WORLD RELIGIONS
Religion
A fundamental set of beliefs and practices generally agreed upon by a group
of people. These set of beliefs concern the cause, nature, and purpose of the
universe, and involve devotional and ritual observances. They also often
contain a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs.
5 major religions
Christianity
Christianity
 Major religion stemming from the life, teachings, and death of Jesus
of Nazareth
 In the 1st century CE. It has become the largest of the world’s
religions and, geographically, the most widely practiced religion in the
world with more than 2 billion followers.
 The faith tradition that focuses on the figure of Jesus Christ. In this
context, faith refers both to the believers’ act of trust and to the
content of their faith.
 The agent of Christianity is the church, the community of people who
make up the body of believers.
Christianity originated with the ministry of Jesus in the 1st century Roman
province of Judea. According to the Gospels, Jesus was a Jewish teacher and
healer who proclaimed the imminent Kingdom of God, and was crucified at
c.30–33 AD.
What is the basic foundation of Christianity?
Its main points include: Belief in God the Father, Jesus Christ as the Son of
God, and the Holy Spirit. The death, descent into hell, resurrection and
ascension of Christ. The holiness of the Church and the communion of saints.
Christian beliefs
 Christians believe that Jesus Christ was the Son of God – fully human
and fully divine – and that through believing in him and following his
teachings they can inherit eternal life.
 The Christian faith centers on beliefs regarding the birth, life, death
and resurrection of Jesus Christ.
 Christians are monotheistic, i.e., they believe there’s only one God,
and he created the heavens and the earth. This divine Godhead
consists of three parts: the father (God himself), the son (Jesus Christ)
and the Holy Spirit.
 The essence of Christianity revolves around the life, death, and
resurrection of Jesus. Christians believe God sent his son Jesus, the
messiah, to save the world. They believe Jesus was crucified on a
cross to offer the forgiveness of sins and was resurrected three days
after his death before ascending to heaven.
 Christians contend that Jesus will return to earth again in what’s
known as the Second Coming.
 The Holy Bible includes important scriptures that outline Jesus’s
teachings, the lives and teachings of Major Prophets and disciples,
and offer instructions for how Christians should live.
 Both Christians and Jews follow the Old Testament of the Bible, but
Christians also embrace the New Testament.
  The cross is a symbol of Christianity.
 The most important Christian holidays are Christmas (which
celebrates the birth of Jesus) and Easter (which commemorates the
resurrection of Jesus).
Christian Practices and Rituals
 Christians are called to embody the teachings of Jesus and spread the
Gospel (“Good News”) of God’s love for humanity through their
efforts. This includes evangelization and service to the community as
well as studying and reading scriptures.
 Sacraments are important religious elements of life, mediating grace
from God to the believer. The most widely held are baptism, through
which individuals are welcomed into the Christian community, and
the Eucharist, the sharing of bread and wine in memory of Jesus’
death and resurrection.
 Mass or other forms of weekly church worship generally occur on
Sundays.
 Catholics, Orthodox Christians, and some Protestants believe that the
Eucharist is truly the body and blood of Christ, (transubstantiation)
while most Protestants believe it is symbolic.
 Participation in rites such as baptism, communion and other
sacraments include the confession of sins for the sake of repentance
and absolution and the anointing of the sick for those suffering from
serious illness.
 Catholic Church recognizes five additional sacraments, that are known
as "sacramentals" or "devotions" and include praying the rosary and
going on pilgrimages.
Other Christian practices
 Bible study
 Christian Fasting: an act which is most accurately defined as an
abstention from meat, drink and all natural food for a determined
period.
 Monasticism was unknown in Christianity until the end of the third
century. Most of the early Christians continued to own private
property after their conversion, and marriage was not condemned.
 Christian Prayer: prayer is the act of communicating with God. Prayer
can take on different forms such as verbal, written, or silent
communication
 Baptism: one of the two most important sacraments in Christianity. At
its most basic, it involves application of or immersion in water, a
blessing, and the pronouncement,
 Confirmation: ceremonially performed in a church, which signifies the
faith and commitment of a person, who desires to publicize their
convictions to their family, friends, and church
 Easter: Christ’s death and resurrection
 Eucharist: a sacrament (so-called by Roman Catholicism) or ordinance
(so-called by Protestantism) carried out in Christian churches as an act
of obedience to the instructions of Jesus Christ about
commemorating his death on the cross given the night before he died.
 Catechism is a class or manual on the basics of Christian doctrine and
practice, usually as a precursor to confirmation or baptism.
Catechisms normally include lessons on the creeds, the Lord's Prayer
and the Ten Commandments, as well as the Hail Mary in Roman
Catholicism.
CHIRSTIANITY SYMBOL: CROSS
Islam/Muslim
Islam: Islamic Beliefs and practices
 Submits freely to ONE and ONLY GOD, "Allah“  "Muslims believe that there is only one supreme God, Allah"
 Submission to the will of Allah.  Oneness of Lordship
 Islam preaches peace, mercy, justice, tolerance, equality, love, truth,  Oneness of Worship
forgiveness, patience, morality, sincerity and righteousness.  Oneness of Allah's Names and Attributes
 Muslims do not believe that Allah sleeps, gets tired, or dies.
Allah  Muslims do not believe that human beings are created in the image of
 “The Creator” Allah.
 Muslims believe that there is no intermediary who will take any one
Prophet Muhammad nearer to Allah or plead on anyone's behalf.
 “Peace on him“  Oneness of Mankind
 Messenger of Allah  Oneness of The Message
 Muhammad was the prophet and founder of Islam. Most of his early  Innocence of mankind at Birth
life was spent as a merchant. At age 40, he began to have revelations  Muslims believe that forgiveness is always available through
from Allah that became the basis for the Koran and the foundation of repentance.
Islam. By 630 he had unified most of Arabia under a single religion. As
of 2015, there are over 1.8 billion Muslims in the world who profess, Pillars of Islam
“There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet.” • Shahada (Testify)
Muhammad was an Arab religious, social and political leader and the • Salah (Prayer)
founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet, • Seyam (Fasting)
sent to present and confirm the monotheistic teachings preached • Zakat (Charity)
previously by Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. • Hajj (Pilgrimage)

Qur'an
 Authentic collection of revelation in book form. Pillars of faith
 Exact & unchanged Word of Allah. • Belief in Allah
• His angels
Muslim • His books to mankind
 People who follow or practice Islam, Allah, and Prophet Muhammad. • His Prophets and Messengers
 1.9 billion population worldwide. • The Day of Judgment
• Destiny
  Dharma is the proper behavior of each being and it maintains
ISLAM SYMBOL: The Crescent Moon and Star the balance of the universe.

Hinduism The Vedas

 Vedas are Hindus sacred books of knowledge and there are 4
Hinduism Vedas; Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Xajur Veda, and Atharva Veda.
 Oldest active religion at least 3,500 years old

 Due to the merging of Indus Valley and nomads that came in India Cyclical Time
around 1500 BC  There are no beginnings nor endings
 Time is a series of cycles and with each cycle contains 4 yugas
HINDU BELIEFS or ages — Krita, Treta, Dwapara, and Kali.

One Universal Soul

 The universal soul is Brahman and the Hindus believed that
Brahman is the universe and the material that makes up the
universe.
Immortal Individual Soul
 For Hindus, soul is what they called "atman".
 Action of the soul while in the present body have effect on the
soul next life.
Karma
 Hindus believed that karmic actions in the past affect us today
and our action today affects our soul.
Moksha
 Moksha is the freedom from the cycle of life and death
Dharma
HINDU PRACTICES
1. Marks on the forehead
 Signifies what kind of Hindu someone is
 It deepen the connection to the third eye of Shiva
2. Doing Pujas
 Pujas is a worship event for Hindu
3. Participating in seasonal Hindu festivals
 About being with family, eating specific foods or having puja at
home
4. Performing life cycles rituals
 These rituals or "samsara" happen at a certain stages of life.
5. Adapting special diet Mahayana Buddhism: Mahayana — the goal of which is aspire to
 It is a sign of devotion that is nearly equivalent to doing daily Buddhahood by practicing the Zen principles of self-control, meditation, and
prayers expression of the insight of Buddha in your daily life, especially for the benefit
of others, all to the end of achieving bodhisattva, or an ongoing cycle of
6. Visiting temples and Holy sites rebirth by which you can continue to enlighten others. Prevalent in China,
 For Hindus, visiting a temple might be daily or weekly Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore and Vietnam
behavior.
Four Noble Truths
SYMBOL OF HINDUISM: Aum Dukkha: the truth of suffering
Om (or Aum, ॐ) is the sacred sound symbol that represents Universe; the Samudaya: The truth of the cause of suffering
ultimate reality (Brahman). It is prefixed and sometimes suffixed to all Vedic Nirhodha: The truth of the end of suffering
mantras and prayers. Aum is often said to represent God in the three aspects Magga: The truth of the path that frees us from suffering
of Brahman (A), Vishnu (U) and Shiva (M).
Collectively, these principles explain why humans hurt and how to overcome
suffering.
Buddhism

Buddhism Eightfold Path

-Buddhism is a religion that was founded by Siddhartha Gautama The Buddha taught his followers that the end of suffering, as described in the fourth No
(“the Buddha”) more than 2,500 years ago in India. With about 470 million Truths, could be achieved by following an Eightfold Path.
followers, scholars consider Buddhism one of the major world religions. The
religion has historically been most prominent in East and Southeast Asia, but • Right View/Understanding • Right Livelihood
its influence is growing in the West.
• Right Thinking • Right Effort
Types of Buddhism • Right Speech • Right Mindfulness

Theravada Buddhism: the goal of which is to achieve freedom from • Right Conduct • Right Concentration
ignorance, material attachment, and anger by practicing the Noble Eightfold
Path, all in pursuit of a sublime state called Nirvana. Prevalent in Thailand, Sri SYMBOL OF BUDDHISM: Dharma wheel
Lanka, Cambodia, Laos and Burma
-Among the earliest and most common symbols of Buddhism are the stupa Major Geographical Regions
(and the relics therein), the Dharmachakra or Dharma wheel, the Bodhi Tree
(and the distinctively shaped leaves of this tree) and the lotus flower. The 1. AFRICA
dharma wheel, traditionally represented with eight spokes, can have a variety LAND AREA: 30.37 million km²
of meanings. POPULATION: 1,319,422,214

Judaism 2. AMERICA
LAND AREA: 9.834 million km²
DEFINITION POPULATION: 793,800,410
 World's oldest monotheistic religion, dating back 4,000 years. Develop
among the ancient Hebrews.
 It is the complex phenomenon of a total way of life for Jewish people, 3. ASIA
comprising theology, law, and innumerable cultural traditions. LAND AREA: 44.58 million km²
 It's what you do that counts.
POPULATION: 4,601,371,198
 Judaism is a faith of action and Jews believe people should be judged
not so much by the intellectual content of their beliefs, but by the way
4. EUROPE
they live their faith —by how much they contribute to the overall
holiness of the world. LAND AREA: 10.18 million km²
POPULATION: 747,182,751
SYMBOL OF JUDAISM: Star of David
5. OCEANIA
THE WORLD REGIONS LAND AREA: 8.526 million km²
POPULATION: 42,128,035
Countries, Region and Globalization

REGIONS Media
• Group of countries located in the same geographically specified area.
Media
• Combination of two or more regions to regulate and oversee flows  As “a mean of conveying something such as a channel of
and policy choices. communication.
 It is the plural of medium
 Technologies of mass communication
  It includes physical and online newspapers and magazines, television,
radio, billboards, telephone, the Internet, fax and billboards.
 Refers to the communication channels through which we disseminate
news, music, movies, education, promotional messages and other
data.
Types of Media
 Print Media
 Broadcast Media
 Digital/Internet Media
Print Media
 The oldest form of media are books, magazines and newspaper.
 Although print media readership has declined in the last few decades,
many Americans still read a newspaper every day or a newsmagazine
on a regular basis.
 The influence of print media is therefore significant.
Newspaper
 Newspaper is a major source of information for a large number of
readers.
 It may be National or local, daily or weekly newspaper
 Allow presentation of detailed messages which can be read at
reader’s conveyance.
 Its valuable services to the community like information, education,
entertainment, cultural transmission and record facility.
 Generally published on a regular schedule, containing a verity of
reading material.
 Allow presentation of a detailed message along with photos,
illustrations, colours etc.
Magazine
 Generally published on a regular schedule, containing a verity of
reading material.
 Allow presentation of a detailed message along with photos,
illustrations, colours etc.
BOOKS
 A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated or blank sheets made up
of ink, paper or parchment (animal skin used in writing)   bind
together along one edge within covers.
 Books are the oldest form of mass media that used to be produced by
handwriting in the past
 Earlier, books were accessible to too few privileged person but now,
advancement of technology begun the era of mass communication.
Broadcast Media
 It is the most expedient means to transmit information immediately
to the widest possible audience, although the Internet currently
challenges television as the primary source of both news and other
recreational content
 Its primary target are usually people who watch television and listen
to the radio on a daily basis.
Television
 TV is a principal source of information and entertainment for people
exposed to mass media.
 It is believed to be the most authoritative, influential, exciting medium
for reaching very large audience.
 It combines visual images, sound, motion and color to achieve
viewer’s empathy.
Radio  Reduce the communication gaps amongst the people living in the far
 It is one of the most personal medium and offers selectivity, cost areas.
efficiency and flexibility advantages over other media.  Keeps the people updated
 Commercial broadcasting is undertaken in major cities even rural  It should spread truthful, fair and objective information
areas.  Information
 Radio is a premier mass medium for users and it delivers the message  Political awareness
to a large number of people across the length and breadth of the  Social awareness
country.
 Education
 Economic awareness
Digital/Internet Media  Entertainment
 It comprises both Internet and mobile mass communication.  Advertising
 Internet media comprise such services as email, social media sites,
websites, and Internet-based radio and television.
 Rapid growing medium of advertising GLOBAL CITIES
 It is a worldwide medium that provides means of exchanging
Global City
information through series of interconnected computers or mobile
phones. A global city is a city generally considered to be an important node in the
global economic system. The concept comes from geography and urban
Internet Media examples studies and rests on the idea that globalization can be understood as largely
(WWW)World Wide Web- it is the system that allows to navigate from page created, facilitated, and enacted in strategic geographic locales according to
to page with the use of browser.
a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global system of finance
 Internet sites
and trade.
 E-mail
 Social Media
 Internet-based audio and video
Top10 Global Cities

Role/Functions of media 1. New York- North American continent, U.S

 Making world a global village  New York was ranked the best city for business activities, and human
capital.
 The lowest unemployment rate in its history - at just 4%.
 New York has more billionaires than any other city in the world.
 New York's biggest export is cut diamonds
 Being the capital of finance and law in the United States, New York is
a centre for the creative industries: including fashion, design, art and
advertising.
 In the sector of tourism, it now draws almost 63 million visitors each
year.
New York's best destinations:
1. Statue of Liberty
2. Central Park
3. Rockefeller Center & Top of the Rock Observation Deck
2. London- EUROPE, ENGLAND
*London is a transport hub to many other destinations; Europe and
the world.
 All of London's airport terminals see more than 100,000 flights per
month.
*It is populous and diverse (nearly a third of the city's population is
from black, asian or other minority ethnic (BAME) groups.
 Over the next ten years BAME groups will account for 80% of the
increase in London's working age population.
*Over 40% of the world's foreign equities are traded here.
• Over 30% of the world's currency exchanges take place here. Foreign
Exchange is the trading of one currency for another. For example, one
can swap the U.S. dollar for the euro.
• 80% of its business is international.
* London's strengths in science, technology and design offer
significant competitive advantage.
• The capital boasts 4,500 world-class researchers and renowned
medical and clinical trial centers.
3. Paris- EUROPE, FRANCE
 The Paris regional economy, defined as a metropolitan labour.
Generated $818 billion in output 31% of national gross domestic
product (GDP) Paris is the fourth-largest metro economy in the world
and boasts the fifth-highest average wealth (GDP per capita).
 TRADE
Paris has a diversified global presence in financial services,
multinational firm headquarters, advanced manufacturing, and
international tourism, culture, fashion, and media.
 INNOVATION
Paris is the centre for innovation in France. It houses world-
class research universities, agglomerations of high-tech employment,
patent-intensive multinational companies.
 TALENT
Paris is one of the most educated regions in the world. Sectors
of the economy that employed high levels of professionals and
university graduates accounted for most of the job growth in the
region.
 As they demand more skilled labor, local firms are placing new
demands on existing education and training systems. Paris region’s
public, private, and civic institutions can build a globally competitive
economy that works for all.
4. Tokyo-ASIA, JAPAN
 Global Cities Index (2010):
Tokyo ranks as the No. 4 most global city overall behind New
York and London (No. 2 for Business Activity and No. 4 for Cultural
Experience)
 City proper:
 13 million people; Metropolitan area: 32.5 million people
Tokyo, the national capital, contains a variety of industries, with an
especially large concentration of corporate headquarters, creating a
hive of economic activity. While the city constantly gives rise to new
fashions and cultural phenomena. With many famous sites and
historical landmarks still remaining, Tokyo presents an innovative face
with a lingering patina of tradition. Business establishments in Tokyo,
99% of them small and medium businesses. Tokyo has a wide variety
of resources such as well-established networks linking educational
institutions and companies.
Culinary Center
Japan is a food-crazed, gourmet nation, and Tokyo is the
center of the country’s contemporary romance with all things food.
While the richness of Japan’s sophisticated culinary fabric stems from
a long history of admiration for regional and seasonal delicacies,
Tokyo is the modern destination of choice for many of the world’s
most accomplished chefs and restaurants.
5. Hongkong-ASIA
Hong Kong's positioning as Asia's world city, like other world cities
such as London and New York, is based on:
1. Its role as a manager and coordinator of global economic activity.
2. A core of world-class service providers and a highly productive
workforce.
3. Modern hard and soft infrastructure
4. Educational and other institutions focused on knowledge-creation
and enhancing the quality of life
Other Indicator:
HK' s Economic Freedom score of 90.
6. Singapore-ASIA
 Dig into the city's Hawker Culture.
 You can do a multi-country food crawl without leaving the Hawker
center.
7. Los Angeles- AMERICA, CALIFORNIA
Economic Factor:
L.A.'s gross domestic product per capita surged 11.8% the past
five years, dwarfing Chicago's 7.4%, almost three times New York's
4.1 percent and twice the average for 383 U.S. metropolitan areas,
 Bloomberg data show. Some of the gain is attributed to population The capital of the People's Republic of China, the world's third most
growth of 2.5 percent as New York grew 2.1 percent and Chicago populous city proper, and most populous capital city.
declined 0.2 %. During the five-year period, home values in Los
Beijing has developed into an important global city in a
Angeles increased 49 percent, easily surpassing the U.S. average of 28
relatively short period of time. There has also been massive
percent and more than double New York's 17 percent and Chicago's
investment in infrastructure to support business and innovation
14 percent. L.A. also has a near impregnable share of U.S. shipping,
activities and to enhance Beijing’s global connectivity.
with the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, representing 35
percent of the market compared to No. 2 Newark-New York, at 17 10. Washington D.C- NORTH AMERICA, U.S
percent, or No. 3 Savannah, 8 percent.
Washington is the capital city of the United States, since 1790. It is
located between Virginia and Maryland on the north bank of the
8. Chicago- NORTH AMERICA, U.S
Potomac River. More than 500,000 people live there.
Economic Factor:
Ranked as the world’s top hub for entrepreneurial talent (2019)
Chicago has one of the world’s largest and most diversified
Seventh safest city in the world as of 2019
economies, with more than four million employees and generating an
annual gross regional product (GRP) of over $609 billion. Seventh strongest economy in the US. The average weekly wage of
$1,540 was the third highest among the 30 biggest metro areas in the US,
The city is an efficient economic powerhouse, home to more than 400 major
and the per capita GDP of $74,198 was the fourth highest. (2019)
corporate headquarters, including 36 in the Fortune 500.
Chicago accounts for one fifth (20%) of the world’s global derivatives
trading market; 2X New York (10%) and matching all European exchanges GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
combined (20%).
Demography?
Chicago-based exchanges generated 4.9 billion in annual global derivatives
 “Demo” means people/population and “graphy” means
trading volume with a notional value of more than one quadrillion in 2017 
measurement/picture therefore it is the study of human populations.
Chicago-based Options Clearing Corporation clears all US options contracts –
 Scientific study of human population in which includes study of
4.3 billion in 2017 (the third highest volume on record).
changes in population size, composition and its distribution.

9. Beijing- ASIA, CHINA

  Is a complex discipline that requires the integration of various social  Internal Migration -refers to people moving from one area to another
scientific data. within one country.
 EXTERNAL/International Migration
Top 5 most Populated Countries:
-people cross borders of one country to another.
1. China – 1,435,617,569
FACTORS OF MIGRATION
2. India – 1,370,906,157
3. United States – 329,705,921  PUSH FACTORS
4. Indonesia – 271,582,714 -REASON WHY PEOPLE DECIDE TO MIGRATE
5. Pakistan – 217,990,050  PULL FACTORS
-THE EXPECTATIONS THAT ATTRACTS THE PEOPLE TO MIGRATE, IT IS
Top 5Least populated Countries in the World:
USUALLY A POSITIVE THING
1. Vatican City – 800
2. Tuvalu – 10,200 PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS
UNEMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL FOR EMPLOYMENT
3. Nauru – 11,000
A LACK OF SERVICE AND AMENITIES BETTER SERVICE PROVISION
4. Palau – 17,900
POOR SAFETY AND SECURITY A SAFER ATMOSPHERE
5. San Marino – 33,420
CONCERNS ABOUT HIGH CRIME RATES LOW CRIME RATES
CROP FAILURE FERTILE LAND
DROUGHT GOOD FOOD SUPPLIERS
FLOODING LESS RISK OF NATURAL HAZARDS
POVERTY GREATER WEALTH OF AFFLUENCE
WAR POLITICAL SECURITY
MIGRATION A MORE ATTRACTIVE CLIMATE
What is Migration? A MORE ATTRACTIVE QUALITY OF LIFE

-Migration is a way to move from one place to another in order to live and
work. Movement of people from their home to another city, state or country
for a job, shelter or some other reasons is called migration. REASONS WHY PEOPLE MIGRATE
Two types of Migration
 1. To escape past or future persecution based on the race, religion, 3. Overpopulation
nationality, and/or membership in a particular social group or political
4. The exhaustion of the world's natural non renewable resources from oil
opinion
reserves to minerals to portable water.
2. To escape conflict or violence
3. To find refugee after being displaced due to environmental factors
4. To seek superior healthcare
5. A waste disposal catastrophe due to the excessive amount of waste ( from
5. To escape poverty
plastic to food packages to electronic waste) unloaded by communities in
6. To offer more opportunities to children
landfills as well as on the ocean: In the damping of nuclear waste.
7. Family Reunification
8. For educational purposes 6. The destruction of million year old ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity
9. For jobs and business opportunities ( destruction of the coral reefs and massive deforestation) that have led to
10. Marriage the extinction of particular species and the decline in the number of others.
7. Reduction of oxygen and the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES because of deforestation, resulting in the rise in ocean acidity by as much as
150 percent in the last 250 years.
The world's leading environmental problems
8. The depletion of the ozone layer protecting the planet from the sun deadly
ultraviolet rays due to chlorofluorocarbons(CFC'S) in the atmosphere.
Conserve energy future website list the following environmental changes
9. Deadly acid rain as a result of fossil fuels combustion, toxic chemicals from
that the world faces today
erupting volcanoes, and the massive rotting vegetables filling up the garbage
dams or left on the streets.
1. The depredation caused by the industrial and transportation toxins and effects: Damaged forest especially at those higher elevation
plastics in the ground: The defiling of the sea, rivers and water beds by oil
10. Water pollution arising from industrial and community waste residues
spills and acid rain, the dumping of urban waste
seeping into the underground water tables, rivers and seas. Caused by
2. Changes in global weather pattern( flash floods, extreme snow storms, and domestic waste, industrial effluent, insecticides and pesticides.
the spread of deserts) and the surge in ocean and land temperatures leading
Effect: Diseases, destruction of ecosystems, eutrophication and affects the
in the rise in sea levels (as the polar ice cap melt because of the weather),
food chain.
plus the flooding of many lowland areas across the world.