80 Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

80 Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity
(c) We say that f(x) approaches minus infinity as x approaches x! from the left, and write lim f(x) œ _,
x Ä x!
if for every positive number B (or negative number B) there exists a corresponding number $ 0 such
that for all x, x! $ x x! Ê f(x) B.
"
94. For B 0, x B 0 Í x B" . Choose $ œ B" . Then ! x $ Ê 0 x "
B Ê "
x B so that lim b "
x œ _.
xÄ!
"
95. For B 0, x B 0 Í x" B 0 Í x "
B Í B" x. Choose $ œ B" . Then $ x !
Ê B" x Ê "
B so that lim c "
œ _.
x xÄ! x
"
96. For B !, x# B Í x " # B Í (x 2) "
B Í x 2 B" Í x 2 B" . Choose $ œ B" . Then
2 $ x 2 Ê $ x 2 ! Ê B" x 2 0 Ê "
x# B 0 so that lim c "
x# œ _.
xÄ#
"
97. For B 0, x# B Í ! x 2 B" . Choose $ œ B" . Then # x # $ Ê ! x # $ Ê ! x 2 "
B
" "
Ê x# B ! so that lim b x# œ _.
xÄ#
" "
98. For B 0 and ! x 1, 1 x# B Í 1 x# B Í (" x)(" x) B" . Now 1x
1 since x 1. Choose
#
$ "
#B . Then " $ x " Ê $ x 1 0 Ê " x $ "
#B Ê (" x)(" x) B" ˆ 1 # x ‰ B"
" "
Ê 1 x# B for ! x 1 and x near 1 Ê lim œ _.
x Ä "c " x
#
x# " x# " #
99. y œ x" œx1 x" 100. y œ x1 œx" x1
x# % $ x2 "
101. y œ x" œx" x" 102. y œ #x % œ #" x " $
#x %
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 2.6 Limits Involving Infinity; Asymptotes of Graphs 81
x# 1 " x$ 1 "
103. y œ x œx x 104. y œ x# œx x#
"
105. y œ x
È 4 x# 106. y œ È 4 x#
107. y œ x#Î$ "

x"Î$
108. y œ sin ˆ x# 1 1 ‰
109. (a) y Ä _ (see accompanying graph)

(b) y Ä _ (see accompanying graph)
(c) cusps at x œ „ 1 (see accompanying graph)
110. (a) y Ä 0 and a cusp at x œ 0 (see the accompanying

graph)
(b) y Ä 32 (see accompanying graph)
(c) a vertical asymptote at x œ 1 and contains the point
Š1, 3
2È
3
4
‹ (see accompanying graph)

CHAPTER 2 PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. At x œ 1: lim f(x) œ lim f(x) œ 1

x Ä "c x Ä "b
Ê lim f(x) œ 1 œ f(1)
x Ä 1
Ê f is continuous at x œ 1.
At x œ 0: lim c f(x) œ lim b f(x) œ 0 Ê lim f(x) œ 0.
xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
But f(0) œ 1 Á lim f(x)
xÄ!
Ê f is discontinuous at x œ 0.
If we define fa!b œ !, then the discontinuity at x œ ! is
removable.
At x œ 1: lim c f(x) œ 1 and lim f(x) œ 1
xÄ" xÄ"
Ê lim f(x) does not exist
xÄ1
2. At x œ 1: lim f(x) œ 0 and lim f(x) œ 1

x Ä " x Ä "
x Ä "
At x œ 0: lim f(x) œ _ and lim f(x) œ _
xÄ! xÄ!
xÄ!
At x œ 1: lim f(x) œ lim f(x) œ 1 Ê lim f(x) œ 1.
xÄ" xÄ" xÄ1
But f(1) œ 0 Á lim f(x)
xÄ1
If we define fa"b œ ", then the discontinuity at x œ " is
removable.
3. (a) lim a3fatbb œ 3 lim fatb œ 3(7) œ 21

t Ä t! t Ä t!
#
(b) lim afatbb# œ Š lim fatb‹ œ a(b# œ 49
t Ä t! t Ä t!
(c) lim afatb † gatbb œ lim fatb † lim gatb œ (7)(0) œ 0
t Ä t! t Ä t! t Ä t!
(d) lim fatb œ t Ät

lim fatb
!
œ t Ät
lim fatb
!
œ 7
œ1
t Ä t! g(t)7 t Ät
lim agatb 7b
! t Ät
lim gatb lim 7
! t Ät !
07
(e) lim cos agatbb œ cos Š lim gatb‹ œ cos ! œ 1

t Ä t! t Ä t!
(f) lim kfatbk œ ¹ lim fatb¹ œ k7k œ 7

t Ä t! t Ä t!
(g) lim afatb gatbb œ lim fatb lim gatb œ 7 0 œ 7
t Ä t! t Ä t! t Ä t!
(h) lim Š " ‹ œ "

œ "
œ 71
t Ä t! fatb t Ät
lim fatb
!
7
4. (a) lim g(x) œ lim g(x) œ È2

xÄ! xÄ!
È2
(b) lim ag(x) † f(x)b œ lim g(x) † lim f(x) œ ŠÈ2‹ ˆ "# ‰ œ #
xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
(c) lim af(x) g(x)b œ lim f(x) lim g(x) œ "
# È2
xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
" " "
(d) lim œ œ " œ2
x Ä ! f(x) lim f(x)
xÄ! #

Chapter 2 Practice Exercises 83
" "
(e) lim ax f(x)b œ lim x lim f(x) œ 0 # œ #
xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
f(x)†cos x lim f(x)† lim cos x ˆ "# ‰ (1)
(f) lim x 1 œ xÄ! xÄ!
lim x lim 1 œ 01 œ #"
xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
5. Since lim x œ 0 we must have that lim (4 g(x)) œ 0. Otherwise, if lim (% g(x)) is a finite positive
xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
number, we would have lim c œ _ and lim b ’ 4xg(x) “ œ _ so the limit could not equal 1 as ’ 4xg(x) “
xÄ! xÄ!
x Ä 0. Similar reasoning holds if lim (4 g(x)) is a finite negative number. We conclude that lim g(x) œ 4.
xÄ! xÄ!
6. 2 œ lim ’x lim g(x)“ œ lim x † lim ’ lim g(x)“ œ 4 lim ’ lim g(x)“ œ 4 lim g(x)
x Ä % xÄ! x Ä % x Ä % xÄ! x Ä % xÄ! xÄ!
(since lim g(x) is a constant) Ê lim g(x) œ 2
% œ #" .
xÄ! xÄ!
7. (a) xlim
Äc
faxb œ xlim
Äc
x"Î$ œ c"Î$ œ facb for every real number c Ê f is continuous on a_ß _b.
(b) xlim
Äc
gaxb œ xlim
Äc
x$Î% œ c$Î% œ gacb for every nonnegative real number c Ê g is continuous on Ò!ß _Ñ.
"
(c) xlim
Äc
haxb œ xlim
Äc
x#Î$ œ c#Î$
œ hacb for every nonzero real number c Ê h is continuous on a_ß !b and a_ß _b.
"
(d) xlim
Äc
kaxb œ xlim
Äc
x"Î' œ c"Î'
œ kacb for every positive real number c Ê k is continuous on a!ß _b
8. (a) - ˆˆn "# ‰1ß ˆn "# ‰1‰, where I œ the set of all integers.
n−I
(b) - an1ß an 1b1b, where I œ the set of all integers.
n−I
(c) a_ß 1b a1ß _b
(d) a_ß !b a!ß _b
x# 4x 4 (x 2)(x 2) x2
9. (a) lim $ # œ lim œ lim , x Á 2; the limit does not exist because
x Ä ! x 5x 14x x Ä ! x(x 7)(x 2) x Ä ! x(x 7)
x2 x2
lim œ _ and lim b œ _
x Ä !c x(x 7) xÄ! x(x 7)
# (x 2)(x 2)
x 4x 4 x2 x2
(b) lim $ # œ lim œ lim , x Á 2, and lim œ 0
œ0
x Ä # x 5x 14x x Ä # x(x 7)(x #) x Ä # x(x 7) x Ä # x(x 7) 2(9)
x# x x(x 1) x1 "

10. (a) lim & % $ œ lim $ # œ lim # œ lim # , x Á 0 and x Á 1.
x Ä ! x 2x x x Ä ! x ax 2x 1b x Ä ! x (x 1)(x 1) x Ä 0 x (x 1)
#
x x
Now lim c 1
x# (x 1) œ _ and lim b 1
x# (x 1) œ _ Ê lim & % $ œ _.
xÄ! xÄ! x Ä ! x 2x x
x# x x(x 1)
(b) lim & % $ œ lim $ # œ lim #
1
, x Á 0 and x Á 1. The limit does not
x Ä " x 2x x x Ä " x ax 2x 1b x Ä " x (x 1)
" "
exist because lim œ _ and lim œ _.
x Ä "c x (x 1) x Ä "b x (x 1)
# #
1 Èx " Èx " "

11. lim œ lim œ lim œ
xÄ1 1x x Ä 1 ˆ1 È x ‰ ˆ 1 È x ‰ x Ä 1 1 Èx #
x # a# ax # a # b " "
12. xlim
Äa x % a%
œ xlim
Äa ax # a # b a x # a # b œ xlim
Äa x # a# œ #a #
(x h)# x# ax# 2hx h# b x#

13. lim h œ lim h œ lim (2x h) œ 2x
hÄ! hÄ! hÄ!
(x h)# x# ax# 2hx h# b x#

14. lim œ lim œ lim (2x h) œ h
xÄ! h xÄ! h xÄ!
" "
# # 2 (2 x) "
15. lim x
œ lim 2x(# x) œ lim œ "4
xÄ! x xÄ! x Ä ! 4 #x

(# x)$ 8 ax$ 6x# 12x 8b 8
16. lim œ lim œ lim ax# 6x 12b œ 12
xÄ! x xÄ! x xÄ!
x1Î3 1 ˆx1Î3 1‰ ˆx2Î3 x1Î3 1‰ˆÈx 1‰ ax 1bˆÈx 1‰ Èx 1

17. lim È œ lim ˆÈx 1‰ † ˆÈx 1‰ax2Î3 x1Î3 1b œ lim 2Î3 1Î3 œ lim 2Î3 1Î3
xÄ1 x 1 xÄ1 x Ä 1 ax 1bax x 1b x Ä 1 x x 1
œ 1 1 1 1 1 œ 23
x2Î3 16 ˆx1Î3 4‰ˆx1Î3 4‰ ˆx1Î3 4‰ˆx1Î3 4‰ ˆx2Î3 4x1Î3 16‰ˆÈx )‰

18. lim È
œ lim È
œ lim Èx 8 † ˆÈx )‰ax2Î3 4x1Î3 16b
x Ä 64 x 8 x Ä 64 x 8 x Ä 64
ax 64bˆx1Î3 4‰ˆÈx )‰ ˆx1Î3 4‰ˆÈx )‰
œ lim ax 64bax2Î3 4x1Î3 16b œ lim x2Î3 4x1Î3 16 œ a16 4 4ba8 8b
16 16 œ 3
8
x Ä 64 x Ä 64
19. lim tan 2x

œ lim sin 2x
† cos 1x
œ lim ˆ sin2x2x ‰ˆ cos 1x ‰ˆ 1x ‰ˆ 2x ‰
1x œ 1 † 1 † 1 †
2
œ 2
x Ä ! tan 1x x Ä ! cos 2x sin 1x xÄ! cos 2x sin 1x 1 1
20. lim csc x œ limc 1

œ_
x Ä 1c x1 sin x
21. lim sin ˆ x2 sin x‰ œ sin ˆ 12 sin 1‰ œ sin ˆ 12 ‰ œ 1

xÄ1
22. lim cos2 ax tan xb œ cos2 a1 tan 1b œ cos2 a1b œ a1b2 œ 1

xÄ1
23. lim 8x
3sin x x œ lim 8
3 sinx x 1
œ 8
3 a1 b 1 œ4
xÄ0 xÄ0
4a0ba1b2
24. lim cos 2x 1
sin x œ lim ˆ cossin
2x 1
x † cos 2x 1 ‰
cos 2x 1 œ lim cos2 2x 1
sin xacos 2x 1b œ lim sin2 2x
sin xacos 2x 1b œ lim 4sin x cos2 x
cos 2x 1 œ 11 œ0
xÄ0 xÄ0 xÄ0 xÄ0 xÄ0
"Î$
25. lim [4 g(x)]"Î$ œ 2 Ê ’ lim b 4 g(x)“ œ2 Ê lim 4 g(x) œ 8, since 2$ œ 8. Then lim b g(x) œ 2.
x Ä !b xÄ! x Ä !b xÄ!
26. lim "

x g(x) œ2 Ê lim (x g(x)) œ "
# Ê È5 lim g(x) œ "
# Ê lim g(x) œ "
# È5
x Ä È& x Ä È& x Ä È5 x Ä È5
3x# 1
27. lim œ _ Ê lim g(x) œ 0 since lim a3x# 1b œ 4
xÄ1 g(x) xÄ1 xÄ1
5 x#
28. lim œ0 Ê lim g(x) œ _ since lim a5 x# b œ 1
x Ä # Èg(x) x Ä # x Ä #
x ax # 1 b
29. At x œ 1: lim f(x) œ lim c
x Ä "c x Ä " kx # 1 k
x ax # 1 b
œ lim œ lim x œ 1, and
x Ä "c x# 1 x Ä "c
#
x ax # 1 b
lim f(x) œ lim b xkaxx# 11k b œ lim b
x Ä "b x Ä " x Ä " a x # "b
œ lim (x) œ (1) œ 1. Since

x Ä 1
lim f(x) Á lim b f(x)
x Ä "c x Ä "
Ê lim f(x) does not exist, the function f cannot be
x Ä 1
extended to a continuous function at x œ 1.
x ax # 1 b x ax # 1 b
At x œ 1: lim f(x) œ lim c œ lim c œ lim c (x) œ 1, and
x Ä "c xÄ" kx # 1 k xÄ" ax # 1 b xÄ"
x ax # 1 b x ax # 1 b
lim f(x) œ lim b œ lim b œ lim b x œ 1. Again lim f(x) does not exist so f
x Ä "b xÄ" xÄ" kx # 1 k
xÄ1 xÄ1 x# "
cannot be extended to a continuous function at x œ 1 either.

Chapter 2 Practice Exercises 85
30. The discontinuity at x œ 0 of f(x) œ sin ˆ "x ‰ is nonremovable because lim sin "
does not exist.
xÄ! x
31. Yes, f does have a continuous extension to a œ 1:

define f(1) œ lim xxÈ %
"
œ 43 .
xÄ1 x
32. Yes, g does have a continuous extension to a œ 1# :

g ˆ 1# ‰ œ lim1 45)cos )
#1 œ 4 .
5
)Ä #
33. From the graph we see that lim h(t) Á lim h(t)
tÄ! tÄ!
so h cannot be extended to a continuous function
at a œ 0.
34. From the graph we see that lim c k(x) Á lim b k(x)
xÄ! xÄ!
so k cannot be extended to a continuous function
at a œ 0.
35. (a) f(1) œ 1 and f(2) œ 5 Ê f has a root between 1 and 2 by the Intermediate Value Theorem.
(b), (c) root is 1.32471795724
36. (a) f(2) œ 2 and f(0) œ 2 Ê f has a root between 2 and 0 by the Intermediate Value Theorem.
(b), (c) root is 1.76929235424
$
#x $ # $ #! # #
#x $ # #! #
37. x lim
Ä _ &x (
œ x lim x
Ä _ & (x
œ &! œ & 38. x Ä
lim
_ &x# (
œxÄ
lim
_ &
x#
( œ &! œ &
x#
#
39. x Ä
lim x %x )
$x $ œxÄ
lim ˆ" %
$x# ) ‰
$x$ œ!!!œ!
_ _ $x

"
" !
40. x lim
Ä _ x # (x "
œ x lim x#
Ä _ " (x x"#
œ "!! œ!
# % $
x (x x( x x x"
41. x Ä
lim
_ x 1
œxÄ
lim
_ " "x
œ _ 42. x lim
Ä _ "#x$ "#)
œxÄ
lim
_ "# "#)
œ_
x$
"
43. x lim sin x
Ä _ gx h
Ÿ x lim
Ä _ gx h
œ ! since int x Ä _ as x Ä _ Êx lim sin x
Ä _ gx h
œ !.
cos ) " # cos ) "

44. lim ) Ÿ lim œ ! Ê lim œ !.
)Ä_ ) Ä _) )Ä_ )
x sin x #Èx " sinx x È#x

"!!
45. x lim
Ä_ x sin x œ x lim
Ä_ " sinx x
œ "! œ"
#Î$ " &Î$

x x " x "!
46. x lim
Ä _ x#Î$ cos# x
œ x lim #x œ
Ä _Œ " cos#Î$ "! œ"
x
x2 4
is undefined at x œ 3: lim c xx 34 œ _ and lim b xx 34 œ _, thus x œ 3 is a vertical asymptote.
2 2
47. (a) y œ x3 xÄ3 xÄ3
x2 x 2 x2 x 2 x2 x 2
(b) y œ x2 2x 1 is undefined at x œ 1: lim c x2 2x 1 œ _ and lim b x2 2x 1 œ _, thus x œ 1 is a vertical
xÄ1 xÄ1
asymptote.
x2 x ' x2 x ' x3 x2 x ' x3
(c) y œ x2 2x 8 is undefined at x œ 2 and 4: lim œ lim œ 56 ; lim c œ lim c œ_
x Ä 2 x 2x 8 x Ä 2 x4 x2 2x 8 x4
2
x Ä % x Ä %
x x'
2
x3
lim œ lim b œ _. Thus x œ 4 is a vertical asymptote.
x Ä %b x 2x 8 x4
2
x Ä %
1 x2 1 x2
1
1 1 1x 2
1
1 1
48. (a) y œ x2 " : x lim
Ä _ x2 "
œ x lim x2
Ä _ 1 1 œ 1 œ 1 and x Ä
lim œ lim x2
_ x2 " x Ä _ 1 x12
œ 1 œ 1, thus y œ 1 is a
x2
horizontal asymptote.
Èx 4 Èx 4 1 È4x
10
(b) y œ Èx 4 : x lim
Ä _ Èx 4
œ x lim
Ä_
œ È1 0 œ 1 , thus y œ 1 is a horizontal asymptote.
É1 B4
È x2 4 È x2 4 É1 x42 È1 0 È x2 4 É1 x42 É1 x42

(c) y œ : x lim œ x lim œ œ 1 and x lim œx Ä
lim_ œx Ä
lim
Ä_ Ä_ Ä _ È _
x x
x x 1 1 x
x2 cx
É1 x42 È1 0
œx Ä
lim
_ 1 œ 1 œ 1
1 œ 1, thus y œ 1 and y œ 1 are horizontal asymptotes.
x 9 x 9 1 9
1 9
(d) y œ É 9x lim É 9x 21 œ œ É 91
0 œ
" x 9
É 9x 21 œ
0
œ É 19 "
0 œ 3,
2 2 0 2
x Ä _ Ê 9 x12 x Ä _ Ê 9 x12
x2 x2
21: lim and x Ä
lim lim
xÄ_ 3 _
"
thus y œ 3 is a horizontal asymptote.
CHAPTER 2 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES
1. (a) x 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001

xx 0.7943 0.9550 0.9931 0.9991 0.9999
Apparently, lim b xx œ 1
xÄ!

Chapter 2 Additional and Advanced Exercises 87
(b)
2. (a) x 10 100 1000

ˆ "x ‰"ÎÐln xÑ 0.3679 0.3679 0.3679
"ÎÐln xÑ
Apparently, lim ˆ " ‰
xÄ_ x
œ 0.3678 œ "
e
(b)
œ L! É1 vÄcc # œ L! É1
lim v #
v# c#
3. lim L œ lim c L! É" œ0
v Ä cc vÄc c# c#
The left-hand limit was needed because the function L is undefined if v c (the rocket cannot move faster
than the speed of light).
Èx Èx Èx
4. (a) ¹ # 1¹ 0.2 Ê 0.2 # 1 0.2 Ê 0.8 # 1.2 Ê 1.6 Èx 2.4 Ê 2.56 x 5.76.
Èx Èx Èx
(b) ¹ # 1¹ 0.1 Ê 0.1 # 1 0.1 Ê 0.9 # 1.1 Ê 1.8 Èx 2.2 Ê 3.24 x 4.84.
5. k10 (t 70) ‚ 10% 10k 0.0005 Ê k(t 70) ‚ 10% k 0.0005 Ê 0.0005 (t 70) ‚ 10% 0.0005
Ê 5 t 70 5 Ê 65° t 75° Ê Within 5° F.
6. We want to know in what interval to hold values of h to make V satisfy the inequality
lV "!!!l œ l$'1h "!!!l Ÿ "!. To find out, we solve the inequality:
**! "!"!
l$'1h "!!!l Ÿ "! Ê "! Ÿ $'1h "!!! Ÿ "! Ê **! Ÿ $'1h Ÿ "!"! Ê $' 1 Ÿ hŸ $'1
Ê )Þ) Ÿ h Ÿ )Þ*. where 8.8 was rounded up, to be safe, and 8.9 was rounded down, to be safe.
The interval in which we should hold h is about )Þ* )Þ) œ !Þ" cm wide (1 mm). With stripes 1 mm wide, we can expect
to measure a liter of water with an accuracy of 1%, which is more than enough accuracy for cooking.
7. Show lim f(x) œ lim ax# 7b œ ' œ f(1).

xÄ1 xÄ1
Step 1: kax 7b 6k % Ê % x# 1 % Ê 1 % x# 1 % Ê È1 % x È1 %.
#

Step 2: kx 1k $ Ê $ x 1 $ Ê $ " x $ ".

Then $ " œ È1 % or $ " œ È1 %. Choose $ œ min š1 È1 %ß È1 % 1› , then
0 kx 1k $ Ê kax# (b 6k % and lim f(x) œ 6. By the continuity test, f(x) is continuous at x œ 1.
xÄ1
8. Show lim" g(x) œ lim" "

2x œ 2 œ g ˆ 4" ‰ .
xÄ % xÄ %
Step 1: ¸ #"x 2¸ % Ê % #"x # % Ê # % #"x # % Ê "

4#% x "
4#% .
Step 2: ¸B "4 ¸ $ Ê $ x 4" $ Ê $ 4" x $ 4" .
" " " " % " " " " %
Then $ 4 œ 4 #% Ê $œ 4 4 #% œ 4(2 %) , or $ 4 œ 4 #% Ê $œ 4 #% 4 œ 4(2 %) .
Choose $ œ %
4(#%) , the smaller of the two values. Then 0 ¸x 4" ¸ $ Ê ¸ #"x 2¸ % and lim" "
#x œ 2.
xÄ %
"
By the continuity test, g(x) is continuous at x œ 4 .
9. Show lim h(x) œ lim È2x 3 œ " œ h(2).

xÄ# xÄ#
Step 1: ¹È2x 3 1¹ % Ê % È2x 3 " % Ê " % È2x 3 " % Ê (1 %)# $
# x (" %)# 3
# .
Step 2: kx 2k $ Ê $ x 2 $ or $ # x $ #.
(" % )# $ (" %)# $ #
(" %)# $
Then $ # œ # Ê $œ # # œ " (1# %) œ% %#
# , or $ # œ #
(" % Ñ # $ (" %Ñ# " #
%#
Ê $œ # #œ # œ% %# . Choose $ œ % #, the smaller of the two values . Then,
! kx 2k $ Ê ¹È2x 3 "¹ %, so lim È2x 3 œ 1. By the continuity test, h(x) is continuous at x œ 2.
xÄ#
10. Show lim F(x) œ lim È9 x œ # œ F(5).

xÄ& xÄ&
Step 1: ¹È9 x 2¹ % Ê % È9 x # % Ê 9 (2 %)# x * (# %)# .
Step 2: 0 kx 5k $ Ê $ x & $ Ê $ & x $ &.
Then $ & œ * (# %)# Ê $ œ (# %)# % œ %# #%, or $ & œ * (# %)# Ê $ œ % (# %)# œ %# #%.
Choose $ œ %# #%, the smaller of the two values. Then, ! kx 5k $ Ê ¹È9 x #¹ %, so
lim È9 x œ #. By the continuity test, F(x) is continuous at x œ 5.
xÄ&
"
11. Suppose L" and L# are two different limits. Without loss of generality assume L# L" . Let % œ 3 (L# L" ).
Since x lim
Äx
f(x) œ L" there is a $" 0 such that 0 kx x! k $" Ê kf(x) L" k % Ê % f(x) L" %
!
Ê "3 (L# L" ) L" f(x) "

(L# L" ) L" Ê 4L" L# 3f(x) 2L" L# . Likewise, x lim
3 Ä x!
f(x) œ L#
so there is a $# such that 0 kx x! k $# Ê kf(x) L# k % Ê % f(x) L# %
Ê "3 (L# L" ) L# f(x) 3" (L# L" ) L# Ê 2L# L" 3f(x) 4L# L"
Ê L" 4L# 3f(x) 2L# L" . If $ œ min e$" ß $# f both inequalities must hold for 0 kx x! k $ :
4L" L# 3f(x) 2L" L#
Ê 5(L" L# ) 0 L" L# . That is, L" L# 0 and L" L# 0,
L" %L# 3f(x) 2L# L"
a contradiction.
12. Suppose xlim

Äc
f(x) œ L. If k œ !, then xlim
Äc
kf(x) œ xlim
Äc
0 œ ! œ ! † xlim
Äc
f(x) and we are done.
%
If k Á 0, then given any % !, there is a $ ! so that ! lx cl $ Ê lfaxb Ll l5l Ê lkllfaxb Ll %
Ê lkafaxb Lb| % Ê lakfaxbb akLbl %. Thus, xlim

Äc
kf(x) œ kL œ kŠxlim
Äc
f(x)‹.

13. (a) Since x Ä 0 , 0 x$ x 1 Ê ax$ xb Ä 0 Ê lim f ax$ xb œ lim c f(y) œ B where y œ x$ x.

x Ä !b yÄ!
(b) Since x Ä 0 , 1 x x$ 0 Ê ax$ xb Ä 0 Ê lim f ax$ xb œ lim b f(y) œ A where y œ x$ x.
x Ä !c yÄ!
(c) Since x Ä 0 , 0 x% x# 1 Ê ax# x% b Ä 0 Ê lim f ax# x% b œ lim b f(y) œ A where y œ x# x% .
x Ä !b yÄ!
(d) Since x Ä 0 , 1 x 0 Ê ! x% x# 1 Ê ax# x% b Ä 0 Ê lim f ax# x% b œ A as in part (c).
x Ä !b
14. (a) True, because if xlim

Äa
(f(x) g(x)) exists then xlim
Äa
(f(x) g(x)) xlim
Äa
f(x) œ xlim
Äa
[(f(x) g(x)) f(x)]
œ xlim
Äa
g(x) exists, contrary to assumption.
"
(b) False; for example take f(x) œ and g(x) œ x" . Then neither lim f(x) nor lim g(x) exists, but
x xÄ! xÄ!
lim (f(x) g(x)) œ lim ˆ "x x" ‰ œ lim 0 œ 0 exists.
xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
(c) True, because g(x) œ kxk is continuous Ê g(f(x)) œ kf(x)k is continuous (it is the composite of continuous
functions).
1, x Ÿ 0
(d) False; for example let f(x) œ œ Ê f(x) is discontinuous at x œ 0. However kf(x)k œ 1 is
1, x 0
continuous at x œ 0.
x# " (x 1)(x ")

15. Show lim f(x) œ lim œ lim œ #, x Á 1.
x Ä 1 x Ä 1 x 1 x Ä 1 (x 1)
x# 1
x1 , x Á "
Define the continuous extension of f(x) as F(x) œ œ . We now prove the limit of f(x) as x Ä 1
2 , x œ 1
exists and has the correct value.
# (x 1)(x ")
Step 1: ¹ xx 1" (#)¹ % Ê % (x 1) # % Ê % (x 1) # %, x Á " Ê % " x % ".
Step 2: kx (1)k $ Ê $ x 1 $ Ê $ " x $ ".
Then $ " œ % " Ê $ œ %, or $ " œ % " Ê $ œ %. Choose $ œ %. Then ! kx (1)k $
#
Ê ¹ xx 1" a#b¹ % Ê lim F(x) œ 2. Since the conditions of the continuity test are met by F(x), then f(x) has a
x Ä 1
continuous extension to F(x) at x œ 1.
x# 2x 3 (x 3)(x ")
16. Show lim g(x) œ lim 2x 6 œ lim 2(x 3) œ #, x Á 3.
xÄ$ xÄ$ xÄ$
#
x 2x 3
2x 6 , xÁ3
Define the continuous extension of g(x) as G(x) œ œ . We now prove the limit of g(x) as
2 , xœ3
x Ä 3 exists and has the correct value.
# (x 3)(x ")
2x 3 x"
Step 1: ¹ x #x 6 2¹ % Ê % 2(x 3) # % Ê % # # % , x Á $ Ê $ #% x $ #% .
Step 2: kx 3k $ Ê $ x 3 $ Ê $ $ x $ $.
Then, $ $ œ $ #% Ê $ œ #%, or $ $ œ $ #% Ê $ œ #%. Choose $ œ #%. Then ! kx 3k $
# (x 3)(x ")
2x 3
Ê ¹x 2x 6 2¹ % Ê lim #(x 3) œ 2. Since the conditions of the continuity test hold for G(x),
xÄ$
g(x) can be continuously extended to G(x) at B œ 3.
17. (a) Let % ! be given. If x is rational, then f(x) œ x Ê kf(x) 0k œ kx 0k % Í kx 0k %; i.e., choose
$ œ %. Then kx 0k $ Ê kf(x) 0k % for x rational. If x is irrational, then f(x) œ 0 Ê kf(x) 0k %
Í ! % which is true no matter how close irrational x is to 0, so again we can choose $ œ %. In either case,
given % ! there is a $ œ % ! such that ! kx 0k $ Ê kf(x) 0k %. Therefore, f is continuous at
x œ 0.
(b) Choose x œ c !. Then within any interval (c $ ß c $ ) there are both rational and irrational numbers.
If c is rational, pick % œ #c . No matter how small we choose $ ! there is an irrational number x in
(c $ ß c $ ) Ê kf(x) f(c)k œ k0 ck œ c c
# œ %. That is, f is not continuous at any rational c 0. On

the other hand, suppose c is irrational Ê f(c) œ 0. Again pick % œ #c . No matter how small we choose $ !
there is a rational number x in (c $ ß c $ ) with kx ck c
# œ% Í c
# x 3c
#. Then kf(x) f(c)k œ kx 0k
œ kxk c
# œ % Ê f is not continuous at any irrational c 0.
kc k c
If x œ c 0, repeat the argument picking % œ # œ # . Therefore f fails to be continuous at any
nonzero value x œ c.
18. (a) Let c œ m

n be a rational number in [0ß 1] reduced to lowest terms Ê f(c) œ "n . Pick % œ No matter how "
#n .
small $ ! is taken, there is an irrational number x in the interval (c $ ß c $ ) Ê kf(x) f(c)k œ ¸0 "n ¸
" "
œ n #n œ %. Therefore f is discontinuous at x œ c, a rational number.
"
(b) Now suppose c is an irrational number Ê f(c) œ 0. Let % 0 be given. Notice that # is the only rational
"
number reduced to lowest terms with denominator 2 and belonging to [0ß 1]; 3 and 2
3 the only rationals with
" " 2 3
denominator 3 belonging to [0ß 1]; 4 and 3
4 with denominator 4 in [0ß 1]; 5, 5, 5 and 4
5 with denominator 5 in
"
[0ß 1]; etc. In general, choose N so that N % Ê there exist only finitely many rationals in [!ß "] having
denominator Ÿ N, say r" , r# , á , rp . Let $ œ min ekc ri k : i œ 1ß á ß pf . Then the interval (c $ ß c $ )
contains no rational numbers with denominator Ÿ N. Thus, 0 kx ck $ Ê kf(x) f(c)k œ kf(x) 0k
œ kf(x)k Ÿ N" % Ê f is continuous at x œ c irrational.
(c) The graph looks like the markings on a typical ruler
when the points (xß f(x)) on the graph of f(x) are
connected to the x-axis with vertical lines.
19. Yes. Let R be the radius of the equator (earth) and suppose at a fixed instant of time we label noon as the
zero point, 0, on the equator Ê 0 1R represents the midnight point (at the same exact time). Suppose x"
is a point on the equator “just after" noon Ê x" 1R is simultaneously “just after" midnight. It seems
reasonable that the temperature T at a point just after noon is hotter than it would be at the diametrically
opposite point just after midnight: That is, T(x" ) T(x" 1R) 0. At exactly the same moment in time
pick x# to be a point just before midnight Ê x# 1R is just before noon. Then T(x# ) T(x# 1R) 0.
Assuming the temperature function T is continuous along the equator (which is reasonable), the Intermediate
Value Theorem says there is a point c between 0 (noon) and 1R (simultaneously midnight) such that
T(c) T(c 1R) œ 0; i.e., there is always a pair of antipodal points on the earth's equator where the
temperatures are the same.
# #
" # #
20. xlim
Äc
f(x)g(x) œ xlim
Äc %
’af(x) g(x)b af(x) g(x)b “ œ "% ’Šxlim
Äc
af(x) g(x)b‹ Šxlim
Äc
af(x) g(x)b‹ “
œ "% ˆ$# a"b# ‰ œ #.

" È1 a È1 a " È1 a
21. (a) At x œ 0: lim r (a) œ lim œ lim Š " a ‹ Š " È1 a ‹
aÄ! aÄ! a aÄ!
1 (" a) 1 "
œ lim œ œ
a Ä ! a ˆ" È1 a‰ " È1 0 #
1 (1 a) a "
At x œ 1: lim r (a) œ lim œ lim œ œ1
a Ä "b a Ä "b a ˆ1 È1 a‰ a Ä 1 a ˆ" È1 a‰ " È0
" È1 a È1 a " È1 a
(b) At x œ 0: lim r (a) œ lim c œ lim c Š " a ‹ Š " È1 a ‹
a Ä !c aÄ! a aÄ!
1 (" a) a "
œ lim c a ˆ" È1 a‰
œ lim c a ˆ 1 È 1 a ‰
œ lim c " È1 a
œ _ (because the
aÄ! aÄ! aÄ!
"
denominator is always negative); lim b r (a) œ lim b " È1 a
œ _ (because the denominator
aÄ! aÄ!
is always positive). Therefore, lim r (a) does not exist.
aÄ!
1 È 1 a "
At x œ 1: lim r (a) œ lim œ lim œ1
a Ä "b a Ä "b a
a Ä 1b " È1 a
(c)
(d)
22. f(x) œ x 2 cos x Ê f(0) œ 0 2 cos 0 œ 2 0 and f(1) œ 1 2 cos (1) œ 1 # 0. Since f(x) is
continuous on [1ß !], by the Intermediate Value Theorem, f(x) must take on every value between [1 #ß #].
Thus there is some number c in [1ß !] such that f(c) œ 0; i.e., c is a solution to x 2 cos x œ 0.
23. (a) The function f is bounded on D if f(x) M and f(x) Ÿ N for all x in D. This means M Ÿ f(x) Ÿ N for all x
in D. Choose B to be max ekMk ß kNkf . Then kf(x)k Ÿ B. On the other hand, if kf(x)k Ÿ B, then
B Ÿ f(x) Ÿ B Ê f(x) B and f(x) Ÿ B Ê f(x) is bounded on D with N œ B an upper bound and
M œ B a lower bound.
(b) Assume f(x) Ÿ N for all x and that L N. Let % œ L # N . Since x lim
Äx
f(x) œ L there is a $ ! such that
!
LN LN
0 kx x! k $ Ê kf(x) Lk % Í L % f(x) L % Í L # f(x) L #
LN 3L N LN
Í # f(x) # . But L N Ê # N Ê N f(x) contrary to the boundedness assumption
f(x) Ÿ N. This contradiction proves L Ÿ N.
ML
(c) Assume M Ÿ f(x) for all x and that L M. Let % œ # . As in part (b), 0 kx x! k $
ML ML 3L M
Ê L # f(x) L # Í # f(x) M#
L
M, a contradiction.
ab ka b k ab ab

24. (a) If a b, then a b 0 Ê ka bk œ a b Ê max Öaß b× œ # # œ # # œ # œ a.
2a
ab ka b k
If a Ÿ b, then a b Ÿ 0 Ê ka bk œ (a b) œ b a Ê max Öaß b× œ # # œ a # b b # a
œ 2b
# œ b.
ab ka b k
(b) Let min Öaß b× œ # # .
sina" cos xb sina" cos xb " cos x " cos x sina" cos xb " cos# x sin# x
25. lim œ œ lim " cos x † † " cos x œ lim " cos x † lim œ " † lim
xÄ0 x xÄ0 x xÄ0 x Ä 0 xa" cos xb x Ä 0 xa" cos xb
œ lim sin x
† sin x
" cos x œ " † ˆ #! ‰ œ !.
xÄ0 x
Èx
26. lim b sinsinÈxx œ lim b sinB x † sin Èx
† x
Èx œ " † lim b sin"Èx † lim b Èx œ " † ! † ! œ !.
xÄ0 xÄ0 x Ä 0 Š Èx ‹ x Ä 0
sinasin xb sinasin xb sinasin xb

27. lim œ lim † sin x
œ lim † lim sin x
œ " † " œ ".
xÄ0 x xÄ0 sin x x xÄ0 sin x xÄ0 x
sinax# xb sinax# xb sinax# xb

28. lim œ lim # † ax "b œ lim # † lim ax "b œ " † " œ "
xÄ0 x x Ä 0 x x x Ä 0 x x xÄ0
sinax# %b sinax# %b sinax# %b

29. lim x2 œ lim x# % † ax 2b œ lim x# % † lim ax 2b œ " † % œ %
xÄ2 xÄ2 xÄ2 xÄ2
sinˆÈx $‰ sinˆÈx $‰ " sinˆÈx $‰ " " "

30. lim œ lim Èx $ † Èx $ œ lim Èx $ † lim œ"† œ
xÄ9 x9 xÄ9 xÄ9 x Ä 9 Èx $ ' '
31. Since the highest power of x in the numerator is 1 more than the highest power of x in the denominator, there is an oblique
2x3Î2 2x 3
asymptote. y œ Èx 1 œ 2x 3
Èx 1 , thus the oblique asymptote is y œ 2x.
32. As x Ä „ _, 1
x Ä 0 Ê sinˆ 1x ‰ Ä 0 Ê 1 sinˆ 1x ‰ Ä 1, thus as x Ä „ _, y œ x x sinˆ 1x ‰ œ xˆ1 sinˆ 1x ‰‰ Ä x;
thus the oblique asymptote is y œ x.
33. As x Ä „ _, x2 1 Ä x2 Ê Èx2 1 Ä Èx2 ; as x Ä _, Èx2 œ x, and as x Ä _, Èx2 œ x; thus the
oblique asymptotes are y œ x and y œ x.
34. As x Ä „ _, x 2 Ä x Ê Èx2 2x œ Èxax 2b Ä Èx2 ; as x Ä _, Èx2 œ x, and as x Ä _, Èx2 œ x;

asymptotes are y œ x and y œ x.

80 Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

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80 Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

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80 Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

107. y œ x#Î$ "

109. (a) y Ä _ (see accompanying graph)

110. (a) y Ä 0 and a cusp at x œ 0 (see the accompanying

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

CHAPTER 2 PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. At x œ 1: lim f(x) œ lim f(x) œ 1

2. At x œ 1: lim f(x) œ 0 and lim f(x) œ 1

3. (a) lim a3fatbb œ 3 lim fatb œ 3(7) œ 21

(d) lim fatb œ t Ät

(e) lim cos agatbb œ cos Š lim gatb‹ œ cos ! œ 1

(f) lim kfatbk œ ¹ lim fatb¹ œ k7k œ 7

(h) lim Š " ‹ œ "

4. (a) lim g(x) œ lim g(x) œ È2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

x# x x(x 1) x1 "

1 Èx " Èx " "

(x h)# x# ax# 2hx h# b x#

(x h)# x# ax# 2hx h# b x#

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

x1Î3 1 ˆx1Î3 1‰ ˆx2Î3 x1Î3 1‰ˆÈx 1‰ ax 1bˆÈx 1‰ Èx 1

x2Î3 16 ˆx1Î3 4‰ˆx1Î3 4‰ ˆx1Î3 4‰ˆx1Î3 4‰ ˆx2Î3 4x1Î3 16‰ˆÈx )‰

19. lim tan 2x

20. lim csc x œ limc 1

21. lim sin ˆ x2 sin x‰ œ sin ˆ 12 sin 1‰ œ sin ˆ 12 ‰ œ 1

22. lim cos2 ax tan xb œ cos2 a1 tan 1b œ cos2 a1b œ a1b2 œ 1

26. lim "

œ lim (x) œ (1) œ 1. Since

cannot be extended to a continuous function at x œ 1 either.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

31. Yes, f does have a continuous extension to a œ 1:

32. Yes, g does have a continuous extension to a œ 1# :

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

cos ) " # cos ) "

x sin x #Èx " sinx x È#x

#Î$ " &Î$

È x2 4 È x2 4 É1 x42 È1 0 È x2 4 É1 x42 É1 x42

CHAPTER 2 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES

1. (a) x 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

2. (a) x 10 100 1000

7. Show lim f(x) œ lim ax# 7b œ ' œ f(1).

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Step 2: kx 1k $ Ê $ x 1 $ Ê $ " x $ ".

8. Show lim" g(x) œ lim" "

Step 1: ¸ #"x 2¸ % Ê % #"x # % Ê # % #"x # % Ê "

9. Show lim h(x) œ lim È2x 3 œ " œ h(2).

10. Show lim F(x) œ lim È9 x œ # œ F(5).

Ê "3 (L# L" ) L" f(x) "

12. Suppose xlim

Ê lkafaxb Lb| % Ê lakfaxbb akLbl %. Thus, xlim

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

13. (a) Since x Ä 0 , 0 x$ x 1 Ê ax$ xb Ä 0 Ê lim f ax$ xb œ lim c f(y) œ B where y œ x$ x.

14. (a) True, because if xlim

x# " (x 1)(x ")

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

18. (a) Let c œ m

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

ab ka b k ab ab

sinasin xb sinasin xb sinasin xb

sinax# xb sinax# xb sinax# xb

sinax# %b sinax# %b sinax# %b