Section 1.

3 Trigonometric Functions 19

1.3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. (a) s œ r) œ (10) ˆ 451 ‰ œ 81 m (b) s œ r) œ (10)(110°) ˆ 180°

1 ‰
œ 1101
18 œ 551
9 m

2. ) œ s
r œ 101
8 œ 51
4 radians and 51
4
ˆ 180°
1
‰ œ 225°

3. ) œ 80° Ê ) œ 80° ˆ 180°

1 ‰
œ 41
9 Ê s œ (6) ˆ 491 ‰ œ 8.4 in. (since the diameter œ 12 in. Ê radius œ 6 in.)

4. d œ 1 meter Ê r œ 50 cm Ê ) œ s
r œ 30
50 œ 0.6 rad or 0.6 ˆ 180°
1
‰ ¸ 34°

5. )
1
231 0 1
#
31
4 6. )
3#1
13
1' 1
%
&1
'
È " È
sin ) 0
#3 0 " È2 sin ) "
#3
"# "
È2
"
#
cos )
1
"# " 0
È" cos ) ! " È3 " È

#3
2 # # È2
tan ) È3
"
0 0 und. tan ) und.
È 3
È"3 "
È"3
"
cot ) und. und. 0
1
È3 cot ) !
È"3
È 3 "
È 3
sec )
1
# " und.
È 2 È2
sec ) und. # 2
È3
È23
csc ) und.
È23 und. " È2
csc ) "
È23
# È2 #

"
7. cos x œ
45 , tan x œ
34 8. sin x œ 2
È5 , cos x œ È5

È8
9. sin x œ
3 , tan x œ
È8 10. sin x œ 12
13 , tan x œ
12
5

È3
11. sin x œ
È"5 , cos x œ
È25 12. cos x œ
# , tan x œ "
È3

13. 14.

period œ 1 period œ 41

15. 16.

period œ 2 period œ 4

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20 Chapter 1 Functions

17. 18.

period œ 6 period œ 1

19. 20.

period œ 21 period œ 21

21. 22.

period œ 21 period œ 21

23. period œ 1# , symmetric about the origin 24. period œ 1, symmetric about the origin

25. period œ 4, symmetric about the s-axis 26. period œ 41, symmetric about the origin

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 Section 1.3 Trigonometric Functions 21

27. (a) Cos x and sec x are positive for x in the interval
ˆ
12 , 12 ‰; and cos x and sec x are negative for x in the
intervals ˆ
321 ,
12 ‰ and ˆ 12 , 321 ‰. Sec x is undefined
when cos x is 0. The range of sec x is
(
_ß
1]  ["ß _); the range of cos x is [
"ß 1].

(b) Sin x and csc x are positive for x in the intervals

ˆ
321 ,
1‰ and a!, 1b; and sin x and csc x are negative
for x in the intervals a
1, !b and ˆ1, 321 ‰. Csc x is
undefined when sin x is 0. The range of csc x is
(
_ß
1]  [1ß _); the range of sin x is [
"ß "].

"
28. Since cot x œ tan x , cot x is undefined when tan x œ 0
and is zero when tan x is undefined. As tan x approaches
zero through positive values, cot x approaches infinity.
Also, cot x approaches negative infinity as tan x
approaches zero through negative values.

29. D:
_  x  _; R: y œ
1, 0, 1 30. D:
_  x  _; R: y œ
1, 0, 1

31. cos ˆx
1# ‰ œ cos x cos ˆ
1# ‰
sin x sin ˆ
1# ‰ œ (cos x)(0)
(sin x)(
1) œ sin x

32. cos ˆx  1# ‰ œ cos x cos ˆ 1# ‰
sin x sin ˆ 1# ‰ œ (cos x)(0)
(sin x)(1) œ
sin x

33. sin ˆx  1# ‰ œ sin x cos ˆ 1# ‰  cos x sin ˆ 1# ‰ œ (sin x)(0)  (cos x)(1) œ cos x

34. sin ˆx
1# ‰ œ sin x cos ˆ
1# ‰  cos x sin ˆ
1# ‰ œ (sin x)(0)  (cos x)(
1) œ
cos x

35. cos (A
B) œ cos (A  (
B)) œ cos A cos (
B)
sin A sin (
B) œ cos A cos B
sin A (
sin B)
œ cos A cos B  sin A sin B

36. sin (A
B) œ sin (A  (
B)) œ sin A cos (
B)  cos A sin (
B) œ sin A cos B  cos A (
sin B)
œ sin A cos B
cos A sin B

37. If B œ A, A
B œ 0 Ê cos (A
B) œ cos 0 œ 1. Also cos (A
B) œ cos (A
A) œ cos A cos A  sin A sin A
œ cos# A  sin# A. Therefore, cos# A  sin# A œ 1.

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22 Chapter 1 Functions

38. If B œ 21, then cos (A  21) œ cos A cos 21
sin A sin 21 œ (cos A)(1)
(sin A)(0) œ cos A and
sin (A  21) œ sin A cos 21  cos A sin 21 œ (sin A)(1)  (cos A)(0) œ sin A. The result agrees with the
fact that the cosine and sine functions have period 21.

39. cos (1  x) œ cos 1 cos B
sin 1 sin x œ (
1)(cos x)
(0)(sin x) œ
cos x

40. sin (21
x) œ sin 21 cos (
x)  cos (21) sin (
x) œ (0)(cos (
x))  (1)(sin (
x)) œ
sin x

41. sin ˆ 3#1
x‰ œ sin ˆ 3#1 ‰ cos (
x)  cos ˆ 3#1 ‰ sin (
x) œ (
1)(cos x)  (0)(sin (
x)) œ
cos x

42. cos ˆ 3#1  x‰ œ cos ˆ 3#1 ‰ cos x
sin ˆ 3#1 ‰ sin x œ (0)(cos x)
(
1)(sin x) œ sin x

È2 È2 È3 È 6
È 2
43. sin 71
1# œ sin ˆ 14  13 ‰ œ sin 1
4 cos 1
3  cos 1
4 sin 1
3 œŠ ˆ"‰
# ‹ # Š # ‹Š # ‹ œ 4

È2 È2 È3 È 2
È 6
44. cos 111
1# œ cos ˆ 14  21 ‰
3 œ cos 1
4 cos 21
3
sin 1
4 sin 21
3 œŠ ˆ "‰
# ‹
#
Š # ‹Š # ‹ œ
4

È2 È3 È2 1
È 3
45. cos 1
12 œ cos ˆ 13
14 ‰ œ cos 1
3 cos ˆ
14 ‰
sin 1
3 sin ˆ
14 ‰ œ ˆ "# ‰ Š # ‹
Š # ‹ Š
# ‹ œ 2È 2

È3 È2 È2 1
È 3
46. sin 51
1# œ sin ˆ 231
14 ‰ œ sin ˆ 231 ‰ cos ˆ
14 ‰  cos ˆ 231 ‰ sin ˆ
14 ‰ œ Š # ‹Š # ‹  ˆ
"# ‰ Š
# ‹ œ 2È 2

È2 1
Š
È3 ‹
1 1
cos ˆ 281 ‰ 1
2
È2 51 1
cos ˆ 101‰
2  È3
47. cos# 48. cos#
#
8 œ # œ #
#
œ 4 1# œ #
1#
œ # œ 4

È3 1  Š
È2 ‹
1 1  cos ˆ 211# ‰ 1 2  È3 31 1  cos ˆ 681 ‰ 2
È2
49. sin# 50. sin#
#
1# œ # œ #
#
œ 4 8 œ # œ # œ 4

È3
51. sin2 ) œ 3
4 Ê sin ) œ „ 2 Ê ) œ 13 , 21 41 51
3 , 3 , 3

sin2 ) cos2 )
52. sin2 ) œ cos2 ) Ê cos2 ) œ cos2 ) Ê tan2 ) œ 1 Ê tan ) œ „ 1 Ê ) œ 14 , 31 51 71
4 , 4 , 4

53. sin 2)
cos ) œ 0 Ê 2sin ) cos )
cos ) œ 0 Ê cos )a2sin )
1b œ 0 Ê cos ) œ 0 or 2sin )
1 œ 0 Ê cos ) œ 0 or
sin ) œ "# Ê ) œ 12 , 321 , or ) œ 16 , 561 Ê ) œ 16 , 12 , 561 , 321

54. cos 2)  cos ) œ 0 Ê 2cos2 )
1  cos ) œ 0 Ê 2cos2 )  cos )
1 œ 0 Ê acos )  1ba2cos )
1b œ 0

Ê cos )  1 œ 0 or 2cos )
1 œ 0 Ê cos ) œ
1 or cos ) œ "# Ê ) œ 1 or ) œ 13 , 531 Ê ) œ 13 , 1, 531

cos A cos B
cos A cos B

sin A cos B cos A sin B
sin (A
B) sin A cos B
cos A cos B tan A
tan B
55. tan (A  B) œ cos (A
B) œ cos A cos Bsin A sin B œ cos A cos B
 sin A sin B œ 1tan A tan B
cos A cos B cos A cos B

cos A cos B  cos A cos B

sin A cos B cos A sin B
sin (AB) sin A cos Bcos A cos B tan Atan B
56. tan (A
B) œ cos (AB) œ cos A cos B
sin A sin B œ cos A cos B

sin A sin B œ 1
tan A tan B
cos A cos B cos A cos B

57. According to the figure in the text, we have the following: By the law of cosines, c# œ a#  b#
2ab cos )
œ 1#  1#
2 cos (A
B) œ 2
2 cos (A
B). By distance formula, c# œ (cos A
cos B)#  (sin A
sin B)#
œ cos# A
2 cos A cos B  cos# B  sin# A
2 sin A sin B  sin# B œ 2
2(cos A cos B  sin A sin B). Thus
c# œ 2
2 cos (A
B) œ 2
2(cos A cos B  sin A sin B) Ê cos (A
B) œ cos A cos B  sin A sin B.

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 Section 1.3 Trigonometric Functions 23

58. (a) cosaA
Bb œ cos A cos B  sin A sin B

sin ) œ cosˆ 1#
)‰ and cos ) œ sinˆ 1#
)‰
Let ) œ A  B
sinaA  Bb œ cos’ 1#
aA  Bb“ œ cos’ˆ 1#
A‰
B“ œ cos ˆ 1#
A‰ cos B  sin ˆ 1#
A‰ sin B
œ sin A cos B  cos A sin B
(b) cosaA
Bb œ cos A cos B  sin A sin B
cosaA
a
Bbb œ cos A cos a
Bb  sin A sin a
Bb
Ê cosaA  Bb œ cos A cos a
Bb  sin A sin a
Bb œ cos A cos B  sin A a
sin Bb
œ cos A cos B
sin A sin B
Because the cosine function is even and the sine functions is odd.

59. c# œ a#  b#
2ab cos C œ 2#  3#
2(2)(3) cos (60°) œ 4  9
12 cos (60°) œ 13
12 ˆ "# ‰ œ 7.

Thus, c œ È7 ¸ 2.65.

60. c# œ a#  b#
2ab cos C œ 2#  3#
2(2)(3) cos (40°) œ 13
12 cos (40°). Thus, c œ È13
12 cos 40° ¸ 1.951.

61. From the figures in the text, we see that sin B œ hc . If C is an acute angle, then sin C œ hb . On the other hand,
if C is obtuse (as in the figure on the right), then sin C œ sin (1
C) œ hb . Thus, in either case,
h œ b sin C œ c sin B Ê ah œ ab sin C œ ac sin B.
a #
b # c # a #
c #  b #
By the law of cosines, cos C œ 2ab and cos B œ 2ac . Moreover, since the sum of the
interior angles of a triangle is 1, we have sin A œ sin (1
(B  C)) œ sin (B  C) œ sin B cos C  cos B sin C
# # # # # #
œ ˆ hc ‰ ’ a
2ab
b c c b ˆ h ‰
“  ’ a
2ac “ b œ ˆ 2abc
h ‰
a2a#  b#
c#  c#
b# b œ ah
bc Ê ah œ bc sin A.
Combining our results we have ah œ ab sin C, ah œ ac sin B, and ah œ bc sin A. Dividing by abc gives
bc œ ðóóóóóóóñóóóóóóóò
a œ c œ b .
h sin A sin C sin B

law of sines

È3/2 3È 3
62. By the law of sines, sin A
# œ sin B
3 œ c . By Exercise 61 we know that c œ È7. Thus sin B œ 2È 7
¶ 0.982.

63. From the figure at the right and the law of cosines,
b# œ a#  2#
2(2a) cos B
œ a#  4
4a ˆ "# ‰ œ a#
2a  4.
Applying the law of sines to the figure, sin A
a œ sin B
b
È2/2 È3/2
Ê a œ b Ê b œ É 3# a. Thus, combining results,
"
a#
2a  4 œ b# œ 3
# a# Ê 0 œ # a#  2a
4
Ê 0 œ a#  4a
8. From the quadratic formula and the fact that a  0, we have
4
È4# 4(1)(8) 4 È 3 4
aœ # œ # ¶ 1.464.

64. (a) The graphs of y œ sin x and y œ x nearly coincide when x is near the origin (when the calculator
is in radians mode).
(b) In degree mode, when x is near zero degrees the sine of x is much closer to zero than x itself. The
curves look like intersecting straight lines near the origin when the calculator is in degree mode.

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24 Chapter 1 Functions

65. A œ 2, B œ 21, C œ
1, D œ
1

66. A œ "# , B œ 2, C œ 1, D œ "

#

"
67. A œ
12 , B œ 4, C œ 0, D œ 1

68. A œ L
21 , B œ L, C œ 0, D œ 0

69-72. Example CAS commands:

Maple
f := x -> A*sin((2*Pi/B)*(x-C))+D1;
A:=3; C:=0; D1:=0;
f_list := [seq( f(x), B=[1,3,2*Pi,5*Pi] )];
plot( f_list, x=-4*Pi..4*Pi, scaling=constrained,
color=[red,blue,green,cyan], linestyle=[1,3,4,7],
legend=["B=1","B=3","B=2*Pi","B=3*Pi"],
title="#69 (Section 1.3)" );
Mathematica
Clear[a, b, c, d, f, x]
f[x_]:=a Sin[21/b (x
c)] + d
Plot[f[x]/.{a Ä 3, b Ä 1, c Ä 0, d Ä 0}, {x,
41, 41 }]

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 Section 1.3 Trigonometric Functions 25

69. (a) The graph stretches horizontally.

"
(b) The period remains the same: period œ l B l. The graph has a horizontal shift of # period.

70. (a) The graph is shifted right C units.

(b) The graph is shifted left C units.

(c) A shift of „ one period will produce no apparent shift. l C l œ '

71. (a) The graph shifts upwards l D lunits for D  !

(b) The graph shifts down l D lunits for D  !Þ

72. (a) The graph stretches l A l units. (b) For A  !, the graph is inverted.

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26 Chapter 1 Functions

1.4 GRAPHING WITH CALCULATORS AND COMPUTERS

1-4. The most appropriate viewing window displays the maxima, minima, intercepts, and end behavior of the graphs and
has little unused space.

1. d. 2. c.

3. d. 4. b.

5-30. For any display there are many appropriate display widows. The graphs given as answers in Exercises 5
30
are not unique in appearance.

5. Ò
2ß 5Ó by Ò
15ß 40Ó 6. Ò
4ß 4Ó by Ò
4ß 4Ó

7. Ò
2ß 6Ó by Ò
250ß 50Ó 8. Ò
1ß 5Ó by Ò
5ß 30Ó

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 Section 1.4 Graphing with Calculators and Computers 27

9. Ò
4ß 4Ó by Ò
5ß 5Ó 10. Ò
2ß 2Ó by Ò
2ß 8Ó

11. Ò
2ß 6Ó by Ò
5ß 4Ó 12. Ò
4ß 4Ó by Ò
8ß 8Ó

13. Ò
1ß 6Ó by Ò
1ß 4Ó 14. Ò
1ß 6Ó by Ò
1ß 5Ó

15. Ò
3ß 3Ó by Ò0ß 10Ó 16. Ò
1ß 2Ó by Ò0ß 1Ó

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28 Chapter 1 Functions

17. Ò
5ß 1Ó by Ò
5ß 5Ó 18. Ò
5ß 1Ó by Ò
2ß 4Ó

19. Ò
4ß 4Ó by Ò0ß 3Ó 20. Ò
5ß 5Ó by Ò
2ß 2Ó

21. Ò
"!ß "!Ó by Ò
'ß 'Ó 22. Ò
&ß &Ó by Ò
#ß #Ó

23. Ò
'ß "!Ó by Ò
'ß 'Ó 24. Ò
$ß &Ó by Ò
#ß "!Ó

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