yield or proof stress of the completed bar as produced in readiness for use in reinforced concrete, as specified in the relevant British Standard. 1 is anticipated that the Rritich Standards for metric sized reinforcement bars will be written in terms of specified characteristic strength instead of yield stress. The values of the specified characteristic strength may be substituied in Table 11 for the guarantced yield or proof stress. b, Tensile stres. ln determining the permissible tensile stress, regard should be given to the need for avoiding undesirable cracking. Lower limits than those given in Table 11 may have (0 be adopted in circumstances of exposure to corrosive induences. 3CP 11d : Rasta: 1969 ©. Compressive stresses. Compressive stresses in reinforcement in beams of slabs may be calculated a8 follows: 1. As giving assistance 0 the concrete, using the elastic theory of, alter natively, on & load-factor basi. In the former case the steel stress should be 18 umes the sitess in the gonsseie tor 30 times where lightweight- aggregate concrete is used) at the same distance from the neutral axis proviss stress dots not exceed that set out in Table Il For steel stresses when the load-factor basis of calculation is used. sce Cause 306, 2. As taking the whole compression, when the stresses given in Table 11 should be used. TABLE 11, PERMISSIGLE STRESSES IN STEEL REINFORCEMENT Permissible sere (Nant) bry Type as.) | " pa all plain bare AIL Lc wsthars, and ssnadang | Micaroes | MR a (Sg | ei ft ate aaa eaom cies Satan | B38 so na mene Coat eee “aan ae SE ba ora oa coat ime | ise [parted ea eae oe a DaUE[esigiea pleas marae ‘hee f= he pnd yl or pot wes or plied aSTASomg 8 For madifctons to the permite tense rece gen above, ee ‘Clause 305 for wind forces. ro blo For modifications to the permissible compressive stresses gi Festive stresses given above, sce: Subelause 304c() for beams or slabs designed on elastic theory Clause 305 for wind forces ‘Clause 306 for beam or slab sections designed on a lond-factor basis, 306, Calculation of resistance moments of beams and slabs by the load-f CP 114 Pret 198 305, Increases of permissible stresses due solely to wind forces. The permissible stresses in concrete and in the reinforcement may exceed those given Clauses 303 and 304 respectively by not more than 25 pet cent provided that La such excess is solely due to stresses induced by wind loading, and inno the stress in the reinforcement exceed 250 N/m, or ‘method. 4. Basis of method. The basie requirement of this method isa suitable load actor (Fe, the ratio of the ulimate strength of the beam or sab to its working Toad). This method does not involve @ knowledge of or use of the modular ratio and does not assume a linear relationship between the stres and strain in the concrete. 1 assuines instead that, as failure is approached, the compressive siresses will adjust themselves 10 give a total compression greater than that duced from the clastic theory, the extent of this adjusiaent having been determined from tests to destruction, These tess have shown that the stress ‘bution inthe concrete at failure may be assumed to be equivalent toa consiant compressive stess of lwo-thitds of the eube stzength acting over a depth of the beam or slab suficient 10 provide a total compression no compressive reinforcement is provided, is equal to the toll tension alforded by the tesile reinforcement acting at its yield stress (or proof stress, ‘where appropriate), provided that this depth is not assumed to exceed one-half of the effective det of the beam of slab The resistance moments Qf beam and slab sections may be caleviated to have a load factor generally of 1-83 in the ealeulations ofthe ultimate strength, however, the cube strength of the eonercic should be taken as only twosthirds ‘of the actual cube strength where designed conerete mixes are used, or three=_ {iths of the actual cube stcength where nominal mises are used. It is necessary also to ensure that the stresses at working loads are not such as to cause exces. sive cracking, These requirements should be complied with by calculating the fesistance moment (corresponding to the working loads) at any cross-section on the following assumptions: 2 The stress in the tensile reinforcement does not exceed the permissible stress appropriate to the particular steel, given in Clause 304, _F- The compressive sires in the concrete is two-thirds of the permissible ‘compressive stress in the concrete in bending, considercd to be uniform over the whole part of the area of the conerete section which is in com- Pression, The depth of concrete in compression should not, however, be considered to exceed one-half ofthe effective depth, 35LOAp FACTOR | CP 114 : Pare: 1969 3. The stress in the compressive reinforcement does not exceed the permis: sible stress, appropriate to the particular stcel, given ia Clause 304 nor does it exceed 380 ay JZ.) Nimo’, where dy denotes the depth to the compres compression. Feinforcement and dy denotes the depth of the coacrete 5. Simplified formulae for rectangular beam and slab sections. For beams and solid slabs of rectangular cross-section without compressive reinforcement And for qualities of concrete and steel within the range permitted by this Code, these requirements may be deemed to be satistied ifthe resistance moment My (corresponding to the working loads) is assumed to be the lesser of the (wo values ealculuted from equations (1) and (2) as follows: Based on the tensile reinforcement, Ms, Auspase a Based on the strength of the concrete in compression, m=! bat @ | where 4, is the lever arm which may be taken as ‘Au is the area of tensile reinforcement; ‘Pu is the permissible tensile stress in the reinforcement; Pas is the permissible compressive stress in the concrete in bending; is the breadth of the section; 44, is the effective depth to the teasile reinforcement. Whe it is mcs forte rete moment exceed Pb, com presve eiforeneat should be provided 30 at Pay My =F Bdl + dupa — 40) or + 0 tue of eam or abe munimum compranive wala a he conch teen shoe by tents tobe sch that a renforing bra the rac ofthe beam would Seeley fire of 60 Nf with sel ofthe requnteyd or prof seas Wit aacd fir ot ie tting srs tobe wed in dengn tur 380 Nf the compres voce Since ‘show that the sin i rouniy nee acon the con the indie compres ss ste cn 4 ete (1-2) Nt. ua 3F the small reduction in concrete ara by ‘compresive reiaforcerent, biving regard to tbe foc that ‘bd is deducod from experiments, the reaslts of which are slwaye somes 36 where doe isthe arca of compressive reinforcement: Poe is the permissible compressive stress in the stcel as given in assump- (ion 3 of Subclause a, and the area of tensile reinforcement should be such that the stress in this steel does not exceed the permissible stress, Simplified forouile for T-beams or L-beums. For T-beams or L-beams with a breadih of Mange , a rib width 6, and a depth of slab forming the Mange dy, the resistance moment when compressive reinforcement is not pro= vided may be assumed to be the lesser of the two values given by equations (4) and (5) a8 follows: Based on the tensile reinforcement, ye ay” Meo Aven (ds ~$) ® Uased on the stent oft conerte i coneasion, Mz = 10 bd o ‘where the factor y has the valués given in Table 12 TA /ALUES OF y* FOR COMPUTING MOMENT OF RESISTANCE BASED ON THE STRENGTH OF THE CONCRETE TN COMPRESSION Values of for eis iby Zor ies ge (ea ys [ee © Astunpha 1 02 | 0a | oa | oa | om | om a 025 | oz | 02 | ous | ois | ozs ‘ om | om | om | ois | ow | oo 5 02 | ois | ox | o1 | 0125 | cow 3 02 | o19 | oi | o1s | ox | oon © 02 | ois | ois | 012 | 010 | 0 Where it necesar forthe resistance moment to exeed yp bd, come prestive reinforcement should be provided so that : My = ype bd} + Aeopedty ~ dy) Or date les bad id bo le of yen ened rom lowing fea tfho) fat (4 roealt-$] bS-()] 2 1 No allowance has been made i thi formule fr the small reduction in conercte area bythe Aisplaced by the compressive reinforcement, baving reard to the fat that he oof Ti deduced from experiment, tbe result of which are always tomenal ” ‘ UF Por in Torsula: CP 114: Poet: 1965ssSsS9aanan3>3S$mgm09008080.EEEEE ee EE” Mm EZ = = = Bares : 1969 and the arca of tensile reinforcement should be such that the stress in this steet does not exceed the permissible stress 4, Deflection of beams and slahs, The use of the method of design permitted by this clause can Ieae to reduced depths of beam and slab sections as compared with those determined from the method based on the elastic theory. It i there= fore particularly important to check that the members possess adequate silloess {as provided for in Subclause 3094. rt. Reinforcement should have concrete cover and the thickness of cover (exclusive of plaster or other decorative finish) should be: end of a ceinforcing bar, not less than 25 mma nor less than twice thie diameter of such bar; Siiasiiaessr=e 2. for a longitudinal reinforcing bar ia a column, not less than 40 mm nor Jos than the diameter of such bar. In the case ofealumns with a minimum, dimension of 200 mm or under, whose bars do not exceed 12 mm diameter, 25 mm cover may be used: 3. for a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a beam, not less than 25 mm nor Jess than the diameter of such bary nile. compressive, shear or other reinforcement in a slab, not less {5 nun nor less than the diameter of such reinforcement; ‘5. for any other reinforcement not less than 15 mum-nor less than the diameter of such reinforcement. For all external work, for work againstvearth faces and also for internal ‘work where there are particularly corrosive conditions, the cover of the concrete should not he fess than 40 mm forall steel, including stirrups, links, ete, except where the face of the concrete is adequately protected by a suitable cladding or by a protcctive coating, which may indeed be advisable where the corrosive ‘conditions are unduly severe. ‘Additional cover may be necessary where lightweight or porous aggregates are used (see Clause 350), or to comply with fire resistance requirements (see ‘Appendix A). 308. Distance between hars, The horizontal distance between two parallel steel reinforcements in reinforced concrete should usually, except at splices, be not less than the greatest of the three following distances: ‘or of either bar if their diameters be equal. eter ofthe I i, SSS oo Se ee eee ae Se S| CP 114 sat: 196 bars of @ group may be reduced to two-thirds ofthe nominal maximum sie of the coarse aggregate provided that a sufcient space is et between groups of bars to enable the vibrator to be inserted; this would normally be a space of 75 mm, The vertical distance between two horizontal main steel reinforcements, ot the corresponding distance at right angles to two inclined main steel reinforce- ments, shouldbe not less than 15mm or the nominal mavimum sie of aggregate whichese i the gromer. except at splices or where one of such reinforcements is transverse to the other. The pitch ofthe main bars ina reinforced concrete sold slab should be not more than three times the elective depth of such slab. +34, The pitch of distributing bars in reinforced concrete solid slab should be not more than five times the effective depth of such slab. Sd, 309, Stitness of members. ‘a. General, Reinforced concrete should possess adequate stiffness (0 prevent such deflection or deformation as might impair the steength or efficiency of the structure, oF produce cracks in finishes or in partitions: : ~ For all normal cases it may be assumed that the stif™ness willbe satisfactory if, for members with steel stresses not more than 140 N/mm? and concrete stresses not more than JO N/mm, the ratio of span to overall depth does not exceed the values'given in Table 13; if, for members with steel stresses greater than 140 N/mm* or concrete stresses greater than 10 N/mm, the ratio of span (0 overall depth does not exceed 90% of the values given in Table 13; and if, for members with steel stresses greater than 140 N/mm and concrete stresses ‘TABLE 13. PERMISSIBLE VALUES OF SPAN/DEPTH RATIO OF BEAMS AND SLABS Ratlo of span to ‘vert dept Beams ey Simply supported beams ~» Continuous beams : 25 Be Cantilever beams 7 10 eRe rae eae eae 7 Slabs spanning in one direction, simply supported | ,.. 30 Slabs spanning in one direction, continuous 35 : Slabs spanning in two directions, simply supported "= 35 : Slabs spanning in two directions, continuous ey Cantilever slabs 8 = were g aa =a 2CP 114 = Bares : 1969 greater than 10 Nimmt, the ratio of span to overall depth does not exceed 852% fof the values given in Table 13. When lightweight-agregate Concrete is used, these provisions may need modification (see Clause 346). 6, omens of meri. Forte pues ofcuaing bending moment a continuous sirattures, the moment of inertia may be estimated by considering: 1. the entire concrete section, ignoring the reinforcement; oF 2. the entire concrete section, including the reinforcement, on the basis ‘of the modular ratio, or 3. the compression area of the concrete section, combined with the rein- forcement on the basis of the modular ratio. Whichever method is adopted for the beams the same method should be used for tf columns. 310, Bon nd ashore a. uns nvessow, A ta Jn tension should extend {rom ay seton for 4 isan eed ef heb sh ate erage dsr nt aed the pre bn seg lane 30 fue condi wl Be suse if kngih measured from sch tton fot le than th bar catr Xo tn Si h ibis he pecmilencap bon ‘he Sar sou ica es bas Games Peyond the psn at whch iia ge coud tc ee For the purpose of this clause, the length of the bar so determined may have tab eis lenph equ fo she vahe of he Rook at Bet in suse Sha dues shold thea be made forte eg of te tar conan nh hoe fs b-tncatsowo sts The ls bond ses ated frm the eguton below ay exceed ie yermasble jeage Sond te gen Case 30, bt ould no tay pl ened te pesmi lgesl ond eeegen a tat Local bond sess = ® where @ is the total shear across the section, 1, is the arm of the resistance moment, and (0 is the sum of the perimeters of the bars in the tensile reinforcements. In members of variable depth the effect of the change in depth should be taken into account in calculating the bond stcess, ¢. HOOKS AND OTHER ANCHORAGES. Hooks and other anchorages of rein- forcement should be of such form, dimensions and arrangement as will ensure their adequacy without over-stressing the concrete or other anchorage material. 40 CP 114 Port: 19 dd, DIMENSIONS OF HOOKS, Where hooks are used they should be of the Ustype or L-type shown in Fig. 1, but usualy the U-type is to be preferred, In both types, for mild steel bars: 1. the internal radius of the bend should be at least twice the diameter of the bar except where the hook fits over a main reinforcing or other adequate anchor bar, when the radius of the bend may be reduced to that of such bar; and 2, the length of straight bar beyond the end of the curve should be at least four times the diameter of the bar. : 4 20 unless round main bar. oe Equivalent_straight length . Uhook 20 unless round main ber. 40 Eovivalent_straight_tength ». Look Fig. 1, Types of book for mild steel bars ‘where hooks are formed in high-yield bar, the internal radius of the bend should be at least three times the olameter of the bar. The length of straight ‘bar beyond the end of the curve should be atleast four times the diameter of the bar, aTr yi x é : = sea Se St CP 114 Bed: 1969 {. ANCHORAGE VALUE OF BENDS. A bend in a reinforcing bar may be assumed to have an anchorage value equivalent (0 a length of bar equal to four times the diameter of the bat for each 45 degrees through which the bar is bent; provided that: 1, the gadis of the bend be not Jess than twice the diameter of the bar: 2, the length of the straight part of the bar beyond the end of the curve be auleast four times the diameter of the bars 3. whatever be the angle through which the bar is bent, the assumed anchor- «value should not be taken as more than equivalent toa length of bar {equal to sixteen times the diameter of the bar. ‘Thus, a U:hook as shown in Fig. La may be credited with a resistance equivalent to that of a straight bar of a length of 16 bar diameters, and an L-hook as Fig. 18 with 8 diameters {f- beanmso stmessts 0 neNDs. In bends in reinforcing bars, the local stress ‘onthe conerete may be inerease to theee times the value permed in Clause 303 forthe conerete in direct compression. SURAUPS IN NEAMS AND TRANSVERSE TIES IN COLUMNS, Notwithstanding any of the provisions of this Code, in the case of stirrups and transverse ties, Complete bond Iength and anchorage may be deemed to have been provided when the bar is bent through an angle of at least 90° round a bar of at least its own diameter; and the stirrup oF tie is continusd beyond the end of the curve for a length of at least cight diameters or, alternatively, throuigh an angle of 160" ‘with the stirrup oF tie continued beyond the eng of the curve for a length of at Teast four bar diameters, 4h. BARS Ins COMPRESSION. A bar in compression should extend from any section for a distance such that the average bond stress does nol exceed the peimissible bond stress given in Clause 303 by more than_25 per cent. This condition will be satisfied if the Iengih measured from such section is not less the compressive stress in the bat hear diameter % (= ie he permisible average bond sre ‘The Bar should evlend-a least 12 bat damien Beyond he pola at which it ia po longer required to resist stress the bar diameter [tars ms pans. (i) General, Laps in_bars in any member should be staggered. (i) “Bare intention, Te length of fap in basin teasion shuld be not less thane ve te toate es he bar bar is the permisble average bond Hess or 30 bar darostors, whichever the pe a the bar diameter CP 14 Part: 196: Gi) Bors in compression. Te eng of lap in bars in compression should be ot less han: the compressive stress in the bar ae Goes the perissible avenge bond ES or 27 bar dameters, whichever isthe greater. se. deformed ears. For deformed: bars, the bond "stresses given Cause 301 may be increased by 40 per ent provided the bond strength exceeds that of a plain round bat by 40 pet cent or more (See Clause 603 for recon tended bond tests) 1. stan newwroncemns. All bent up bars acting as shear reinforcements should be fully anchored! in both flanges of the bear, the anchorage length being measured from the end ofthe sloping portion ofthe bar. the bar diameter x ‘SUBSECTION 3B: BEAMS AND SLABS 311, General. 1. Effective span. The effective span, 1, of « beam or slab should be taken as the lesser of the two following: 1. the distance between the centres of bearings: oF 2. the clear distance between supports plus the effective depth of the beam or slab, the effective depth being the distance between the centre of tension and the edge of 8 Stender beams. Were the length L of a bear between lateral restraints exceeds 30 times the breadth 6 of its compression flange, the maximum depth fof beam which may be considered in design should not exceed & times this breadth, and the maximum compressive stress in the conerete should not exceed the product of the permissible compressive stress due to bending given in Clause 303, and the appropriate coefficient given in Table 14. Intermediate values of the coefficient may be obtained by linear interpolation. TADLE 14, STRESS REDUCTION COEFFICIENT FOR SLENDER BEAMS + | mama) | « [elle CoctBcicat | 1-00 ‘The permissible stresses in compression reinforcement should be reduced in the same ratio. * ry weCP 114 Pare : 1969 {Where a beam is subjected to load in ihe direction of is length, the reduction coefficient should be modified as follows. Ifthe ratio of the load to the bending Froment is equal to 0id (where d isthe gverall depth) the coefficient should be that given for columns in Table 18; if this rato i zero the coefficient should be that for beams given in Table 14; for intermediate values of the ratio the reduction cocificient should be determined by linear interpolation between these limits. In slenuler beams, the shear resistance of the concrete should be ignored, the whole shearing resistance being provided by shear reinforcement. & Minunum ecinforcement in slabs. In solid reinforced concrete slabs the reinforcem: Uirection, expressed as a percentage of the gross cross: Sectional arya of the concrete, should not be less than 15 where plain bars are used; oF ‘O-L2 where high-yield high-bond bars, or high-yield wire-mesh, are used. 4. Conpression reinforcement in beams. The compression reinforcement shouid te eTectively anchored in two directions at right angles over the distance Sweet reguired (0 act in compression, at points not further apart, centre we Sint, than twelve times the diameter of the anchored bar. The subsidiary scintorcement used for this purpose should pass round, oF be booked over, both the compressive and tensile reinforcement. “The amount of steel in compression should preferably not exceed 4 per cent bots if t does, only 4 per cent should be allowed for in the calculation of the feststance moment ofthe beam, This percentage should be calulated as foll 1. in rectangular beams, on the fotal cross-sectional area; 2 jn-Tebeams or L-beams, on an area equal to the total depth multiplied by the width of the rib 2 ‘e-Tebeams, In "T-beams the breadth of the flange assumed as taking com- pression should not exoced the least ofthe following: 1. one-third of the effective span of the T-beams; 2, the distance between the centres of the ribs of the T-beamss 3, the breadth of the rib plus twelve times the thickness of the slab. / Lcboams, tn Lebeams, the breadth of the Dange assumed as taking com- pression should not exceed the leas ofthe following: h of the effective span of the L-beams; 2. the breadih of the rib plus one-half of the clear distance between sibs; 3, the breadth of the rib plus four times the thickness of the slab. When a part of a slab is considered as the flange of a T-beam or L-beam. the reinforcement in the slab transverse 10 the Beam shauld-ccass SL the ange. Where the slab is assumed (0 be spaaning independently in the “4 CP 4 Rae: 1908 same direction as the beam, such transverse reinforcement should bepneat the “top surface of the sab._ “The quantity of such reinforcement should be related to the shear stress in the slab produced by its acting as the compression member of the T-beam or L-beam. ‘ge Expansion joints, Wis recommended that the question of the provision of expansion joiats should be left to the discretion of the designer, owing {0 the large number of factors which are involved. bh, Effect of wear. IF the surface of a concrete slab is not adequately Pro- tected by s suitable finish against the effect of wear, an appropriate addition should be made to the structural thickness required. 4312. Bending moments. Bending moments in beams and slabs should be calcu [ated for the effective span and all Joading thereon. “The bending moments to be provided for ata cross-section of a continuoys beam of slab should be the maximum positive and negative moments at such Crosrseation, allowing, in both cases, if so desired for the reduced. moments — sree he with of the supports, forthe following arrangements of superimposed foadings: 1, allemate spans loaded and all other spans unloaded 3 bny two adjacent spans loaded and all otber spans uclonded. ‘Nevertheless, except where the approximate values for bending moments given in assumption 3 of Clause 313 are used, the negative moments af the Riots for any assumed arrangement of Toading ray cach be increased of eerted by not more than 15 per eent, provided that these modified negative seeeets are used for the calculation of the corresponding moments in the spans. he computation of bending moments in beams and slabs it dealt with in (Clauses 313 and 31 * 403 ‘313. Bending moments in beamns and slabs spanning In one direction, The bending sec sents in beams and slabs spanning in one direction may be calculated oc fone of the Following assumptions: Bud 1. Beams may be designed a members of a continuous framework, with monolithic connection between the mn, and the bending tioments calculated taking info account the resistance-of the-colemes, fo bending, Where beams are framed into external columns they should te desigrad to resst bending moments in combisation with the colurans in conformity with Subelause 3225, 4sas. CP 14: Bata: 1969 2. Deams and slabs may be designed capable of free r io beans oF slabs are over supports and Nevertheless, where the supports ¢ with them and stiff in relation to. them, nthe beams or slabs with due regard to such more exact eatimates are made, the bending moments in uniform beams and slabs continuous aver three er mote po -sgualspang may be assumed to have ihe values pose Tee : TABLE IS. APPROXIMATE VALUES OF BENDING MOMENTS IN UNIFORMLY LOADED BEAMS AND SLABS CONTINUOUS OVER THREE OR MORE APPROXIMATELY EQUAL SPANS Sm tte Atsupport | At niga 1 ote space ‘interior Hpperts_ | "oo 8 | Sea mtte | Pee Moment dae to dead We | | oad 1 ta Moment due io-upem |} Wp Wal : z Where Ws = total dead load per span * a |, = total superimposed load per span ye thas may be sinsidered 28 approximately equal when they do not difer by more than 15 per cent of the longer span, forthe burpose of calculating moments in beuins or slabs in a monolithic rected tne at esa Be sufctentty aeurate to asstme that members cons 214 Bendins moments in slabs spanning In two directions at right angles with uniformly distributed loads. The design of solid slabs spanning in two ditectone wwe SESH Anis, and of their supporting beams, should be based on one of the "three methods given below. ‘ ease NO? 1 A Purely theoretical analysis based on elastic theory may be made, The beuding moments in the slabs and beams may be calculated on the {Sjumption that the slabs act as perfectly clastic thin plates, Poisson's rang bei OrYs With mm 15, The “Ssommendations given in (i, (i) and (i) below may be taopnar: © Ste simply supporied on four sides, Where, inthe case of a simpy conker oy eeaUste Provision is not made to ress torsion arn rome Abe sab and to prevent the comers from ling the bending Ue along managed be assumed to have the values piven Cf Ue following equations: Mz = awl? o My = oywi? 9, “het Marl My ae the bending sioment at mid-pan on ip of on, ‘width and spans , and Jy respectively, wis the total load per unit area, 4 isthe length of the ionger sie, 4x ts the lengty of the shorter side, + aud oy are coefcients shown in Table 16, PANE Ne BENDING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS FOR SLABS SPANNING IN TWO DIRECTIONS AT RIGHT. ANGLES SIMPLY SUPPORTED ON FOUR SIDES (i) Slabs restrained on four sides, 4+ Where the comers of a slab are prevented from iting and adequate 2 Sade ate sonsidered a8 being divided in each diection ino middle ‘tips and edge strips as shown in Fig. 2 the middle, strip having a width Width of oneighth of the width of the slab, encom icra slabs for TiURh the ratio of the sides fll exceeds 40, the mice strip in the Siem itotion should be taken to have a width of 4 and each edge strip a width of hy2. aa a, ea Se ee eee o + CP 1142 Parts: 1969 TABLE 17, VENDING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS FOR RECTANGULAR PANELS SUPPORTED ON FOUR SIDES WITH PROVISION FOR TORSION AT CORNERS Short span coeccats Love Tre apn Vaart | ‘wowents considered bs 1. For span fy 0. Forspaa fy ‘Negative moment at + Flg.2, Divson of sab into mle and edge srg uninuovs cage 0-054] 0.088/0.071|0.085] oass Poutive moment at 0 0-041 0.35 0-053] o.00a] oes 2 The manimam bending moments per unit wideh in the middle stip of Ease Oneshavtor A | 4 slab are given by the following equations: of decom” Me = Bawl, a continuous edge oon # My = Byatt 12) ace 9.046] 0.099 0.055 |o-064] oan ‘here M and M, are the maximum bending moments on stips of unit Gase 3. Two adjacent geet a Pea i width in the direction of spans f and ly respectively ges dicontinuous. ; isthe total load per unit area; continuous eOge 0-070] 0730-082 |o000] 0049 4y is the length ofthe longer sis Taye moment at 02:31 0.0550 |0-0so| oasr 4s the Iength of the shorter sides te shat ES SS 8 Bs and By are coeticients given ia Table 17, tees discontinuous BY adopting the relationship given in equation 12 i i possible to wie sei moment at oon |o.078|o.077|0-000 sera Ose fe By for al ratios oft for eagh contin of edge Postive moment at capper mid-span | 0.0% 4 No rsinforcement parallel to the adjacent edges of the slab need be Sigs dhcotuoe ! emin he edge sips above that required to comply with Clase 10 Negative morment al Subelause 311e and $ below. Bonnets sae eee, i 5 Torin tssfercemn: should be provided tthe comes of la except midspen | oot ; at comers contained by edges over both of which the slab is conianet Sass 6 ites elke . At comers contained by edges over neither of whieh the shee Siconthnea Cone i SSMiNBELS. top and bottom reinforcement should be provided far 2 eontinsous) i speion at the comers ofthe slabs. Both top and bottom minfoseemceg Netatve moment at ase a Showle consis of two layers of bars placed parallel to the stdee of ae Fouttve momest SRD and extending in these dicections for a Gstance of one Blk of We midspan 084 {1 | Sherer span. The area ofthe bars In exch ofthe Toor lees per unit Gase 7, Four elas es ; width of the slab, should be three-quarters of the area required for the Sl ee i ‘maximum positive memeat in the ate aes 0-050 |0.051|0082|0.067|0.071|o075|.08 |0-088| 0-050 i 4“ oSr conned by ge ovr ony ont of which te sb i Sontoucut the Losonal serene! ma ese ie S88 that required by the preceding paragraph. i ‘Any tinforsement provided Tor the purpose of comps of complying with other Causes of this Code may be ined ae par of te required to comply wth tis ae, taken as iwo-thirds of the slab, (1) Coeds on supporting beams. The loads on the supporting beams may ‘be assumed to bein accordance with Fig 3, PPOTUPE beams may re Load inckided in this shaded area to be car Load included in this shaded srea to be carried 65 beam & Hi ik: 3, Diagram showing the load carried by supporting beams Sitigped concrete mites are used, or thre fiths of the actual cone tae the Fatal intes Ae Used. This requirement should be complied ainee deducnd nat "3Y. The ultimate bending moments to be allowed for shorta Co deduced from analysis in which the load is 1°8 times the working (dead and “mposed) lond and due regard is given to redistribution of monmeats ther wana 50 CP 114 Rerhd: 19 occur before failure of the slab or beam, by the use of Johansen's yield-line (heory oF other acceptable method; the resistance moments of the slab and beam sections should be ealeulated in accordance with the recommendations of Clause 306; and these resistance moments should be equal to at least 35 per ‘cent of the ultimate bending moments at failure, 31S. Trimming for oposings. Whea openings in Mors of roofs are required such openings should be trimmed where necessary by special Beane or rok forcement so thatthe designed strength ofthe surrounding Noor isnot impaled by the opening. Due regard should be paid tothe possibility of agonal acts developing a the tomers of openings. 36, Resistance to sbear,_ @. General, ( The shear stress, 9, at any cross-section in a reinforced concrete beam (or slab should be calculated from the following equation: @ a-f ay - Where @ is the total shearing foree across the section; ‘is the breadth of a rectangular beam which for a T-beam or L-beam should be replaced by the breadth of the rib b-: ‘is the arm of the resistance momeat appropriate to the method of design being used. (ii) Where at any cross-section the shear stress, g, as calculated from equation (13) above, exceeds the permissible shear stress py for the conerei, the whole searing force at hat croRsaatGe oA ey pro- vided for by the tensile resistance of the shear reinforcement acting in Proper combination with the compression in the concrete. Moreover, ven with the whole shearing force so provided for, the shear stress q as calculated from equation (13) above should not exceed four times Le petmissibe shear stress py forthe conerete. (i) Where at any cross-section the shear stress q as calculated from equa- tion (13) above, is les than the permissible shear stress pq for the concrete, nominal shear ld be provided at that cross-section. Neither the longitudinal spacing nor the lateral spacing of the vertical legs of the nominal shear reinforcement should exceed a distance equal to the arm of the resistance moment, The cross-sectional area of the Rominal shear reinforcement at any particular section of a member should be not less than O-1S per cent (042 per cent for high-yield stee}) of the horizontal area of the concrete at that section, caleuluied onan sumed breadth of beam or rib equal 65. ® Ieee ce i véE EIEE CP Lid : Parez : 1969 sence i 3 Gv) Nominal shear reinforcement need not be provided in slabs. fuatings, shascs_pile-caps and_members of minor importanee provided that, at every cfoss-seetion, the shear stress, g, as calculated from equation (13) above. is less than the permissible shear stress pq for the concrete. A. conservative approach should, however, be used when calculating the resistance to shear of members without any shear reinforcement, as Fecent research has indicated that, in some circumstances, the margin Of safety may be lower than desirable, b. Shear reinforcement @ A stirrup in reinforced conerete should pass round, or be otherwise auequately secured to, the appropriate tensile reinforcement, and such stirrup sould be anchored adequately in the compression zone. “Eeusile inforcement whichis inclined and carried through a depth of ‘beam cqual to the arm of the resistance moment will alge Sot ac shear _seiforcement provided i is anchored sulicenly. ii) Where two oF more types of shear Feinforcement are used in conjunction, the total shearing resistance of the beam may be assumed to be the sum ofthe shearing resistances computed for each type separately. (iv) The spacing ot stirups when required to resist shear should.not exceed a vistange equal to the arm of the resistance moment. The resistance {0 shear Q should then be calculated from the following equation: = Where pay is the permissible tensile stress in the shear reinforcement; ‘zis the cross-sectional area of the stirrup; 1. is the arm of the resistance moment; 4 is the spacing of stirrups. as (©) The resistance to shear at any section ofa beam, reinforced with inclined bars, may be calculated on the assumption that the inclined bars form the tension members of one or more single aystems of lattice girders in ‘which the conerete forms the compression members. The shear resistance any vertical section should then be taken as the sum of the vertical ‘components of the tension and compression forces cut by the section. Case must be taken that such assumptions do not involve greater stresses inthe horizontal bars than the permissible stresses, 347. Distribution of concentrated loads oa slabs. Allowance should be made for the bending moments due to concentrated loads, using methods based on the clastic theory, such as those of Pigeaud or Westergaard, or other acceptable ‘method. Alternatively, allowance should be based on the load-factor method 52 CP 14 Rares: 1965 ‘of design on the same basis as given for slabs with uniform loading in Sub- clause 314e, If a slab is simply supported on two opposite edges and carries one or more concentrated loads in a line in the direction of the span, it should be designed to resist the maximum bending moment caused by the loading system. Such bending moment may be assumed to be resisted by an effective width of slab (measured parallel (o the supports) as Follows: 1. For solid slabs, the effective width may be taken as the sum of the load ‘width and 2-4 (1 — xf) where x i the distance from the nearer support to the sectiog? under consideration and 1s the span, 2. For other slabs, except where specially provided for, the effective width will depend on the ratio of the transverse and longitudinal flexural Tigiites ofthe slab. When these are approximately equal, the value for the effective width as given for solid slabs may be used, but as the ratio decreases a smaller value should be taken, The minimum value which need be taken, however isthe load width plus 4x/l( ~ x/) metres where stand / have the same meanings asin 130 that, for aseetion at mid-span, the effective width is equal to 1 m plus the load width 3. Where the concentrated load is near an unsupported edge of a slab the clfective width should not exceed the value in | or 2 above as appropriate, nor half that valve plus the distance of the centre of the load from the unsupported edge (see Fig. 4). Load \ slab Unsupported edge FAST” | elective width FN t Loe Sh iLL oe] tae FY + 4 OKA le 4 Etictte ol of o thb caryng cme ad sera pao oe 3BSoS aS FCP 1M: Parka : 1969 LE ea ie mn a 318. Bearings for slabs on sel joists. Concrete casing which wholly encases the portions of sicel frame members which project above or below ihe floor slab and which may or may not form the support for, or be ease monolithie with, the floor slab, should be reinforced with steel binding wire not less than 2:5 mm in thickness, not fuither apart than 300 mm or the equivalent in steel fabric ‘Passing uoder but clear of the edges and soflt of the bottom flange ofthe beam "319, Floors and roofs of ribbed and hollow block construction, GENERAL. This type of construction consists of a series of reinforced concrete ribs cast in sity between blocks which remain part of the completed floor or on forms which may be removed after the concrete has set. ‘5, BLOCKS mND FoRMS. Blocks and forms may be of any suitable material \hich will retain its shape and dimeasions and is strong enough to support the concrete when placed: Blocks which are required to remain as part of the slab and to contribute to its structural strength should be of concrete or burnt clay and should have a rushing strength of at least 17° N/mm* measured on the net section when axially loaded in a direction corresponding with that in which they will funetion in the floor stab, Burat clay blocks should also comply with B.S. 3921, * Bricks “Clay bricks and blocks’ curthreley-er-shelo— «. roPminc. The tops ofthe ribs may be connected by a topping of concrete cast in situ over the blocks oF forms, The concrete used for the topping should be of the samne quality as that used for the ribs. d. CALCULATION OF RESISTANCE MOMENTS. In determining the bending resistance of hollow block construction, the blocks may be neglected. Alter. atively, they may be assumed to act in structural combination with the rits and topping (when used), provided that the blocks are properly-joinied with a 1:3 eement-sand mortar oF that a topping of at least 30 nim is used Where the thickness of the top of hollow biocks composed of material other than concrete is regarded as contributing to the structural strength of the floor slab, the permissible working stress in the blocks should not exceed one-fifth of their crushing strength, For the purpose of calculation, the elastic modulus of the material forming the block may be assumed to be the same as for concrete, © RESISTANCE To SHEAR. Where the blocks are considered as adding to the strength of the Moor, the thickness of one wall of the block may be added to the thickness of the rib. Alternatively, the walls of both the adjacent blocks ‘may be taken into account, using a shear stress appropriate to the material, J TmcKness oF Torrino. When topping is used the thickness, after allowance has been made for the effect of wear if necessary, should not be less ‘tan the thicknesses given in I to 3 below for various conditions: 54 CP 114 =Part2 : 1969 1. In floors with permanent blocks regarded as contibutng tothe strength of the construction, and with a clear distance between the ribe sot exceeding 450 mm, 30 mm. When the blocks ate properly jointed the minimum thickness may be reduced to 25 mm, | 2. In floors with permanent blocks not regarded as contributing to the strength of the construction, 40 mm or ooe-weilth the clear stance between the ibs whichever isthe greater. nT Tt EI 3. In al other eases, $0 mm. &. S28 ano sr4ciNo oF nin. The width of the rib should be not les than 65 mm. The depth, excluding any topping, should be not more than fous nea the width. The spacing should be not more than I m scare to rate, ‘A. REMTORCEMENT 1 RUBS, : (General, At least $0 per cent of the total main tensile reinforcement should be eartied through at the bottom on to the bearing and effective'y anchored. In floors contisuous over supports, it may sometimes be impracticable 10 provide sufficient reinforcement to develop the full support moment ‘on the basis of continuity. Such floors may be treated as simply supported. ‘and the reinforcement in the span determined accordingly. If so treated, it is desirable to provide reinforcement over the support to preveat cracking; it is recommended that such reinforcement should have & cross-sectional area of not fess than one-quarter of that in the middle of the adjoining bays and should extend at least one-tenth of the clear spans into the adjoining bays, i) Spacing. Provided that both the permissible bond and compressive strestes in the rib (below the topping where used) are reduced by 40 pet cent, the lateral spacing of bars running parallel in the conerete ribs may be reduced to 12 mm or the diameter of the bar, whichever is greater. (iil) Cover to reinforcement. For hollow tile slabs having slip tiles not less ‘than 12 mum thick under the reinforced ribs, a cover of 12 mma should be given to the bars above the tiles. 4, surronTs Panattex ro nus. Where a slab reinforced in one divection only is built into a wall, or rests on a beam, parallel to the ribs, a rib should ‘be placed along the wall or beam, the minimum width of such rib being that of the bearing. Consideration should be given to the necessity for some reinforce ‘ment at rigit angles to the ribs, Where a slab butts against a wall parallel with the ribs, there should be a rib against the wall atleast $0 mm wide, 55cp M4: Part 1909 4320, Floors and roofs of precast construction. More detailed guidance on precast concrete consiructinn is given in CP 116, ‘The structural use of precast con- ‘rete’, to which reference should be made. 3c: COL 321. Reinforcement in columns 4. LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT. A reinforced concrete column shold have longitudinal steel reinforcement, and the cross-sectional area of suck reinforcement shill not be Jess than 0-4 per cent nor more than 8 per cent of the gross cross-sectional area of the column required to transmit all the loading ia accordance with this Code. 1 should be noted that the use of 8 per cent of steel may iavolve serious practical diliculties in the placing and compacting of concrete and a lower pescentare would be recommended. Where bars from the eolumn below have So-be Incr with these in the column, the percentage of steel should usually Bot execu per cent 1 ewinforced cone column having helical reinforcement should have at deat sc hus of laguna refer itn ts Reel enorcment Te lon! tars shoal be in cont withthe bla! efoceeat and equi round i ner Geant Tor as nse gaia bat ce Sable 314. 4g me Th br shut bea ss tha ann ame: (B, TRANS! RSE REINFORCEMENT, q (® General. A reinforesd concrete column should have transverse reinforce- ment so alispoted a6 © provide restraint against the buckling of each of ts longtudinal reinforcements. Every bar in column near the face should be peoperty linked and at each longitudinal bar a least one lnk shouid havea change of direction at that bar, The ends of such trausverse feinforcement should be properly anchored. i) Pitch. The pitch of transverse reinforcement should be not more than the Teast of the thre following distances: bed. 1 the lost ateral dimension ofthe column; 12.f 2 owelve times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal reinforcement fn the column; doo 3,300mm., (Gi) Helical reinforcement, Helical reinforcement should be of regular forma- tion, with the turns of the helix spaced evenly, and its ends should be anchored properly. Where an increased load on the column on account of the helical reinforcement is allowed for under Subclause 322a (ii), {he pitch ofthe helical turns should be not more than 75 mam or more thas 56 ES ———_ esse TO a eS CP 114 s-Part 1968 ‘one-sixth of the core diameter of the column, nor less than 25 mm nor less than three times the diameter of the stecl bar forming the helix. Ji other cases the requirements of (i) above should be complied with. 1. The diameter of the transverse reinforcements should be not one-quarter the diameter ofthe main rods, and in no ease less than 5 mn, Ef bem 322, Permissible louds oa columns, 2. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS, (i) Short columns defined. Columns may be treated as short columns where the ratio of the effective column length to least lateral dimension does not exceed 15, The maximurh permissible stresses for these should be as specified in Clauses 303 and 304, Gi) Short columns with lateral tes. The axial load P, permissible on a short column reinforced with longitudinal bars and lateral ties should not ‘exceed that given by the following equation: Po = porte + PrcAve as Where paris the permissible stress Tor the concrete in direct compression; Ay is the cross-sectional area of concrete excluding any finishing ‘material and reinforcing steel; ‘Pw is the permissible compression stress for column bars; ‘Aves the cross-sectional area of the longitudinal steel. (Gi) Short colurins with helical reinforcement. Where helical reinforcement of any steel complying with Clause 206 is used, the axial load Py permissible fon a short column should not exceed that given by equations (15) and (1G, whichever is the grates Pom pad + Pcdu + 185dy a9 where dy is the cross-sectional area of concrete in the core excluding the area of longitudinal reinforcements; and Ay is the equivalent area of helical reinforcement (volume of helix per unit leagth ofthe column). The sum of the terms puade + 1854, should not excced Oty Ae where uy is the 28 day works cube strength of the conerete given fa (Clauses 208 and 209, (iv) Long columns. The axial load permissible on a reinforced concrete colurnn ‘or part thereof, having a ratio of elletiveleagth to least Iateral dimension -between 15 and 57, should not exoced that which resulis from the mull plication of the appropriate permissible load specified for a short column 40 (i) or (i) above by the coelicient shown as apropriate for each ratio 37 ilCP 114: Peres 1969 as the diameter of the core, :DUCTION Co! ‘ON LONG s i 3% % 2 7 45 “ st ‘ 54 37 COLUMNS — of effective column length to least lateral dimension in Table 18, Tnter- radiate valucs of the coefficient may be obtained by linear interpolation When, in a column having helical reinforcement, the permissible load 's based on the core area, the least lateral dimension should be taken FICIENT FOR LOADS TABLE. 19. EFFECTIVE COLUMN LENGTH, CP 14 Bore (W) Determination of rat olunn. For the purpose of this clause the effective column length giver in Table 19 should be used, where L is the length of the column fron oor to Noor. oF between adequately restrained supports, The effective columa length values given in this table are in respect of typical eases enly and embody the general principles which ehould be employed ia Assessing the appropriate value for any pasticular column. effective length to least later n 5, BENDING MosfeNTS IN COLUMNS. Bending momenis in internal columns Supporting an approximately symmetrica} arrangement of beams and loading fneed not be calculated except in the case of flat slab construction (see Sub- section 3D), Bending moments in external columns and in internal columns supporting ‘an asrangement of beams and loading not approximately symmetrical should be calculated and provided for, ‘The expressions given in Table 20 below may be used for estimating the moments: TABLE 20, eee Moment for frame of| External (ard shriarly loaded) columns t ‘Moment at foot of upper ky Ee colums on RR Moment at head of lower Ky xi colum RRP OR, HERR Interzl columns Momeot at foot of upper = Me BTR R th ‘ “Tape of cola rece clams legis = Bit hat . Properly restrained at both ends in postion and OnE Momeat at bead of lower aig ‘ direction columa “RETR TE, eet teen | : — Prone resained at both ends in poston and smpereciy restrained in dvecton at one ot : both ends ee een rete “\ Proper resiained at one end im posioa and | siestion “and imperfectly rexrained in both |_ postion and direction atthe ether ed 38 ‘A value intermedintc betwecn 075, and L depending upon the edicicacy of the directional restraint, } ‘A value intermediate between L and 2L depending upon tbe eicieocy of the imperfect restrait where Me is the Bending moment at the end of the beam framing into the soluma, assuming Oxity at both ‘Mc is the maximum differenes between the moments at the ends of the {wo beams framing into opposite sides of the column, each calculated ‘onthe assumption that the ends ofthe beams are fixed and assuming ps of the beams unloaded; 3cr want, 03) se 114 Pare? : 1969 ‘is the stiffness of the beam; ay is the stiffness of the beam on one side of the column: ‘Nos is the sttfness of the beam on the other side of the column; Xj is the stilness of the lower column; Kis the sulfness of the upper column. For the purposes of this table, the stiffness of a member may be obtained T by dividing the moment of inertia of a cross-sectio 7 Provided that te member is of constant cross-section throughout its length, The equations for the moment at the head of the lower column may be used for columns in a topmost storey by taking K, as zero, Where she ending moment is calculated in the internal columns itis per missible to tase into account the reduction in load resulting from the beam being loaded with dead load only. €, COLUMNS SURJECT TO BOTH DIRECT LOAD AND RENDINO. The permissible combinations of direct load and bending moment to which a short column may be subjected should be determined on the basis of ether the commonly employed clastic theory, wth a mod: permissible stresses in bending Joad-factor. method described in d below. The permissible combination of direct load and bending moment to which a Tong column may be subjected should not exceed the values appropriate t0 a short column multiplied by the appropriate reduction coefficient from Table 18, ‘Where, duc to bending. the maximum stresses in the column occur at the ends of the column, the permissible load may be determined without reference to the reduction covilicient for sections within one-eighth of the columa length L from the entre line of the beams. When che elastic theory is used the load on a column subject to both direct load and bending moment should not excced that permissible for an axially loaded column, 4_LOAD-TACTOR METHOD OF DESIGN FOR Jonmis sumect 70 807, DIRECT Load AND BLADEN, In the load-factor method the column is designed to have a load factor generally of L:8; in the strength calculations however, the cube strength of the concrete shoUid be taken as only 75 per cent of the ~ siual cube strength where designed conerete mixes are used, O€.68-per cent of the actual cube strength where nominal. conerete mixes are used. It should ‘Je be assumed that the maximum conerete strain in compression does not exceed 9:3) per cent at failure; that the compressive stress distribution in the concrete at failure is rectangular, parabolic or such other shape as is shown by tests 0 be reasonable: and that the,maximum stress ia the concrete at failure does not aceed 0 (rds ofthe cube strength of the eonerete, It is necessary also (0 ensure that the stcsses at working loads are not such a8 to cause excessive cracking. o load exceeds Py given By equation (7): Ph being fully loaded and the bean on the other side for X should be i in which E, is the secant modulus ¢ load whore dj rahe dep to thé compresive enforcement: CP 14 Pare 2s 1969 ‘These requirements will be satisfied, for columns of rectangular section with symmetrical reinforcement, if the following rules are adopted: The section should be assu sd to be controlled by compression when the_ an ati* = Prob X ~ Aveo ~ Pas) where pus isthe permissible stress for the concrete in direct compression given in Clause 303; is the breadth of the column; 44, is the effective depth to the tensile reinforcement; ‘Aue is the area of the compressive reinforcement, which for the conditions Of bending to which equation (17) applies is equal to one half of the tolal area of reinforcement in the column; w and pys are the permissible stresses in the reinforcement given in (Clause 304 for compression and tension, respectively; and 85 aa in which py is the permissible tensile stress in the GOTT ——relnforeomen given in Clause 304 Where high-yield reinforcement is used, the denominator in the formula ased 10: 0 A yy ‘OF the stcel ata stress of 1-8ps At the load P, as defined by equation (17) the corresponding eccentricity of bseo dg tL =e hf the ene ofthe seton gen by ean Hes ea) ge S58) pata — 9620+ dapat a) 0) When the section is controlled by compression, the permissible load P on he coluina is related to the permissible load P, for an axially loaded column, ‘as given by equation (15), and the eccentricity ¢ of the load P relative to the centre of the section, according to equation (19): Pe is )E - a9 When the applied load is less than Py the section is controlled by tension and the permissible load is given by equation (20); > P > Py,). For loads between Pyy and P, the permissible load is given by equation (19a): Pe So Tf (asa) seer ae 323. General. The term flat slab means a reinforced concrete $66 with or without drops, supporied, generally without beams, by columns x“4h or without fared colunm heads (see Fig. §). A flat slab may be a solidfab or may have Fecesses formed on the sollit so that the soffit comprises series of ribs yn two Girections. The recesses may be formed by removable oyfermanent Lller blocks, 324, Methods of design, Flat slabs may be desi 6d described in Clause 332 or by ples of statics and continuity; or ided 1m Clauses 333 co 338 which is 7mumon forms of this construction described 4. as continuous frames using the me any other method satisfying the 2 by the empirical method applicable only to the more, in Clause 333, In both methods Cidases 325 to 331 apply. 325, Division of punels“(see Fig. 6). Flat slab panels should be assumed to be Aivided into strips af follow vo a 4 CP 114 Peet2: 1969 Critical sections for chear’ immediately At to column | ee saa j of slap D+ thickness of slab Any conerete in this erea is to be neglected in the celculations ‘Slab without drop and colume onih colatna fea Slab without drop and solu without eblamna ead Crical setions for sheer igediately adjacest to column Thickness [ot srop Critical section tor shear Mad -depth Mid depth ‘of slab. : of drop ‘Any concrete “i this area is tg be neglected An the caleulatiéns, t f: Slab with dtop and columa with colume head Fig’S, Critical sections for shearing stresses in a sabe f 3CP 114 : Partd 5 1969 Gs) Ausitional ceinforcement should be provided 10 resist the /negative ‘moment on the middle strip. 337. Arrangement of reinforcement i flat slabs, 4. Slabs reinforced in two directions. @) In cach strip or band 40 per cent of the positive reinfoylement should extend in the lover part of the slab to within a distfooe of O-125L, ‘casured from the line joining the centres ofthe cola (i) The negative reinforcement ia the top of the slab adjacent panels for an average distance, measured fybm the line joining the centres of the columns. of not less than 0-25L/ and no bar shoule extend less than 0-2 from this line (i) The ful rea of negative reinforcement should be frovided fora distance Of not less than 0-24, measured from the line jofning the centres ofthe coluoins. The full arca of postive reinforcement should be provided for 4 distance of not less than 0-252 measured fyom the eenice ine of the pant (60) In fat sats supported on columns without Heads, oF when the diameter Of the hcad is less than twice the average wiih of the top ofthe column, {wo thirds ofthe amount of reinforcemenyrequired to resist the negative !voment in the columa sitip should be placed in a width equal te hall that of the eoluma strip and eenteal wiyp the column, 8 Slabs reinforced in four directions. @ For direct bands, the rules for slabs be applied Gi) In cach diagonal band, 40 per cenVor the positive reinforcement should extend inthe loser part of the slatjto within a distance of 0-2L, measured {om a line trough the ceatre ofthe columa and at right angles t0 the direction of the band. (il) The negative reinforcement i inforved in two directions should diagonal bands in the top of the slab should extend into adjacent/panels for an average distance of O-4L. beyond a line through the géntre of the column and at right angles 1o the diteution of the bandJand no bar should extend less than 0-3SL beyond this line. G¥) In each diagonal band the full arca of negative reinforcement should be Provided for a distanoé of not less dian O-3L, measured {rom a line through the centre of the column and at right angles to the direction of the band. The full area of positive reinforcement should be provided {or a distance of not less than 0-35, measured from a line though the py Structural Engineer” Report of the Working Party on Ilgh Alumina Cement hie Structural Engoncer September 1976. Unloaded end of the bar withthe spindle in contact with the concrete in such a manner thatthe gauge records the relative sip, The following deals shouldbe recorded: 1, the load at a slip of 0-001 in ati 2 te oad at a lp of 001 ia ii 3. the maximum load and the type of failure, | i 4. Caleltion of bord stress. Fr te purposes ofthis clause the bond tes should be asumed tobe the average value obtained by dividing the appl Toad by the suface ara ofthe embeded length of the br, €. Number of tess. At leat thee tests should be made on the proposed ‘ype of high-bond bar and three tess on plain barsVor comparcon J. Results of test, For the puspore of Subeause 310K the comparison of bond stenghs should be made'on the bass ofthe average bond succes se lated from the loads ata measured sip of 0001 in (0.0284 noe, 604. Inspection. Immediately after stripping the formwork, the conerete should be carefully inspected. Any defects should be made good as soon as practicable (605, Lond testing of structures. Loading tests on a completed structure should be ‘made if required by the specification or if there is reasonable doubt as to the ‘adequacy of the strength of the structure. Such tests need not be made until the expiry of 56 days of effective hardening of the concrete, tn such tests, the test load, ineluding the dead load, should be the greater of |. the sum uf the dead loud plus 1% times the specified superimposed Fox, and 2. 1'4 tumes the sum of the dead load and the specified superimposed load and the fest loads should be maintained for a period of 24 hours. During the lest, struts, slrong enough to take the whole load, should be placed in position Ieaving a gap under the members. Where only part of the structure 1s t be tested. special precautions may be necessary to ensure that all the Inemibers actually under test are subjected to the fall test load, with proper allowance made for load sharing between members.* Ifwithin 24 hours of the removal of the load, the structure does not show a recovery of at least 75 per cent of the maximum deflection shown during the 24 hours under load, the est loading should be repeated. The structure sould bbe considered to have failed to pass the test if the recovery after the second test is not al least 75 per cent of the maximum deflection showa during the second test, If during the test, or upon removal of the load, the structure shows signs of weakness, undue deflection or faulty construction, it should be reconstructed fr strengthened as necessary, SECTION SEVEN: MAINTENANCE AND PROTECTION 701. General. in many cases maintenance will not be needed for dense concrete constructed in accordance with this Code, Where, however, the concrete is exposed (0 altack by weather or chemical action maintenance may be needed.Protective coatings will delay or prevent deterioration of the concrete in such ‘cases. The protective coating to be used will depend upon the particular form of exposure, burt it should be durable and able to adjust itself to elastic and thermal movements of the structure. All protective coatings should be maintained in {good condition by renewed application during the life of the structure, Any concrete paint used should be suitable for the alkaline character of concrete. Suitable types of paint and the precautions to be taken in their use are dealt with in CP 231, * Painting * A periodical check should be made (eg. every 3 or $ years) to detect any ‘excessive cracking or other defect of the concrete ‘Where corrosion of the bars has caused staining or has loosened the concrete cover, the life of the structure can be considerably prolonged by exposing, cleaning and recovering the bars. 25 ee ——FIRE-RESISTANCE-OF REINFOREED-CONCRETE- NOTE, The Cole Drating Commie is indie to the Joint Fite Researgh Organon for the evarimendatnsconased i ABpendi Al. Gener In the absence ofthe result ofan actual re renatenopAct carried out in accordance with B.S. 476, Part 1, the gradings given in dele 26 t0 29 inclusive may be assumed for the particular types oF consipletion described whete Portland cement concrete i used. The values quoted may well be conservative in ceria cases, particularly if lightweight aggregates as described in 3 and 4 of Sykeiause 2028 are being used, 30 that actual test results of the proposed fot of construction muse alivays take precedence over these notional values. ‘A2. Reinforced concrete walls, TABLE 26. FIRE RESISTANCE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS WITH A MINIMUM OVER TO THE MAIN - P. - > = CP 1DcPan2: 1969 AS. Floors of unprotected relaforced concrete. ‘TABLE 27. FIRE RESISTANCE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOORS thicknes of conerete, la millimetres, Tors perio of Construction and Solid slab construction and floors Of precast channel or T-setion | 150 Hollow-bleck eonsievetion and Drosist unis of bua o¢ Lection, | 125 NOTE 1. For all types of Noor, the conctete cover fo the main eeinorcement thould wot bs less unan 25 nn fore 4-hour grading nor tse flan 13 forthe loses eating NOTE 2, Ie tt thickness muy include that of fe steed andlor te, wher ase ‘Ad. Reinforced concrete beams. /sinimum concrete corer to min reinforcement ices, Tora pert of 4u [au [2s [uel ae | xe None 6 | 0 | © | a | 2 | as ‘Cement or gypsum plaser 1mm thick on light mesh reinforgément ‘Addtamat potctoa figed round the bean so | @ | wo] as | as | os 4 | th |e Vermiculiteleypsum plpter 12 mm | Seas a Renae thick % fe fs fs | os | os E I Cement or gypsum playd at east, : ev thick 90 boyd ys | 15 | 100 | 25 | a | 65 AS. Relofurcedonerete columns. Columns built into & separating wal, fire- Vermiculite/eypséin plaster at east 12 mum thick of both ses fs fim | sf |e | 8 Uivision wall fr external wall having no openings within 600 mm of either side of the eoluiyh will be exposed to fire on one face only and Table 29A may be used. No pact of such columis may project beyond either face ofthe wall, 89 | ishould be atleast $0 mm for exposed external conditions or for particularly corrosive internal conditions. Where the specified works cube strength is es than 21 Nim, i is ually desirable to maintain a cover of at least 25 mim to all stecl even for intent ‘on-corrosive conditions, SUBSECTION 34; RESISTANCE TO FIRE 351, Fire resistance of reinforced concrete. Consilerstion sheutd-bc eiver-te-the ‘Typical performances for fire resistance of steuetural slements of certain {types of reinforved concrete construction are given in CP 110 snd the mandatory requirements ate given ia buildin SUBSECTION 3K: RESIST: (CE TO CHEMICAL ATTACK 352. Effects of chemical reagents, Concrete structures are sloaly attacked by some chemical reagents such as vegetable oils and fals, sugar solutions ang sulphates, prolonged exposure to which will bring about gradual deteriorating The rate of aitack may be reduced by good compaction and the use of a heed impermeable aggregate, Increased resistance to soine forms of chemical attack, ‘may be obtained by the use of high alumina cement or sulphate reiting comest, or by the use of protective coat Where destructive agents are liable to come into contact with Moors or {illngs, the Gnish should be designed s0 as to prevent the enity of these agents into the structural concrete. SUBSECTION 3: STAUILIFY 353. Stability 4, Generah Live wveral ity of the buulding including the stability luring the yeried ot construction should be considered in the design sind the engineer responsible for the wverall Stability of the structure should ensure the eesnpatibiity of the design and details of the parts and eumpanents. There should be nw doubt uf thie restasbilty tr overall stability where all or some of-the design and dgtals are not made hy: this engaeee. 7», Plan form, Vive cuowce of plan for isa most important consideration for ensuring stability and. as far as practicable, the vatious elements of a building shoud be urranged in sucha way as ts eeduce the effect of any local accident, 6 Vehicte impact. The provision of bollards, walls retaining earth hanks, Etc should he considered to obviate the possibility of vehicles running into ‘and danagin or removing sitalloadbearing members of the structure ia the ground floor. ao 354. Ties, + @. Genera! uuimieniations of this Clause may be considered to Satisfy the general stability requirement that in addition to safely supporting all appropriate dead, imposed and wind foads, buildings should be designed W construe ny one structural member (other than one voscly desizned to resist initial damage) were considered to have been removed. the consequent structural failure would affeet only a small part of the building ed se that h. Interactuon of menthers in the horizontal plane. To ensure a degree of interaction between members in the horizontal plane, every building should he provided with ties in accnrdance with ¢,,d, and ¢. below. In general. these ties can he provided by ellectively connecting together part af the reinforce provided in the members to support loads caused by aormal function Wray be assumed, when calculating the area of the tie required, that the ie ‘has only to resist the stated horizontal force and that the steel is otherwise unstressed. The (ies should be so placed as w provide the best assistance in resisting by cantilever, catenary of other action, the possible results of accidental damage {oa part of the building. At reentrant comers, or al substantial changes in construction, care should be taken to ensure that the ties are adequately anchored into the adjacent floor or otherwise made effective. «Peripheral tie, Ateach floor and roof level an effectively uninterrupted pesipheral ti should be provided, located within 12 m of the edge of the butling or perimeter wall. This ie should be capable of resisting horizontal tensile Force of 40 kN without exceeding the permissible stcess inthe steal #ies In addition tothe peripheral te, internal ties should be ch Moog eout leven two directions approsinately at right The internal ties shouldbe effectively uninterrupted throughout thet length and should, unless they continue as column or wall ties (e. below), be mag anchored ta the peripheral tie at both ends. Provided thatthe Beam or lab. spans do not exceed 5 m and the gross weight of the Seer construction and "RY imposed loads does not exceed 7.5 kN/m™, the ties in each direction should be capable of resisting a horizontal tensile force of 25 kN per metre width without exceeding the permistble sess inthe steel. For onstruction gupasy involving greater beam or slubf Spans, andor supporting greater g1oss weights: the ties shosld he proportionately larger; the span to be considered for tis purpose may . however, be limited to five times the clear storey height under the beam o slab. Part or all of the internal ties may be spread evenly over the width of the structure or may be grouped at beams, walls or other appropriate intervals, The ties may be in the-Aslabs, beams or wallgrén-walis; where they are in Walls they should be located within 0.5 m of the top or bottom of the floor slab——— le Re oe 2 STRUCTURAL CALCULATIONS IN S| METRIC UNITS P.W.D. HONG KONG= = RC. Design Data and Tables Contents |. Introduction. 2.Units and conversion factors. 3.Dead weight of maferials- 4. Superimposed load. 5.Permissible stresses. @.Reinforcement sizes and areas. T.Design tables for beams and slabs. (Load- factor method) a Tension steel only by Tension and compression steel. c) Shear values CV= G/la) & Bent up bars. d) Values of bch/100 and bat for beams and slabs. e) Lop lengths. & Design examples. 5,6 7-10 an 12 14-16 17 18,19 20 2-25! I I ! INTRODUCTION in May 1970, a committee was appointed by the Governor fo study the implication of the increasing world-wide use of the metric system, and to advise whether or not the need existed for a change to this system in Hong Kong. Following the submission of the Second Interim Report of the Committee in February 1971, the Hong Kong Government announced on 26 th May i971 its formal acceptance of the recommendation and to “ start planning To introduce metric units into Public Works and into the Building Ordinance". The system of units being adopted is the $1 ( Systeme International d/Unites ), an extension and refinement ot the traditional metric system Ccommonly known as the Technical Metric Unit ). It was approved in 1960 by the Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures which is the body responsible for maintaining standards of measurements. Since then nearly thirty countries have decided to make it the only legally accepted system and it is clearly destined Te become the universal sfandard. The main features of § ] affecting structural design are os follows i= 12 The metre Cm) and k:logram Ckg) taking the place of the centimetre Com) and gram (9) of the Technical Metric system. 2) The unit of force, the newton CN, kgms*), is Yaking the place of kilogram force (kgf). It is defined in B.S. 3763 1964, “the Internationo! system ($1) Units”, as” that force which, when epplied To a body having a mass of one Kilogram y gives it an acceleration of one metre per second squared (mjSect)" Since standard gravitatronal acceleration is 9° 80665 m/sect, therefore | NewTon = | kgf /9- 80665 =01 019716 kgf Fo102 kegf and lif = 4448N . 3) The unit of pressure and stress is the pascal, symbol R V N/mm STP IN /mm = 1 MR ‘Multiples of units ore normally to be restricted to steps of thousand ond similarly fractions To steps of a thousandth. eg loo y= 1 kg fooo kg = I tonne (+), (= 1 metric ton) For dther units and basic conversion factors, see tables on paycs 2.3% 4 For many Yeors design engineers have become familiar with the use of design tables ond charts in order to save time in designing reinforced concrete structures, and it is hoped that this set of design aids would be found useful when they are faced with the new system of units.Metric Units jubject imperial Unit | Metric Unit |Symbol| Conversion factor Subj p 4 Length yard metre m lyd = 0-914 m {| foot metre or m or | 1#f = 0-305 m ! millimetre mm = 304-8 mm | inch millimetre mm Vin = 25-400mm Area i square yard | Square metre | mt lyd*= 0-836 m* 4 4 4 ily Square foot Square metre | me | ft? = 0-093 mt T [Square inch ‘square mm? Vin? = @45-16 mm* millimetre | Yolume cubic yard | cubic metre | m3 Vyd* = 0-765 m3 t + t cubic metre | m? \#t® = 0-0283 mi I i i j t (cubic foot ‘cubic inch cubic mm? lind= 16 3874mm3 millimetre | | | Cépacity | gallon litre joe Igal= 4546 L | f | Moss of | ton Tonne tonne | | ton = 1016 tonne materials > hundredweight | kilogram keg lewt = 50-802 kg I pound kilogram | keg J lb = 0-454 kg I | ounce gram | 4 loz = 28°350 g J ensiry pound per kilogram perl eg /m? | 1 Ib/+19= 16-019 kg/m? ;eubic foot cubic metre 1 pound per kilogram — per| kg/m | }lb/yd>= 0°593 kg/m* I cubic yard cubic mefre | wpound force | newton N bf = 4-448 .N ton force | kilonewton KN iL tonfs 2.964 EN F i i Jpound force | nmewton per N/m | | ib/ft = 4 591 N/m jper foot | metre | oa sete oe ats poe sate | ton force | kilonewTon per foot [per metre Libs /tt+ = 47. B80 Fa Pressure | pound force 'newron per pet square footisquare metre | ound force | newton ber Vlog /int = 6-895 KR ‘per Square inch’ square i mill etre ' i 1 [ton force per |ionewton perk | Sten. 'fH= 107-250 kB |square foot jsquare metre ee ssa a. : Hon force per | kiionewion per MB | 15.444 MPa isquare inch | square i | millimetre | a pee ! | ; 7 Stress j pound per j newron per MR | I ibf/ints 0-006 69 MPa [square inch | square : ! i J mitlimetre ! I | pS Fen force per | newton per | MR | | tonf/int= 15-444 MPa square inch | square | | millimetre | t i eee Ton force per | kilonewfon per | kB | tont /ptt= jo7-250 kB pSquare foot | square metre | | i t T Modulus of |pound force [newton per | MR | | lbf/n*=o-00689MR elasticity [per square | square | [fnek millimetre IBending Pound force | newton Nmm | | bf in = 112+ 985 mm inch millimetre or jor Nm | = O13 Nm | newfon metre i i-— Sscateeassne ey |Pound force [newton metre | Nm | 1 ib ft= 135 Nm |toot [ton force foot | kilonewTfon KN m || Tonf ft= 3037 kNm | | metre ait a t Section in? ° | mm? Vin? = 16 386 mm? modulus | i | | a z ase = eae I i Second joint jt | mm4 Vind = 416 210 mm4 moment of | ' area | | i te L | l 4Dead Weights of Materials Aggregates Coarse 1410 £160 kg/m? Fine 1870 4160 kg/m? Asphalt 2040 kg/m? Blumen 1380 kg/m? Brickwork Ale” thick (//5 mm) 230 keg /m* 9" thick (230 mm) 460 kg/m? Blockwork walling Hollow concrete 136 kg /mt 4" thick (/oomm ) 316 kg/m* Concrete Natural aggregate 2260 kg/m> Up to 2% reinforcement 2360 kg/m? Foamed Slag agg. light wi. concrele 1810. - 1880 kg/m? | Expanded clay or shell agg. slab 1330- (650 kg/m?® RC slabs 75 mm thick 180 ig /m* ! loos ow 240 0" ; WS 4 ow 300 6 S04 om 360 4 WS 4 ow 420» 2004 480 « 225 540 0 2504 4 @oo 2756" 660 0 3004 4 720 © I Glass 2740 kg/m? 1 Macodam 2040 kg/m? é Metals { sfeel 7690 kg/m? e aluminiam 2720 kg/m?co Om ee Screeding Plaster per We" thick per i” thick Soils Non-cohesive soils ie. sand and gravel loose dense Cohesive soils ie silts and clays soft firm stiff ‘Timber soft woods hard woods Water fresh water Sea waler 20 kg/m? 60 kg/m? 18104 160 kg/m 2040+ 160 1S70 + 235 " 1730 t160 4 1960 1160 4 470 - NO kg/m? TiO -|260 « 1000 kg/m* FOL kg/m? Ly=— = = So Imposed Load i$! Units) Ref: B.S. CP3* Chapter V} Part 1 General- The distributed loads are the equivalent uniformly distribuled sfatic loads per square metre of plan area and provide for the normal effects of impact and acceleration, but not for any special concentrated loads. All tloor slabs shall be designed to carry the appropriate distributed or concentrated imposed loads, as given in the followin, Tables *, whichever produces the greater stresses in the part of the floor slab under consideration. In design of floor slabs, concentrated load shall be considered to be applied in the positions which produce the maximum stresses. The concentrated imposed load need not be considered where the floor slabs are capable of effective lateral distribution of this load. All beams shall be designed to carry the distribufed load oppropriate to the uses to which they are to be put, as given in the fables. Beams, ribs and joists spaced af nof more than | m centres may be designed as floor slab. Where, in tables, no values are given for concentrated load, it may be assumed that The tabulated distributed 4oad is adequate for design purposes, * The following tables represent a small selection of loadings, which are commonly used in the A/O, Structural Division Please refer to the original code for more details and information.and Vehicle Ramps For passenger Vehicles and Light Van only, not exceeding 2500 kg gross weight p& Rooms in Offices To be determined but not less than 5-0 Use to which Building or Intensity Concentrated Load Structure is fo be put Distributed Load | to be applied (kPa) Sd Assembly Buildings As Public Halls and Theatres with Fixed Seating 40 - without Fived Seating 5-0 36 Boiler Rooms TS To be determined 3-0 27 embly Area with Fryed 4:0 - Assembly Area without Fixed 50 a6 Dining Rooms and Toilet 2-0 al To be determined but 45 not less than 3-0 Assembly Area with Fixed 40 - Assembly Area without Fixed 5-0 Be Dining Rooms and Toilet 2-0 2-7 5-0 2G Laboratories (with equipment) |To be determined but as Inot less than 3:0 5-0 36 5-0 90 To be determined but not less than 9.0 To be determined V4ee eee ee ee Use te which Building or Intensity | of Concentrated load Structure is to be put Distributed Load..| to be applied (ke) (en) Grandstan ds Assembly Areas with fixed Seats 40 . . * without + . 5-0 36 Corridors and passageways 50 4s Toilets 2-0 5 Garages Car parking only, for passenger 25 90 vehicles and Ught van not exceeding 2500 kg. All repair workshops for all types of vehicles not exceeding 2500 kg Gymnasia Hall Dressing Room Stages Toilet Hospitals Bedrooms and wards Dining Room Toilet X-ray Room and Operation Rm In: tional Bldgs - Bedrooms Dining Rooms Toilets Laboratories Including Equipment Libraries Reading Rooms without Book Storage Rooms with Book Storage To be determined but not less than 5-0 50 2-0 50 20 20 20 2-0 20 Vs 2-0 20 To be defermined but not less than 3:9 2s Worst possible combination of wheel loads 36 Ve a6 18 a7 45 To be determined but not tess than 4-5 4s 45 (contdt Use to which Building or Structure is to be put Intensity of Distributed Load (Pa) Concentrated Load to be applied (kN) ~ Libraries (cont.) Stack Rooms -Motor Rooms, Fan Rooms Offices Filing and Storage Spaces Offices for General Use Computing Rooms Toilets Stairs Dwellings not over 3 storey All other buildings Stationery Stores Storage other than types listed “seperately £4 for each metre of room ht. with a min. of 65 To be determined but not fess than 7-5 5-0 25 BS Lo us Same as floors to which they give access, but not Less than 3-0 40 For each mefre of storage height To be determined but not less than 24 for each metre of storage height To be determined To be determined To be determined 27 To be determined 18 Same as the floors to which they give access To be determined To be determined. [ [ l l“a = on —— = PERMISSIBLE STRESSES Permissible stresses for Nominal Mixes — Permissible Concrete Stresses Mix Proportions Compression Shear Bond Due to Direct | Bending Average local MPa MR MR Mio MR ae 16 10 0-9 1-00 150 bike 8 os 85 08 0-93 140 bi sit 53 7 oT 063 Vas Permissible Stresses in Steel Reinforcement Permissible Steel Stresses ( MPa) Type of Stresses Effective Dia. |Etfective Dia. | AUL high-bond bars, and not exceeding | exceeding highly yield wire fobric having Ao mm 40mm @ guaranteed yield or proof stress Tensile Stress 140 125 lo-55 fy , but not more than other than in 230 for bars with an effective shear reinft. dia. not exceeding 20 mm. bss ty, but not more thon 210 for bars with an effective dia. exceeding 20 mm. Tensile 140 125, 955 ty, but not more than stress in 175 shear reinft. Compressive 125 110 55 fy, but not more than stress 5REINFORCEMENT : METRIC SIZES & AREAS DIAMETER Emm | Smm | iomm | izmm | 16mm] 20mm] 25mm] damm] 4omm [463 | so3 | res] iis | 201 | a4 | 4g | gos | as 2) 566] 101 is? | 226) 402 | fas] 982 | 1619 | asio 3 84-9 151 abe 339 603 948 1470 | 2410 | 3770 z 4] 113] zor | aia | 45a | Bot | 1260 | i960] 3220 | soso x 5) ae | asa] Gah] fee | ore} iste | S2t| Sete | Ske = #} tre | 302 | 471 | 679 | 1210) 1890| 2950! 4830 | ps40 : 7} 198 | 352 | 550] 792 | 1410| 2200] 3440] sexo | boo = 8 226 407 626 | 905 1610] 2510 | 3930] 6430 | io100 P 9 ass 453 To? | 1020 1810) 2830 | 4420! 7240 | ;1300 & t te} 263 | sea. | 785 | 1130] 2010) 3140] 4910} Bao | s2b00 sé vif aie | ssa | gee | 1240] 2210! 3460 | s4o0 | 050 | 13800 iS 12) 340 | Gog 942 | 1360 2410) 3770 | S690] 9650 | jg100 j 1. 3 { 3; 368 | 654 | 1020 | 1470 | 2610! 4090 | 4280 | 10500 | 16300 3.8 14 396 | p04 | 1400] 1880 | 2620! 4400 | e870 | 11300| 17600 l § '5| 424 | 15s | 1160 | 1700 | so20/ 4710 | 736 | 1 2100| (Asoo i 3 ‘6 | 453 | bos | 1260/ (B10 | 3220] 5030 | 7850 | 12900] 20100 Tee 17 | 481 | 855 | 1340] 1920 | 3420) 340 | 8350 | 13700 41400 ga 18, S09 | 905 |. 1410] 9040/ 3620] seo | bb40 | 14500 | a200 1 ihn d, 19 | $36 | 95¢ | 1490] 2150| 3g20| S970 | 9330 | tsdeo | aseoe I oT 10 See foto 1$70 | 2260 | 4020) 6260] 98210 | 1¢100| asco | Bo 353 628 962 | 1410 | 2520 | 3930 bao tee} 282 | 503 | 786] 1130 | 2010] sigo| 4910] seetronal € | tee] 257 | 457 | 114 | 1020] 1830] apeo| 4ayo areal mmm?) I z rao} 235 | 419 | 655 | 943 | 1680] 2620] 4090 | 4 = diameter * g | sso] ary | 366 | 04 | g70 | iss0/ 2420) ayb0 | of bar (mad i : t4o | aoa | 359 | ser! 0B | 1440| 2350 | seo tse | tee | 395 | 624) 754 | 1340| 2100 | 3280 | specitieg | 42) 76 | aa | 4a | gor | i260] gto | Sore | *Spacing po | te} 166 | 295] 402] ges | sige] tbse 2890 | tl 1 * spacing 4 ee; Sh | aye | 486] exe | veze} vse | apse) car piren> coe 92) 4b | set | Ais | Soe | foe] ese | 28) GEER) I £ goo) iar | ast | 493 | S25 | iste | is50) 2528 ' ie 210 | 34 | 239 | are] 538] 958 | 1500 | 2340 ee pees me] uae] a30 | oar] sig | aia | ato | 250 ag Me ae | t zs ft pao] tap | 2B | RAE | 482 | 814 | 1370 | 2140 |e mont per mete ze sae} 7 | 209 | 37] an | aie] ile | ate : a ase we 201 314 452 604 | \ 260 1970 0) 3 =: 360) yo8 | 193 | soz] 435] 775] 1ar0| tooo i se aro | 104 | 186] og | 419 | 745] ice | Ig20 j L § 460 | vor 79 260 | 404 1B) 1120 | 1750 90} 97 | 173 | an | 390 | 693 | 1080] 1490 pee} 94 | eT | 262} 377 | cre | yo50 | seo 0 2a eee LOAD FACTOR METHOD 1:2:4 concrete mix (Pop= 7MPa) Tensile Steel Only a: Her Asr= Pex Bat € ‘a Pe for Poe * Pe for Pre = Q O leas] 40 [| ne | 280] 2 o [ass] ae] a0 [aso 22 [ogre [180 [oiei [o1o7 [0-098 | 02 |o-875 [o932 | oBS3 | oss loco} ene [0-974 [et9T |orte four 10-107 | 1-04 | o.8]2 | 0-954 | 9-852 | 0-568 lori Jen fo-97! [oad J219i foi27 | arts |] woe | e869 |o-975 | o671 | 2581 [6.530 220 }0-969 Jo-231 fo-z0e 0-138 | 0126] 08 |o-866 [o-997 | 0-890 | 0-594 jo: 542 fe30 [e967 Jo 24B |o-22e | o-148 | ont35 |] ie [0-864 | 1-019 | 2-910 | 9-607 |o-554 fe32 [o964 [e265 [9-237 [9-158 | iad |[ 1-12 |od61 | oat | 2930 | w620 [asec a 34 10-962 |o.283 [0-252 | 9168 | 5154 | 1.14 | 0.858 | 1-063 | 0-950 | 4-633 [0-573 0°36 [9-960 0-300 9-268 for79 | 9-163 |] 1-16 fongss | 1-086] 2-970 | 646 | a-590 12-36 [0-957 [0-318 [9283 /o.189 | 073 |] 16 Jo-g52 | 1109 | 990 | 0660 [6-402 fo 40_|o- 955 [0-335 [0-299 | 9-199 | onib2 || +20 [0.845 | nisi | role | o673| o-ci5 jo42 O-953 | 0353 | 9315 [0-210 | o-192 W220 |o-845 wis5 | 1031 [9-687 | 627 244 |0-950 |o-370 |0-331 | 9-220 | o-201 |] 4.24 [e842 | 1178 | 1-052 | x70! | 0 640 2-4G |0-94B 16°36 fo-347 | aast [oan |} 12e [orB39 | vz01 | 1073 | o75 | 0-453 OAR |a-946 [e406 |o363 | o-242 | o- 221 |! 1-28 Jo-Bse | v2as | 1094 | 729 jo bob 250 |o.943 |@-424 [0-379 | 9252 | 0-230 | 1.30 |o-833 | 249 | 11s | 0743 aed O52 Jooat logan [0-395 (0-263 [or2do [132 ja gao | 273 | 37 +158 lo og Jo°84 |a-938 |o.a60 Jo-4it | 9-274 | 0-280 |] p54 [0.826 | 29%) 1458 6-772 | 705 o-S6 |o.936 [6-479 | 0-427 | 0-288 | 026° |! 4.36 Jo-B22 | 1322 | 1180: g- 787 jo 719 2-88 0-933 [0-497 | 0-440 | 0-296 | o270 || 1.38 [0-820 | 1347 | j.203 | gBod [o- 732 o-60 [0-931 lose | o-460 ]o-3°7 |-o-2b0 |} 1-40 |oBie | 1372 | 142s 081] |o-T#o 062 [0-928 [o-534 [o-477 [2-318 | 9-290 || 42 [o613 | 1396 | aad | 0-32 [0-760 O64 fo-926 |o'553 | 0-494 | 0-329 | ovser |] 1-44 fo-B09 | 14as | ays | o-B4T (0: 774 O66 Jogas Jors72 jorstt |o-sqo oan | 4c [e806 | 1449 | 1294 | o-B63 |o 188 266 fogs |osgi Jovsa7 Jo-3sz | 0-321 |] 1-48 Jo-Bor | sare | 1310 | 0-878 fo: Bon 270 [0-918 | e610 | 6-544 | 0363 | 0-331 iso | 0799 1802 Vd4l | 0:094 [8-816 272 [a-916 [0629 | 5-562 | 374 | 342 || 1-52 [a 795 | 1529) 1305 | 2910 fo B3l eT lo-9i3 |o-64B | 9°579 [2-366 | 352 | v.54 | 0-792 | 1556) 1.390 | ome [o-Bas O-Tk logis |o°668 | o-596 | 0-397 | 363 ff yse | o 788 | 1584) (aig 0-943 |0-861 2-78 | 0908 | 0-687 jor era | 409 | 0-374 |] 158 | 0-784 | 1612 | 1.439 | 0-960 |o-676 0-82 |o-905 |e-7o7 | a-631 | o-42t or 384 veo | abo 1640 | 4-465 | 0-976 | 0-892 e-B2 [e-903 [o- 727 | on64d forays [0395 || rez o77e | ree9 | 1.490 [0-994 |o907 O° BA o-900 [0-74] | 0-667 |o-ath | odoe || 1-64 |o-773 | 1.698 | psie | ror fogss 0+ 6S 0-89) |e 76T | 0-685 |o-4se | ol] 166, [0-769 1728 | 1543 | +026 |og39 Jo. BO Jo -895 | 0-787 |o+703 10-468 | 0-426 |] 1-68 |o-7és | 1-758! 1569 | 1-046 [o-955 2-90 [6-892 | 0-07 |o-721 [0-481 | 0-439 || 1-70 | 0-760 | 1.763 | 1-597 | 1-064 [2-972 oor |o-889 [9-628 |o-739 | 0-493 | o-450 | 1-71 [e758 | 1-604 | 1-610 | 1.014 |o.9B0 0-94 |e-666 10 +848 |0:757 | o-505 | 0-461 |] 1-72 [ose | 1-019 | 1-624 | 1-083 |o 989 6°96 10-844 Jo: B69 [a 776 [0-517 | 0-472 | 1-73 fors4 | 1-835 | 1-638 | 1-092 J0-997 098 [0 BBI Jo. 890 | 0795 | 0-530 | o-484 |] 1-74 Jo-752 | 1.65) | 1-652 | 11 0z| poe 1-00 Jo. 676 |o-9t! lorbis [o-54t | ovags | 1-75 fo 750 | 1-867 | 1-667 | rit | ord 13LOAD FACTOR METHOD | 1:2:4 concrete mix (Rib: 7MPa) | Mi—[~ | Tensile and Compressive Steel hi oe Ace Q= Moat | jee Ase = Pex Pat Ase ® Pex Pat da/a, * 005 dig, = 0-10 | a Pscv* 175: MPa Pst = 140 (5, Poc= 175 MB Poe = 140 ey Q [Paez] [aio] Pee 145 Tao] HT) apo] se = 125 | Pe Pe Pe Pe % Pe Pe fe Pe Pe 1014 [0-000 | y-111 | 1-667 [a o00 vod |oo00 [iit | pee] |goce | verb }o 018 | size | 1-689 |oo2s |] 1029 |o-019 | tat | vego | o-027 boty 9-042 | 1146 | 1-119 |o.059 |! 1.048 [2-044 | 114b | y.72r | e-062 05 [o 066 | 1-166 | 1-749'| 5.093 | 1-068 [9-070 | jueo | 1-754 | 9-098 | 1083 |o- 090 | 1.166 | 1.779 [oize || 1-087 |o-095 | 1190 | ibe [o-133 £ 1108 | ar ty 1206 B10 |oleo 106 | gq2zt p22 BIT | 9-169 E wire to 136 | 1.226) 40 9-194 | i126 Joye | sass | 1849 [204 H H13bja-162 | 6246 | 1610 [o-227 | ii45 foray | ase | gor 9240 ' tise |O-186 | 1-266 | 1900/9261 | 064 fo-197 | vars | ors fo-276 7 jo2n | 1-267 | 1930 |2.295 | sige [oz | yoy | 194g [90311 | 1193 [o2as | 1307 | 1960] e320 | v203 [o24B | vad | vere [oaal PAE 9259 | 1-327 | 1-990 | 9-362 | s22e | 0-273 | 4339 | 2-008 | a-382 1230 (0288 | 1.347 | 2or0 |o39¢ | u24a [0.296 | 1-360 | 7.040 [a-418 | 4248 10-307 1367 2:050 | 0-429 1261 | 9324 | 1-381 Lol | c-453 4266 10-331 | 1.367 | 2060/0463 || 1.280 [0-349 | 1-402 | 2.103 | 0-469 1-265 | 9. 355° 1-407 20 10497 | 1-300 [5.375 423) 2435 | 524 j 1303 0° 379>| 1-427 | 2140] ossi | 1309 |o-400 | 444 | 2447 | nebo 1321 |o 403 | 1447 | g170 | 0-564 | 1338 [o-aas | 14ce | 2.4198 | 96 1339 0-427 | 1-467 | 2.201 | 6598 j 4357 | 451 | 1-487 | 2-230 | 4.631 { 1356 [or45! | 1-487 | 2.231 | 0632. 1377 | o-a7e"| 1508 | 2-262 | 5667 ste [g-4T5 | sol [2-2 To665 | 396 | osc | 1619] 22094 | o7oD £394 (9° 499 | stl | 2-241 | 0699 || 141s | o-s27 | sss0 | 2.525 | o- 738 b4is ‘0-523 | 1-547 | 232i |o-733 |] 1-435 fossa | usm | 2387 Joa73 WABI 10-547 | 1.567 | 2351 [0-766 | 1454 [0-578 | 1-593 | 2389 | 5.009 | s449 {0-511 | 1.567 | 2-481 | 0.800 |] 1-473 | o-go3 | 1614 | aor | o Bde | vag [0-595 | 1-607 | 2-4 [o-834 | 1493 | o-639 | vas | 452 |p Boo | 1-486 /o-620 | 4.627 | 2-441 | 9-B47 |] 1-stz | ongsa | vose | abt [5-16 | 1504 | 0-644 | 1647 | 2-471 [0-901 |] 1531 [ogg | 1477 | asit lost | 1823) 6-666 | 1-668 | 2501 0-935] i581 | 0-705 | 1.498 | 2546 | 9.987 1541 | 692 | 1606 | 3.531 | 0-968 |] 1570 | 0-730 yao | 2579 | 022 1559 |o- 716 | 4.706 | as6 | t-oo2 || 589 | 756 | 140] a1) | 1-058 WST1 | O740 | 4.728 | 2591 | 1036 |) 1-609 | 0-781 1742 | 2-643 | j-093 199% |0-764 | 1.148 | 2.622 | 1-069 |} 1.628 | 0-806 | 1-783 | 2475 | yrag bed (0-766 | 1.768 | 2652 | 1-103 |} 1.647 | 0-832 | 1-604 | 2700 | 1164 vem |o 012 | 1-786 | 2-662 | 1-137 || 1.667 | 0-857 | 1.825 | 2738 | 1.200 rest To B36] 1605 T5902 | iri | 1-486] 0-885 | ae] an7e 1 nase 1-669 | B60} 1.828 | 2-142 | 1.204 || 1-705 | 0-906 | 1.868 | 2802 | 1271 1487 |o- 84) 1.048 | 2-772 | 1.238 |} 1-725 | 0-933 | 889 | 2.833 | 1307 1706 Jo 906 | 1.668 | 2-Bo2 | 1.272 |] 1-144 | 0-959 | 1-910 | 25e5 | 342 724 [6.932 | 1.668 | 7-832 | y-305 || 1.763 | 0-964 | 1-o31 | a p97 | 1376 WTA forse | 1-908 | 2b62 | 1339 | 1-783 | polo | 1-952 | 2-929 | nas "160 }0-96e | 1.928 | 2-892 | 1373 || 1-802 | 035 | 974 | 2-960] 1-449 1179) 00S | 1.948 | 2922 | 1.406 |} 1-821 | 1-060) 1-995 2992 | 1484 1-797 | 1029) 1-968 | 2-952 | 1-440 |I 1 .o4 | 086 | 2-016 | 024] 1-520 ) sis | j-o53] 1-988 | 2962] 1474 | 1-60 | vii | 2037] s05¢| isso i : 14 reer reer= ee LOAD FACTOR METHOD 1:2:4 concrete mix (Ry = 7 MP) | oe Ate Tensile and Compressive Steel @ > 8 (2475 Mea) oS Last Q= M/va? Ant Rs ae Asc = Pe x Bat dfs, 2 0-15 4s/d, = 0-20 Pests MR | is 140 Pee > 175 MR | py 2 do [ageze] 1 aro] es tas PR ent Pc rg was O89 fe | te fe he fe te Pe te te Pe ris | ve | ooo [ry | veer | oo | core [0° | nan | gay Toreee "7B | ve30 | 0.020 | 4126 | seg | 0-026 |] vosr | o-021 | pray | 1.493 | oe30 182 | rose | 0047 | iso | 172s | ose |! 4053 | :030 | visi | v-729 | g.070 woe | ver | oor | wi7s | 1759 | ovea |] vor4 |o-o79 | mit | v765 | a0 190 | toot | aren | rigs | orga | otnat | 1-096 [orto7 | nave | 1-01 | oso ve Puna [oad [aie [vax | 179 |] en | onze | aie] ase Poioe v9d | rian fouss | r240 | rose | oar6 | 19 | ovee | aad | van | 50230 ber | sss fovea | rae | vos | oasa fries | onga | 1am | sob | o-a70 zoe | tira | o206 | 1.265 | gaz | ong |] 4083 | oaar j 12% | 949 | on g10 ate {vied fons | ser | igi | oga9 | vaes | oase | rae | 1979 | 350 214 | vais | gar | 1330 | 1994 [0-387 | vaae [o27e | ya4s | 2015 | 390 2b 1254 | 209 vase 2026 | b-405 024d | F307 | 1367 2-05) | g 430 par | 4ass | bare | 137g | 2062 | psgz |} va70 | 9-336 | fe | 2086 | 0-410 226 1275 | 0-343 397 2-095 | o-430 W292 +0364 ais | ana | oslo 230 | vie [oazo | sais | anaes | 0-518 |] ro |a-a93 | case sash | ogee aaa | vate [50397 | aaz [ane | o-sss || 5 [ovaal yaar] as fo See 238 | 1937 | ogrg | ves | 296 | o.593 |] as7 [o-aso | ace | pang | eae 242 | 1357 | o-gso | v4b_6 | 2230 | 0-631 |] 1-379 |g 479 | 510 | p08 | w 470 | 2a | 1378 | M477 | vs09 | 2263 | 9-668 |] 1-400 lo 507 | vs | 2301 | o-pr0 250 1396 | 9 S04 sat 2297 | d+ 706 W422 |0 +536 bssB 2336 | 0-750 | asa | vary fossy [ssa [aan [ogee | yaaa | o-564 | 138] 2372 To 790 58 | vase | ossB | 1576 | aset | o-7bt |} gee | 0-593 | 1.605 | 2408 | 0-830 | FER | aco | 0585 | 1599 | 2398 | 0-019 |] L4a7 | o-gas | 1-629 | 2-443 | 0870 | 266 | HBO | osi2 | vezi | paar | 9-056 || 1509 | 0-650 | 168s | 9-479 | Ogio | Te | vsoo | o6s7 | seas | g4es | ota || vso_[o-e79 | ver7 | asis |-o 950 24 veal | a 66e obo 2499 | 0-932 || vssd | 0-707 1-700 2651 | 6. 999 2718 VS4 | 9 69k 1688 gar | 0-949 USF | 6-736 vrs 1566 | 1-530 eer fivste one | ti | asee | 007 || vege | o-764 | y-48| gga] 1070 266 1582 | 746 W733 2599 boas 1618 | 0793 7h 2658 i 290 | isos | ors | rss | xe | ede ff esa | oaar | ere | pees | nase 294 1-633 | 800 778 2467 1120 bor | 9-650 rae rye ge 298 | vem |or827 | 1-600 | aqe0 | suse |] 1-483 | 0-879 | 1-043 | ams | y ase Ser | wees forbs | 823 | a7ag | wigs | 705 | o-ve7 | vge7 | xdoi | 1-270 soe | reas [or | b45 | a7¢5 | v2as |] nzze fogse | pags | 2636 | 1310 30 170S | 0.906 1867 abot e27t 1148 | 0 964 19st 2-872 150 sad ©PS | 0-934 B90 2-635 1508 ¥ITO | 9-993 1930 2906 1990 B18 HIKE | o961 gir 2868 1346 “792 boat 9ed 294s Ado par | wre [0-908 | 93s | 2902 | 1306 |] vars | ose | vase | 3979 | 470 p26 | vrep | rors | 0957 | agate | vane if vass | 972 | ace | 3005 | y-sto 330 | 1do7 | ross | 1979 | ages | vase |] vez | vor | 3-094] 5.051 | nese 234 1828 | 1-069 2002 3.903 | 1496 one Piae 2058 3086 | 590 338 648 | 096 2-014 3036 +534 goo 116 | 208) Soran ese Bar | vge9 furas | 2047 | a070 | sz | pgae | sigs | 10s | asd! age S46 B87 | 1-150 2067 5104 1609 194 pare 2439 | bab M718 sso] ware | rire | aoge | 337 | vse7 ff 966 | vase | a3] 3-ue | a0 15LOAD FACTOR METHOD 1:2:4 concrete _mix(R.p? 7MR) ‘> |me Tensile and Compressive Steel @ > (ses MPD 4 Belle a= m/vat eee Ant fer tt ee toed dja, © 085 : me Ts MR | tes 40 @ peme] [eT] fe = as fe Pe fe fe te ws | po [oes | ine | -6e7 o-oee vrs | 032 [9-023 | rise | 1-695 | 0-032 voz | voss |o-os3 | rise | 1733 |a-075 ne | 078 107084 | nibs | vv deni vo | vor [ous | pred | 1tv0 [ogee vas | 1asz | B48 | ov08 ins | vast | 1886 | o-24s o-206 | 1283 |. 1-924 | 0-288 286 | i306 | 962 | 0-331 0-267 33h aces | 9-379 0-297 | 359 | 2036 [o-alb | or 328 | v3ea | 2076 | 0-459 0358 | rare | 24 | 0-50! 0387 143s 2452 | 0-544 0409 | i4ee | age | o-587 9450 abe 2229 | 0-629 ease | osu | 2267 | ong asio i 1537 | ages | o-75 6541 | sea | 2349 | 0-757 ast | +567 | 230t | 0-00 0602 1613 adig | O BAS o-és2 | 1436 | 2457 | 2-805 0663 | 1-463 | 2-495 | 0+ 926 pegs | 1-409 | 2.538 | 0-971 o-724 | re | ast | rons ost 740 abe | ese o 78s 0765 2648 1098 O- bs 798 1486 bia ovat | pie | age | sane ore | pat | a7 | say o9e7 | vb61 | 1 be | ase oot | 692 | 2938 | aia 966 | git | iar | ass 2996 194s 294 | 17 029 2952 | 1.440 1058 | gee | 2990 | 1.483 rove | 2019 | 3.029 | 1.525 tise | 04d | a06r | 1568 rise | 2070 | 3405 | ng wibt | 2095 | 3i4s | bss rau zat s1br 1694 ran | ree | gag | gag wage | oatme | 3.as7 | TB 130d 297) 5195 bat 39 | aca] 5333 | ps7 | Ve