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CHAPTER 8 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

8.1 INTEGRATION BY PARTS

1. u œ x, du œ dx; dv œ sin x
# dx, v œ 2 cos x
# ;
' x sin x
# dx œ 2x cos x
#  ' ˆ2 cos x‰
# dx œ 2x cos ˆ x# ‰  4 sin ˆ x# ‰  C

"
2. u œ ), du œ d); dv œ cos 1) d), v œ 1 sin 1);
' ) cos 1) d) œ )
1 sin 1)  ' "
1 sin 1) d) œ )
1 sin 1)  "
1# cos 1)  C

3. cos t
ÐÑ
t# ïïïïî sin t
ÐÑ
2t ïïïïî cos t
ÐÑ
2 ïïïïî sin t
0 ' t# cos t dt œ t# sin t  2t cos t  2 sin t  C

4. sin x
ÐÑ
x# ïïïïî cos x
ÐÑ
2x ïïïïî sin x
ÐÑ
2 ïïïïî cos x
0 ' x# sin x dx œ x# cos x  2x sin x  2 cos x  C

x#
5. u œ ln x, du œ dx
x ; dv œ x dx, v œ # ;
'1 x ln x dx œ ’ x#
2 #
ln x“  '1
# 2 #
x
#
dx
x
#
œ 2 ln 2  ’ x4 “ œ 2 ln 2 
#
3
4 œ ln 4  3
4
" "

x%
6. u œ ln x, du œ dx
x ; dv œ x$ dx, v œ 4 ;
'1 xe
$
ln x dx œ ’ x4
%
ln x“  '
e e %
x dx
1 4 x
œ e%
4  ’ 16
x %
“ œ
e
3e%  1
16
1 1

7. u œ x, du œ dx ; dv œ ex dx, v œ ex ;
' x ex dx œ x ex  ' ex dx œ x ex  ex  C

8. u œ x, du œ dx ; dv œ e3x dx, v œ 13 e3x ;


' x e3x dx œ x3 e3x  13 ' e3x dx œ x3 e3x  19 e3x  C

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462 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

9. ex
ÐÑ
x# ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
2x ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
2 ïïïïî ex
0 ' x# ex dx œ x# ex  2x ex  2 ex  C

10. e2x
ÐÑ
x#  2x  1 ïïïïî 12 e2x
ÐÑ
2x  2 ïïïïî 14 e2x
ÐÑ
2 ïïïïî 18 e2x
0 ' ax#  2x  1be2x dx œ 12 ax#  2x  1be2x  14 a2x  2be2x  14 e2x  C
œ ˆ 12 x#  32 x  54 ‰e2x  C

11. u œ tan" y, du œ dy
1 y # ; dv œ dy, v œ y;
' tan" y dy œ y tan" y  ' a1ydyy b œ y tan" y  #" ln a1  y# b  C œ y tan" y  ln È1  y#  C
#

12. u œ sin" y, du œ dy
È 1  y# ; dv œ dy, v œ y;
' sin" y dy œ y sin" y  ' Èy1 dy y # œ y sin" y  È1  y#  C

13. u œ x, du œ dx; dv œ sec# x dx, v œ tan x;


' x sec# x dx œ x tan x  ' tan x dx œ x tan x  ln kcos xk  C

14. ' 4x sec# 2x dx; [y œ 2x] Ä ' y sec# y dy œ y tan y  ' tan y dy œ y tan y  ln ksec yk  C
œ 2x tan 2x  ln ksec 2xk  C

15. ex
ÐÑ
x$ ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
3x# ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
6x ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
6 ïïïïî ex
0 ' x$ ex dx œ x$ ex  3x# ex  6xex  6ex  C œ ax$  3x#  6x  6b ex  C

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Section 8.1 Integration by Parts 463

16. ecp
ÐÑ
p% ïïïïî ecp
ÐÑ
4p$ ïïïïî ecp
ÐÑ
12p# ïïïïî ecp
ÐÑ
24p ïïïïî ecp
ÐÑ
24 ïïïïî ecp
0 ' p% ecp dp œ p% ecp  4p$ ecp  12p# ecp  24pecp  24ecp  C
œ ap%  4p$  12p#  24p  24b ecp  C

17. ex
ÐÑ
x#  5x ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
2x  5 ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
2 ïïïïî ex
0 ' ax#  5xb ex dx œ ax#  5xb ex  (2x  5)ex  2ex  C œ x# ex  7xex  7ex  C
œ ax#  7x  7b ex  C

18. er
ÐÑ
r#  r  1 ïïïïî er
ÐÑ
2r  1 ïïïïî er
ÐÑ
2 ïïïïî er
0 ' ar#  r  1b er dr œ ar#  r  1b er  (2r  1) er  2er  C
œ car#  r  1b  (2r  1)  2d er  C œ ar#  r  2b er  C

19. ex
ÐÑ
x& ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
5x% ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
20x$ ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
60x# ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
120x ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
120 ïïïïî ex
0 ' x& ex dx œ x& ex  5x% ex  20x$ ex  60x# ex  120xex  120ex  C
œ ax&  5x%  20x$  60x#  120x  120b ex  C

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464 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

20. e4t
ÐÑ "
t# ïïïïî 4 e4t
ÐÑ "
2t ïïïïî 16 e4t
ÐÑ "
2 ïïïïî 64 e4t
0 ' t# e4t dt œ t4 e4t  162t e4t  642 e4t  C œ t4 e4t  8t e4t  3"# e4t  C
# #

#
"
œ Š t4  t
8  3# ‹ e
4t
C

21. I œ ' e) sin ) d); cu œ sin ), du œ cos ) d); dv œ e) d), v œ e) d Ê I œ e) sin )  ' e) cos ) d);
cu œ cos ), du œ  sin ) d); dv œ e) d), v œ e) d Ê I œ e) sin )  Še) cos )  ' e) sin ) d)‹
"
œ e) sin )  e) cos )  I  Cw Ê 2I œ ae) sin )  e) cos )b  Cw Ê I œ ae) sin )  e) cos )b  C, where C œ
w
C
# # is
another arbitrary constant

22. I œ ' ecy cos y dy; cu œ cos y, du œ  sin y dy; dv œ ecy dy, v œ ecy d
Ê I œ ecy cos y  ' aecy b (sin y) dy œ ecy cos y  ' ecy sin y dy; cu œ sin y, du œ cos y dy;
dv œ ecy dy, v œ ecy d Ê I œ ecy cos y  Šecy sin y  ' aey b cos y dy‹ œ ecy cos y  ecy sin y  I  Cw
Ê 2I œ ecy (sin y  cos y)  Cw Ê I œ "
aecy sin y  ecy cos yb  C, where C œ
w
C
# # is another arbitrary constant

23. I œ ' e2x cos 3x dx; u œ cos 3x; du œ 3 sin 3x dx, dv œ e2x dx; v œ "
# e2x ‘
Ê Iœ "
# e2x cos 3x  ' e2x sin 3x dx; u œ sin 3x, du œ 3 cos 3x, dv œ e2x dx; v œ "# e2x ‘
3
#

Ê I œ "# e2x cos 3x  3# Š "# e2x sin 3x  3# ' e2x cos 3x dx‹ œ "# e2x cos 3x  34 e2x sin 3x  94 I  Cw
"
Ê 13
4 Iœ # e2x cos 3x  34 e2x sin 3x  Cw Ê e2x
13 (3 sin 3x  2 cos 3x)  C, where C œ 4
13 Cw

24. ' ec2x sin 2x dx; [y œ 2x] Ä "# ' ecy sin y dy œ I; cu œ sin y, du œ cos y dy; dv œ ecy dy, v œ ecyd
Ê I œ "# Šecy sin y  ' ecy cos y dy‹ cu œ cos y, du œ  sin y; dv œ ecy dy, v œ ecy d

Ê I œ  "# ecy sin y  "# Šecy cos y  ' aecy b ( sin y) dy‹ œ  "# ecy (sin y  cos y)  I  Cw
c2x
Ê 2I œ  "# ecy (sin y  cos y)  Cw Ê I œ  "4 ecy (sin y  cos y)  C œ  e 4 (sin 2x  cos 2x)  C, where C œ
w
C
#

#
25. ' eÈ3sb9 ds; ” 3s  92 œ x Ä ' ex † 23 x dx œ 23 ' xex dx; cu œ x, du œ dx; dv œ ex dx, v œ ex d ;
ds œ 3 x dx •
2
3
' xex dx œ 2
3 Šxex  ' ex dx‹ œ 2
3 axex  ex b  C œ 2
3 ŠÈ3s  9 eÈ3sb9  eÈ3sb9 ‹  C

26. u œ x, du œ dx; dv œ È1  x dx, v œ  23 È(1  x)$ ;


'01 xÈ1  x dx œ  23 È(1  x)$ x‘ "!  23 '01 È(1  x)$ dx œ 23  25 (1  x)&Î# ‘ "! œ 154

27. u œ x, du œ dx; dv œ tan# x dx, v œ ' tan# x dx œ ' sin# x


cos# x dx œ ' "  cos# x
cos# x dx œ ' dx
cos# x  ' dx

œ tan x  x;'0  '0 (tan x  x) dx œ


1Î3 1Î3 1Î$
1Î$ 1 x#
x tan# x dx œ cx(tan x  x)d ! 3 ŠÈ3  13 ‹  ’ln kcos xk  # “!

1 1# 1È3 1#
œ 3 ŠÈ3  13 ‹  ln "
#  18 œ 3  ln 2  18

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Section 8.1 Integration by Parts 465

28. u œ ln ax  x# b, du œ (2x  1) dx
x x # ; dv œ dx, v œ x; ' ln ax  x# b dx œ x ln ax  x# b  ' 2x  "
x(x  1) † x dx

œ x ln ax  x# b  ' (2x  1) dx
x 1 œ x ln ax  x# b  ' 2(x  1)  "
x 1 dx œ x ln ax  x# b  2x  ln kx  1k  C

u œ ln x
29. ' sin (ln x) dx; Ô du œ "x dx × Ä ' (sin u) eu du. From Exercise 21, ' (sin u) eu du œ eu ˆ sin u # cos u ‰  C
Õ dx œ eu du Ø
"
œ # cx cos (ln x)  x sin (ln x)d  C

u œ ln z
30. ' z(ln z)# dz; Ô du œ "z dz × Ä ' eu † u# † eu du œ ' e2u † u# du;
Õ dz œ eu du Ø
e2u
ÐÑ "
u# ïïïïî 2 e2u
ÐÑ "
2u ïïïïî 4 e2u
ÐÑ "
2 ïïïïî 8 e2u
0 ' u# e2u du œ u#
# e2u  #u e2u  "4 e2u  C œ e2u
4 c2u#  2u  1d  C
#
#
œ z
4 c2(ln z)  2 ln z  1d  C

31. ' x sec x# dx ’Let u œ x# , du œ 2x dx Ê 12 du œ x dx“ Ä ' x sec x# dx œ 1


2
' sec u du œ 12 lnlsec u  tan ul  C
œ 12 lnlsec x#  tan x# l  C

32. ' cosÈÈx x dx ’Let u œ Èx, du œ 2È1 x dx Ê 2du œ È1x dx“ Ä ' cosÈÈx x dx œ 2' cos u du œ 2 sin u  C œ 2 sinÈx  C

u œ ln x
33. ' xaln xb# dx; Ô du œ x" dx × Ä ' eu † u# † eu du œ ' e2u † u# du;
Õ dx œ eu du Ø
e2u
ÐÑ "
u# ïïïïî 2 e2u
ÐÑ "
2u ïïïïî 4 e2u
ÐÑ "
2 ïïïïî 8 e2u
0 ' u# e2u du œ u#
# e2u  #u e2u  "4 e2u  C œ e2u
4 c2u#  2u  1d  C
œ x#
4
#
c2(ln x)  2 ln x  1d  C œ x#
2 aln xb #  x#
2 ln x x#
4 C

34. ' xaln" xb # dx ’Let u œ ln x, du œ 1


x dx“ Ä ' "
xaln xb#
dx œ '
1
du œ  1u  C œ  ln1x  C
u2

35. u œ ln x, du œ 1
x dx; dv œ 1
x2 dx, v œ  x1 ;
' lnx x dx
2 œ  lnx x  ' "
x# dx œ  lnx x  1
x C

36. ' alnxxb 3


dx ’Let u œ ln x, du œ 1
x dx“ Ä ' aln xb3
x dx œ ' u3 du œ 41 u4  C œ 41 aln xb4  C

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466 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

37. ' x3 ex 4
dx ’Let u œ x4 , du œ 4x3 dx Ê 14 du œ x3 dx“ Ä ' x3 ex dx œ
4 1
4
' eu du œ 14 eu  C œ 14 ex  C
4

3 3
38. u œ x3 , du œ 3x2 dx; dv œ x2 ex dx, v œ 13 ex ;
' x5 ex 3
dx œ ' x3 ex x2 dx œ 13 x3 ex 
3 3 1
3
' ex 3 3
3x2 dx œ 13 x3 ex  13 ex  C
3

3Î2
39. u œ x2 , du œ 2x dx; dv œ Èx2  1 x dx, v œ 13 ax2  1b ;
' x3 Èx2  1 dx œ 1 2 2
3 x ax  1b
3Î2
 1
3
' ax2  1b 3Î2
2x dx œ 13 x2 ax2  1b
3Î2
 2
15 ax
2
 1b
5Î2
C

40. ' x2 sin x3 dx ’Let u œ x3 , du œ 3x2 dx Ê 13 du œ x2 dx“ Ä ' x2 sin x3 dx œ 1


3
' sin u du œ  13 cos u  C
œ  13 cos x3  C

41. u œ sin 3x, du œ 3cos 3x dx; dv œ cos 2x dx, v œ 12 sin 2x ;


' sin 3x cos 2x dx œ 12 sin 3x sin 2x  32 ' cos 3x sin 2x dx
u œ cos 3x, du œ 3sin 3x dx; dv œ sin 2x dx, v œ  12 cos 2x ;
' sin3x cos 2x dx œ 12 sin 3x sin 2x  32 ” 12 cos 3x cos 2x  32 ' sin3x cos 2x dx•
œ 12 sin 3x sin 2x  34 cos 3x cos 2x  9
4
' sin 3x cos 2x dx Ê  54 ' sin 3x cos 2x dx œ 12 sin 3x sin 2x  34 cos 3x cos 2x
Ê ' sin 3x cos 2x dx œ  25 sin 3x sin 2x  35 cos 3x cos 2x  C

42. u œ sin 2x, du œ 2cos 2x dx; dv œ cos 4x dx, v œ 14 sin 4x ;


' sin 2x cos 4x dx œ 14 sin 2x sin 4x  12 ' cos 2x sin 4x dx
u œ cos 2x, du œ 2sin 2x dx; dv œ sin 4x dx, v œ  14 cos 4x ;
' sin 2x cos 4x dx œ 14 sin 2x sin 4x  12 ” 14 cos 2x cos 4x  12 ' sin 2x cos 4x dx•
œ 14 sin 2x sin 4x  18 cos 2x cos 4x  1
4
' sin 2x cos 4x dx Ê 34 ' sin 2x cos 4x dx œ 14 sin 2x sin 4x  18 cos 2x cos 4x
Ê ' sin 2x cos 4x dx œ 13 sin 2x sin 4x  16 cos 2x cos 4x  C

43. ' ex sin ex dx ’Let u œ ex , du œ ex dx“ Ä ' ex sin ex dx œ ' sin u du œ cos u  C œ cos ex  C

' eÈ x eÈ x
44. Èx
dx ’Let u œ Èx, du œ 1
2È x
dx Ê 2du œ 1
Èx dx“ Ä ' Èx
dx œ 2' eu du œ 2eu  C œ 2eÈx  C

Ô y œ Èx ×
45. ' cosÈx dx; Ö dy œ 2È" x dx Ù Ä ' cos y 2y dy œ ' 2y cos y dy;
Õ dx œ 2y dy Ø
u œ 2y, du œ 2 dy; dv œ cos y dy, v œ sin y ;
' 2y cos y dy œ 2y sin y  ' 2 sin y dy œ 2y sin y  2 cos y  C œ 2Èx sin Èx  2 cos Èx  C

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Section 8.1 Integration by Parts 467

Ô y œ Èx ×
46. ' Èx eÈx dx; Ö dy œ 2È" x dx Ù Ä ' y ey 2y dy œ ' 2y2 ey dy;
Õ dx œ 2y dy Ø
ey
ÐÑ
2y# ïïïïî ey
ÐÑ
4y ïïïïî ey
ÐÑ
4 ïïïïî ey
0 ' 2y2 ey dy œ 2y# ey  4y ey  4 ey  C œ 2x eÈx  4Èx eÈx  4eÈx  C

47. sin 2)
ÐÑ
)# ïïïïî  "2 cos 2)
ÐÑ
2) ïïïïî  "4 sin 2)
ÐÑ
2 ïïïïî "8 cos 2)

0 '01Î2 )# sin 2) d) œ ’ )# #
cos 2)  )
# sin 2)  "
4 cos 2)“
1Î#

!
1# 1 " " 1# " 1#  4
œ ’ 8 † (1)  4 †0 4 † (1)“  0  0  4 † 1‘ œ 8  # œ 8

48. cos 2x
ÐÑ
x$ ïïïïî "2 sin 2x
ÐÑ
3x# ïïïïî  "4 cos 2x
ÐÑ
6x ïïïïî  "8 sin 2x
ÐÑ "
6 ïïïïî 16 cos 2x

0 '01Î2 x$ cos 2x dx œ ’ x# $
sin 2x  3x#
4 cos 2x  3x
4 sin 2x  3
8 cos 2x“
1Î#

!
1$ 31 # 31 1 # 3 a4  1 # b
œ ’ 16 †0 16 † (1)  8 †0 3
8 † (1)“  0  0  0  3
8 † 1‘ œ  316  3
4 œ 16

t#
49. u œ sec" t, du œ dt
; dv œ t dt, v œ ;
tÈt# 1 #

'22ÎÈ3 t sec" t dt œ ’ t# #
sec" t“
#
 '2ÎÈ3 Š t# ‹
2 #
dt
œ ˆ2 † 1
 2
† 16 ‰  '2ÎÈ3
2
t dt
#ÎÈ$ tÈt#  1 3 3 2Èt#  1
# È3 È3
51 51  3È 3
œ  ’ "# Èt#  1“ œ 51
 "# ŠÈ3  É 43  1‹ œ 51
 "# ŠÈ3  3 ‹ œ 51
 œ
9 #ÎÈ$ 9 9 9 3 9

50. u œ sin" ax# b , du œ 2x dx


È 1 x % ; dv œ 2x dx, v œ x# ;
È2 È2 È 2 d ˆ1  x % ‰
'01Î 2x sin" ax# b dx œ cx# sin" ax# bd !
"ÎÈ#
 '0

x# † 2x dx
È 1  x% œ ˆ "# ‰ ˆ 16 ‰  '0

2È 1  x%
"ÎÈ#
1 1 16È312
œ 1#  ’È1  x% “ œ 1#  É 34  1 œ 1#
!

51. (a) u œ x, du œ dx; dv œ sin x dx, v œ  cos x;


S" œ '0 x sin x dx œ [x cos x]!1  '0 cos x dx œ 1  [sin x]1! œ 1
1 1

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468 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

(b) S# œ '1 x sin x dx œ ”[x cos x]#11  '1 cos x dx• œ  c31  [sin x]1#1 d œ 31
21 21

(c) S$ œ '21 x sin x dx œ [x cos x]$#11  '21 cos x dx œ 51  [sin x]$#11 œ 51
31 31

Ðn 1Ñ1
(d) S8" œ (1)nb1 'n1 x sin x dx œ (1)nb1 c[x cos x]Ðnn1 1Ñ1  [sin x]Ðnn1 1Ñ1 d
œ (1)nb1 c(n  1)1(1)n  n1(1)nb1 d  0 œ (2n  1)1

52. (a) u œ x, du œ dx; dv œ cos x dx, v œ sin x;

S" œ  '1Î2 x cos x dx œ  ”[x sin x]311Î2Î2  '1Î2 sin x dx• œ  ˆ 31


31Î2 31Î2
1‰ 31Î2
#  #  [cos x]1Î2 œ 21

(b) S# œ '31Î2 x cos x dx œ [x sin x]&$11ÎÎ22  '31Î2 sin x dx œ  5#1  ˆ 3#1 ‰‘  [cos x]&$11ÎÎ22 œ 41
51Î2 51Î2

(c) S$ œ  '51Î2 x cos x dx œ  ”[x sin x](&11ÎÎ22  '51Î2 sin x dx• œ  ˆ 7#1 
71Î2 71Î2
51 ‰
#  [cos x](&11ÎÎ22 œ 61
Ð2n1Ñ1Î2 Ð2n1Ñ1Î2
(d) Sn œ (1)n 'Ð2n 1Ñ1Î2 x cos x dx œ (1)n ”[x sin x]Ð#n1Ñ1Î2
Ð2n 1Ñ1Î2 
n'
Ð2n 1Ñ1Î2
sin x dx•

œ (1)n ’ (2n# 1)1 (1)n  (2n1)1


# (1)nc1 “  [cos x]Ð#n 1Ñ1Î2
Ð2n1Ñ1Î2 œ
"
# (2n1  1  2n1  1) œ 2n1

53. V œ '0 21(ln 2  x) ex dx œ 21 ln 2 '0 ex dx  21'0 xex dx


ln 2 ln 2 ln 2

œ (21 ln 2) cex d ln0 2  21 Œcxex d ln0 2  '0 ex dx


ln 2

œ 21 ln 2  21 ˆ2 ln 2  cex d ln0 2 ‰ œ 21 ln 2  21 œ 21(1  ln 2)

54. (a) V œ '0 21xecx dx œ 21 Œcxecx d "!  '0 ecx dx


1 1

œ 21 Š "e  cecx d "! ‹ œ 21 ˆ "e  "


e  1‰
41
œ 21  e

(b) V œ '0 21(1  x)ecx dx; u œ 1  x, du œ  dx; dv œ ecx dx,


1

v œ ecx ; V œ 21 ”c(1  x) aecx bd "!  '0 ecx dx•


1

œ 21 ’[0  1(1)]  cecx d "! “ œ 21 ˆ1  "


e  1‰ œ 21
e

55. (a) V œ '0 21x cos x dx œ 21 Œ[x sin x] !  '0 sin x dx
1Î2 1Î2
1Î#

1Î#
œ 21 Š 1#  [cos x] ! ‹ œ 21 ˆ 1#  0  1‰ œ 1(1  2)

(b) V œ '0 21 ˆ 1#  x‰ cos x dx; u œ


1Î2
1
#  x, du œ  dx; dv œ cos x dx, v œ sin x;

 21'0 sin x dx œ 0  21[ cos x] !


1Î# 1Î2
1Î#
V œ 21 ˆ 1#  x‰ sin x‘ ! œ 21(0  1) œ 21

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Section 8.1 Integration by Parts 469

56. (a) V œ '0 21x(x sin x) dx;


1

sin x
ÐÑ
x# ïïïïî cos x
ÐÑ
2x ïïïïî sin x
ÐÑ
2 ïïïïî cos x
Ê V œ 21'0 x# sin x dx œ 21 cx# cos x  2x sin x  2 cos xd ! œ 21 a1#  4b
1 1
0
(b) V œ '0 21(1  x)x sin x dx œ 21# '0 x sin x dx  21 '0 x# sin x dx œ 21# [x cos x  sin x]1!  a21$  81b
1 1 1

œ 81

57. (a) A œ '1 ln x dx œ ’x ln x“  '1 dx


e e e

1
e
œ ae ln e  1 ln 1b  ’x“ œ e  ae  1b œ 1
1

(b) V œ '1 1aln xb dx œ 1Š’x aln xb2 “  '1 2 ln x dx‹


e e e
2
1

œ 1”Šealn eb  1aln 1b ‹  Š’2x ln x“  '1 2 dx‹•


e e
2 2
1
e
œ 1”e  Ša2e ln e  2a1b ln 1b  ’2x“ ‹•
1

œ 1”e  a2e  a2e  2bb• œ 1ae  2b


e
(c) V œ '1 21ax  2b ln x dx œ 21'1 ax  2b ln x dx œ 21Œ”ˆ 12 x2  2x‰ln x•  '1 ˆ 12 x  2‰ dx
e e e

1
e
œ 21Œˆ 12 e2  2e‰ln e  ˆ 12  2‰ln 1  ”ˆ 14 x2  2x‰•  œ 21ˆˆ 12 e2  2e‰  ˆˆ 14 e2  2e‰  94 ‰‰ œ 12 ae2  9b
1
e e
(d) M œ '1 ln x dx œ 1 (from part (a)); x œ '1 x ln x dx œ ” 12 x2 ln x•  '1 12 x dx œ Š 12 e2 ln e  12 a1b2 ln 1‹  ” 14 x2 •
e e e
1
1
1 1
e
œ 12 e2  Š 14 e2  14 a1b2 ‹ œ 14 ae2  1b; y œ 1
1
'1 12 aln xb2 dx œ 12 Œ”x aln xb2 •
e
 '1 2 ln x dx
e

1
e
 1 † aln 1b ‹  Œ”2x ln x•  '1 2 dx œ
e e
2 2
œ 1
2 ŒŠe aln eb
1
2 Še  Ša2e ln e  2a1b ln "b  ’2x“ ‹‹
1 1

Š e 4 1 ß e 2 2 ‹
2
œ 1
2 ae  2e  2e  2b œ 1
2 ae  2b Ê axß yb œ is the centroid.

1
58. (a) A œ '0 tan1 x dx œ ”x tan1 x•  '0
1 1
x
1  x2 dx
0
1
œ atan1 1  0b  12 ”lna1  x2 b•
0
1 1
œ 4  21 aln 2  ln 1b œ 4  21 ln 2
(b) V œ '0 21 x tan1 x dx
1

1
œ 21” x2 tan1 x• 
2
"
#
'01 1 x x dx
2
2
0
1
œ 21Œ 12 tan1 1  0  "
#
'01 ˆ1  1 1 x ‰dx œ 21 18 2  #" ”x  tan1 x•  œ 21ˆ 18  #" a1  tan1 1  a0  0bb‰
0
1a1  2b
œ 21ˆ 18  "ˆ
# 1  1 ‰‰
4 œ 2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


470 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

59. av(y) œ "


#1
'021 2ect cos t dt
œ "
1
ect ˆ sin t # cos t ‰‘ #1
!
(see Exercise 22) Ê av(y) œ "
#1 a1  ec21 b

60. av(y) œ '021 4ect (sin t  cos t) dt


"
#1

œ 12 '0 ect sin t dt  12 '0 ect cos t dt


21 21

œ 2
1
ect ˆ  sin t# cos t ‰  ect ˆ sin t # cos t ‰‘ #1
!
œ 2
1 cect sin td #!1 œ 0

61. I œ ' xn cos x dx; cu œ xn , du œ nxn" dx; dv œ cos x dx, v œ sin xd


Ê I œ xn sin x  ' nxn" sin x dx

62. I œ ' xn sin x dx; cu œ xn , du œ nxn" dx; dv œ sin x dx, v œ cos xd


Ê I œ xn cos x  ' nxn" cos x dx

63. I œ ' xn eax dx; u œ xn , du œ nxn" dx; dv œ eax dx, v œ "a eax ‘
ÊIœ xn eax ax
a e  n
a
' xn" eax dx, a Á !

64. I œ ' aln xbn dx; ’u œ aln xbn , du œ naln xbn "
x dx; dv œ " dx, v œ x“

Ê I œ xaln xbn  ' naln xbn" dx

65. 'ab ax  ab faxb dx; ’u œ x  a, du œ dx; dv œ faxb dx, v œ 'bx fatb dt œ 'xb fatb dt“
b
œ ”ax  ab'b fatb dt•  'a Š'b fatb dt‹ dx œ Œab  ab'b fatb dt  aa  ab'b fatb dt  'a Œ'x fatb dt dx
x b x b a b b

œ 0  'a Œ'x fatb dt dx œ 'a Œ'x fatb dt dx


b b b b

66. ' È1  x2 dx; ’u œ È1  x2 , du œ È x dx; dv œ dx, v œ x“


1  x2

œ x È1  x2  ' x 2
È 1  x2 dx œ x È1  x2  ' "  x2  "
È 1  x2 dx œ x È1  x2  Š' "  x2
È 1  x2 dx  ' "
È 1  x2 dx‹

œ x È1  x2  ' È1  x2 dx  ' "


È 1  x2 dx

Ê ' È1  x2 dx œ x È1  x2  ' "


È 1  x2 dx  ' È1  x2 dx Ê 2' È1  x2 dx œ x È1  x2  ' "
È 1  x2 dx

Ê ' È1  x2 dx œ x
2
È1  x2  1
2
'È" dx  C
1  x2

67. ' sin" x dx œ x sin" x  ' sin y dy œ x sin" x  cos y  C œ x sin" x  cos asin" xb  C

68. ' tan" x dx œ x tan" x  ' tan y dy œ x tan" x  ln kcos yk  C œ x tan" x  ln kcos atan" xbk  C

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Section 8.2 Trigonometric Integrals 471

69. ' sec" x dx œ x sec" x  ' sec y dy œ x sec" x  ln ksec y  tan yk  C


œ x sec" x  ln ksec asec" xb  tan asec" xbk  C œ x sec" x  ln ¹x  Èx#  1¹  C

70. ' log2 x dx œ x log2 x  ' 2y dy œ x log2 x  ln2 #  C œ x log2 x  lnx#  C


y

71. Yes, cos" x is the angle whose cosine is x which implies sin acos" xb œ È1  x# .

72. Yes, tan" x is the angle whose tangent is x which implies sec atan" xb œ È1  x# .

73. (a) ' sinh" x dx œ x sinh" x  ' sinh y dy œ x sinh" x  cosh y  C œ x sinh" x  cosh asinh" xb  C;
"
check: d cx sinh" x  cosh asinh" xb  Cd œ ’sinh" x  x
È 1  x#  sinh asinh" xb È 1  x# “ dx
œ sinh" x dx
(b) ' sinh" x dx œ x sinh" x  ' x ŠÈ "
‹ dx œ x sinh" x  "
#
' a1  x# b"Î# 2x dx
1  x#
"Î#
œ x sinh" x  a1  x# b C
"Î#
check: d ’x sinh" x  a1  x# b  C“ œ ’sinh" x  x
È 1  x#  x
È 1  x# “ dx œ sinh" x dx

74. (a) ' tanh" x dx œ x tanh" x  ' tanh y dy œ x tanh" x  ln kcosh yk  C œ x tanh" x  ln kcosh atanh" xbk  C;
sinh atanh " xb "
check: d cx tanh" x  ln kcosh atanh" xbk  Cd œ ’tanh" x  x
1  x#  cosh atanh " xb 1  x# “ dx
œ tanh" x  x
1  x#  x ‘
1  x# dx œ tanh" x dx
(b) ' tanh" x dx œ x tanh" x  ' 1 x x dx œ x tanh" x  #" ' 12xx# dx œ x tanh" x  #" ln k1  x# k  C
#

"
check: d x tanh" x  # ln k1  x# k  C‘ œ tanh" x  1 x x#  1 x x# ‘ dx œ tanh" x dx

8.2 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

1. ' cos 2x dx œ "# ' cos 2x † 2dx œ "# sin 2x  C

2. '01 3 sin x3 dx œ 9'01 sin x3 † 1


3 dx
1
œ 9’cos x3 “ œ 9ˆcos 13  cos 0‰ œ 9ˆ "#  1‰ œ 9
#
0

3. ' cos3 x sin x dx œ ' cos3 x asin xbdx œ  14 cos4 x  C

4. ' sin4 2x cos 2x dx œ "# ' sin4 2x cos 2x † 2dx œ 101 sin5 2x  C

5. ' sin3 x dx œ ' sin2 x sin x dx œ ' a1  cos2 xb sin x dx œ ' sin x dx  ' cos2 x sin x dx œ cos x  13 cos3 x  C

6. ' cos3 4x dx œ ' cos2 4x cos 4x dx œ 14 ' a1  sin2 4xb cos 4x † 4dx œ 14 ' cos 4x † 4dx  14 ' sin2 4x cos 4x † 4dx
œ 14 sin 4x  1 3
12 sin 4x C

7. ' sin5 x dx œ ' asin# xb# sin x dx œ ' a"  cos# xb# sin x dx œ ' a"  2cos# x  cos4 xbsin x dx
œ ' sin x dx  ' 2cos# x sin x dx  ' cos4 x sin x dx œ cos x  #3 cos3 x  51 cos5 x  C

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472 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

8. '01 sin5 ˆ x2 ‰dx (using Exercise 7) œ '01 sinˆ x2 ‰dx  '01 2cos# ˆ x2 ‰sinˆ x2 ‰dx  '01 cos4 ˆ x2 ‰sinˆ x2 ‰dx
1
œ #cos ˆ x2 ‰  3% cos3 ˆ 2x ‰  5# cos5 ˆ 2x ‰‘ 0 œ a!b  ˆ#  %
$  &# ‰ œ "'
"&

9. ' cos3 x dx œ ' acos# xbcos x dx œ ' a"  sin# xbcos x dx œ ' cos x dx  ' sin# x cos x dx œ sin x  13 sin3 x  C

10. '01/6 3cos5 3x dx œ '01/6 acos# 3xb# cos 3x † 3dx œ '01/6 a"  sin# 3xb# cos 3x † 3dx œ '01/6 a"  #sin# 3x  sin% 3xbcos 3x † 3dx
œ '0 cos 3x † 3dx  #'0 sin# 3x cos 3x † 3dx  '0 sin% 3x cos 3x † 3dx œ ’sin 3x  # sin33x 
1/6 1/6 1/6 3 1Î6
sin5 3x
5 “0

œ ˆ"  2
$  "& ‰  a!b œ )
"&

11. ' sin3 x cos3 x dx œ ' sin3 x cos2 x cos xdx œ ' sin3 x a1  sin2 xbcos x dx œ ' sin3 x cos x dx  ' sin5 x cos x dx
œ 14 sin4 x  16 sin6 x  C

12. ' cos3 2x sin5 2x dx œ "# ' cos3 2x sin5 2x † 2dx œ "# ' cos 2x cos2 2x sin5 2x † 2dx œ "# ' a1  sin2 2xb sin5 2x cos 2x † 2dx
œ "# ' sin5 2x cos 2x † 2dx  "# ' sin7 2x cos 2x † 2dx œ 12 1
sin6 2x  16
1
sin8 2x  C

13. ' cos2 x dx œ ' 1  cos


2
2x
dx œ "# ' a1  cos 2xbdx œ "# ' dx  "# ' cos 2x dx œ "# ' dx  4" ' cos 2x † 2dx
œ "# x  4" sin 2x  C

14. '01/2 sin2 x dx œ '01/2 1  cos


2
2x
dx œ "# '0 a1  cos 2xbdx œ "# '0 dx  "# '0 cos 2x dx œ "# '0 dx  4" '0 cos 2x † 2dx
1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2

1 Î2
œ  "# x  "4 sin 2x‘ 0 œ ˆ #" ˆ 12 ‰  4" sin 2ˆ 12 ‰‰  ˆ #" a0b  4" sin 2a0b‰ œ ˆ 14  0‰  a0  0b œ 1
4

15. '01/2 sin7 y dy œ '01/2 sin6 y sin y dy œ '01/2 a"  cos2 yb$ sin y dy œ '01/2 sin y dy  $'01/2 cos2 y sin y dy
 $'0 cos4 y sin y dy  '0 cos6 y sin y dy œ ’cos y  $ cos3 y  $ cos5 y 
1/2 1/2 & 1Î#
3
cos( y $
( “0 œ a!b  ˆ"  "  &  "( ‰ œ "'
$&

16. ' 7cos7 t dt (using Exercise 15) œ 7’' cos t dt  $' sin2 t cos t dt  $' sin4 t cos t dt  ' sin6 t cos t dt“
&
sin( t &
 sin( t  C
3
œ 7Šsin t  $ sin3 t  $ sin5 t  ( ‹  C œ 7sin t  7sin3 t  21
5 sin t

17. '01 )sin4 x dx œ )'01 ˆ "  cos


#
#x ‰ #
dx œ #'0 a"  #cos #x  cos# #xbdx œ #'0 dx  #'0 cos #x † #dx  #'0 "  cos
1 1 1 1
#
4x
dx
œ c#x  #sin #xd 0  '0 dx  '0 cos 4x dx œ #1  x  # sin 4x‘ 0 œ #1  1 œ $1
1 1 1
1 "

18. ' )cos4 21x dx œ )' ˆ "  cos# 41x ‰# dx œ #' a"  #cos 41x  cos# 41xbdx œ #' dx  %' cos 41x dx  #' "  cos# )1x dx
œ 3' dx  %' cos 41x dx  ' cos )1x dx œ 3x  1" sin 41 x  )"1 sin )1 x  C

19. ' 16 sin# x cos# x dx œ 16' ˆ "  cos


#
#x ‰ˆ "  cos #x ‰
# dx œ %' a"  cos# 2xbdx œ %' dx  %' ˆ "  cos
2
4x ‰
dx
œ 4x  2' dx  2' cos 4x dx œ 4x  2x  "2 sin 4x  C œ 2x  2" sin 4x  C œ 2x  sin 2x cos 2x  C
œ 2x  2sin x cos x a2cos2 x  1b  C œ 2x  4sin x cos3 x  2sin x cos x  C

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Section 8.2 Trigonometric Integrals 473

20. '01 8 sin4 y cos# y dy œ 8'01 ˆ "  cos


#
#y ‰# ˆ "  cos #y ‰
# dy œ '0 dy  '0 cos #y dy  '0 cos# #y dy  '0 cos$ #y dy
1 1 1 1

œ y  2" sin 2y‘ 0  '0 ˆ "  cos ' "' "' '
1 1 1 1 1 1
#
#
4y ‰
dy  0
a"  sin # y b cos # y dy œ 1  # 0 dy  # 0 cos 4y dy  0
cos #y dy
 '0 sin# #y cos #y dy œ 1  ’ "# y  ") sin 4y  "# sin 2y  "# † 3 “ œ 1  1# œ 1#
1 1 3
sin 2y
0

21. ' 8cos3 2) sin 2) d) œ 8ˆ "# ‰ cos4 2)  C œ cos4 2)  C


4

22. '01/2 sin2 2) cos3 2) d) œ '01/2 sin2 2)a"  sin2 2)bcos 2) d) œ '01/2 sin2 2) cos 2) d)  '01/2 sin4 2) cos 2) d)
1/2
œ ’ "# † sin3 2)
3  "
# † sin5 2)
5 “0 œ!

23. '021 É "  #cos x dx œ '021 ¹ sin x# ¹dx œ '021 sin x# dx œ #cos x# ‘ 20 1 œ #  # œ %

24. '01 È"  cos 2x dx œ '01 È# lsin 2x ldx œ '01 È# sin 2x dx œ ’È#cos 2x“ 1 œ È#  È# œ #È#
0

25. '01 È"  sin# t dt œ '01 l cos t ldt œ '01/2 cos t dt  '11/2 cos t dt œ csin td 10 /2  csin td 11/2 œ "  !  !  " œ #

26. '01 È"  cos# ) d) œ '01 l sin ) ld) œ '01 sin ) d) œ ccos )d 10 œ "  " œ #

27. '11ÎÎ32 È sin x2


dx œ '1Î3
1Î2
sin2 x È"  cos x
È"  cos x È"  cos x dx œ '1Î3
1Î2
sin2 x È"  cos x
È"  cos2 x dx œ '1Î3
1Î2
sin2 x È"  cos x
Èsin2 x dx
"  cos x

œ '1Î3 sin x È"  cos x dx œ ’ 23 a"  cos xb3Î2 “


1 Î2 1 Î2 3 Î2 3Î2 3 Î2
œ  23 ˆ"  cosˆ 12 ‰‰  23 ˆ"  cos ˆ 13 ‰‰ œ  32  32 ˆ 23 ‰
1 Î3

œ É 32  2
3

28. '01Î6 È"  sin x dx œ '01Î6 È" 1 sin x ÈÈ"  sin x dx œ '01Î6 ÈÈ"  sin x dx œ '01Î6 ÈÈcos x 2 2
dx œ '0
1Î6
cos x
È"  sin x dx
"  sin x "  sin x "  sin x
1Î6
œ ’2a"  sin xb1Î2 “ œ 2É"  sin ˆ 16 ‰  2È"  sin 0 œ 2É 1#  2È1 œ 2  È2
0

29. '511Î6 Ècos x 4


dx œ '51Î6
1
cos4 x È"  sin x
1
È"  sin x È"  sin x dx œ 51Î6
cos4 x È"  sin x
È"  sin2 x
' 1 4 È
x "  sin x
dx œ 51Î6 cos È dx '
"  sin x cos2 x

œ' ' '


1 1 1
cos4 x È"  sin x
5 1 Î6 cos x dx œ  51Î6 cos3 x È"  sin x dx œ  51Î6 cos xa"  sin2 xb È"  sin x dx

œ ' 1 1
'
 51Î6 cos x È"  sin x dx  51Î6 cos x sin2 x È"  sin x dx; u2 Èu du
51
’Let u œ 1  sin x Ê u  1 œ sin x Ê du œ cos x dx, x œ 6 Ê u œ 1  sinˆ 561 ‰ œ 32 , x œ 1 Ê u œ 1  sin 1 œ 1 “

 '3Î2 au  1b2 Èu du œ ’ 23 a"  sin xb3Î2 “  '3Î2 ˆu5Î2  2u3Î2  Èu‰ du


1 1 1 1
œ ’ 23 a"  sin xb3Î2 “
5 1 Î6 5 1 Î6
3Î2 3Î2 1
œ Š 23 a"  sin 1b  3 "

 sin ˆ 561 ‰‰ ‹   72 u7Î2  54 u5Î2  32 u3Î2 ‘3Î2
3 Î2 7Î2 5Î2 3Î2 5Î2 7Î2
œ Š 23  23 ˆ 32 ‰ ‹  ˆ 27  4
5  23 ‰  Š 27 ˆ 32 ‰  45 ˆ 32 ‰  23 ˆ 32 ‰ ‹ œ 45 ˆ 32 ‰  27 ˆ 32 ‰  18
35

30. '17Î12Î12 È1  sin 2x dx œ '17Î12Î12 È1 1sin 2x ÈÈ1  sin 2x dx œ '17Î12Î12 ÈÈ1  sin 2x dx œ '17Î12Î12 ÈÈcos 2x 2 2
dx
1  sin 2x 1  sin 2x 1  sin 2x

œ '1Î2
71Î12 71Î12 È2  1
cos 2x
È1  sin 2x dx œ ’È1  sin 2x“ œ É1  sin 2ˆ 7121 ‰  É1  sin 2ˆ 12 ‰ œ É "#  1 œ 1  1
È2 œ È2
1 Î2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


474 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

31. '01/2 )È"  cos 2) d) œ '01/2 )È# l sin ) l d) œ È#'01/2 ) sin ) d) œ È# c)cos )  sin )d 10 /2 œ È#a"b œ È#

32. '11 a"  cos# tb$Î# dt œ '11 asin# tb$Î# dt œ '11 ¸ sin$ t¸ dt œ '!1 sin$ t dt  '!1 sin$ t dt œ '!1 a"  cos# tbsin t dt
 '! a"  cos# tbsin t dt œ '1 sin t dt  '1 cos# t sin t dt  '! sin t dt  '! cos# t sin t dt œ ’cos t 
1 ! ! 1 1 !
cos3 t
3 “ 1
1
"
 ’cos t  cos3 t
3 “! œ ˆ"  $  "  "$ ‰  ˆ"  "
$  "  "$ ‰ œ )
$

33. ' sec2 x tan x dx œ ' tan x sec2 x dx œ 12 tan 2 x  C

34. ' sec x tan2 x dx œ ' sec x tan x tan xdx; u œ tan x, du œ sec2 x dx, dv œ sec x tan x dx, v œ sec x;
œ sec x tan x  ' sec3 x dx œ sec x tan x  ' sec2 x sec xdx œ sec x tan x  ' atan2 x  1bsec xdx
œ sec x tan x  Š' tan2 x sec xdx  ' sec xdx‹ œ sec x tan x  lnlsec x  tan xl  ' tan2 x sec xdx

Ê ' sec x tan2 x dx œ sec x tan x  lnlsec x  tan xl  ' tan2 x sec xdx
Ê 2' tan2 x sec xdx œ sec x tan x  lnlsec x  tan xl Ê ' tan2 x sec xdx œ "# sec x tan x  "# lnlsec x  tan xl  C

35. ' sec3 x tan x dx œ ' sec2 x sec x tan x dx œ 13 sec 3 x  C

36. ' sec3 x tan3 x dx œ ' sec2 x tan2 x sec x tan x dx œ ' sec2 xasec2 x  1bsec x tan x dx
œ ' sec4 x sec x tan x dx  ' sec2 x sec x tan x dx œ 15 sec 5 x  13 sec 3 x  C

37. ' sec2 x tan2 x dx œ ' tan2 x sec2 x dx œ 13 tan 3 x  C

38. ' sec4 x tan2 x dx œ ' sec2 x tan2 x sec2 x dx œ ' atan2 x  1btan2 x sec2 x dx œ ' tan4 x sec2 x dx  ' tan2 x sec2 x dx
œ 15 tan 5 x  13 tan 3 x  C

39. '!1/3 2 sec$ x dx; u œ sec x, du œ sec x tan x dx, dv œ sec# x dx, v œ tan x;
'!1/3 2 sec$ x dx œ c2 sec x tan xd !1Î$  #'!1/3 sec x tan2 x dx œ # † " † !  # † # † È$  #'!1/3 sec x asec2 x  "bdx
œ %È$  #'1/3 sec$ x dx  #'1/3 sec x dx; 2'1/3 2 sec$ x dx œ %È$  c#ln l sec x + tan xld !1Î$
! ! !

2'1/3 2 sec$ x dx œ %È$  #ln l " + !l  #ln l #  È$ l œ %È$  # ln Š#  È$‹


!

'!1/3 2 sec$ x dx œ #È$  ln Š#  È $‹

40. ' ex sec$ aex bdx; u œ secaex b, du œ secaex btanaex bex dx, dv œ sec# aex bex dx, v œ tanaex b.
' ex sec$ aex b dx œ secaex btanaex b  ' secaex btan# aex bex dx
œ secaex btanaex b  ' secaex basec# aex b  "bex dx
œ secaex btanaex b  ' sec$ aex bex dx  ' secaex bex dx
2' ex sec$ aex b dx œ secaex btanaex b  ln¸secaex b  tanaex b¸  C
' ex sec$ aex b dx œ "# ˆsecaex btanaex b  ln¸secaex b  tanaex b¸‰  C

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Section 8.2 Trigonometric Integrals 475

41. ' sec4 ) d) œ ' a"  tan2 )bsec2 ) d) œ ' sec2 ) d)  ' tan2 ) sec2 ) d) œ tan )  13 tan3 )  C
œ tan )  13 tan )asec2 )  1b  C œ 13 tan ) sec2 )  23 tan )  C

42. ' 3sec4 a3xb dx œ ' a"  tan2 a3xbbsec2 a3xb3dx œ ' sec2 a3xb3dx  ' tan2 a3xb sec2 a3xb3dx œ tan a3xb  13 tan3 a3xb  C

43. '11/4/2 csc4 ) d) œ '11/4/2 a"  cot# )bcsc# ) d) œ '11/4/2 csc# ) d)  '11/4/2 cot# ) csc# ) d) œ ’cot )  cot3 ) “ 1Î2 $

1/4
œ a!b  ˆ"  "$ ‰ œ %
$

44. ' sec6 x dx œ ' sec4 x sec2 x dx œ ' atan2 x  1b2 sec2 x dx œ ' atan4 x  2tan2 x  1bsec2 x dx
œ ' tan4 x sec2 x dx  2' tan2 x sec2 x dx  ' sec2 x dx œ 15 tan 5 x  23 tan 3 x  tan x  C

45. ' 4 tan3 x dx œ 4' asec# x  "btan x dx œ 4' sec# x tan x dx  4' tan x dx œ % tan# x  % ln lsec xl  C
#

œ 2 tan# x  4 ln lsec xl  C œ 2 tan# x  2 ln lsec2 xl  C œ 2 tan# x  2 ln a1  tan2 xb  C

46. '11/4/4 6 tan4 x dx œ 6'11/4/4 asec# x  "btan2 x dx œ 6'1/4 sec# x tan2 x dx  6'1/4 tan2 x dx
1/4 1/4

œ 6'1/4 sec2 x tan2 x dx  6'1/4 asec2 x  1bdx œ ’' tan$ x “  6'1/4 sec# x dx  6'1/4 dx
1/4 1/4 $ 1Î4 1/4 1/4

 1 Î4
1 Î4 1Î4 $1 $1
œ #a"  a"bb  c'tan xd 1Î4  c'xd 1Î4 œ %  'a"  a"bb  #  # œ $1  )

47. ' tan5 x dx œ ' tan4 x tan x dx œ ' asec2 x  1b2 tan x dx œ ' asec4 x  2sec2 x  1btan x dx
œ ' sec4 x tan x dx  2' sec2 x tan x dx  ' tan x dx œ ' sec3 x sec x tan x dx  2' sec x sec x tan x dx  ' tan x dx

atan2 x  1b  atan2 x  1b  lnlsec xl  C œ 14 tan4 x  "# tan2 x  lnlsec xl  C


2
œ 14 sec4 x  sec2 x  lnlsec xl  C œ 1
4

48. ' cot6 2x dx œ ' cot4 2x cot2 2x dx œ ' cot4 2x acsc2 2x  1b dx œ ' cot4 2x csc2 2x dx  ' cot4 2x dx
œ ' cot4 2x csc2 2x dx  ' cot2 2x cot2 2x dx œ ' cot4 2x csc2 2x dx  ' cot2 2xacsc2 2x  1bdx
œ ' cot4 2x csc2 2x dx  ' cot2 2x csc2 2x dx  ' cot2 2x dx
œ ' cot4 2x csc2 2x dx  ' cot2 2x csc2 2xdx  ' acsc2 2x  1bdx
œ ' cot4 2x csc2 2x dx  ' cot2 2x csc2 2xdx  ' csc2 2x dx  ' dx œ  101
cot5 2x  16 cot3 2x  "# cot 2x  x  C

49. '11/6/3 cot3 x dx œ '11/6/3 acsc2 x  " bcot x dx œ '11/6/3 csc2 x cot x dx  '11/6/3 cot x dx œ ’ cot# x  ln l csc xl“ 1Î3
#

1Î6

œ  "# ˆ "$  $‰  Šln È#$  ln #‹ œ %


$  lnÈ$

50. ' 8 cot4 t dt œ 8' acsc2 t  " bcot2 t dt œ 8' csc2 t cot2 t dt  8' cot2 t dt œ  83 cot3 t  8' acsc2 t  " bdt
œ  83 cot3 t  8 cot t  8t  C

51. ' sin 3x cos 2x dx œ "# ' asin x  sin 5xb dx œ  "# cos x  10" cos 5x  C

52. ' sin 2x cos 3x dx œ "# ' asinaxb  sin 5xb dx œ "# ' asin x  sin 5xb dx œ "# cos x  10" cos 5x  C

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476 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

53. '11 sin 3x sin 3x dx œ "# '11 acos !  cos 6xb dx œ "# '11 dx  "# '11 cos 6x dx œ "# x  "#" sin 6x‘ 11 œ 1#  1#  ! œ 1

54. '!1Î2 sin x cos x dx œ "# '!1Î2 asin !  sin 2xb dx œ "# '!1Î2 sin 2x dx œ  "% ccos 2xd 1! Î# œ  "% a"  "b œ "#

55. ' cos 3x cos 4x dx œ "# ' acosaxb  cos 7xb dx œ "# ' acos x  cos 7xb dx œ 2" sin x  14" sin 7x  C

56. '11ÎÎ22 cos 7x cos x dx œ "# '11ÎÎ22 acos 6x  cos 8xb dx œ 2"  6" sin 6x 8" sin 8x‘ 1Î12Î2 œ 0

57. ' sin2 ) cos 3) d) œ ' 1  cos


2
2)
cos 3) d) œ "# ' cos 3) d)  "# ' cos 2) cos 3) d)
œ "# ' cos 3) d)  "# ' "# acosa 2  3b)  cosa 2  3b)b d) œ "# ' cos 3) d)  4" ' acosa)b  cos 5)b d)
œ "# ' cos 3) d)  4" ' cos ) d)  4" ' cos 5) d) œ 16 sin 3)  4" sin )  20
1
sin 5)  C

58. ' cos2 2) sin ) d) œ ' a2cos2 )  1b2 sin ) d) œ ' a4cos4 )  4cos2 )  1b sin ) d)
œ ' 4cos4 ) sin ) d)  ' 4cos2 ) sin ) d)  ' sin ) d) œ  45 cos5 )  43 cos3 )  cos )  C

59. ' cos3 ) sin 2) d) œ ' cos3 ) a2sin ) cos )b d) œ 2' cos4 ) sin ) d) œ  25 cos5 )  C

60. ' sin3 ) cos 2) d) œ ' sin2 ) cos 2) sin ) d) œ ' a1  cos2 )ba2cos2 )  1bsin ) d)
œ ' a2cos4 )  3cos2 )  1bsin ) d) œ 2' cos4 ) sin ) d)  3' cos2 ) sin ) d)  ' sin ) d)
œ 25 cos5 )  cos3 )  cos )  C

61. ' sin ) cos ) cos 3) d) œ "# ' 2sin ) cos ) cos 3) d) œ "# ' sin 2) cos 3) d) œ "# ' "# asina2  3b)  sina2  3b)b d)
œ "4 ' asina)b  sin 5)b d) œ 4" ' asin )  sin 5)b d) œ 4" cos )  20 1
cos 5)  C

62. ' sin ) sin 2) sin 3) d) œ ' "# acosa1  2b)  cosa1  2b)b sin 3) d) œ "# ' acosa)b  cos 3)b sin 3) d)
œ "# ' sin 3) cos ) d)  "# ' sin 3) cos 3) d) œ "# ' "# asina3  1b)  sina3  1b)bd)  4" ' 2sin 3) cos 3) d)
œ "4 ' asin 2)  sin 4)bd)  4" ' sin 6) d) œ 4" ' asin 2)  sin 4)bd)  4" ' sin 6) d)
œ  18 cos 2)  16 cos 4)
1
 1
24 cos 6)  C

' atan2 x  1bsec x


dx œ ' dx œ ' dx œ ' dx  ' dx œ ' tan x sec x dx  ' csc x dx
sec3 x sec2 x sec x tan2 x sec x sec x
63. tan x tan x tan x tan x tan x
œ sec x  lnlcsc x  cot xl  C

' a1cos# xb sin x


dx œ ' dx œ ' dx œ ' dx  ' dx œ ' sec3 x tan x dx  ' sec x tan x dx
sin3 x sin# x sin x sin x cos# x sin x
64. cos4 x cos4 x cos4 x cos4 x cos4 x

œ ' sec2 x sec x tan x dx  ' sec x tan x dx œ 13 sec3 x  sec x  C

' a1cos# xb
dx œ ' œ' sin x dx œ ' ' œ ' sec x tan x dx  ' sin x dx
tan2 x sin2 x 1 cos# x
65. csc x cos2 x
sin x dx cos2 x cos2 x
sin x dx cos2 x
sin x dx
œ sec x  cos x  C

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Section 8.2 Trigonometric Integrals 477

66. ' cot x


dx œ '
cos x

1
dx œ '
2
dx œ '
2
dx œ ' csc 2x 2dx œ lnl csc 2x  cot 2x l  C
cos2 x sin x cos2 x 2sin x cos x sin 2x

67. ' x sin2 x dx œ ' x 1  cos


2
2x
dx œ "# ' x dx  "# ' x cos 2x dx ’u œ x, du œ dx, dv œ cos 2x dx, v œ "# sin 2x“

œ "4 x2  #" ’ #" x sin 2x  ' #" sin 2x dx“ œ 4" x2  4" x sin 2x  18 cos 2x  C

68. ' x cos3 x dx œ ' x cos2 x cos x dx œ ' xa1  sin2 xb cos x dx œ ' x cos x dx  ' x sin2 x cos x dx;
' x cos x dx œ x sin x  ' sin x dx œ x sin x  cos x;
’u œ x, du œ dx, dv œ cos x dx, v œ sin x“
' x sin2 x cos x dx œ 13 x sin3 x  ' 13 sin3 x dx;
’u œ x, du œ dx, dv œ sin2 x cos x dx, v œ 13 sin3 x“

œ 13 x sin3 x ' a1  cos2 xb sin x dx œ 13 x sin3 x  13 ' sin x dx  13 ' cos2 x sin x dx œ 13 x sin3 x  13 cos x  19 cos3 x;
1
3

Ê ' x cos x dx  ' x sin2 x cos x dx œ ax sin x  cos xb  ˆ 13 x sin3 x  13 cos x  19 cos3 x‰  C
œ x sin x  13 x sin3 x  23 cos x  19 cos3 x  C

œ tan x;ay w b# œ tan# x; '! È"  tan# x dx œ '


1Î4 1Î4
69. y œ lnasec xb; y w œ sec x tan x
sec x !
lsec xl dx œ clnlsec x  tan xld !1/4
œ lnŠÈ#  "‹  lna!  "b œ lnŠÈ#  "‹

70. M œ '1Î4 sec x dx œ clnlsec x  tan xld 1/41Î4 œ lnŠÈ#  "‹  ln lÈ#  "l œ ln È## 
1Î4 È
"
"

È '
1Î4 1Î4
" sec# x " " "
yœ dx œ È ctan xd 1Î4 œ È a"  a"bb œ È
ln È# " 1Î4 #
#ln È # " #ln È# " ln È# "
#" #" #" #"
È#" "
Ê ax, yb œ Œ!ß Šln È#" ‹ 

71. V œ 1'! sin# x dx œ 1'! '!1 dx  1# '!1 cos 2x dx œ 1# cxd 1!  14 csin 2xd 1! œ 1# a1  !b  14 a!  !b œ 1#
1 1 #
"  cos 2x 1
2 dx œ #

72. A œ '! È"  cos 4x dx œ '! È# lcos 2xldx œ È# '! cos 2x dx  È# '1Î% cos 2x dx  È# '$1Î% cos 2x dx
1 1 1Î% $1Î% 1

È# 1Î% È# $1Î% È# È# È# È#
œ # csin 2xd !  # csin 2xd 1Î%  # csin 2xd 1$1Î% œ # a"  !b  # a"  "b  # a !  "b œ È #  È # œ # È #

73. M œ '0 ax  cos xbdx œ ’ "# x2  sin x“


21 21
œ Š "# a21b2  sin a21b‹  Š "# a0b2  sin a0b‹ œ 212 ;
0

xœ 1
21 2
'021 xax  cos xbdx œ 211 '021 ax2  x cos xbdx œ 211 '021 x2 dx  211 '021 x cos xdx
2 2 2

’u œ x, du œ dx, dv œ cos x dx, v œ sin x“

 '0 sin xdx œ  0  '0 sin xdx


21 21 21 21
œ 1 3
612 ’x “0  1
212 Œ’x sin x“0 612 a81
1 3
 0b  212 Œ21 sin 21
1

œ 41
3  1
21 2 ’cos x “
21
œ 41
3  212 acos 21
1
 cos 0b œ 41
3 0œ 41
3 ; yœ 1
21 2
'021 "# ax  cos xb2 dx
0

œ 1
41 2
'021 ax2  2x cos x  cos2 xbdx œ 411 '021 x2 dx  211 '021 x cos xdx  411 '021 cos2 x dx
2 2 2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


478 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

œ 1 3
21
1212 ’x “0  1
212 ’x sin x  cos x“
21
 1
41 2
'021 cos 2x2  1 dx œ 231  0  811 '021 cos 2x dx  811 '021 dx
2 2
0
21 21
21 21 81 2  3
œ 3  1
1612 ’sin 2x“0  1
812 ’x“0 œ 3 0 1
41 œ 121 Ê The centroid is Š 431 , 81 2  3
121 ‹.

74. V œ '! 1asin x  sec xb2 dx œ 1'!


1Î3 1Î3
asin# x  2sin x sec x  sec2 xb dx

œ 1'! sin# x dx  1'! 2tan x dx  1'! sec2 x dx œ 1'!


1 Î3 1Î3 1Î3 1Î3 1Î3 1Î3
1  cos 2x
2 dx  21’ lnlsec xl“  1’ tan x“
0 0

œ 1
2
'! 1Î3
dx  1
2
'! 1Î3
cos 2x dx  21ˆlnlsec 1
3l  lnlsec 0l‰  1ˆtan 1
3  tan 0‰
1 Î3 1Î3
œ 12 ’ x“  14 ’ sin 2x“  21 ln 2  1È3 œ 12 ˆ 13  0‰  14 ˆsin 2ˆ 13 ‰  sin 2a0b‰  21 ln 2  1È3
0 0

1È3 1Š41  21È3  48 ln 2‹


12
œ 6  8  21 ln 2  1È3 œ 24

8.3 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS

kcos )k
1. x œ 3 tan ),  1#  )  1# , dx œ 3 d)
cos# ) , 9  x# œ 9 a1  tan# )b œ 9 sec# ) Ê "
È 9  x# œ 1
3ksec )k œ 3 œ cos )
3 ;
ˆbecause cos )  0 when  1#  )  1# ‰ ;
' È dx œ 3' cos ) d)
3 cos# ) œ' d)
cos ) œ ln ksec )  tan )k  Cw œ ln ¹
È 9  x#
 x3 ¹  Cw œ ln ¹È9  x#  x¹  C
9  x# 3

2. ' È 3 dx ; c3x œ ud Ä ' du


È 1  u# ; u œ tan t,  1#  t  1
# , du œ dt
cos# t , È1  u# œ lsec tl œ sec t ;
1  9x#

' È du œ' dt
cos# t asec tb œ ' sec t dt œ ln ksec t  tan tk  C œ ln ¹Èu#  1  u¹  C œ ln ¹È1  9x#  3x¹  C
1  u#

3. '22 dx
4  x#
#
œ  #" tan" #x ‘ # œ "
# tan" 1  "
# tan" (1) œ ˆ #" ‰ ˆ 14 ‰  ˆ #" ‰ ˆ 14 ‰ œ 1
4

4. '02 8 dx2x # œ "


#
'02 4dxx # œ "
#
 #" tan" #x ‘ # œ
!
"
#
ˆ #" tan" 1  "
# tan" 0‰ œ ˆ #" ‰ ˆ #" ‰ ˆ 14 ‰  0 œ 1
16

5. '03Î2 È dx $Î#
œ sin" 3x ‘ ! œ sin" "
#  sin" 0 œ 1
0œ 1
9  x# 6 6

È2 È2 È2
6. '01Î2 2 dx
È1  4x# ; ct œ 2xd Ä '01Î2 dt
È1  t# œ csin" td 0

œ sin" "
È2  sin" 0 œ 1
4 0œ 1
4

7. t œ 5 sin ),  1#  )  1# , dt œ 5 cos ) d), È25  t# œ 5 cos );


' È25  t# dt œ ' (5 cos ))(5 cos )) d) œ 25 ' cos# ) d) œ 25 ' 1  cos 2)
# d) œ 25 ˆ #)  sin 2) ‰
4 C
È tÈ25  t#
œ 25
# a)  sin ) cos )b  C œ 25
# ’sin" ˆ 5t ‰  ˆ 5t ‰ Š 255 t# ‹“ Cœ 25
# sin" ˆ 5t ‰  # C

"
8. t œ 3 sin ),  1#  )  1# , dt œ "
3 cos ) d), È1  9t# œ cos );
' È1  9t# dt œ "3 ' (cos ))(cos )) d) œ 3" ' cos# ) d) œ 6" a)  sin ) cos )b  C œ 6" ’sin" (3t)  3tÈ1  9t# “  C

9. x œ 7
# sec ), 0  )  1# , dx œ 7
# sec ) tan ) d), È4x#  49 œ È49 sec# )  49 œ 7 tan );
'È dx
œ'
ˆ 7# sec ) tan )‰ d)
7 tan ) œ "
#
' sec ) d) œ "# ln ksec )  tan )k  C œ "# ln ¹ 2x7  È4x7#  49 ¹  C
4x#  49

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Section 8.3 Trigonometric Substitutions 479

10. x œ 3
5 sec ), 0  )  1# , dx œ 3
5 sec ) tan ) d), È25x#  9 œ È9 sec# )  9 œ 3 tan );
' È 5 dx œ'
5 ˆ 35 sec ) tan )‰ d)
3 tan ) œ ' sec ) d) œ ln ksec )  tan )k  C œ ln ¹ 5x
3 
È25x#  9
¹ C
25x#  9 3

11. y œ 7 sec ), 0  )  1# , dy œ 7 sec ) tan ) d), Èy#  49 œ 7 tan );


' Èy y 49 dy œ ' (7 tan ))(77 sec
# ) tan )) d)
sec ) œ 7 ' tan# ) d) œ 7 ' asec# )  1b d) œ 7(tan )  ))  C
Èy#  49
œ 7’ 7  sec" ˆ y7 ‰“  C

12. y œ 5 sec ), 0  )  1# , dy œ 5 sec ) tan ) d), Èy#  25 œ 5 tan );


' Èyy 25 dy œ ' (5 tan ))(5
#
$
sec ) tan )) d)
125 sec ) œ "5 ' $ tan# ) cos# ) d) œ "
5
' sin# ) d) œ "
10
' (1  cos 2)) d)
" " Èy#  25 sec " ˆ 5y ‰ Èy#  25
œ 10 a)  sin ) cos )b  C œ 10 ’sec" ˆ y5 ‰  Š y ‹ Š 5y ‹“ Cœ’ 10  #y # “ C

13. x œ sec ), 0  )  1# , dx œ sec ) tan ) d), Èx#  1 œ tan );


' dx
œ' sec ) tan ) d)
œ' d)
œ sin )  C œ
È x#  1
C
x# È x#  1 sec# ) tan ) sec ) x

14. x œ sec ), 0  )  1# , dx œ sec ) tan ) d), Èx#  1 œ tan );


' 2 dx
œ' 2 tan ) sec ) d)
œ 2 ' cos# ) d) œ 2 ' ˆ 1  cos 2) ‰
d) œ )  sin ) cos )  C
x$ È x#  1 sec$ ) tan ) #
# È x#  1
œ )  tan ) cos# )  C œ sec" x  Èx#  1 ˆ "x ‰  C œ sec" x  x# C

15. u œ 9  x# Ê du œ 2x dx Ê  "# du œ x dx;


' Èx dx œ  "# ' 1
Èu du œ Èu  C œ È9  x#  C
9  x#

16. x œ 2 tan ),  1#  )  1# , dx œ 2sec# ) d) , 4  x# œ 4sec# )


' 4xdxx
2
# œ'
ˆ4tan2 )‰a2sec# )bd)
4sec# ) œ ' 2 tan2 ) d) œ 2' asec# )  1bd) œ 2' sec# ) d)  2' d) œ 2 tan )  2)  C
1 ˆ x ‰
œx 2 tan 2 C

17. x œ 2 tan ),  1#  )  1# , dx œ 2 d)
cos# ) , Èx#  4 œ 2
cos ) ;
' Èx $
dx
œ' a8 tan$ )b (cos )) d)
cos# ) œ 8' sin$ ) d)
cos% )
œ 8' acos# )  1b ( sin )) d)
cos% )
;
x#  4

ct œ cos )d Ä 8 ' t#  1
t%
dt œ 8' ˆ t"#  t"% ‰ dt œ 8 ˆ "t  " ‰
3t$  C œ 8 Š sec )  sec$ )
3 ‹ C
È x#  4 $Î#
ax #  4 b " $Î#
œ 8 Œ #  8 †3 Cœ 3 ax#  4b  4Èx#  4  C œ 13 ax#  8bÈx#  4  C

18. x œ tan ),  1#  )  1# , dx œ sec# ) d), Èx#  1 œ sec );


' dx
œ' sec# ) d)
œ' cos ) d)
œ  sin" )  C œ È x #  1
C
x# È x#  1 tan# ) sec ) sin# ) x

19. w œ 2 sin ),  1#  )  1# , dw œ 2 cos ) d), È4  w# œ 2 cos );


' 8 dw
œ' 8†2 cos ) d)
œ 2' d)
œ 2 cot )  C œ 2 È 4  w #
C
w# È 4  w# 4 sin# )†2 cos ) sin# ) w

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480 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

20. w œ 3 sin ),  1#  )  1# , dw œ 3 cos ) d), È9  w# œ 3 cos );


' È9w w #
#
dw œ ' 3 cos )†3 cos ) d)
9 sin# ) œ ' cot# ) d) œ ' Š 1 sinsin )
# ) ‹ d) œ
' acsc# )  1b d)
#

È 9  w#
œ  cot )  )  C œ  w  sin" ˆ w3 ‰  C

21. u œ 5x Ê du œ 5dx, a œ 6
' 36 100 ' 1 #
' 1
 25x dx œ 20 a6b  a5xb 5dx œ 20 a  u du œ 20 † 6 tan
2
1 " ˆ u ‰
# 6  C œ 3 tan
10 " ˆ 5x ‰
6 C 2 #

22. u œ x2  4 Ê du œ 2x dx Ê "# du œ x dx
' x Èx#  4 dx œ "# ' Èu du œ 13 u3Î2  C œ 13 ax#  4b3Î2  C

$Î#
23. x œ sin ), 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 13 , dx œ cos ) d), a1  x# b œ cos$ );
È3Î2
'0 4x# dx
œ '0
1Î3
4 sin# ) cos ) d)
cos$ ) œ 4 '0 Š 1 coscos
1Î3
) #
# ) ‹ d) œ 4
'0 asec# )  1b d) 1Î3

a1  x# b$Î#
1Î$ 41
œ 4 ctan )  )d ! œ 4È3  3

$Î#
24. x œ 2 sin ), 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 16 , dx œ 2 cos ) d), a4  x# b œ 8 cos$ );
'01 dx
œ '0
1Î6
2 cos ) d)
œ " '01Î6 cosd) ) œ "4 ctan )d 1! Î' œ È123 œ "
8 cos$ ) 4È 3
#
a4  x# b$Î# 4

$Î#
25. x œ sec ), 0  )  12 , dx œ sec ) tan ) d), ax#  1b œ tan$ );
' dx
œ' sec ) tan ) d)
tan$ ) œ' cos ) d)
sin# ) œ  sin" )  C œ  È x
C
ax#  1b$Î# x#  1

&Î#
26. x œ sec ), 0  )  12 , dx œ sec ) tan ) d), ax#  1b œ tan& );
' x# dx
œ' sec# )†sec ) tan ) d)
tan& ) œ' cos )
sin% )
d) œ  3 sin" $ )  C œ  x$
C
ax#  1b&Î# 3 ax#  1b$Î#

$Î#
27. x œ sin ),  1#  )  1
# , dx œ cos ) d), a1  x# b œ cos$ );
' a1  xxb # $Î#
'
dx
œ' cos$ )†cos ) d)
sin' ) œ ' cot% ) csc# ) d) œ  cot5 )  C œ  "5 Š
& È 1  x# &
x ‹ C

"Î#
28. x œ sin ),  1#  )  1
# , dx œ cos ) d), a1  x# b œ cos );
' a1  xxb # "Î#
%
dx
œ' cos )†cos ) d)
sin% )
œ ' cot# ) csc# ) d) œ  cot3 )  C œ  "3 Š
$ È 1  x# $
x ‹ C

" #
29. x œ # tan ),  1#  )  1# , dx œ "
# sec# ) d), a4x#  1b œ sec% );
' 8 dx
œ'
8 ˆ "# sec# )‰ d)
œ 4 ' cos# ) d) œ 2()  sin ) cos ))  C œ 2 tan" 2x  4x
C
a4x#  1b# sec% ) a4x#  1b

"
30. t œ 3 tan ),  1#  )  1# , dt œ "
3 sec# ) d), 9t#  1 œ sec# );
' 6 dt
œ'
6 ˆ "3 sec )‰ d)
#
œ 2 ' cos# ) d) œ )  sin ) cos )  C œ tan" 3t  3t
C
a9t#  1b# sec% ) a9t#  1b

31. u œ x2  1 Ê du œ 2x dx Ê "# du œ x dx
' x x 1 dx œ ' ax  x x 1 bdx œ ' x dx  ' x x 1 dx œ #" x2  #" ' u1 du œ #" x2  #" ln lul  C œ #" x2  #" ln lx2  1l  C
2
$
2 2

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Section 8.3 Trigonometric Substitutions 481

32. u œ 25  %x2 Ê du œ 8x dx Ê "8 du œ x dx


' 25 x %x dx œ 8" ' u1 du œ 8" ln lul  C œ 8" ln a25  %x2 b  C
2

&Î#
33. v œ sin ),  1#  )  1# , dv œ cos ) d), a1  v# b œ cos& );
' v# dv
œ' sin# ) cos ) d)
cos& ) œ ' tan# ) sec# ) d) œ tan$ )
Cœ "
ŠÈ v

$
C
a1  v# b&Î# 3 3 1  v#

34. r œ sin ),  1#  )  1# ;
' a1  r rb # &Î#
)
dr
œ' cos& )†cos ) d)
sin) ) œ ' cot' ) csc# ) d) œ  cot7 )  C œ  "7 ’
( È 1  r# (
r “ C

sec# )
35. Let et œ 3 tan ), t œ ln (3 tan )), tan" ˆ "$ ‰ Ÿ ) Ÿ tan" ˆ %$ ‰, dt œ tan ) d), Èe2t  9 œ È9 tan# )  9 œ 3 sec );
tan " Ð4Î3Ñ tan " Ð4Î3Ñ
'0 ln 4
et dt
Èe2t  9 œ 'tanc" Ð1Î3Ñ 3 tan )†sec# ) d)
tan )†3 sec ) œ 'tan " Ð1Î3Ñ sec ) d) œ cln ksec )  tan )kd tan Ð4Î3Ñ
tanc" Ð1Î3Ñ
"

È10
œ ln ˆ 53  43 ‰  ln Š 3  3" ‹ œ ln 9  ln Š1  È10‹

sec# )
36. Let et œ tan ), t œ ln (tan )), tan" ˆ 34 ‰ Ÿ ) Ÿ tan" ˆ 43 ‰ , dt œ tan ) d), 1  e2t œ 1  tan# ) œ sec# );
#
tan " Ð4Î3Ñ ) tan " Ð4Î3Ñ
'lnlnÐ3Ð4ÎÎ43Ñ Ñ et dt
œ 'tanc" Ð3Î4Ñ
(tan )) Š sec
tan ) ‹ d)
sec$ ) œ 'tan cos ) d) œ csin )d tan Ð4Î3Ñ
tanc" Ð$Î%Ñ
œ
" 4
 3
œ "
a1  e2t b$Î# " Ð3Î4Ñ 5 5 5

37. '11ÎÎ124 2 dt
Èt  4tÈt ; ’u œ 2Èt, du œ "
Èt dt“ Ä '1ÎÈ3
1
2 du
1  u# ; u œ tan ), 1
6 Ÿ ) Ÿ 14 , du œ sec# ) d), 1  u# œ sec# );

'11ÎÈ3 2 du
1  u# œ '1Î6
1Î4
2 sec# ) d)
sec# )
1Î%
œ c2)d 1Î' œ 2 ˆ 14  16 ‰ œ 1
6

38. y œ etan ) , 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 14 , dy œ etan ) sec# ) d), È1  (ln y)# œ È1  tan# ) œ sec );


'1e yÈ1 dy(ln y) # œ '0
1Î4
etan ) sec# )
etan ) sec ) d) œ '0 sec ) d) œ cln ksec )  tan )kd !
1Î4
1Î%
œ ln Š1  È2‹

39. x œ sec ), 0  )  1# , dx œ sec ) tan ) d), Èx#  1 œ Èsec# )  1 œ tan );


' dx
œ' sec ) tan ) d)
œ )  C œ sec" x  C
xÈ x#  1 sec ) tan )

40. x œ tan ), dx œ sec# ) d), 1  x# œ sec# );


' x dx1 œ ' secsec) )d) œ )  C œ tan" x  C
#
#
#

41. x œ sec ), dx œ sec ) tan ) d), Èx#  1 œ Èsec# )  1 œ tan );


' x dx œ ' sec )†sec ) tan ) d) œ ' sec# ) d) œ tan )  C œ Èx#  1  C
È x#  1 tan )

42. x œ sin ), dx œ cos ) d),  1#  )  1


# ;
' È dx œ' cos ) d)
cos ) œ )  C œ sin" x  C
1  x#

43. Let x2 œ tan ), 0 Ÿ )  1# , 2x dx œ sec2 ) d) Ê x dx œ "# sec2 ) d); È1  x4 œ È1  tan2 ) œ sec )


'Èx dx œ "
#
' sec ) 2
"' " " È
sec ) d) œ # sec )d) œ # lnlsec )  tan )l  C œ # lnl 1  x  x l  C
4 2
1  x4

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482 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

44. Let ln x œ sin ),  1# Ÿ )  0 or 0  ) Ÿ 1# , 1x dx œ cos ) d), É1  aln xb2 œ cos )

' É1xlnalnx xb dx œ ' cos ' 1 sinsin) ) d) œ ' csc ) d)  ' sin ) d) œ
2
) 2 2
sin ) d) œ  lnlcsc )  cot )l  cos )  C
É1aln xb2 2 1  É1aln xb2
œ  ln» ln1x  ln x »  É1  aln xb  C œ  ln» ln x »  É1  aln xb2  C

45. Let u œ Èx Ê x œ u2 Ê dx œ 2u du Ê ' É 4 x x dx œ ' É 4 u2u 2u du œ 2' È4  u2 du;


2

1
u œ 2 sin ), du œ 2 cos ) d), 0  ) Ÿ # , È4  u2 œ 2 cos )
2' È4  u2 du œ 2' a2 cos )b a2 cos )b d) œ 8' cos2 ) d) œ 8' ' d)  4' cos 2) d)
1  cos 2)
2
d) œ 4
È Èx
œ 4)  2 sin 2)  C œ 4)  4 sin ) cos )  C œ 4 sin1 ˆ u2 ‰  4ˆ u2 ‰Š 42u ‹  C œ 4 sin1 Š  ÈxÈ4  x  C
2
2 ‹
Èx
œ 4 sin1 Š 2 ‹  È4x  x2  C

46. Let u œ x3Î2 Ê x œ u2Î3 Ê dx œ 23 u1Î3 du


' È 1 x x dx œ ' É
3
u2Î3
3
ˆ 2 u1Î3 ‰du œ' u1Î3 ˆ 2 ‰
È1  u# 3u1Î3 du œ 2 'È1 du œ 2
sin1 u  C œ 2
sin1 ˆx3Î2 ‰  C
1  au2Î3 b 3 3 1  u# 3 3

47. Let u œ Èx Ê x œ u2 Ê dx œ 2u du Ê ' ÈxÈ1  x dx œ ' u È1  u2 2u du œ 2' u2 È1  u2 du;


u œ sin ), du œ cos ) d),  1  ) Ÿ 1 , È1  u2 œ cos )
# #

2' u2 È1  u2 du œ 2' sin2 ) cos ) cos ) d) œ 2' sin2 ) cos2 ) d) œ 12 ' sin2 2) d) œ 12 ' 1  cos
2
4)
d)
1' 1'
œ 4 d)  4 cos 4) d) œ 4 )  16 sin 4)  C œ 4 )  8 sin 2) cos 2)  C œ 4 )  4 sin ) cos ) a2cos2 )  1b  C
1 1 1 1 1 1

3Î2
œ 14 )  12 sin ) cos3 )  14 sin ) cos )  C œ 14 sin1 u  12 u a1  u2 b  14 u È1  u2  C
œ 1 sin1 Èx  1 Èx a1  xb3Î2  1 Èx È1  x  C
4 2 4

48. Let w œ Èx  1 Ê w2 œ x  1 Ê 2w dw œ dx Ê ' œ' œ 2' Èw2  1 dw


Èx  2 È w2  1
Èx  1 dx w 2w dw
1
w œ sec ), dx œ sec ) tan ) d), 0  )  # , Èw2  1 œ tan )
2' Èw2  1 dw œ 2' tan ) sec ) tan ) d); u œ tan ), du œ sec2 ) d), dv œ sec ) tan ) d), v œ sec )
2' tan ) sec ) tan ) d) œ 2 sec ) tan )  2' sec3 ) d) œ 2 sec ) tan )  2' sec2 ) sec )d)
œ 2 sec ) tan )  2' atan2 )  1bsec ) d) œ 2 sec ) tan )  2Š' tan2 ) sec ) d)  ' sec ) d)‹

œ 2sec ) tan )  2lnlsec )  tan )l  2' tan2 ) sec ) d) Ê 2' tan2 ) sec ) d) œ sec ) tan )  lnlsec )  tan )l  C
œ w Èw2  1  lnlw  Èw2  1l  C œ Èx  1 Èx  2  lnlÈx  1  Èx  2l  C

1
Ô x œ 2 sec ), 0  )  # ×
;yœ'
È x#  4
49. x dy
dx œ Èx#  4; dy œ Èx#  4 dx
x x dx; Ö dx œ 2 sec ) tan ) d) Ù
Õ Èx#  4 œ 2 tan ) Ø

Ä yœ' (2 tan ))(2 sec ) tan )) d)


2 sec ) œ 2' tan# ) d) œ 2 ' asec# )  1b d) œ 2(tan)  ))  C
È x#  4 È x#  4
œ 2’ #  sec" ˆ x# ‰“  C; x œ 2 and y œ 0 Ê 0 œ 0  C Ê C œ 0 Ê y œ 2 ’ #  sec" x# “

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Section 8.3 Trigonometric Substitutions 483
1
Ô x œ 3 sec ), 0  )  # ×
50. Èx#  9 dy
dx œ 1, dy œ dx
È x#  9 ;yœ' dx
È x#  9 ;
Ö dx œ 3 sec ) tan ) d) Ù Ä y œ ' 3 sec ) tan ) d)
3 tan )
Õ Èx#  9 œ 3 tan ) Ø

œ ' sec ) d) œ ln ksec )  tan )k  C œ ln ¹ x3 


È x#  9
3 ¹  C; x œ 5 and y œ ln 3 Ê ln 3 œ ln 3  C Ê C œ 0
È x#  9
Ê y œ ln ¹ x3  3 ¹

51. ax#  4b dy
dx œ 3, dy œ x # 4 ; y œ 3
3 dx ' x dx 4 œ #3 tan" #x  C; x œ 2 and y œ 0
# Ê 0œ 3
# tan" 1  C
Ê C œ  381 Ê y œ 3# tan" ˆ x# ‰  31
8

# dy $Î#
52. ax#  1b œ Èx#  1, dy œ dx
; x œ tan ), dx œ sec# ) d), ax#  1b œ sec$ );
dx ax#  1b$Î#

yœ' sec# ) d)
sec$ ) œ ' cos ) d) œ sin )  C œ tan ) cos )  C œ tan )
sec ) Cœ x
È x#  1  C; x œ 0 and y œ 1
Ê 1œ0C Ê yœ x
È x#  1 1

53. A œ '0
3 È 9  x# 1
3 dx; x œ 3 sin ), 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ # , dx œ 3 cos ) d), È9  x# œ È9  9 sin# ) œ 3 cos );

A œ '0 œ 3'0
1Î2 1Î2
3 cos )†3 cos ) d) 1Î# 31
3 cos# ) d) œ 3
# c)  sin ) cos )d ! œ 4

A œ 4'0 bÉ1  dx œ 4b'0 É1 


a a
x2 y2
54. a2  b2 œ 1 Ê y œ „ bÉ1  x2
a2 ;
x2
a2
x2
a2 dx

’x œ a sin ),  1# Ÿ ) Ÿ 1# , dx œ a cos ) d), É1  x2


a2 œ cos ), x œ 0 œ a sin ) Ê ) œ 0, x œ a œ a sin ) Ê ) œ 12 “

4b'0 É1  dx œ 4b'0 cos ) aa cos )b d) œ 4ab'0 cos2 ) d) œ 4ab'0


a 1Î2 1Î2 1Î2
1  cos2)
x2
a2 # d)

œ 2ab'0 d)  2ab'0
1 Î2 1Î2 1 Î2 1Î2
cos2) d) œ 2ab’ )“  ab’sin 2)“ œ 2abˆ 12  0‰  abasin 1  sin 0b œ 1ab
0 0

55. (a) A œ '0


1 Î2
sin1 x dx ’u œ sin1 x, du œ 1
È1  x2 dx, dv œ dx, v œ x“

 '0
1 Î2 1 Î2 1 Î2
1  6È3  12
œ ’x sin1 x“ x
È 1  x2 dx œ œ ˆ "# sin1 "#  !‰  ’È1  x2 “ œ 1#
0 0

(b) M œ '0 '01Î2 x sin1 x dx œ '01Î2 x sin1 x dx


1 Î2
1  6È3  12
sin1 x dx œ 1# ; xœ È
1
1 6 3  12
12
1  6È3  12
1#

’u œ sin1 x, du œ 1
È1  x2 dx, dv œ x dx, v œ "# x2 “

œ 12
’ " x2 sin1 x“
1 Î2
 " '01Î2 x2
dx
1  6È3  12 Œ # 0
# È 1  x2

’x œ sin ),  1#  )  1# , dx œ cos ) d), È1  x2 œ cos ), x œ 0 œ sin ) Ê ) œ 0, x œ "


# œ sin ) Ê ) œ 16 “

œ 12
Š"ˆ"‰
2
sin1 ˆ "# ‰  0‹  " '01Î6 sin2 )
cos ) d) œ 12 1
 " '01Î6 sin2 ) d)
1  6È3  12 Œ # # # cos ) 1  6È3  12 Œ 48 #

œ 12 1
 " '01Î6 1  cos 2)
d) œ 12 1
 " '01Î6 d)  "4 '01Î6 cos 2) d)
1  6È3  12 Œ 48 # 2 1  6È3  12 Œ 48 4

œ 12 1
 ’ 4)  "8 sin 2)“
1 Î6

3È 3  1
; yœ È
1 '01Î2 " 1 2
# asin xb dx
1  6È3  12 Œ 48 4Š1  6È3  12‹ 1 6 3  12
0 1#

1 2 2 sinc1 x
’u œ asin xb , du œ È1  x2 dx, dv œ dx, v œ x“

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484 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration
1 Î2
 '0
1 Î2
2 2x sinc1 x
œ 6
1  6È3  12 ”
xasin1 x dxb • È1  x2 dx
0

’u œ sin1 x, du œ 1
È1  x2 dx, dv œ 2x
È1  x2 dx, v œ 2È1  x2 “
1 Î2
 '0
1 Î2
2 2È 1  x2
œ 6
Š " ˆsin1 ˆ "# ‰‰
1  6È3  12  #
 0‹  ”2È1  x2 sin1 x• È1  x2 dx
0

1 Î2
12 2 1È3 12  121È3  72
 Œ2É1  ˆ "# ‰ sin1 ˆ "# ‰  0  ’2x“ Š1
2
œ 6
1  6È3  12 Œ 72 œ
6
1  6È3  12 72
  1‹ œ
0
6 12Š1  6È3  12‹

56. V œ '0 1ŠÈx tan1 x‹ dx œ 1'0 x tan1 x dx


1 2 1
’u œ tan1 x, du œ 1
1  x2 dx, dv œ x dx, v œ #" x2 “

œ 1Œ’ "# x2 tan1 x“ 


1
"
#
'01 x2
1  x2 dx œ 1Œˆ #" tan1 1  0‰  "
#
'01 ˆ 1  1 1 x ‰dx œ 1Œ 18  #" '01 ˆ 1  1 1 x ‰dx
2 2
0

œ 1Œ 18  "
#
'01 dx  "# '01 1 1 x dx œ 1Œ 18  ’ #" x  #" tan1 x“1  œ 1ˆ 18  ˆ #"  #" tan1 1  0  0‰‰ œ 1a14 2b
2
0

3Î2
57. (a) Integration by parts: u œ x2 , du œ 2x dx, dv œ x È1  x2 dx, v œ  13 a1  x2 b
' x3 È1  x2 dx œ  13 x2 a1  x2 b
3Î2
 1
3
' a1  x2 b
3Î2
2x dx œ  13 x2 a1  x2 b
3Î2
 2
15 a1  x2 b
5Î2
C
(b) Substitution: u œ 1  x Ê x œ 1  u Ê du œ 2x dx Ê
2 2
 "# du œ x dx
' x3 È1  x2 dx œ ' x2 È1  x2 x dx œ  "# ' a1  ub Èu du œ  "# ' ˆÈu  u3Î2 ‰ du œ  13 u3Î2  5" u5Î2  C
3 Î2 5Î2
œ  13 a1  x2 b  5" a1  x2 b C
1
(c) Trig substitution: x œ sin ), # Ÿ ) Ÿ 1# , dx œ cos ) d), È1  x2 œ cos )
' x3 È1  x2 dx œ ' sin3 ) cos ) cos ) d) œ ' sin2 ) cos2 ) sin ) d) œ ' a1  cos2 )bcos2 ) sin ) d)
œ ' cos2 ) sin ) d)  ' cos4 ) sin ) d) œ  13 cos3 )  5" cos5 )  C œ  13 a1  x2 b
3Î2 5Î2
 5" a1  x2 b C

58. (a) The slope of the line tangent to y œ faxb is given by f w axb. Consider the triangle whose hypotenuse is the 30 ft rope,
È
the length of the base is x and the height h œ È900  x2 Þ The slope of the tangent line is also  900  x , thus
2
x
È900  x2
f w axb œ  x .
(b) faxb œ '
È900  x2
 x dx ’x œ 30 sin ), 0  ) Ÿ 1# , dx œ 30 cos ) d), È900  x2 œ 30 cos )“

œ ' ) d) œ 30' d) œ 30' d) œ 30' csc ) d)  30' sin ) d)


30 cos ) cos2 ) ˆ1  sin2 )‰
30 sin ) 30 cos sin ) sin )
È900  x2
œ 30 lnlcsc )  cot )l  30 cos )  C œ 30 lnº 30
x  x º  È900  x2  C; fa30b œ 0

È900  302 È900  x2


Ê 0 œ 30 lnº 30
30  30 º  È900  302  C œ C Ê faxb œ 30 lnº 30
x  x º  È900  x2

8.4 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

5x  13
1. (x  3)(x  2) œ A
x3  B
x2 Ê 5x  13 œ A(x  2)  B(x  3) œ (A  B)x  (2A  3B)
ABœ5 5x  13
Ê Ê B œ (10  13) Ê B œ 3 Ê A œ 2; thus, œ 2
 3
2A  3B œ 13  (x  3)(x  2) x3 x#

5x  7 5x  7
2. x#  3x  2 œ (x  2)(x  1) œ A
x2  B
x1 Ê 5x  7 œ A(x  1)  B(x  2) œ (A  B)x  (A  2B)
ABœ5 5x  7
Ê Ê B œ 2 Ê A œ 3; thus, œ 3
 2
A  2B œ 7  x#  3x  2 x2 x1

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Section 8.4 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions 485

x4 Aœ1
3. œ A
 B
Ê x  4 œ A(x  1)  B œ Ax  (A  B) Ê Ê A œ 1 and B œ 3;
(x  1)# x1 (x  1)# A  B œ 4
x4
thus, (x  1)# œ 1
x1  3
(x  1)#

2x  2 2x  2 Aœ2
4. œ œ A
 B
Ê 2x  2 œ A(x  1)  B œ Ax  (A  B) Ê
x#  2x  1 (x  1)# x1 (x  1)# A  B œ 2 
2x  2
Ê A œ 2 and B œ 4; thus, x#  2x  1 œ 2
x1  4
(x  1)#

z1
5. z# (z  1)  z C 1 Ê z  1 œ Az(z  1)  B(z  1)  Cz# Ê z  1 œ (A  C)z#  (A  B)z  B
œ A
z  B
z#
ACœ0 Þ
z" 2 "
Ê A  B œ 1 ßÊ B œ 1 Ê A œ 2 Ê C œ 2; thus, z# (z  1) œ z  z#  2
z1
B œ 1 à

" "
6. z
z$  z#  6z œ z#  z  6 œ (z  3)(z  2) œ A
z3  B
z# Ê 1 œ A(z  2)  B(z  3) œ (A  B)z  (2A  3B)
ABœ0 "
 "5
Ê Ê 5B œ 1 Ê B œ  "5 Ê A œ 5" ; thus, z
œ 5

2A  3B œ 1  z$  z#  6z z3 z2

t#  8 5t  2 5t  2 5t  2
7. t#  5t  6 œ1 t#  5t  6 (after long division); t#  5t  6 œ (t  3)(t  2) œ A
t3  B
t2
ABœ5
Ê 5t  2 œ A(t  2)  B(t  3) œ (A  B)t  (2A  3B) Ê Ê B œ (10  2) œ 12
2A  3B œ 2 
t#  8 12
Ê B œ 12 Ê A œ 17; thus, t#  5t  6 œ1 17
t3  t2

t%  9 9t#  9 9t#  9 9t#  9 CtD


8. t%  9t#
œ1 t%  9t#
œ1 t# at#  9b (after long division); t# at#  9b œ A
t  B
t#  t#  9
Ê 9t#  9 œ At at#  9b  B at  9b  (Ct  D)t# œ (A  C)t$  (B  D)t  9At  9B
# #

ACœ0 Þ á
á
B  D œ 9 %
Ê ß Ê A œ 0 Ê C œ 0; B œ 1 Ê D œ 10; thus, t%t 9t9# œ 1  t"#  t#109
9A œ 0 á á
9B œ 9 à

" " "


9. 1  x# œ A
1x  B
1x Ê 1 œ A(1  x)  B(1  x); x œ 1 Ê A œ # ; x œ 1 Ê B œ # ;
' 1 dxx # œ "
#
' 1 dx x  #" ' 1 dx x œ #" cln k1  xk  ln k1  xkd  C

" "
10. x#  2x œ A
x  B
x2 Ê 1 œ A(x  2)  Bx; x œ 0 Ê A œ # ; x œ 2 Ê B œ  #" ;
' x dx 2x œ #" ' dxx  #" ' x dx 2 œ #" cln kxk  ln kx  2kd  C
#

x4 2
11. x#  5x  6 œ A
x6  B
x1 Ê x  4 œ A(x  1)  B(x  6); x œ 1 Ê B œ 5
7 ; x œ 6 Ê A œ 7 œ 2
7 ;
'x #
x4
 5x  6 dx œ 2
7
' x dx 6  75 ' x dx 1 œ 72 ln kx  6k  75 ln kx  1k  C œ 7" ln k(x  6)# (x  1)& k  C

2x  1
12. x#  7x  12 œ A
x4  B
x3 Ê 2x  1 œ A(x  3)  B(x  4); x œ 3 Ê B œ 7
1 œ 7 ; x œ 4 Ê A œ 9
1 œ 9;
'x #
2x  1
 7x  12 dx œ 9 ' dx
x4  7' dx
x3 œ 9 ln kx  4k  7 ln kx  3k  C œ ln ¹ (x  4)
(x  3)( ¹
C
*

1 "
13. y
y#  2y 3 œ A
y3  B
y1 Ê y œ A(y  1)  B(y  3); y œ 1 Ê B œ 4 œ 4 ;yœ3 Ê Aœ 3
4 ;
'4 8
y dy 3 dy "
y#  2y  3 œ 4 4 y  3  4
' 8
'4 8
dy
y1 œ  43 ln ky  3k  "
4
)
ln ky  1k‘ % œ ˆ 43 ln 5  "
4 ln 9‰  ˆ 43 ln 1  "
4 ln 5‰
" "
œ # ln 5  # ln 3 œ #
ln 15

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486 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration
y4
14. y#  y œ A
y  B
y1 Ê y  4 œ A(y  1)  By; y œ 0 Ê A œ 4; y œ 1 Ê B œ 3
1 œ 3 ;
'1Î2
1
y4
y#  y dy œ 4 '1Î2
1
dy
y  3 '1Î2
1
dy
y1 œ c4 ln kyk  3 ln ky  1kd ""Î# œ (4 ln 1  3 ln 2)  ˆ4 ln "
#  3 ln 3# ‰
" " "
œ ln 8  ln 16  ln 27
8 œ ln ˆ 27
8 † 8 † 16‰ œ ln 27
4

"
15. t$ t# 2t œ A
t  B
t2  C
t1 Ê 1 œ A(t  2)(t  1)  Bt(t  1)  Ct(t  2); t œ 0 Ê A œ  "# ; t œ 2
Ê Bœ 1
6 ;tœ1 Ê Cœ "
3 ;' dt
t$ t# 2t œ  #" ' dt
t  "
6
' tdt2  3" ' tdt1
œ  "# ln ktk  "
6 ln kt  2k  "
3 ln kt  1k  C

x3 "
16. 2x$  8x œ A
x  B
x2  C
x# Ê # (x  3) œ A(x  2)(x  2)  Bx(x  2)  Cx(x  2); x œ 0 Ê A œ 3
8 ; x œ 2
Ê Bœ "
16 ;xœ2 Ê Cœ 5
16 ;' x3
2x$  8x dx œ  83 ' dx
x  "
16
' x dx 2  165 ' x dx 2
&
œ  38 ln kxk  "
16 ln kx  2k  5
16 ln kx  2k  C œ "
16 ln ¹ (x  2)x'(x  2) ¹  C

x$ 3x  2 3x  2
17. x#  2x  1 œ (x  2)  (x  1)# (after long division); (x  1)# œ A
x1  B
(x  1)# Ê 3x  2 œ A(x  1)  B

œ Ax  (A  B) Ê A œ 3, A  B œ 2 Ê A œ 3, B œ 1; '0
1
x$ dx
x#  2x  1

œ '0 (x  2) dx  3 '0  '0


1 1 1 # "
"
dx
x1
dx
(x  1)# œ ’ x#  2x  3 ln kx  1k  x  1“!

œ ˆ "#  2  3 ln 2  "# ‰  (1) œ 3 ln 2  2

x$ 3x  2 3x  2
18. x#  2x  1 œ (x  2)  (x  1)# (after long division); (x  1)# œ A
x1  B
(x  1)# Ê 3x  2 œ A(x  1)  B

œ Ax  (A  B) Ê A œ 3, A  B œ 2 Ê A œ 3, B œ 1; 'c1
0
x$ dx
x#  2x  1

œ 'c1 (x  2) dx  3 'c1 x dx ' dx


0 0 0 # !
 1  c1 (x  1)# œ ’ #  2x  3 ln kx  1k
x
 x " 1 “
"
"
œ Š0  0  3 ln 1  (1) ‹  Š #"  2  3 ln 2  "
(#) ‹ œ 2  3 ln 2

"
19. ax #  1 b #
œ A
x1  B
x1  C
(x  1)#  D
(x  1)# Ê 1 œ A(x  1)(x  1)#  B(x  1)(x  1)#  C(x  1)#  D(x  1)# ;
" "
x œ 1 Ê C œ 4 ;xœ1 Ê Dœ 4 ; coefficient of x$ œ A  B Ê A  B œ 0; constant œ A  B  C  D
Ê ABCDœ1 Ê ABœ "
# ; thus, A œ "
4 Ê B œ  4" ; ' dx
ax #  1 b #

œ "
4
' x dx 1  4" ' x dx 1  4" ' (x dx1) #  "
4
' (x dx1) # œ "
4
 1¸
ln ¸ xx  1 
x
2 ax#  1b C

x#
20. (x  1) ax#  2x  1b œ A
x1  B
x1  C
(x  1)# Ê x# œ A(x  1)#  B(x  1)(x  1)  C(x  1); x œ 1

Ê C œ  "2 ; x œ 1 Ê A œ "
4 ; coefficient of x# œ A  B Ê A  B œ 1 Ê B œ 3
4 ;' x# dx
(x  1) ax#  2x  1b

œ "
4
' x dx 1  43 ' x dx 1  2" ' (x dx1) # œ "
4 ln kx  1k  3
4 ln kx  1k  "
#(x  1) Cœ ln k(x  1)(x  1)$ k
4  "
2(x  1) C

Bx  C "
21. 1
(x  1) ax#  1b œ A
x1  x#  1 Ê 1 œ A ax#  1b  (Bx  C)(x  1); x œ 1 Ê A œ # ; coefficient of x#

; '0
1
"
œ A  B Ê A  B œ 0 Ê B œ  12 ; constant œ A  C Ê A  C œ 1 Ê C œ #
dx
(x  1) ax#  1b

œ "
2
'01 x dx 1  #" '01 (x x  11) dx œ  #" ln kx  1k  4" ln ax#  1b  #" tan" x‘ "!
#

(1  2 ln 2)
œ ˆ "# ln 2  "
4 ln 2  "
# tan" 1‰  ˆ #" ln 1  "
4 ln 1  "
# tan" 0‰ œ "
4 ln 2  #" ˆ 14 ‰ œ 8

3t#  t  4 Bt  C
22. t$  t œ A
t  t#  1 Ê 3t#  t  4 œ A at#  1b  (Bt  C)t; t œ 0 Ê A œ 4; coefficient of t#
È3
œ A  B Ê A  B œ 3 Ê B œ 1; coefficient of t œ C Ê C œ 1; '1 3t#  t  4
t$  1 dt

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Section 8.4 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions 487
È3 È3
œ 4 '1  '1 (t  1) È$
"
dt
t t#  1 dt œ 4 ln ktk  2 ln at#  1b  tan" t‘ "
" " 1 " 1
œ Š4 ln È3  # ln 4  tan" È3‹  ˆ4 ln 1  # ln 2  tan" 1‰ œ 2 ln 3  ln 2  3  # ln 2  4

" 1 1
œ 2 ln 3  # ln 2  1# œ ln Š È92 ‹  1#

y#  2y  1 Ay  B Cy  D
23. ay #  1 b #
œ y#  1  ay #  1 b#
Ê y#  2y  1 œ (Ay  B) ay#  1b  Cy  D
œ Ay  By#  (A  C)y  (B  D) Ê A œ 0, B œ 1; A  C œ 2 Ê C œ 2; B  D œ 1 Ê D œ 0;
$

'y #
 2y  1
dy œ ' "
dy  2 ' y
dy œ tan" y  "
C
ay #  1 b # y#  1 ay #  1 b# y#  1

8x#  8x  2 Ax  B Cx  D
24. a4x#  1b#
œ 4x#  1  a4x#  1b#
Ê 8x#  8x  2 œ (Ax  B) a4x#  1b  Cx  D
œ 4Ax  4Bx#  (A  C)x  (B  D); A œ 0, B œ 2; A  C œ 8 Ê C œ 8; B  D œ 2 Ê D œ 0;
$

' 8x #
 8x  2
dx œ 2 ' dx
 8' x dx
œ tan" 2x  "
C
a4x#  1b# 4x#  1 a4x#  1b# 4x#  1

2s  2 As  B
25. as#  1b (s  1)$ œ s#  1  C
s1  D
(s  1)#  E
(s  1)$ Ê 2s  2
œ (As  B)(s  1)  C as  1b (s  1)  D as#  1b (s  1)  E as#  1b
$ # #

œ cAs%  (3A  B)s$  (3A  3B)s#  (A  3B)s  Bd  C as%  2s$  2s#  2s  1b  D as$  s#  s  1b
 E as#  1b
œ (A  C)s%  (3A  B  2C  D)s$  (3A  3B  2C  D  E)s#  (A  3B  2C  D)s  (B  C  D  E)
A  C œ0 Þ á
á
á
3A  B  2C  D œ0á
Ê 3A  3B  2C  D  E œ 0 ß summing all equations Ê 2E œ 4 Ê E œ 2;
A  3B  2C  D œ2á á
á
á
B CDEœ2 à
summing eqs (2) and (3) Ê 2B  2 œ 0 Ê B œ 1; summing eqs (3) and (4) Ê 2A  2 œ 2 Ê A œ 0; C œ 0
from eq (1); then 1  0  D  2 œ 2 from eq (5) Ê D œ 1;
' as #
2s  2
 1b (s  1)$ ds œ ' ds
s#  1 ' ds
(s  1)#  2' ds
(s  1)$ œ (s  1)#  (s  1)"  tan" s  C

s%  81 Bs  C Ds  E #
26. s as #  9 b #
œ As  s#  9  as #  9 b#
Ê s%  81 œ A as#  9b  (Bs  C)s as#  9b  (Ds  E)s
œ A as  18s#  81b  aBs  Cs$  9Bs#  9Csb  Ds#  Es
% %

œ (A  B)s%  Cs$  (18A  9B  D)s#  (9C  E)s  81A Ê 81A œ 81 or A œ 1; A  B œ 1 Ê B œ 0;


C œ 0; 9C  E œ 0 Ê E œ 0; 18A  9B  D œ 0 Ê D œ 18; ' s% 81
s as #  9 b #
ds œ ' ds
s  18 ' s ds
as #  9 b #
œ ln ksk  9
as #  9 b C

x2  x  2 Bx  C
27. x3  1 œ A
x1  x2  x  1 Ê x2  x  2 œ Aax2  x  1b  aBx  Cbax  1b œ aA  Bbx2  aA  B  Cbx  aA  Cb
Ê A  B œ 1ß A  B  C œ 1, A  C œ 2 Ê adding eq(2) and eq(3) Ê 2A  B œ 1, add this equation to eq(1)
Ê 3A œ 2 Ê A œ 2
3 ÊBœ1Aœ 1
3 Ê C œ 1  A  B œ  43 ; ' x2  x  2
x3  1 dx œ ' Š x2Î31  a1Î3bx  4Î3
x2  x  1 ‹dx

œ 2 ' x 1 1 dx  13 ' ˆ x4


2 dx ’u œ x  "
# Êu "
# œ x Ê du œ dx“
3 x  "# ‰  34

œ 2
3
' x 1 1 dx  13 ' u  92
u2  34
du œ 2
3
' x 1 1 dx  31 ' u u 2 3 du  3
2
' u 1
2 3 du
4 4
"
2 1 x 
œ 23 lnlx  1l  16 ln¹ˆx  "# ‰  34 ¹  3
È3 tan Š È3Î2 ‹
#
 C œ 23 lnlx  1l  16 lnlx2  x  1l  È3tan1 Š 2xÈ3 1 ‹  C

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488 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration
Cx  D
28. 1
x4  x œ A
x  B
x1  x2  x  1 Ê 1 œ Aax  1bax2  x  1b  B xax2  x  1b  aC x  Dbxax  1b
œ aA  B  Cbx3  aB  C  Dbx2  aB  Dbx  A Ê A œ 1, B  D œ 0 Ê D œ B, B  C  D œ 0
Ê 2B  C œ 0 Ê C œ 2B, A  B  C œ 0 Ê 1  B  2B œ 0 Ê B œ  13 Ê C œ  23 Ê D œ 13 ;
' x 1 x dx œ ' a 1x  x1Î31  ax2Î3bxx  11Î3 bdx œ ' 1x dx  13 ' x 1 1 dx  13 ' x 2x x 1 1 dx
4 2 2

œ lnlxl  3 lnlx
1
 1l  3 lnlx
1 2
 x  1l  C

x2 Cx  D
29. x4  1 œ A
x1  B
x1  x2  1 Ê x2 œ Aax  1bax2  1b  Bax  1bax2  1b+aCx  Dbax  1bax  1b
œ aA  B  Cbx  aA  B  Dbx2  aA  B  Cbx  A  B  D Ê A  B  C œ 0, A  B  D œ 1,
3

A  B  C œ 0, A  B  D œ 0 Ê adding eq(1) to eq (3) gives 2A  2B œ 0, adding eq(2) to eq(4) gives


2A  2B œ 1, adding these two equations gives 4B œ 1 Ê B œ 14 , using 2A  2B œ 0 Ê A œ  14 , using
A  B  D œ 0 Ê D œ 12 , and using A  B  C œ 0 Ê C œ 0; ' x2
x4  1 dx œ ' a x 
1 Î4
1 
1Î4
x1  1Î2
x2  1 bdx
œ  14 ' 1
x  1 dx  1
4
' 1
x  1 dx  1
2
' 1
x2  1 dx œ  41 lnlx  1l  4 lnlx
1
 1l  1 1
2 tan x Cœ 1 x1
4 ln¹ x  1 ¹  21 tan1 x  C

x2  x Cx  D
30. x4  3x2  4 œ A
x2  B
x2  x2  1 Ê x2  x œ Aax  2bax2  1b  Bax  2bax2  1b+aCx  Dbax  2bax  2b
œ aA  B  Cbx3  a2A  2B  Dbx2  aA  B  4Cbx  2A  2B  4D Ê A  B  C œ 0, 2A  2B  D œ 1,
A  B  4C œ 1, 2A  2B  4D œ 0 Ê subtractin eq(1) from eq (3) gives 5C œ 1 Ê C œ  15 , subtacting eq(2) from
eq(4) gives 5D œ 1 Ê D œ 15 , substituting for C in eq(1) gives A  B œ 15 , and substituting for D in eq(4) gives
2A  2B œ 4
5 Ê A  B œ 25 , adding this equation to the previous equatin gives 2A œ 3
5 ÊAœ 3
10 Ê B œ  10
1
;
' x2  x
x4  3x2  4 dx œ ' Š x3Î102  1Î10
x2  a  1 Î5 b x  1 Î 5
x2  1 ‹dx œ 3
10
' x 1 2 dx  101 ' x 1 2 dx  15 ' x x 1 dx  51 ' x 1 1 dx
2 2

1
10 lnlx  2l  10 lnlx  2l  10 lnlx  1l  C
3 1 1 2 1
5 tan x

2) $  5) #  8)  4 A)  B C)  D
31. a) #  2 )  2 b#
œ ) #  #)  2  a ) #  2 )  2 b#
Ê 2)$  5)#  8)  4 œ (A)  B) a)#  2)  2b  C)  D
œ A)  (2A  B))#  (2A  2B  C))  (2B  D) Ê A œ 2; 2A  B œ 5 Ê B œ 1; 2A  2B  C œ 8 Ê C œ 2;
$

2B  D œ 4 Ê D œ 2; ' 2) $  5) #  8)  4
a) #  2 )  2 b#
d) œ ' 2)  1
a) #  2 )  2 b d)  ' 2)  2
a ) #  2 )  2 b#
d)

œ' d)  ' ' œ' '


# #
2)  2 d) d a)  2 )  2 b d a)  2 )  2 b d) "
) #  2)  2 ) #  2)  # a) #  2 )  2 b # ) #  2)  # ()  1)#  1  ) #  2)  #
"
œ ) #  2)  #  ln a)#  2)  2b  tan "
()  1)  C

) %  4) $  2) #  3)  1 A)  B C)  D E)  F
32. a) #  1 b $
œ )#  1  a) #  1 b#
 a ) #  1 b$
Ê ) %  4) $  2 ) #  3 )  1
#
œ (A)  B) a)#  1b  (C)  D) a)#  1b  E)  F œ (A)  B) a)%  2)#  1b  aC)$  D)#  C)  Db  E)  F
œ aA)&  B)%  2A)$  2B)#  A)  Bb  aC)$  D)#  C)  Db  E)  F
œ A)&  B)%  (2A  C))$  (2B  D))#  (A  C  E))  (B  D  F) Ê A œ 0; B œ 1; 2A  C œ 4
Ê C œ 4; 2B  D œ 2 Ê D œ 0; A  C  E œ 3 Ê E œ 1; B  D  F œ 1 Ê F œ 0;
') %
 4) $  2) #  3)  1
d) œ ' d)
 4' ) d)
' ) d)
œ tan" )  2 a)#  1b
"
 "4 a)#  1b
#
C
a) #  1 b $ )#  1 a) #  1 b# a ) #  1 b$

2x$  2x#  1 " " "


33. x#  x œ 2x  x#  x œ 2x  x(x  1) ; x(x  1) œ A
x  B
x1 Ê 1 œ A(x  1)  Bx; x œ 0 Ê A œ 1;

x œ 1 Ê B œ 1; ' œ ' 2x dx  ' '


$ #
2x  2x  1
x#  x
dx
x
dx
x1 œ x#  ln kxk  ln kx  1k  C œ x#  ln ¸ x x 1 ¸  C

x% " " "


34. x#  1 œ ax#  1b  x#  1 œ ax#  1b  (x  1)(x  1) ; (x  1)(x  1) œ A
x1  B
x1 Ê 1 œ A(x  1)  B(x  1);

;' ' ' x dx 1  #" ' x dx 1


%
x œ 1 Ê A œ  "# ; x œ 1 Ê B œ "
# x#  1 dx œ
x
ax#  1b dx  "
#
$
" " "
œ 3 x$  x  # ln kx  1k  # ln kx  1k  C œ x3  x  #" ln  1¸
¸ xx  1 C

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Section 8.4 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions 489
9x$  3x  1 9x#  3x  " 9x#  3x  1
35. x$  x# œ9 x# (x  1) (after long division); x# (x  1) œ A
x  B
x#  C
x1
# #
Ê 9x  3x  1 œ Ax(x  1)  B(x  1)  Cx ; x œ 1 Ê C œ 7; x œ 0 Ê B œ 1; A  C œ 9 Ê A œ 2;
' 9x x3xx  1 dx œ ' 9 dx  2 ' dxx  ' dxx  7 ' xdx1 œ 9x  2 ln kxk  x"  7 ln kx  1k  C
$
$ # #

16x$ 12x  4 12x  4


36. 4x#  4x  1 œ (4x  4)  4x#  4x  1 ; (2x  1)# œ A
2x  1  B
(2x  1)# Ê 12x  4 œ A(2x  1)  B

Ê A œ 6; A  B œ 4 Ê B œ 2; ' dx œ 4 ' (x  1) dx  6 '  2'


$
16x dx dx
4x#  4x  1 2x  1 (2x  1)#
"
œ 2(x  1)#  3 ln k2x  1k  2x  1  C" œ 2x#  4x  3 ln k2x  1k  (2x  1) "
 C, where C œ 2  C"

y%  y#  1 " " By  C
37. y$  y œy y ay #  1 b ; y ay #  1 b œ A
y  y#  1 Ê 1 œ A ay#  1b  (By  C)y œ (A  B)y#  Cy  A

7 Ê A œ 1; A  B œ 0 Ê B œ 1; C œ 0; ' y%  y#  1
y$  y dy œ ' y dy  ' dy
y ' y dy
y#  1
y# "
œ #  ln kyk  # ln a1  y# b  C

2y% By  C
38. y$  y#  y  1 œ 2y  2  2
y$  y#  y  1 ; 2
y$  y#  y  1 œ 2
ay#  1b (y  1) œ A
y1  y#  1
Ê 2 œ A ay#  1b  (By  C)(y  1) œ aAy  Ab  aBy  Cy  By  Cb œ (A  B)y#  (B  C)y  (A  C)
# #

Ê A  B œ 0, B  C œ 0 or C œ B, A  C œ A  B œ 2 Ê A œ 1, B œ 1, C œ 1;
'y $
2y%
 y#  y  1 dy œ 2 ' (y  1) dy  ' dy
y1 ' y
y#  1 dy  ' dy
y#  1
# " "
œ (y  1)  ln ky  1k  # ln ay#  1b  tan" y  C" œ y#  2y  ln ky  1k  # ln ay#  1b  tan" y  C,
where C œ C"  1

39. 'e 2t
et dt
 3et  2 œ cet œ yd' dy
y#  3y  2 œ' dy
y1 ' dy
y2
1
œ ln ¹ yy  e 1
2 ¹  C œ ln Š et  # ‹  C
t

40. 'e 4t
 2e2t  et
e2t  1 dt œ ' e3t  2et  1 t
e2t  1 e dt;
y œ et
” dy œ et dt • Ä 'y 3
 2y  1
y#  1 dy œ ' Šy  y1
y#  1 ‹ dy œ y2
2 ' y
y#  1 dy  ' dy
y#  1

y2 " " "


œ 2  # ln ay#  1b  tan" y  C œ 2 e2t  # ln ae2t  1b  tan" aet b  C

41. ' sin ycos ysindyy  6 ; [sin y œ t, cos y dy œ dt]


# Ä 't #
dy
t6 œ "
5
' ˆ t " 2  t " 3 ‰ dt œ "5 ln ¸ tt  23 ¸  C
" sin y  2
œ 5 ln ¹ sin y  3¹  C

42. ' cos )sin )cosd))  2 ; ccos ) œ yd


# Ä ' dy
y#  y  2 œ "
3
' y dy 2  3" ' dy
y1 œ "
3
2
ln ¹ yy  1¹  C œ
"
3
cos )  2 ¸
ln ¸ cos )1 C
"  cos ) ¸ " ¸ cos )  1 ¸
œ 3 ln ¸ 12  cos )  C œ  3 ln cos )  2  C

43. ' (x  2)a4xtan# " 1(2x)


#
 12x$  3x
b (x  2)# dx œ ' tan
" (2x)
4x#  1 dx  3
' (x x 2)# dx
œ "# ' tan" (2x) d atan" (2x)b  3' x dx 2 6
' (x dx2) œ atan 4" 2xb#  3 ln kx  2k  x 6 2  C#

44. ' (x  1)a9xtan " (3x)  9x$  x


#
#  1b (x  1)# dx œ ' tan
" (3x)
9x#  1 dx 
' (x x 1)# dx
œ "3 ' tan" (3x) d atan" (3x)b  ' x dx 1 
' (x dx1) œ atan 6" 3xb#  ln kx  1k  x 1 1  C#

45. ' x Î 1 Èx dx œ ' Èxax1  1b dx ’Let u œ Èx Ê du


3 2 œ 1
2È x
dx Ê 2 du œ 1
Èx dx“ Ä' 2
u2  1 du;
2
u2  1 œ A
u1  B
u1 Ê 2 œ Aau  1b  Bau  1b œ aA  Bbu  A  B Ê A  B œ 0, A  B œ 2

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490 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

Ê B œ 1 Ê A œ 1; ' 2
u2  1 du œ ' a u11  1
u1 bdu œ ' u 1 1 du  ' u 1 1 du œ lnlu  1l  lnlu  1l  C
Èx  1
œ lnº Èx  1 º  C

46. ' ax 1Î3


1
 1 bÈ x
dx ’Let x œ u6 Ê dx œ 6u5 du“ Ä ' 1 5
au2  1bu3 6u du œ' 6u2
u2  1 du œ ' a6  6
u2  1 b du
œ 6' du  ' 6 6
u2  1 du; u2  1 œ A
u1  B
u1 Ê 6 œ Aau  1b  Bau  1b œ aA  Bbu  A  B Ê A  B œ 0,
A  B œ 6 Ê B œ 3 Ê A œ 3; 6' du  ' 6
u2  1 du œ 6u  ' a u31  3
u1 bdu œ 6u  3' u 1 1 du  3' u 1 1 du
1Î6
œ 6u  3 lnlu  1l  3 lnlu  1l  C œ 6x1Î6  3 lnº xx1Î6  1
1º
C

47. ' Èxx 1 dx ’Let x  1 œ u2 Ê dx œ 2u du“ Ä ' u


u2  1 2u du œ ' 2u2
u2  1 du œ ' a2  2
u2  1 b du
œ 2' du  ' 2 2
u2  1 du; u2  1 œ A
u1  B
u1 Ê 2 œ Aau  1b  Bau  1b œ aA  Bbu  A  B Ê A  B œ 0,
A  B œ 2 Ê B œ 1 Ê A œ 1; 2' du  ' 2
u2  1 du œ 2u  ' a u"
1 
"
u1 bdu œ 2u  ' u 1 1 du  ' u 1 1 du
È
œ 2u  lnlu  1l  lnlu  1l  C œ 2Èx  1  lnº Èxx  11
11º
C

48. ' xÈx1  9 dx ’Let x  9 œ u2 Ê dx œ 2u du“ Ä ' 1


au 2  9 b u 2u du œ ' 2
u2  9 du; 2
u2  9 œ A
u3  B
u3

Ê 2 œ Aau  3b  Bau  3b œ aA  Bbu  3A  3B Ê A  B œ 0, 3A  3B œ 2 Ê A œ 1


3 Ê B œ  13 ;
' u 2 9
2 du œ ' a u1Î33  1Î3
u3 b du œ 31 ' u 1 3 du  1
3
' u 1 3 du œ 31 lnlu  3l  31 lnlu  3l  C œ 1
3
È
lnº Èxx  93
93º
C

49. ' xax 1 1b dx œ ' x axx  1b dx ’Let u œ x4 Ê du


4 4 4
3
œ 4x3 dx“ Ä 1
4
' uau 1 1b du; uau 1 1b œ Au  u B 1
Ê 1 œ Aau  1b  Bu œ aA  Bbu  A Ê A œ 1 Ê B œ 1; 1
4
' uau 1 1b du œ 41 ' a u1  u " 1 bdu
œ 1
4
' 1u du  14 ' u 1 1 du œ 41 lnlul  14 lnlu  1l  C œ 14 lnŠ x x1 ‹  C 4
4

50. ' x ax 1 4b dx œ ' x


6 5 10 ax5
x4
 4b dx œ ’Let u œ x5 Ê du œ 5x4 dx“ Ä 1
5
' u au1 4b du; u au1 4b œ Au  uB
2 2 2  C
u4

Ê 1 œ Auau  4b  Bau  4b  Cu2 œ aA  Cbu2  a4A  Bbu  4B Ê A  C œ 0, 4A  B œ 0, 4B œ 1 Ê B œ 1


4

Ê A œ  16
1
ÊCœ 1 1
16 ; 5
' u au1 4b du œ 51 ' Š 1Îu16  1uÎ4  u1Î164 ‹du œ  801 ' u1 du  201 ' u1 du  801 ' u 1 4 du
2 2 2

x5  4
œ  80
1
lnlul  1
20u  80 lnlu
1
 4l  C œ  80
1
lnlx5 l  1
20x5  80 lnlx
1 5
 4l  C œ 1
80 ln¹ x5 ¹  1
20x5 C

51. at#  3t  2b dx
dt œ 1; x œ ' œ ' t dt 2  ' t dt 1 œ ln ¸ tt 
dt
t#  3t  2
 2¸ t2
1  C; t  1 œ Ce ; t œ 3 and x œ 0
x

" t2
Ê # œC Ê t1 œ "# ex Ê x œ ln ¸2 ˆ tt 
1
2 ‰¸
œ ln kt  2k  ln kt  1k  ln 2

52. a3t%  4t#  1b dx


dt œ 2È3; x œ 2È3' dt
3t%  4t#  1
œ È 3' dt
t#  "  È 3' dt
t#  1
3

1 È 3 È 31 È3
œ 3 tan" ŠÈ3t‹  È3 tan" t  C; t œ 1 and x œ 4 Ê  4 œ1 4 1  C Ê C œ 1

Ê x œ 3 tan" ŠÈ3t‹  È3 tan" t  1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Section 8.5 Integral Tables and Computer Algebra Systems 491

53. at#  2tb dx


dt œ 2x  2; "
#
' x dx 1 œ ' t #
dt
 2t Ê "
# ln kx  1k œ "
#
dt
t  #" '
Ê ln kx  1k œ ln ¸ t t # ¸  C;
' dt
t2
"
t œ 1 and x œ 1 Ê ln 2 œ ln 3  C Ê C œ ln 2  ln 3 œ ln 6 Ê ln kx  1k œ ln 6 ¸ t t 2 ¸ Ê x  1 œ t 6t #
Ê xœ 6t
t#  1, t  0

54. (t  1) dx
dt œ x#  1 Ê ' x dx 1 œ ' t dt 1
# Ê tan" x œ ln kt  1k  C; t œ 0 and x œ 0 Ê tan" 0 œ ln k1k  C
Ê C œ tan" 0 œ 0 Ê tan" x œ ln kt  1k Ê x œ tan (ln (t  1)), t  1

55. V œ 1 '0Þ5 y# dx œ 1 '0Þ5 dx œ 31 Š'0Þ5 ˆ x " 3  x" ‰‹ dx œ 31 ln ¸ x x 3 ¸‘ !Þ& œ 31 ln 25


#Þ& #Þ& #Þ& #Þ&
9
3x  x#

56. V œ 21 '0 xy dx œ 21'0 '1


1 1
ˆ "
(x  1)(2  x) dx œ 41 0  3
2x ˆ x " 1 ‰  23 ˆ 2 " x ‰‰ dx
"
œ  431 aln kx  1k  2 ln k2  xkb‘ ! œ 431 (ln 2)

È3 È3 È3
57. A œ '0 tan" x dx œ cx tan" xd 0  '0 x
1  x# dx
1È3 È3 1È3
œ 3   "# ln ax#  1b‘ 0 œ 3  ln 2;
È3
xœ "
A
'0 x tan" x dx
È È3
œ "
A
" # " 3
Œ # x tan x‘ 0 
"
#
'0 x#
1  x# dx

" È3
œ A ’ 1#   "# ax  tan" xb‘ 0 “
" È3 È3 µ 1.10
œ A Š 1#  #  16 ‹ œ "
A Š 231  # ‹ œ

58. A œ '3 dx œ 3'3  '3  2'3


5 5 5 5
4x#  13x  9
x$  2x#  3x
dx
x
dx
x3
dx
x1 œ c3 ln kxk  ln kx  3k  2 ln kx  1kd &$ œ ln 125
9 ;

xœ "
A
'3 5 #
x a4x  13x  9b
x$  2x#  3x dx œ "
A Šc4xd $  3 '3
&
5
dx
x3  2 '3
5
dx
x  1‹ œ "
A
µ 3.90
(8  11 ln 2  3 ln 6) œ

59. (a) dx
dt œ kx(N  x) Ê ' dx
x(N  x) œ ' k dt Ê "
N
' dxx  N" ' Ndx x œ ' k dt Ê "
N x œ kt  C;
x ¸
ln ¸ N 
" " " " " ‰
kœ 250 , N œ 1000, t œ 0 and x œ 2 Ê 1000
2 ¸
ln ¸ 998 œC Ê 1000 ln ¸ 1000x  x ¸ œ t
250  1000 ln ˆ 499
1000e4t
Ê ln ¸ 1000  x œ 4t Ê
499x ¸
1000  x œ e
499x 4t
Ê 499x œ e4t (1000  x) Ê a499  e4t b x œ 1000e4t Ê x œ 499  e4t
" 4t
"
(b) x œ # N œ 500 Ê 500 œ 499  e4t Ê 500
1000e
† 499  500e4t œ 1000e4t Ê e4t œ 499 Ê t œ 4 ln 499 ¸ 1.55 days

60. dx
dt œ k(a  x)(b  x) Ê dx
(a  x)(bx) œ k dt

(a) a œ b: ' (a dxx) # œ ' k dt Ê "


a x œ kt  C; t œ 0 and x œ 0 Ê "
a œC Ê "
ax œ kt  "
a
" akt  " a# kt
Ê ax œ a Ê axœ a
akt  1 Ê xœa a
akt  1 œ akt  1

(b) a Á b: ' (a  x)(b


dx
 x) œ
' k dt Ê "
b a
' a dx x  b " a ' b dx x œ ' k dt Ê " ¸bx¸
ba ln a  x œ kt  C;
" x¸ bx b ÐbaÑkt
t œ 0 and x œ 0 Ê ba ln b
a œ C Ê ln ¸ ba  x œ (b  a)kt  ln ˆ ba ‰ Ê ax œ a e
ab 1  eÐb aÑkt ‘
Ê xœ a  beÐb aÑkt

8.5 INTEGRAL TABLES AND COMPUTER ALGEBRA SYSTEMS

1. ' dx
œ 2
tan" É x 3 3  C
xÈ x  3 È3

(We used FORMULA 13(a) with a œ 1, b œ 3)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


492 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

2. ' xÈdxx4 œ È" È


ln ¹ Èxx  4 4 È
¹Cœ " È
ln ¹ Èxx  42
¹C
4  4  È4 # 42
(We used FORMULA 13(b) with a œ 1, b œ 4)

3. ' Èx dx œ' (x  2) dx
Èx  2  2' dx
Èx  2 œ ' ŠÈx  2‹ dx  2 ' ŠÈx  2‹
" "
dx
x2
$ "
ŠÈx  2‹ ŠÈx  2‹
œ ˆ 21 ‰ 3  2 ˆ 12 ‰ 1 œ Èx  2 ’ 2(x 3 2)  4“  C
(We used FORMULA 11 with a œ 1, b œ 2, n œ 1 and a œ 1, b œ 2, n œ 1)

4. ' (2xxdx3) $Î# œ "


#
' (2x  3) dx
(2x  3)
 3# ' (2x dx3)
$Î# $Î# œ "
#
' È2xdx 3  3# ' dx
$
ˆÈ2x  3‰
" "
œ "
#
' ŠÈ2x  3‹" dx  3# ' ŠÈ2x  3‹$ dx œ ˆ "# ‰ ˆ 2# ‰ ˆÈ2x1 3‰  ˆ 3# ‰ ˆ 2# ‰
ˆÈ2x  3‰
(1) C

" (x3)
œ #È2x  3
(2x  3  3)  C œ È2x  3 C
(We used FORMULA 11 with a œ 2, b œ 3, n œ 1 and a œ 2, b œ 3, n œ 3)

5. ' xÈ2x  3 dx œ "# ' (2x  3)È2x  3 dx  3# ' È2x  3 dx œ "# ' ŠÈ2x  3‹$ dx  3# ' ŠÈ2x  3‹" dx
& $
ŠÈ2x  3‹ ŠÈ2x  3‹ (2x  3)$Î# (2x  3)$Î# (x  1)
œ ˆ "# ‰ ˆ 2# ‰ 5  ˆ 3# ‰ ˆ 2# ‰ 3 Cœ #
 2x 5 3  1‘  C œ 5 C
(We used FORMULA 11 with a œ 2, b œ 3, n œ 3 and a œ 2, b œ 3, n œ 1)

6. ' x(7x  5)$Î# dx œ "7 ' (7x  5)(7x  5)$Î# dx  57 ' (7x  5)$Î# dx œ 7" ' ˆÈ7x  5‰& dx  57 ' ˆÈ7x  5‰$ dx
( &
ˆÈ7x  5‰ ˆÈ7x  5‰ &Î#
œ ˆ "7 ‰ ˆ 27 ‰ 7  ˆ 57 ‰ ˆ 27 ‰ 5  C œ ’ (7x 495) “ ’ 2(7x7 5)  2“  C
&Î#
œ ’ (7x 495) “ ˆ 14x7 4 ‰  C
(We used FORMULA 11 with a œ 7, b œ 5, n œ 5 and a œ 7, b œ 5, n œ 3)

7. ' È9x 4x dx œ  È9x 4x  (#4) ' dx


C
xÈ9  4x
#

(We used FORMULA 14 with a œ 4, b œ 9)


È9  4x È È
œ x  2 Š È"9 ‹ ln ¹ È99  4x  9
 4x  È9
¹C
(We used FORMULA 13(b) with a œ 4, b œ 9)
È9  4x È
œ x  2
3 ln ¹ È99  4x  3
 4x  3
¹C

8. ' dx
œ
È4x  9
 4 ' dx
C
x# È4x  9 (9)x 18 xÈ4x  9
(We used FORMULA 15 with a œ 4, b œ 9)
È4x  9
œ 9x  ˆ 29 ‰ Š È29 ‹ tan" É 4x 9 9  C
(We used FORMULA 13(a) with a œ 4, b œ 9)
È4x  9
œ 9x  4
27 tan" É 4x 9 9  C

9. ' xÈ4x  x# dx œ ' xÈ2 † 2x  x# dx œ (x  2)(2x  3†2)È2†2†x  x#


6
$
 2# sin" ˆ x # 2 ‰  C
(x  2)(2x  6)È4x  x# È #
œ 6  4 sin" ˆ x # 2 ‰  C œ (x  2)(x 33) 4x  x  4 sin" ˆ x # 2 ‰  C
(We used FORMULA 51 with a œ 2)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Section 8.5 Integral Tables and Computer Algebra Systems 493

10. ' Èxx x #


dx œ '
É2† "# x  x#
x dx œ É2 † "# x  x#  "
# sin" Š
x  "#
" ‹  C œ Èx  x#  "
# sin" (2x  1)  C
#

ˆWe used FORMULA 52 with a œ "# ‰

â â
â È7  ÊŠÈ7‹#  x# â
11. ' dx
œ' dx
œ  È"7
â
ln â
â
â  C œ  È"7 ln ¹
È 7  È 7  x#
¹C
xÈ 7  x# #
â x â x
xÊŠÈ7‹  x# â â
ŠWe used FORMULA 26 with a œ È7‹

â â
â È7  ÊŠÈ7‹#  x# â
12. ' dx
œ' dx
œ  È"7
â
ln â
â
â  C œ  È"7 ln ¹
È 7  È 7  x#
¹C
xÈ 7  x# #
â x â x
xÊŠÈ7‹  x# â â
ŠWe used FORMULA 34 with a œ È7‹

13. ' È4x x #


dx œ '
È 2#  x#
x dx œ È2#  x#  2 ln ¹ 2 
È 2#  x#
x ¹  C œ È4  x#  2 ln ¹ 2 
È 4  x#
x ¹ C
(We used FORMULA 31 with a œ #)

14. ' Èxx  4 dx œ ' Èx x 2


# # #
dx œ Èx#  2#  2 sec" ¸ #x ¸  C œ Èx#  4  2 sec" ¸ x# ¸  C
(We used FORMULA 42 with a œ #)

15. ' e2t cos 3t dt œ 2 e 3 #


2t
# (2 cos 3t  3 sin 3t)  C œ e2t
13 (2 cos 3t  3 sin 3t)  C
(We used FORMULA 108 with a œ 2, b œ 3)

16. ' ec3t sin 4t dt œ (3)ec  4 #


3t
# (3 sin 4t  4 cos 4t)  C œ ec3t
25 ($ sin 4t  4 cos 4t)  C
(We used FORMULA 107 with a œ 3, b œ 4)

17. ' x cos" x dx œ ' x" cos" x dx œ x1b1


11 cos" x  "
1 1
' Èx b 1 1
dx
œ x#
# cos" x  "
#
' Èx #
dx
1  x# 1  x#
(We used FORMULA 100 with a œ 1, n œ 1)
#
x#
œ x cos" x  " ˆ " sin" x‰  " Š " xÈ1  x# ‹  C œ
# # # # # # cos" x  "
4 sin" x  4" xÈ1  x#  C
(We used FORMULA 33 with a œ 1)

18. ' x tan" x dx œ ' x" tan" a"xb dx œ x1b1


11 tan" a"xb  "
11
' 1 xba"bdxx
1 1
# # œ x#
# tan" x  "
#
' 1xdxx
#
#

(We used FORMULA 101 with a œ 1, n œ 1)


œ x#
# tan" x  "
#
' ˆ"  1 " x ‰dx (after long division)
#

x#
tan" x  "# ' dx  "# ' 1 " x dx œ x# tan" x  #" x  #" tan" x  C œ #" aax#  "btan" x  xb  C
#
œ # #

19. ' x# tan" x dx œ 2x 1 tan" x  2 " 1 ' 1x x# dx œ x3$ tan" x  3" ' 1 x$x# dx
2 1 2 1

(We used FORMULA 101 with a œ 1, n œ 2);


' 1 x$x# dx œ ' x dx  ' x dx
1  x# œ x#
#  "
# ln a1  x# b  C Ê ' x# tan" x dx
x$ x# "
œ 3 tan" x  6  6 ln a1  x# b  C

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


494 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

20. ' tanc" x


x# dx œ ' x# tan" x dx œ xÐ 21Ñ
(2  1) tan" x  "
(2  1)
' 1xÐx#Ñ dx œ (x1)" tan" x  ' a1 x "x#b dx
2 1

(We used FORMULA 101 with a œ 1, n œ 2);


' xc" dx
1 x # œ' dx
x a1  x# b œ' dx
x ' x dx
1 x # œ ln kxk  "
# ln a1  x# b  C

Ê' tanc" x
x# dx œ  x" tan" x  ln kxk  "
# ln a1  x# b  C

21. ' sin 3x cos 2x dx œ  cos105x  cos# x  C


(We used FORMULA 62(a) with a œ 3, b œ 2)

22. ' sin 2x cos 3x dx œ  cos105x  cos# x  C


(We used FORMULA 62(a) with a œ 2, b œ 3)

23. ' 8 sin 4t sin t


# dx œ 8
7 sin ˆ 7t# ‰  8
9 sin ˆ 9t# ‰  C œ 8 –
sin Š 7t
7
#‹

sin Š 9t
#‹
9 —C

(We used FORMULA 62(b) with a œ 4, b œ "# )

24. ' sin 3t sin 6t dt œ 3 sin ˆ 6t ‰  sin ˆ #t ‰  C


(We used FORMULA 62(b) with a œ "3 , b œ 6" )

25. ' cos 3) cos 4) d) œ 6 sin ˆ 12) ‰  76 sin ˆ 17#) ‰  C


(We used FORMULA 62(c) with a œ "3 , b œ 4" )

13)
sin Š 15#) ‹
26. ' cos 2) cos 7) d) œ 13" sin ˆ 132) ‰  151 sin ˆ 15#) ‰  C œ sin Š13 # ‹
 15 C
"
(We used FORMULA 62(c) with a œ 2, b œ 7)

27. 'x $
x1
dx œ ' x dx
' dx
œ " ' d axx 11b  '
#
dx
ax #  1 b # x#  1 ax #  1 b# # #
ax #  1 b#
œ "# lnax#  1b  x
2 a1  x # b  "
# tan
"
xC
(For the second integral we used FORMULA 17 with a œ 1)

28. ' x#  6x
dx œ ' dx
' 6x dx
' 3 dx
œ' dx
 3' d ax #  3 b
 3' dx
ax #  3 b # x#  3 ax #  3 b# ax #  3 b# x#  ŠÈ3‹
#
ax #  3 b# # #
”x#  ŠÈ3‹ •

"
Î "
Ñ
œ È3 tan" Š Èx3 ‹  3
ax #  3 b 3 x
# #  $ tan" Š Èx3 ‹ C
Ï 2 ŠÈ3‹ ŒŠÈ3‹  x#  2 ŠÈ3‹ Ò

ŠFor the first integral we used FORMULA 16 with a œ È3; for the third integral we used FORMULA 17 with

a œ È3‹
"
œ 2È 3
tan" Š Èx3 ‹  3
x # 3  x
2 ax #  3 b C

Ô u œ Èx ×
29. ' sin" Èx dx; x œ u# Ä 2 ' u" sin" u du œ 2 Š 1u1 sin" u 
1b1
"
1 1
' Èu b1 1
du‹
1  u#
Õ dx œ 2u du Ø

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Section 8.5 Integral Tables and Computer Algebra Systems 495

œ u# sin" u  ' u# du
È 1  u#

(We used FORMULA 99 with a œ 1, n œ 1)


œ u# sin" u  Š "# sin" u  "# uÈ1  u# ‹  C œ ˆu#  "# ‰ sin" u  "# uÈ1  u#  C
(We used FORMULA 33 with a œ 1)
œ ˆx  "# ‰ sin" Èx  "# Èx  x#  C

u œ Èx ×
30. ' cosÈc"xÈx dx; Ô
x œ u# Ä ' cosu u † 2u du œ 2' cos" u du œ 2 Šu cos" u  1" È1  u# ‹  C
"

Õ dx œ 2u du Ø
(We used FORMULA 97 with a œ 1)
œ 2 ŠÈx cos" Èx  È1  x‹  C

Ô u œ Èx ×
31. ' ÈÈx dx; x œ u# Ä ' Èu†2u du œ 2 ' u#
È 1  u# du œ 2 Š "# sin" u  "# uÈ1  u# ‹  C
1x 1  u#
Õ dx œ 2u du Ø

œ sin" u  uÈ1  u#  C
(We used FORMULA 33 with a œ 1)
œ sin" Èx  Èx È1  x  C œ sin" Èx  Èx  x#  C

u œ Èx ×
32. ' ÈÈ2 x x dx; Ô x œ u# Ä ' È2 u u #
† 2u du œ 2 ' ÊŠÈ2‹  u# du
#

Õ dx œ 2u du Ø
#
# ŠÈ2‹
œ 2 – u# ÊŠÈ2‹  u#  # sin" Š Èu2 ‹—  C œ uÈ2  u#  2 sin" Š Èu2 ‹  C

ŠWe used FORMULA 29 with a œ È2‹


œ È2x  x#  2 sin" È x#  C

33. ' (cot t) È1  sin# t dt œ ' È1  sinsintt(cos t) dt ; ” # u œ sin t


Ä ' È1 u u # du
du œ cos t dt •
È 1  u#
œ È1  u#  ln ¹ 1  u ¹ C
(We used FORMULA 31 with a œ 1)
È #
œ È1  sin# t  ln ¹ 1  1  sin t ¹  C sin t

34. ' dt
œ' cos t dt
;”
u œ sin t
Ä' du
œ  "# ln ¹ 2 
È 4  u#
¹ C
(tan t) È4  sin# t (sin t) È4  sin# t du œ cos t dt • uÈ4  u# u

(We used FORMULA 34 with a œ 2)


È4  sin# t
œ  "# ln ¹ 2  sin t ¹ C

Ô u œ ln y ×
35. ' yÈ3 dy(ln y) y œ eu
; Ä ' eu du
œ' du
œ ln ¹u  È3  u# ¹  C
# eu È 3  u# È 3  u#
Õ dy œ eu du Ø
œ ln ¸ln y  È3  (ln y)# ¸  C
ŠWe used FORMULA 20 with a œ È3‹

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


496 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

t œ Èy ×
36. ' tan" Èy dy; Ô y œ t# Ä 2 ' t tan" t dt œ 2 ’ t# tan" t 
#
"
#
' 1 t t
#
# dt“ œ t# tan" t  ' t#
1  t# dt
Õ dy œ 2t dt Ø
(We used FORMULA 101 with n œ 1, a œ 1)
œ t# tan" t  ' t#  1
t#  1 dt  ' dt
1  t# œ t# tan" t  t  tan" t  C œ y tan" Èy  tan" Èy  Èy  C

37. 'È 1
dx œ' 1
dx;”
tœx1
Ä' 1
Èt2  4 dt
x2  2x5 É ax  1 b 2  4 dt œ dx •
(We used FORMULA 20 with a œ 2)
œ ln¹t  Èt2  4¹  C œ ln¹ax  1b  Éax  1b2  4  C œ ln¹ax  1b  Èx2  2x  5¹  C

38. 'È x2
dx œ' x2
dx; ”
tœx2
Ä' at  2 b 2
Èt2 + 1 dt œ' t2  4t  2
Èt2 + 1 dt œ' t2
Èt2 + 1 dt ' 4t
Èt2 + 1 dt ' 4
Èt2 + 1 dt
x2  4x  5 É ax  2 b + 1
2 dt œ dx •
(We used FORMULA 25 with a œ 1) (We used FORMULA 20 with a œ 1)
tÈt2 1
œ – 12 ln¹t  Èt2  1¹  2 —  4Èt2  1  ”4 ln¹t  Èt2  1¹•  C

ax  2 b É a x  2 b 2  1
œ  12 ln¹ax  2b  Éax  2b2  1¹  2  4Éax  2b2  1  4 ln¹ax  2b  Éax  2b2  1¹  C
ax  6bÈx2  4x  5
œ 72 ln¹ax  2b  Èx2  4x  5¹  2 C

39. ' È5  4x  x2 dx œ ' É9  ax  2b2 dx; ” t œ x  2 • Ä ' È9  t2 dt;


dt œ dx
(We used FORMULA 29 with a œ 3)
x2É
œ 2t È9  t2  32
2 sin
1 ˆ t ‰
3 Cœ 2 9  ax  2b2  92 sin1 ˆ x 3 2 ‰  C œ x2È
2 5  4x  x2  92 sin1 ˆ x 3 2 ‰  C

40. ' x2 È2x  x2 dx œ ' x2 É1  ax  1b2 dx; ” dt œ dx • Ä ' at  1b È1  t2 dt œ ' at  2t  1bÈ1  t2 dt


tœx1 2
2

œ ' t2 È1  t2 dt  ' 2tÈ1  t2 dt  ' È1  t2 dt


(We used FORMULA 30 with a œ 1) (We used FORMULA 29 with a œ 1)
2 3 Î2
œ ” 18 sin1 ˆ 1t ‰  81 t È1  t2 a12  2t2 b•  32 a1  t b  ” 2t È1  t2  1 ˆ t ‰
4
12
2 sin 1 • C
3 Î2
œ "8 sin1 ax  1b  81 ax  1b É1  ax  1b2 Š12  2ax  1b2 ‹  32 Š1  ax  1b2 ‹  x1É
2 1  ax  1b2
3 Î2 x1 È2x  x2 a2x2  4x  5b  C
 12 sin1 ax  1b  C œ 58 sin1 ax  1b  23 a2x  x2 b  8

41. ' sin& 2x dx œ  sin 2x5†#cos 2x  5 5 1 ' sin$ 2x dx œ  sin 2x10cos 2x  45 ’ sin 2x3†#cos 2x  3 3 1 ' sin 2x dx“
% % #

(We used FORMULA 60 with a œ 2, n œ 5 and a œ 2, n œ 3)


% %
2 sin# 2x cos 2x
œ  sin 2x10cos 2x  15
2
sin# 2x cos 2x  15
8 ˆ
 "# ‰ cos 2x  C œ  sin 2x10cos 2x  15  4 cos 2x
15 C

42. ' 8 cos% 21t dt œ 8 Š cos


$
21t sin 21t
4 †2 1  41
4
' cos# 21t dt‹
(We used FORMULA 61 with a œ 21, n œ 4)
cos$ 21t sin 21t sin (2†21†t)
œ 1  6 ’ #t  4†21 “ C
(We used FORMULA 59 with a œ 21)
cos$ 21t sin 21t 3 sin 41t cos$ 21t sin 21t 3 cos 21t sin 21t
œ 1  3t  41 Cœ 1  21  3t  C

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Section 8.5 Integral Tables and Computer Algebra Systems 497

43. ' sin# 2) cos$ 2) d) œ sin #2(2) cos3) 2)  33  #1 ' sin# 2) cos 2) d)
$ #

(We used FORMULA 69 with a œ 2, m œ 3, n œ 2)


œ sin$ 2) cos# 2)
10  2
5
' sin# 2) cos 2) d) œ sin 2)10cos 2)  25 ’ "# ' sin# 2) d(sin 2))“ œ sin 2)10cos 2)  sin152)  C
$ # $ # $

44. ' 2 sin# t sec% t dt œ ' 2 sin# t cos% t dt œ 2 Š sin2t cos


4
c$ t
 21
24
' cos% t dt‹
(We used FORMULA 68 with a œ 1, n œ 2, m œ 4)
œ sin t cos$ t  ' cos% t dt œ sin t cos$ t  ' sec% t dt œ sin t cos$ t  Š sec4 t tan '
#
42
1 
t
41 sec# t dt‹
(We used FORMULA 92 with a œ 1, n œ 4)
#
œ sin t cos$ t  Š sec t tan t
3 ‹  2
3 tan t  C œ 2
3 sec# t tan t  2
3 tan t  C œ 2
3 tan t asec# t  1b  C
œ 2
3 tan$ t  C
An easy way to find the integral using substitution:
' 2 sin# t cos% t dt œ ' 2 tan# t sec# t dt œ ' 2 tan# t d(tan t) œ 2
3 tan$ t  C

45. ' 4 tan$ 2x dx œ 4 Š tan2†#2x  ' tan 2x dx‹ œ tan# 2x  4' tan 2x dx
#

(We used FORMULA 86 with n œ 3, a œ 2)


œ tan# 2x  4# ln ksec 2xk  C œ tan# 2x  2 ln ksec 2xk  C

46. ' 8 cot% t dt œ 8 Š cot3 t  ' cot# t dt‹ $

(We used FORMULA 87 with a œ 1, n œ 4)


œ 8 ˆ "3 cot$ t  cot t  t‰  C
(We used FORMULA 85 with a œ 1)

47. ' 2 sec$ 1x dx œ 2 ’ sec11(3xtan1) 1x  33  12 ' sec 1x dx “


(We used FORMULA 92 with n œ 3, a œ 1)
œ 1" sec 1x tan 1x  1" ln ksec 1x  tan 1xk  C
(We used FORMULA 88 with a œ 1)

48. ' 3 sec% 3x dx œ 3 ’ sec3(43xtan1) 3x  44  12 ' sec# 3x dx“


#

(We used FORMULA 92 with n œ 4, a œ 3)


sec# 3x tan 3x
œ 3  2
3 tan 3x  C
(We used FORMULA 90 with a œ 3)

49. ' csc& x dx œ  csc5 xcot1 x  55  12 ' csc$ x dx œ  csc x4 cot x  34 Š csc3xcot1 x  33  21 ' csc x dx‹
$ $

(We used FORMULA 93 with n œ 5, a œ 1 and n œ 3, a œ 1)


œ  "4 csc$ x cot x  38 csc x cot x  38 ln kcsc x  cot xk  C
(We used FORMULA 89 with a œ 1)

50. ' 16x$ (ln x)# dx œ 16 ’ x (ln4 x) % #


 2
4
' % #
x$ ln x dx“ œ 16 ’ x (ln4 x)  "# ’ x (ln
4
x)

%
"
4
' x$ dx““
(We used FORMULA 110 with a œ 1, n œ 3, m œ 2 and a œ 1, n œ 3, m œ 1)
% #
x% (ln x) x% x%
œ 16 Š x (ln4 x)  8  3# ‹  C œ 4x% (ln x)#  2x% ln x  # C

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


498 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

' et sec$ aet  "b dt; ” x œ e "


Ä ' sec$ x dx œ sec3xtan 2 '
t
51. x
 33 sec x dx
dx œ et dt • 1 1

(We used FORMULA 92 with a œ 1, n œ 3)


œ sec x#tan x  "# ln ksec x  tan xk  C œ "# csec aet  1b tan aet  1b  ln ksec aet  1b  tan aet  1bkd  C

t œ È) ×
52. ' cscÈÈ) d); Ô
$
) œ t# Ä 2 ' csc$ t dt œ 2 ’ csc3  32 '
1  31
t cot t
csc t dt“
)
Õ d) œ 2t dt Ø
(We used FORMULA 93 with a œ 1, n œ 3)
œ 2  csc t cot t  " ln kcsc t  cot tk‘  C œ  csc È) cot È)  ln ¹csc È)  cot È)¹  C
# #

53. '01 2Èx#  1 dx; cx œ tan td Ä 2 '0


1Î4
sec t † sec# t dt œ 2'0
1Î4
sec$ t dt œ 2 ” sec3 t†tan
1
t‘
!
1Î%
 32
31
'01Î4 sec t dt•
(We used FORMULA 92 with n œ 3, a œ 1)
1Î%
œ csec t † tan t  ln ksec t  tan tkd œ È2  ln ŠÈ2  1‹ !

È3Î2
54. '0 dy
; cy œ sin xd Ä '01Î3 cos x dx
cos& x œ '0 sec% x dx œ ’ sec4 xtan
1Î3
1 “
x # 1Î$
 42
41
'01Î3 sec# x dx
a1  y# b&Î# !
(We used FORMULA 92 with a œ 1, n œ 4)
# 1Î$
œ ’ sec x tan x
3  2
3 tan x“ œ ˆ 34 ‰ È3  ˆ 32 ‰ È3 œ 2È3
!

55. '12 ar r1b# $Î#


dr; cr œ sec )d Ä '01Î3 tan ) $
' 1Î3 tan% ) d) œ ’ tan
sec ) (sec ) tan )) d) œ 0
)
41 “
1Î$
 '0 tan# ) d)
1Î3 $

!
1Î$
$ 3È 3
œ ’ tan3 )  tan )  )“ œ 3  È3  1
3 œ 1
3
!
(We used FORMULA 86 with a œ 1, n œ 4 and FORMULA 84 with a œ 1)

È3
56. '01Î dt
; ct œ tan )d Ä '0
1Î6
sec# ) d)
sec( )
œ '0
1Î6
cos& ) d) œ ’ cos
%
) sin )

1Î'
 ˆ 5 5 1 ‰ '0
1Î6
cos$ ) d)
at#  1b(Î# 5 !

 ˆ 3 3 1 ‰'0
% 1Î' # 1Î' 1Î6 % 1Î'
) sin ) ) sin ) ) sin )
œ ’ cos 5 “  45 ”’ cos 3 “ cos ) d)• œ ’ cos 5  4
15 cos# ) sin )  8
15 sin )“
! ! !

(We used FORMULA 61 with a œ 1, n œ 5 and a œ 1, n œ 3)


È %
Š #3 ‹ ˆ #" ‰ #
4 ‰ È3
œ 5  ˆ 15 Š # ‹ ˆ "# ‰  ˆ 15
8 ‰ ˆ"‰ 9 "
# œ 160  10  15 œ
4 3†9  48  32†4
480 œ 203
480

È2
57. S œ '0 21yÈ1  (yw )# dx
È2
œ 21 '0 Èx#  2 É1  x#
x#  2 dx
È2
œ 2È21 '0 Èx#  1 dx
È x#  1
È2
"
œ 2È21 ’ x #  # ln ¹x  Èx#  1¹“
0

(We used FORMULA 21 with a œ 1)


œ È21 ’È6  ln ŠÈ2  È3‹“ œ 21È3  1È2 ln ŠÈ2  È3‹

È3Î2 È3Î2 È3Î2


58. L œ '0 È1  (2x)# dx œ 2 '
0
É "4  x# dx œ 2 ’ x# É 4"  x#  ˆ 4" ‰ ˆ #" ‰ ln Šx  É 4"  x# ‹“
0
ˆWe used FORMULA 2 with a œ "# ‰

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Section 8.5 Integral Tables and Computer Algebra Systems 499
È3Î2 È3 È3
"
œ ’ x# È1  4x#  4 ln Šx  #" È1  4x# ‹“ œ 4
É1  4 ˆ 34 ‰  "
4 ln Š #  #" É1  4 ˆ 34 ‰‹  "
4 ln "
#
0
È3 " È3 " È3 "
œ 4 (2)  4 ln Š #  1‹  4 ln 2 œ #  4 ln ŠÈ3  2‹

59. A œ '0 '03 Èxxdx 1


3 $
"
dx
È x 1 œ ’2Èx  1“ œ 2; x œ A
!

œ "
A
'03 Èx  1 dx  A" '03 Èxdx 1
" $
œ # † 23 (x  1)$Î# ‘ !  1 œ 4
3 ;
(We used FORMULA 11 with a œ 1, b œ 1, n œ 1 and
a œ 1, b œ 1, n œ 1)
yœ "
#A
'03 x dx 1 œ 4" cln (x  1)d $! œ 4" ln 4 œ #" ln 2 œ ln È2

60. My œ '0 x ˆ 2x36 3 ‰ dx œ 18 '0 dx  54'0


3 3 3
2x  3
2x  3
dx
2x  3 œ c18x  27 ln k2x  3kd $!
œ 18 † 3  27 ln 9  (27 ln 3) œ 54  27 † 2 ln 3  27 ln 3 œ 54  27 ln 3

61. S œ 21 'c1 x# È1  4x# dx;


1

u œ 2x
” du œ 2 dx • Ä
1
4
'c22 u# È1  u# du
#
1 "
œ 4 ’ 8u a1  2u# bÈ1  u#  8 ln Šu  È1  u# ‹“
#
(We used FORMULA 22 with a œ 1)
œ 1 ’ 2 (1  2 † 4)È1  4  " ln Š2  È1  4‹
4 8 8

"
 28 (1  2 † 4)È1  4  8 ln Š2  È1  4‹“
È
œ 1
4 ’ #9 È5  "
8 ln Š 22È55 ‹“ ¸ 7.62

62. (a) The volume of the filled part equals the length of the
tank times the area of the shaded region shown in the
accompanying figure. Consider a layer of gasoline
of thickness dy located at height y where
r  y  r  d. The width of this layer is
crbd
2Èr#  y# . Therefore, A œ 2 'cr Èr#  y# dy
crbd
and V œ L † A œ 2L 'cr Èr#  y# dy

crbd crbd
(b) 2L 'cr Èr#  y# dy œ 2L ’ #
yÈ r  y # # #
 r# sin" yr “
cr
(We used FORMULA 29 with a œ r)
œ 2L ’ (d 
# # #
#
r) È
2rd  d#  r# sin" ˆ d r r ‰  r# ˆ 1# ‰“ œ 2L ’ˆ d-r
#
‰ È2rd  d#  Š r# ‹ ˆsin" ˆ d r r ‰  1# ‰“

63. The integrand f(x) œ Èx  x# is nonnegative, so the integral is maximized by integrating over the function's
entire domain, which runs from x œ 0 to x œ 1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


500 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration
"
Ê '01 Èx  x# dx œ '01 É2 † "# x  x# dx œ ” ˆx # "‰
#
É2 † "# x  x# 
ˆ "# ‰#
# sin" Š
x  "#
" ‹•
#
!
ˆWe used FORMULA 48 with a œ "# ‰
ˆx  "# ‰ "
" " 1
œ’ #
Èx  x# 
8 sin" (2x  1)“ œ 8 † #  8" ˆ 1# ‰ œ 1
8
!

64. The integrand is maximized by integrating g(x) œ xÈ2x  x# over the largest domain on which g is
nonnegative, namely [!ß 2]
#
Ê '02 xÈ2x  x# dx œ ’ (x  1)(2x 63)È2x  x #
 "
# sin" (x  1)“
!
(We used FORMULA 51 with a œ ")
œ "# † 1#  "# ˆ 1# ‰ œ 1#

CAS EXPLORATIONS

65. Example CAS commands:


Maple:
q1 := Int( x*ln(x), x ); # (a)
q1 = value( q1 );
q2 := Int( x^2*ln(x), x ); # (b)
q2 = value( q2 );
q3 := Int( x^3*ln(x), x ); # (c)
q3 = value( q3 );
q4 := Int( x^4*ln(x), x ); # (d)
q4 = value( q4 );
q5 := Int( x^n*ln(x), x ); # (e)
q6 := value( q5 );
q7 := simplify(q6) assuming n::integer;
q5 = collect( factor(q7), ln(x) );

66. Example CAS commands:


Maple:
q1 := Int( ln(x)/x, x ); # (a)
q1 = value( q1 );
q2 := Int( ln(x)/x^2, x ); # (b)
q2 = value( q2 );
q3 := Int( ln(x)/x^3, x ); # (c)
q3 = value( q3 );
q4 := Int( ln(x)/x^4, x ); # (d)
q4 = value( q4 );
q5 := Int( ln(x)/x^n, x ); # (e)
q6 := value( q5 );
q7 := simplify(q6) assuming n::integer;
q5 = collect( factor(q7), ln(x) );

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Section 8.5 Integral Tables and Computer Algebra Systems 501

67. Example CAS commands:


Maple:
q := Int( sin(x)^n/(sin(x)^n+cos(x)^n), x=0..Pi/2 ); # (a)
q = value( q );
q1 := eval( q, n=1 ): # (b)
q1 = value( q1 );
for N in [1,2,3,5,7] do
q1 := eval( q, n=N );
print( q1 = evalf(q1) );
end do:
qq1 := PDEtools[dchange]( x=Pi/2-u, q, [u] ); # (c)
qq2 := subs( u=x, qq1 );
qq3 := q + q = q + qq2;
qq4 := combine( qq3 );
qq5 := value( qq4 );
simplify( qq5/2 );

65-67. Example CAS commands:


Mathematica: (functions may vary)
In Mathematica, the natural log is denoted by Log rather than Ln, Log base 10 is Log[x,10]
Mathematica does not include an arbitrary constant when computing an indefinite integral,
Clear[x, f, n]
f[x_]:=Log[x] / xn
Integrate[f[x], x]
For exercise 67, Mathematica cannot evaluate the integral with arbitrary n. It does evaluate the integral (value is 1/4 in
each case) for small values of n, but for large values of n, it identifies this integral as Indeterminate

65. (e) ' xn ln x dx œ x n ln1 x  n " 1 ' xn dx, n Á 1


n 1

(We used FORMULA 110 with a œ 1, m œ 1)


œ x n ln1 x  (nx 1)#  C œ nx 1 ˆln x  n " 1 ‰  C
n 1 n 1 n 1

66. (e) ' xn ln x dx œ xcnb ln1 x  (n)" 1 ' xn dx, n Á 1
n 1

(We used FORMULA 110 with a œ 1, m œ 1, n œ n)


x1cn ln x " 1cn
x1cn " ‰
œ 1n  1 n Š 1x n ‹  C œ 1n
ˆln x  1n C

67. (a) Neither MAPLE nor MATHEMATICA can find this integral for arbitrary n.
(b) MAPLE and MATHEMATICA get stuck at about n œ 5.
(c) Let x œ 1#  u Ê dx œ  du; x œ 0 Ê u œ 1# , x œ 1# Ê u œ 0;
I œ '0 œ '1Î2 sinn ˆ 1  u‰ # cosn ˆ 1  u‰ œ '0 œ '0
1Î2 0
 sinn ˆ 1  u‰ du 1Î2 1Î2
sinn x dx cosn u du cosn x dx
sinn xcosn x # #
cosn u  sinn u cosn x  sinn x

I  I œ '0 ˆ sin ' 1Î2 dx œ 1#


1Î2
x  cos x ‰
n n
1
Ê sin x  cos x dx œ 0
n n Ê Iœ 4

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


502 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

8.6 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION

1. '12 x dx xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )


x! 1 1 1 1
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 2 4 1 œ "4 Ê ?x
# œ "
8 ; x" 5/4 5/4 2 5/2
! mf(xi ) œ 12 Ê T œ " (12) œ 3 ; x# 3/2 3/2 2 3
8 #
f(x) œ x Ê f w (x) œ 1 Ê f ww œ 0 Ê M œ 0 x$ 7/4 7/4 2 7/2
Ê kE T k œ 0 x% 2 2 1 2

(b) '12 x dx œ ’ x2 “ # œ 2  "# œ 3#


#
Ê kET k œ '1 x dx  T œ 0
2

"
kET k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%
II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 21 "
4 œ 4 Ê 3
?x
œ "
12 ; xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )
! mf(xi ) œ 18 Ê S œ " x! 1 1 1 1
12 (18) œ # ;
3
x" 5/4 5/4 4 5
f Ð%Ñ (x) œ 0 Ê M œ 0 Ê kES k œ 0
x# 3/2 3/2 2 3
(b) '12 x dx œ 3# Ê kES k œ '1 x dx  S œ
2
3
#  3
# œ0 x$ 7/4 7/4 4 7
kES k x% 2 2 1 2
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%

2. '13 (2x  1) dx xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )


x! 1 1 1 1
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 3 4 1 œ 42 œ "
2 Ê ?x
# œ "
4 ; x" 3/2 2 2 4
! mf(xi ) œ 24 Ê T œ " (24) œ 6 ; x# 2 3 2 6
4
f(x) œ 2x  1 Ê f w (x) œ 2 Ê f ww œ 0 Ê M œ 0 x$ 5/2 4 2 8
Ê kE T k œ 0 x% 3 5 1 5

(b) '13 (2x  1) dx œ cx#  xd $" œ (9  3)  (1  1) œ 6 Ê kET k œ '1 (2x  1) dx  T œ 6  6 œ 0


3

kET k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%
II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 3 4 1 œ 42 œ "
2 Ê ?x
3 œ "
6 ; xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )
! mf(xi ) œ 36 Ê S œ " (36) œ 6 ; x! 1 1 1 1
6
x" 3/2 2 4 8
f Ð%Ñ (x) œ 0 Ê M œ 0 Ê kES k œ 0
x# 2 3 2 6
(b) '13 (2x  1) dx œ 6 Ê kES k œ '1 (2x  1) dx  S
3
x$ 5/2 4 4 16
œ66œ0 x% 3 5 1 5
kES k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%

3. '11 ax#  1b dx xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )


x! 1 2 1 2
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 1  4(1) œ 42 œ "
# Ê ?x
# œ "
4 à x" 1/2 5/4 2 5/2
! mf(xi ) œ 11 Ê T œ " (11) œ 2.75à x# 0 1 2 2
4
f(x) œ x#  1 Ê f w (x) œ 2x Ê f ww (x) œ 2 Ê M œ 2 x$ 1/2 5/4 2 5/2
1) ˆ " ‰# x% 1 2 1 2
Ê kET k Ÿ 11(
#
"
# (2) œ 1# or 0.08333

(b) '11 ax#  1b dx œ ’ x3 $


 x“
"
œ ˆ 13  1‰  ˆ 13  1‰ œ 8
3 Ê ET œ '1 ax#  1b dx  T œ
1
8
3  11
4 œ  1"#
"
Ê kET k œ ¸ 1"# ¸ ¸ 0.08333
"
kET k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ Š 18# ‹ ‚ 100 ¸ 3%
3

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Section 8.6 Numerical Integration 503

II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 1  4(1) œ 42 œ "# Ê ?3x œ "6 à xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )


! mf(xi ) œ 16 Ê S œ " (16) œ 8 œ 2.66667 ; x! 1 2 1 2
6 3
x" 1/2 5/4 4 5
f Ð$Ñ (x) œ 0 Ê f Ð%Ñ (x) œ 0 Ê M œ 0 Ê kES k œ 0
x# 0 1 2 2
(b) '11 ax#  1b dx œ ’ x3 $
 x“
"
œ 8
3
x$ 1/2 5/4 4 5
"
x% 1 2 1 2
Ê kES k œ '1 ax#  1b dx  S œ
1
8
3  8
3 œ0
kES k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%

4. '02 ax#  1b dx xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )


x! 2 3 1 3
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 0  4(2) œ 2
4 œ "
# Ê ?x
# œ "
4 x" 3/2 5/4 2 5/2
! mf(xi ) œ 3 Ê T œ " (3) œ 3 ; x# 1 0 2 0
4 4
f(x) œ x#  1 Ê f w (x) œ 2x Ê f ww (x) œ 2 x$  1/2 3/4 2 3/2
2) ˆ " ‰# x% 0 1 1 1
Ê M œ 2 Ê kET k Ÿ 01( #
"
# (2) œ 1# œ 0.08333

(b) '02 ax#  1b dx œ ’ x3 $


 x“
!
œ 0  ˆ 83  2‰ œ 2
3 Ê ET œ '2 ax#  1b dx  T œ
0
2
3  3
4
"
œ  12
#
"
Ê kE T k œ 12
"
kET k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ Š 122 ‹ ‚ 100 ¸ 13%
3

II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 0  4(2) œ 42 œ "# xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )


Ê ?x œ " ; ! mf(xi ) œ 4 Ê S œ " (4) œ 2
; x! 2 3 1 3
3 6 6 3
Ð$Ñ Ð%Ñ
x" 3/2 5/4 4 5
f (x) œ 0 Ê f (x) œ 0 Ê M œ 0 Ê kES k œ 0
x# 1 0 2 0
(b) '2 ax#  1b dx œ 23
0
Ê kES k œ '2 ax#  1b dx  S
0
x$  1/2 3/4 4 3
x% 0 1 1 1
œ 3  3 œ0
2 2

kES k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%

5. '02 at$  tb dt ti f(ti ) m mf(ti )


t! 0 0 1 0
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 2 4 0 œ 42 œ "2 t" 1/2 5/8 2 5/4
Ê ?x " !
# œ 4 ; mf(ti ) œ 25 Ê T œ 4" (25) œ 25
4 ; t# 1 2 2 4
$ w # ww
f(t) œ t  t Ê f (t) œ 3t  1 Ê f (t) œ 6t t$ 3/2 39/8 2 39/4
0 ˆ " ‰# " t% 2 10 1 10
Ê M œ 12 œ f ww (2) Ê kET k Ÿ 212 # (12) œ #

(b) '02 at$  tb dt œ ’ t4  t# “ # œ Š 24


% # %
 2#
#‹  0 œ 6 Ê kET k œ '0 at$  tb dt  T œ 6 
2
25
4 œ  4" Ê kET k œ "
4
!
kET k ¸ "4 ¸
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ
6 ‚ 100 ¸ 4%
II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ n œ 2 4 0 œ 42 œ "2
ba
Ê ?x
3 œ "
6 ; ti f(ti ) m mf(ti )
! mf(ti ) œ 36 Ê S œ " (36) œ 6 ; t! 0 0 1 0
6
Ð$Ñ Ð%Ñ t" 1/2 5/8 4 5/2
f (t) œ 6 Ê f (t) œ 0 Ê M œ 0 Ê kES k œ 0
t# 1 2 2 4
(b) '0 at2
$
 tb dt œ 6 Ê kES k œ '0 at$  tb dt  S
2
t$ 3/2 39/8 4 39/2
œ66œ0 t% 2 10 1 10
kES k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


504 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

6. '11 at$  1b dt ti f(ti ) m mf(ti )


t! 1 0 1 0
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 1  4(1) œ 42 œ "# t" 1/2 7/8 2 7/4
Ê ?x "
# œ 4 ;
! mf(ti ) œ 8 Ê T œ " (8) œ 2 ;
4 t# 0 1 2 2
f(t) œ t$  1 Ê f w (t) œ 3t# Ê f ww (t) œ 6t t$ 1/2 9/8 2 9/4
1) ˆ " ‰# t% 1 2 1 2
Ê M œ 6 œ f ww (1) Ê kET k Ÿ 11( # # (6) œ
"
4

(b) '11 at$  1b dt œ ’ t4  t“ " %


œ Š 14  1‹  Š (41)  (1)‹ œ 2 Ê kET k œ '1 at$  1b dt  T œ 2  2 œ 0
% % 1

"
kET k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%
II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 1  4(1) œ 42 œ "# ti f(ti ) m mf(ti )
Ê ?x œ " ; ! mf(ti ) œ 12 Ê S œ " (12) œ 2 ; t! 1 0 1 0
3 6 6
t" 1/2 7/8 4 7/2
f Ð$Ñ (t) œ 6 Ê f Ð%Ñ (t) œ 0 Ê M œ 0 Ê kES k œ 0
t# 0 1 2 2
(b) '11 at$  1b dt œ 2 Ê kES k œ '1 at$  1b dt  S
1
t$ 1/2 9/8 4 9/2
œ22œ0 t% 1 2 1 2
kES k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%

7. '12 s"
# ds si f(si ) m mf(si )
ba 21 " ?x "
s! 1 1 1 1
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ n œ 4 œ 4 Ê # œ 8 ; s" 5/4 16/25 2 32/25
! mf(si ) œ "
179,573
44,100 Ê Tœ 8 44,100 ‹ œ
Š 179,573 179,573
352,800
s# 3/2 4/9 2 8/9
" w
s$ 7/4 16/49 2 32/49
¸ 0.50899; f(s) œ s# Ê f (s) œ  s$
2
s% 2 1/4 1 1/4
Ê f ww (s) œ s% Ê M œ 6 œ f ww (1)
6

#
Ê kET k Ÿ 2 1# " ˆ "4 ‰ (6) œ 3"# œ 0.03125
(b) '2

1 s
"
# ds œ 1
2
' #
s# ds œ  1s ‘ " œ  #"  ˆ 1" ‰ œ 1
# Ê ET œ '1
2
"
s# ds  T œ "
#  0.50899 œ 0.00899
Ê kET k œ 0.00899
kET k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0.5 ‚ 100 ¸
0.00899
2%
ba 21 " ?x "
II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ n œ 4 œ 4 Ê 3 œ 12 ; si f(si ) m mf(si )
! mf(si ) œ " s! 1 1 1 1
264,821
44,100 Ê Sœ 12 Š 264,821
44,100 ‹ œ 264,821
529,200 s" 5/4 16/25 4 64/25
¸ 0.50042; f Ð$Ñ (s) œ  24
s& Ê f
Ð%Ñ
(s) œ 120
s' s# 3/2 4/9 2 8/9
"¸ ˆ"‰ % s$ 7/4 16/49 4 64/49
Ê M œ 120 Ê kES k Ÿ ¸ 2180 4 (120)
"
s% 2 1/4 1 1/4
œ 384 ¸ 0.00260
(b) '1 2
" "
s# ds œ # Ê ES œ 1 s# ds  S œ #
1 " '2  0.50042 œ 0.00042 Ê kES k œ 0.00042
kES k
True Value ‚ 100 œ 0.5 ‚ 100 ¸ 0.08%
0.0004
(c)

8. '24 (s "1) # ds si f(si ) m mf(si )


ba 42 " ?x "
s! 2 1 1 1
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ n œ 4 œ 2 Ê # œ 4 ; s" 5/2 4/9 2 8/9
! mf(si ) œ 1269 s# 3 1/4 2 1/2
450
"
Ê Tœ 4 450 œ
ˆ 1269 ‰ 1269
1800 œ 0.70500; s$ 7/2 4/25 2 8/25
# w s% 4 1/9 1 1/9
f(s) œ (s  1) Ê f (s) œ  (s 2 1)$
Ê f ww (s) œ 6
(s  1)%
Ê Mœ6
Ê kE T k Ÿ 42
1#
ˆ "# ‰# (6) œ "
4 œ 0.25

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Section 8.6 Numerical Integration 505

(b) '24 (s "1) # ds œ ’ (s"


%
ˆ " ‰ ˆ " ‰
 1) “ œ 4  1  #1 œ
2
3 Ê ET œ '2
4
"
(s  1)# ds  T œ 2
3  0.705 ¸ 0.03833
#
Ê kET k ¸ 0.03833
kET k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ ˆ 23 ‰ ‚ 100 ¸
0.03833
6%
ba 42 " ?x "
II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ n œ 4 œ 2 Ê 3 œ 6 ; si f(si ) m mf(si )
! mf(si ) œ 1813 s! 2 1 1 1
450
" s" 5/2 4/9 4 16/9
Ê Sœ 6 450 œ
ˆ 1813 ‰ 1813
2700 ¸ 0.67148;
s# 3 1/4 2 1/2
Ð$Ñ 24 Ð%Ñ
f (s) œ (s1)& Ê f (s) œ 120
(s1)' Ê M œ 120 s$ 7/2 4/25 4 16/25
Ê kE S k Ÿ 42
180
ˆ "# ‰% (120) œ "
12 ¸ 0.08333 s% 4 1/9 1 1/9

(b) '2 4
"
(s  1)# ds œ 3 Ê ES œ
2 '2 4
"
(s  1)# ds  S ¸ 2
3  0.67148 œ 0.00481 Ê kES k ¸ 0.00481
kES k
True Value ‚ 100 œ ˆ 23 ‰ ‚ 100 ¸ 1%
0.00481
(c)

9. '01 sin t dt ti f(ti ) m mf(ti )


t! 0 0 1 0
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 1 4 0 œ 1
Ê ?x
# œ 1
; È2/2 È2
4 8
t" 1/4 2
! mf(ti ) œ 2  2È2 ¸ 4.8284 t# 1/2 1 2 2
1
Ê Tœ 8 Š2  2È2‹ ¸ 1.89612; t$ 31/4 È2/2 2 È2
t% 1 0 1 0
f(t) œ sin t Ê f w (t) œ cos t Ê f ww (t) œ sin t
# 1$
Ê M œ 1 Ê kET k Ÿ 11# 0 ˆ 14 ‰ (1) œ 19 #
¸ 0.16149
(b) '01 sin t dt œ [cos t] 1! œ (cos 1)  (cos 0) œ 2 Ê kET k œ '0 sin t dt  T ¸ 2  1.89612 œ 0.10388
1

kET k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0.10388
2 ‚ 100 ¸ 5%

II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 1 4 0 œ 1


4 Ê ?x
3 œ 1
12 ; ti f(ti ) m mf(ti )
! mf(ti ) œ 2  4È2 ¸ 7.6569 t! 0 0 1 0
t" 1/4 È2/2 4 È
2 2
1
Ê Sœ Š2  4È2‹ ¸ 2.00456;
12 t# 1/2 1 2 2
f Ð$Ñ (t) œ cos t Ê f Ð%Ñ (t) œ sin t t$ 31/4 È2/2 4 È
2 2
 0 ˆ 1 ‰% 1
Ê M œ 1 Ê kES k Ÿ 1180 4 (1) ¸ 0.00664
t% 0 1 0

(b) '01 sin t dt œ 2 Ê ES œ '0 sin t dt  S ¸ 2  2.00456 œ 0.00456 Ê kES k ¸ 0.00456


1

kES k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0.00456
2 ‚ 100 ¸ 0%

10. '01 sin 1t dt ti f(ti ) m mf(ti )


t! 0 0 1 0
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 1 4 0 œ 1
4 Ê ?x
# œ 1
8 ; È2/2 È2
t" 1/4 2
! mf(ti ) œ 2  2È2 ¸ 4.828 t# 1/2 1 2 2
Ê Tœ 1
Š2  2È2‹ ¸ 0.60355; f(t) œ sin 1t t$ 3/4 È2/2 2 È2
8
t% 1 0 1 0
Ê f w (t) œ 1 cos 1t
Ê f ww (t) œ 1# sin 1t Ê M œ 1#
#
Ê kET k Ÿ 1 1# 0 ˆ 14 ‰ a1# b ¸ 0.05140
(b) '01 sin 1t dt œ [ 1" cos 1t] "! œ ˆ 1" cos 1‰  ˆ 1" cos 0‰ œ 12 ¸ 0.63662 Ê kET k œ '0 sin 1t dt  T
1

¸ 1  0.60355 œ 0.03307
2

kET k
True Value ‚ 100 œ ˆ 12 ‰ ‚ 100 ¸ 5%
0.03307
(c)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


506 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 1 4 0 œ 41 Ê ?x


3 œ 1
12 ; ti f(ti ) m mf(ti )
! mf(ti ) œ 2  4È2 ¸ 7.65685 t! 0 0 1 0
t" 1/4 È2/2 4 È
2 2
Ê Sœ 1
Š2  4È2‹ ¸ 0.63807;
12 t# 1/2 1 2 2
f Ð$Ñ (t) œ 1$ cos 1t Ê f Ð%Ñ (t) œ 1% sin 1t t$ 3/4 È2/2 4 È
2 2
 0 ˆ 1 ‰%
Ê M œ 1% Ê kES k Ÿ 1180 4 a1% b ¸ 0.00211 t% 1 0 1 0

(b) '01 sin 1t dt œ 12 ¸ 0.63662 Ê ES œ '0 sin 1t dt  S ¸


1
2
1  0.63807 œ 0.00145 Ê kES k ¸ 0.00145
kES k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0.00145
ˆ 12 ‰ ‚ 100 ¸ 0%

"
11. (a) M œ 0 (see Exercise 1): Then n œ 1 Ê ?x œ 1 Ê kET k œ 1# (1)# (0) œ 0  10%
(b) M œ 0 (see Exercise 1): Then n œ 2 (n must be even) Ê ?x œ "
# Ê kE S k œ "
180
ˆ #" ‰% (0) œ 0  10%

12. (a) M œ 0 (see Exercise 2): Then n œ 1 Ê ?x œ 2 Ê kET k œ 2


1# (2)# (0) œ 0  10%
(b) M œ 0 (see Exercise 2): Then n œ 2 (n must be even) Ê ?x œ " Ê kES k œ 2
180 (1)% (0) œ 0  10%

13. (a) M œ 2 (see Exercise 3): Then ?x œ 2


n Ê kET k Ÿ 2
12
ˆ 2n ‰# (2) œ 4
3n#  10% Ê n#  4
3 a10% b Ê n  É 43 a10% b
Ê n  115.4, so let n œ 116
(b) M œ 0 (see Exercise 3): Then n œ 2 (n must be even) Ê ?x œ " Ê kES k œ 2
180 (1)% (0) œ 0  10%

14. (a) M œ 2 (see Exercise 4): Then ?x œ 2


n Ê kET k Ÿ 2
12
ˆ 2n ‰# (2) œ 4
3n#  10% Ê n#  4
3 a10% b Ê n  É 43 a10% b
Ê n  115.4, so let n œ 116
(b) M œ 0 (see Exercise 4): Then n œ 2 (n must be even) Ê ?x œ " Ê kES k œ 2
180 (1)% (0) œ 0  10%

15. (a) M œ 12 (see Exercise 5): Then ?x œ 2


n Ê kET k Ÿ 2
12
ˆ 2n ‰# (12) œ 8
n#  10% Ê n#  8 a10% b Ê n  È8 a10% b
Ê n  282.8, so let n œ 283
(b) M œ 0 (see Exercise 5): Then n œ 2 (n must be even) Ê ?x œ " Ê kES k œ 2
180 (1)% (0) œ 0  10%

16. (a) M œ 6 (see Exercise 6): Then ?x œ 2


n Ê kET k Ÿ 2
12
ˆ 2n ‰# (6) œ 4
n#  10% Ê n#  4 a10% b Ê n  È4 a10% b
œ 200, so let n œ 201
(b) M œ 0 (see Exercise 6): Then n œ 2 (n must be even) Ê ?x œ " Ê kES k œ 2
180 (1)% (0) œ 0  10%

17. (a) M œ 6 (see Exercise 7): Then ?x œ 1


n Ê kET k Ÿ 1
12
ˆ 1n ‰# (6) œ 1
2n#  10% Ê n#  "
# a10% b Ê n  É "# a10% b
Ê n  70.7, so let n œ 71
(b) M œ 120 (see Exercise 7): Then ?x œ "
n Ê kES k œ 1
180
ˆ "n ‰% (120) œ 2
3n%
 10% Ê n%  2
3 a10% b
Ê n É %
3 a10 b Ê n  9.04, so let n œ 10 (n must be even)
4 2

18. (a) M œ 6 (see Exercise 8): Then ?x œ 2


n Ê kET k Ÿ 2
12
ˆ 2n ‰# (6) œ 4
n#  10% Ê n#  4 a10% b Ê n  È4 a10% b
Ê n  200, so let n œ 201
(b) M œ 120 (see Exercise 8): Then ?x œ 2
n Ê kES k Ÿ 2
180
ˆ 2n ‰% (120) œ 64
3n%
 10% Ê n%  64
3 a10% b
Ê n É %
3 a10 b Ê n  21.5, so let n œ 22 (n must be even)
4 64

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Section 8.6 Numerical Integration 507
"
19. (a) f(x) œ Èx  1 Ê f w (x) œ (x  1)"Î2 Ê f ww (x) œ  4" (x  1)3Î2 œ  1
Ê Mœ 1
œ 1
.
4 ˆÈ x  1 ‰
2 3 3 4
4 ŠÈ1‹

Then ?x œ 3
n Ê kET k Ÿ 3
12
ˆ 3n ‰2 ˆ 14 ‰ œ 9
16n2  104 Ê n2  9
16 a104 b Ê n  É 16
9
a104 b Ê n  75,
so let n œ 76
(b) f Ð$Ñ (x) œ 38 (x  1)&Î# Ê f Ð%Ñ (x) œ  15
16 (x  1)
(Î#
œ 15
( Ê Mœ 15
( œ 15
. Then ?x œ 3
16 ˆÈx  1‰ 16 ŠÈ1‹
16 n

35 (15) ˆ10% ‰
ˆ n3 ‰% ˆ 16 35 (15) %
(15) a10 b 5 %
Ê kE S k Ÿ 3
180
15 ‰
œ 16(180)n%
 10% Ê n%  16(180) Ê n  É 3 16(180) Ê n  10.6, so let
n œ 12 (n must be even)

20. (a) f(x) œ "


È x 1 Ê f w (x) œ  #" (x  1)$Î# Ê f w w (x) œ 3
(x  1)&Î# œ 3
& Ê Mœ 3
& œ 3
.
4 4 ˆÈ x  1 ‰ 4 ŠÈ1‹
4

3 ˆ 3 ‰# ˆ 3 ‰ 3% 3% ˆ10% ‰ %a10% b
Then ?x œ n Ê kET k Ÿ 12 n
3
4 œ 48n#  10% Ê n#  48 Ên  É3 48 Ê n  129.9, so let n œ 130
(b) f Ð$Ñ (x) œ  8 (x  1)
15 (Î#
Ê f Ð%Ñ (x) œ 105 (x  1)*Î# œ 105
* Ê Mœ 105
* œ 16 . Then ?x œ n
105 3
16 16 ˆÈx1‰ 16 ŠÈ1‹

3& (105) ˆ10% ‰


ˆ n3 ‰% ˆ 105 3& (105) %
a10 b & %
Ê kE S k Ÿ 3
180 16 œ
‰ 16(180)n%
 10% Ê n%  16(180) Ê n  É 3 (105)
16(180) Ê n  17.25, so
let n œ 18 (n must be even)

21. (a) f(x) œ sin (x  1) Ê f w (x) œ cos (x  1) Ê f ww (x) œ sin (x  1) Ê M œ 1. Then ?x œ 2


n Ê k ET k Ÿ 2
12
ˆ 2n ‰# (1)
8 ˆ10% ‰ %
œ 8
12n#  10% Ê n#  12 Ê n  É 8 a110# b Ê n  81.6, so let n œ 82
(b) f Ð$Ñ (x) œ cos (x  1) Ê f Ð%Ñ (x) œ sin (x  1) Ê M œ 1. Then ?x œ 2
n Ê kES k Ÿ 2
180
ˆ 2n ‰% (1) œ 32
180n%
 10%
32 ˆ10% ‰ %
a10 b %
Ê n%  180 Ê n  É 32180 Ê n  6.49, so let n œ 8 (n must be even)

22. (a) f(x) œ cos (x  1) Ê f w (x) œ sin (x  1) Ê f ww (x) œ cos (x  1) Ê M œ 1. Then ?x œ 2


n
8 ˆ10% ‰
ˆ n2 ‰# (1) œ
%
Ê kE T k Ÿ 2
12
8
12n#  10% Ê n#  12 Ê n  É 8 a110# b Ê n  81.6, so let n œ 82
(b) f Ð$Ñ (x) œ sin (x  1) Ê f Ð%Ñ (x) œ cos (x  1) Ê M œ 1. Then ?x œ 2
n Ê kE S k Ÿ 2
180
ˆ 2n ‰% (1) œ 32
180n%
 10%
32 ˆ10% ‰ %
a10 b %
Ê n%  180 Ê n  É 32180 Ê n  6.49, so let n œ 8 (n must be even)

23. 5
2 a6.0  2a8.2b  2a9.1bÞ Þ Þ  2a12.7b  13.0ba30b œ 15,990 ft3 .

24. Use the conversion 30 mph œ 44 fps (ft per


sec) since time is measured in seconds. The
distance traveled as the car accelerates from,
say, 40 mph œ 58.67 fps to 50 mph œ 73.33 fps
in (4.5  3.2) œ 1.3 sec is the area of the
trapezoid (see figure) associated with that time
interval: "# (58.67  73.33)(1.3) œ 85.8 ft. The
total distance traveled by the Ford Mustang
Cobra is the sum of all these eleven trapezoids
(using ?t# and the table below):
v (mph) 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
v (fps) 0 44 58.67 73.33 88 102.67 117.33 132 146.67 161.33 176 190.67
t (sec) 0 2.2 3.2 4.5 5.9 7.8 10.2 12.7 16 20.6 26.2 37.1
?t/2 0 1.1 0.5 0.65 0.7 0.95 1.2 1.25 1.65 2.3 2.8 5.45

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


508 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

s œ (44)(1.1)  (102.67)(0.5)  (132)(0.65)  (161.33)(0.7)  (190.67)(0.95)  (220)(1.2)  (249.33)(1.25)


 (278.67)(1.65)  (308)(2.3)  (337.33)(2.8)  (366.67)(5.45) œ 5166.346 ft ¸ 0.9785 mi

25. Using Simpson's Rule, ?x œ 1 Ê ?x "


3 œ 3 ;
xi yi m myi
! myi œ 33.6 Ê Cross Section Area ¸ " (33.6) x! 0 1.5 1 1.5
3
x" 1 1.6 4 6.4
œ 11.2 ft# . Let x be the length of the tank. Then the
x# 2 1.8 2 3.6
Volume V œ (Cross Sectional Area) x œ 11.2x.
x$ 3 1.9 4 7.6
Now 5000 lb of gasoline at 42 lb/ft$ x% 4 2.0 2 4.0
$
Ê V œ 5000 42 œ 119.05 ft x5 5 2.1 4 8.4
Ê 119.05 œ 11.2x Ê x ¸ 10.63 ft x' 6 2.1 1 2.1

26. 24
2 c
0.019  2a0.020b  2a0.021b  Þ Þ Þ  2a0.031b  0.035 d œ 4.2 L

1 ˆ 1#  0‰
27. (a) kES k Ÿ ba %
180 a?x b M; n œ 4 Ê ?x œ # 0
4 œ 1
8 ; ¸f Ð%Ñ ¸ Ÿ 1 Ê M œ 1 Ê kES k Ÿ 180
ˆ 18 ‰% (1) ¸ 0.00021
1 ?x 1
(b) ?x œ 8 Ê 3 œ #4 ;
xi f(xi ) m mf(x1i )
! mf(xi ) œ 10.47208705 x! 0 1 1 1
Ê Sœ 1
(10.47208705) ¸ 1.37079 x" 1/8 0.974495358 4 3.897981432
#4
x# 1/4 0.900316316 2 1.800632632
x$ 31/8 0.784213303 4 3.136853212
x% 1/2 0.636619772 1 0.636619772
(c) ¸ ˆ 0.00021
1.37079 ‚ 100 ¸ 0.015%

ba 10
28. (a) ?x œ n œ 10 œ 0.1 Ê erfa1b œ 2 ˆ 0.1 ‰
È3 3 ay0  4y1  2y2  4y3  Þ Þ Þ  4y9  y10 b
0.01 0.04 0.09 0.81
2
30È1
ae0  4e  2e  4e  Þ Þ Þ  4e  e1 b ¸ 0.843
10
(b) kES k Ÿ 180 a0.1b4 a12b ¸ 6.7 ‚ 106

?x ba
29. T œ 2 ay0  2y1  2y2  2y3  Þ Þ Þ  2yn1  yn b where ?x œ n and f is continuous on [a, b]. So
b  a ay0  y1  y1  y2  y2  Þ Þ Þ  ync1  ync1  yn b
Tœ n 2 œ b n a Š fax0 b 2 fax1 b  fax1 b 2 fax2 b  ÞÞÞ  faxnc1 b  faxn b
2 ‹.
faxkc1 b  faxk b
Since f is continuous on each interval [xk1 , xk ], and # is always between faxk1 b and faxk b, there is a point ck in
faxkc1 b  faxk b
[xk1 , xk ] with fack b œ # ; this is a consequence of the Intermediate Value Theorem. Thus our sum is
n n
! ˆ b  a ‰fack b which has the form ! ?xk fack b with ?xk œ ba
for all k. This is a Riemann Sum for f on [a, b].
n n
k œ1 k œ1

?x b a
30. S œ 3 ay0  4y1  2y2  4y3  Þ Þ Þ  2yn2  4yn1  yn b where n is even, ?x œ n and f is continuous on [a, b]. So
S œ b n a ˆ y0  4y3 1  y2  y2  4y33  y4  y4  4y3 5  y6  Þ Þ Þ  ync2  4y3 nc1  yn ‰
œ b n a Š fax0 b  4fa6x1 b  fax2 b  fax2 b  4fa6x3 b  fax4 b  fax4 b  4fa6x5 b  fax6 b  Þ Þ Þ  faxnc2 b  4fa6xnc1 b  faxn b ‹
2
fax2k b  4fax2kb1 b  fax2kb2 b
6 is the average of the six values of the continuous function on the interval [x2k , x2k2 ], so it is between
the minimum and maximum of f on this interval. By the Extreme Value Theorem for continuous functions, f takes on its
maximum and minimum in this interval, so there are xa and xb with x2k Ÿ xa , xb Ÿ x2k2 and
fax2k b  4fax2kb1 b  fax2kb2 b
faxa b Ÿ 6 Ÿ faxb b. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, there is ck in [x2k , x2k2 ] with
n/2
fax2k b  4fax2kb1 b  fax2kb2 b ba
fack b œ 6 . So our sum has the form ! ?xk fack b with ?xk œ an/2b ß a Riemann sum for f on [a, b].
k œ1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Section 8.6 Numerical Integration 509

Ê Length œ 4 '0 É1 
1Î2
31. (a) a œ 1, e œ " "
cos# t dt xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )
# 4
x! 0 1.732050808 1 1.732050808
œ 2 '0 È4  cos# t dt œ '0
1Î2 1Î2
f(t) dt; use the x" 1/20 1.739100843 2 3.478201686
ba ˆ 1# ‰  0 x# 1/10 1.759400893 2 3.518801786
Trapezoid Rule with n œ 10 Ê ?t œ n œ 10 x$ 31/20 1.790560631 2 3.581121262
'01Î2 È4  cos# t dt ¸ ! mf(xn ) œ 37.3686183 1/5
10
œ 1 x% 1.82906848 1 3.658136959
#0 .
nœ0 x5 1/4 1.870828693 1 3.741657387
Ê Tœ ?t
(37.3686183) œ 1
(37.3686183) x' 31/10 1.911676881 2 3.823353762
# 40
œ 2.934924419 Ê Length œ 2(2.934924419) x( 71/20 1.947791731 2 3.895583461
x) 21/5 1.975982919 2 3.951965839
¸ 5.870
x* 91/20 1.993872679 2 3.987745357
(b) kf ww (t)k  1 Ê M œ 1 x"! 1/2 2 1 2
ˆ 1# ‰  0
Ê kE T k Ÿ ba
1# a?t# Mb Ÿ 1#
ˆ #10 ‰# 1 Ÿ 0.0032

10 1 ?x 1 !
32. ?x œ 8 œ 8 Ê 3 œ 24 ; mf(xi ) œ 29.184807792 xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )
1 x! 0 1.414213562 1 1.414213562
ÊS œ 24 a29.18480779b ¸ 3.82028
x" 1/8 1.361452677 4 5.445810706
x# 1/4 1.224744871 2 2.449489743
x$ 31/8 1.070722471 4 4.282889883
x% 1/2 1 2 2
x5 51/8 1.070722471 4 4.282889883
x' 31/4 1.224744871 2 2.449489743
x( 71/8 1.361452677 4 5.445810706
x) 1 1.414213562 1 1.414213562

33. The length of the curve y œ sin ˆ 3#10 x‰ from 0 to 20 is: L œ '0 Ê1  Š dx
20 # #
31
dy
‹ dx; dy
dx œ #0 cos ˆ 3#10 x‰ Ê Š dx
dy

cos# ˆ 3#10 x‰ Ê L œ '0 É1 


20
91 # 91 #
œ 400 400 cos# ˆ 3#10 x‰ dx. Using numerical integration we find L ¸ 21.07 in

34. First, we'll find the length of the cosine curve: L œ 'c25 Ê1  Š dy
25 #
dx ‹ dx;
dy
dx œ  25501 sin ˆ 150x ‰

Ê Š dy
dx ‹ œ
#
1#
4 sin# ˆ 150x ‰ Ê L œ 'c2525 É1  14 #
sin# ˆ 150x ‰ dx. Using a numerical integrator we find
L ¸ 73.1848 ft. Surface area is: A œ length † width ¸ (73.1848)(300) œ 21,955.44 ft.
Cost œ 1.75A œ (1.75)(21,955.44) œ $38,422.02. Answers may vary slightly, depending on the numerical
integration used.

35. y œ sin x Ê dy
dx œ cos x Ê Š dy #
#
'
dx ‹ œ cos x Ê S œ 0 21(sin x)
1
È1  cos# x dx; a numerical integration gives

S ¸ 14.4

Ê S œ '0 21 Š x4 ‹ É1 
# 2
x# x# #
x#
36. y œ 4 Ê dy
dx œ x
# Ê Š dx
dy
‹ œ 4 4 dx; a numerical integration gives S ¸ 5.28

37. A calculator or computer numerical integrator yields sin" 0.6 ¸ 0.643501109.

38. A calculator or computer numerical integrator yields 1 ¸ 3.1415929.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


510 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

8.7 IMPROPER INTEGRALS

1. '0_ x dx 1 œ
# lim '0b x dx 1 œ
# lim ctan" xd 0 œ lim atan" b  tan" 0b œ
b 1
# 0œ 1
#
bÄ_ bÄ_ bÄ_

2. '1_ xdx 1Þ001 œ lim '1b xdx 1Þ001 œ lim c1000x 0Þ001 d "b œ lim ˆ b1000
0 001  1000
‰ œ 1000
bÄ_ bÄ_ bÄ_
Þ

3. '01 Èdxx œ lim b 'b1 x"Î# dx œ lim


"
c2x1Î2 d b œ lim b Š2  2Èb‹ œ 2  0 œ 2
bÄ! b Ä 0b bÄ0

4. '04 È dx œ lim c '0b a4  xb"Î# dx œ lim ’2È4  b  Š2È4‹“ œ 0  4 œ 4


4x bÄ4 b Ä 4c

5. 'c11 dx
x#Î$
œ 'c1
0
dx
x#Î$
b
 '0
1
dx
x#Î$
"
œ lim c 3x"Î$ ‘ c1  lim b 3x"Î$ ‘ c
bÄ! cÄ!
œ lim c 3b"Î$  3(1)"Î$ ‘  lim 3(1)"Î$  3c"Î$ ‘ œ (0  3)  (3  0) œ 6
bÄ! cÄ!

6. '18 xdx"Î$ œ '8 xdx


0
'0 1
œ lim   #3 x#Î$ ‘ )  lim  3# x#Î$ ‘ c
"Î$ 
b dx
x"Î$
"
bÄ! cÄ!
œ lim c  3# b#Î$  3# (8)#Î$ ‘  lim b  3# (1)#Î$  3# c#Î$ ‘ œ 0  3# (4)‘  ˆ 3#  0‰ œ  9#
bÄ! cÄ!

7. '01 È dx œ lim c csin" xd 0 œ lim c asin" b  sin" 0b œ


b 1
# 0œ 1
#
1  x# bÄ1 bÄ1

8. '01 r dr
0Þ999 œ lim b c1000r0 001 d 1b œ lim b a1000  1000b0 001 b œ 1000  0 œ 1000
Þ Þ

bÄ! bÄ!

9. 'c_2 x2 dx1 œ '


#
_
2
 ' _ x dx
dx
x1 1 œ bÄ
2
lim cln kx  1kd b 2  lim cln kx  1kd b 2 œ lim ln ¸ xx  1 ¸‘ #
1 b
_ b Ä _ b Ä _
œ lim ˆln ¸  ¸ b  1 ¸‰ œ ln 3  ln Š lim bb 
1  ln b  1
3¸ "
 1 ‹ œ ln 3  ln 1 œ ln 3
b Ä _ b Ä _

10. 'c2_ x2 dx4 œ


# lim tan" #x ‘ 2 œ lim ˆtan" 1  tan" b2 ‰ œ 1
4  ˆ 1# ‰ œ 31
4
b Ä _ b b Ä _

11. '2_ v2 dvv œ


# lim 2 ln ¸ v v " ¸‘ # œ lim ˆ2 ln ¸ b b " ¸  2 ln ¸ 2 # " ¸‰ œ 2 ln (1)  2 ln ˆ "# ‰ œ 0  2 ln 2 œ ln 4
b

bÄ_ bÄ_

12. '2_ t 2dt1 œ


#
 " ¸‘ b
lim ln ¸ tt  1 # œ lim
 "¸
ˆln ¸ bb  ¸ 2  " ¸‰ œ ln (1)  ln ˆ "3 ‰ œ 0  ln 3 œ ln 3
1  ln #  1
bÄ_ bÄ_

_ _
13. 'c_ 2x dx
œ ' _ ax2x dx
0
 '0 2x dx
;”
u œ x#  1
Ä '_1 duu  '1_ duu œ lim  u" ‘ b  c lim
1
 u" ‘ c
ax #  1 b # #  1 b# ax #  1 b# du œ 2x dx • # #
bÄ_ Ä_ 1

œ lim ˆ1  "b ‰  c lim


Ä_
 "c  (1)‘ œ (1  0)  (0  1) œ 0
bÄ_

_ _ u œ x#  4 _
14. 'c_ x dx
œ' _
0
x dx
 '0 x dx
;” Ä '_4 2udu  '4 du
ax #  4b$Î# ax #  4b$Î# ax #  4b$Î# du œ 2x dx • $Î# 2u$Î#
% c
œ lim ’ È"u “  c lim
Ä_
’ È"u “ œ lim Š #"  "
Èb ‹  c lim
Ä_
Š È"c  #" ‹ œ ˆ #"  0‰  ˆ0  #" ‰ œ 0
bÄ_ b % bÄ_

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Section 8.7 Improper Integrals 511

'01 È)  " u œ ) #  2) '03 2Èduu œ 'b3 2Èduu œ Èu‘ 3 œ lim ŠÈ3  Èb‹ œ È3  0
15. d); ” Ä lim b lim
)#  2) du œ 2()  ") d) • bÄ! b Ä !b b
b Ä !b
œ È3

'02 Ès  " '02 È2s ds u œ 4  s#


 '0 Ä  "# '4 È '
2 0 c
"
16. ds œ ds
È 4  s# ;” •
du
 lim c
ds
0 È 4  s#
4 s# # 4 s# du œ 2s ds u cÄ2

œ lim b 'b '0c È ds


4
œ lim b Èu‘ b  lim c sin" #s ‘ !
4 c
du
2È u
 lim c
bÄ! cÄ2 4  s# bÄ! c Ä 2
œ lim b Š2  Èb‹  lim c ˆsin" c
#  sin" 0‰ œ (2  0)  ˆ 1#  0‰ œ 41
#
bÄ! cÄ2

17. '0_ (1 dxx)Èx ; – u œ Èx


— Ä
'0_ u2 du1 œ lim '0b u2 du1 œ lim c2 tan" ud 0
b

du œ 2dx
Èx
#
bÄ_
#
bÄ_

œ lim a2 tan" b  2 tan" 0b œ 2 ˆ 1# ‰  2(0) œ 1


bÄ_

18. '1_ dx
œ '1
2
dx
 '2
_ dx
œ lim b 'b
2
dx
 c lim '2c dx
xÈ x#  1 xÈ x#  1 xÈ x#  1 bÄ1 xÈ x#  1 Ä_ xÈ x#  1

œ lim b csec" kxkd b  c lim csec" kxkd 2 œ lim b asec" 2  sec" bb  c lim asec" c  sec" 2b
2 c

bÄ1 Ä_ bÄ1 Ä_
œ ˆ 13  0‰  ˆ 1#  13 ‰ œ 1#

19. '0_ a1  v b adv1  tan " vb œ


# lim cln k1  tan" vkd 0 œ lim cln k1  tan" bkd  ln k1  tan" 0k
b

bÄ_ bÄ_
œ ln ˆ1  1# ‰  ln (1  0) œ ln ˆ1  1# ‰

20. '0_ 161tan


x
c x "
dx œ
#
# b
lim ’8 atan" xb “ œ lim ’8 atan" bb “  8 atan" 0b œ 8 ˆ 1# ‰  8(0) œ 21#
# # #
bÄ_ 0 bÄ_

21. 'c0_ )e) d) œ lim )e)  e) ‘ 0 œ a0 † e!  e! b  lim cbeb  eb d œ 1  lim ˆ becb" ‰


b Ä _ b b Ä _ b Ä _
œ 1  lim ˆ e"cb ‰ ^
(l'Hopital's rule for _
_ form)
b Ä _
œ 1  0 œ  1

22. '0_ 2e) sin ) d) œ lim '0b 2e) sin ) d)


bÄ_
c) b
œ lim 2 ’ 1e 1 ( sin )  cos ))“ (FORMULA 107 with a œ 1, b œ 1)
bÄ_ 0
2(sin b  cos b) 2(sin 0  cos 0) 2(0  1)
œ lim 2eb
 2e! œ0 2 œ1
bÄ_

23. 'c_
0
e x
k k
dx œ ' _ ex dx œ lim cex d !b œ lim a1  eb b œ (1  0) œ 1
0

b Ä _ b Ä _

_ _
24. 'c_ 2xe dx œ ' _ 2xe x dx  '0 2xe x dx œ lim ce x d b  c lim
x#
0
#

Ä_
ce
# # 0 x# c
d
b Ä _ 0

lim c1  aecb bd  c lim cecc  (1)d œ (1  0)  (0  1) œ 0


# #
œ Ä_
b Ä _

25. '01 x ln x dx œ #
lim b ’ x# ln x  x#
4 “b
1
œ ˆ "# ln 1  4" ‰  lim b Š b# ln b 
#
b#
4‹ œ  4"  lim b ln b
0
bÄ! bÄ! bÄ! Š b2# ‹

Š "b ‹ #
œ  "4  lim b 4
œ  4"  lim b Š b4 ‹ œ  4"  0 œ  4"
bÄ! Š
b$
‹ bÄ!

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


512 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

Š b" ‹
26. '01 ( ln x) dx œ lim cx  x ln xd b" œ c1  1 ln 1d  lim b cb  b ln bd œ 1  0  lim b ln b
œ 1  lim b
b Ä !b bÄ! bÄ! Š "b ‹ bÄ! Š "
b#

œ 1  lim b b œ 1  0 œ 1
bÄ!

27. '02 È ds œ lim c sin" #s ‘ 0 œ lim c ˆsin" b# ‰  sin" 0 œ


b 1
# 0œ 1
#
4  s# bÄ2 bÄ2

28. '01 È4r dr œ lim c c2 sin" ar# bd 0 œ lim c c2 sin" ab# bd  2 sin" 0 œ 2 †
b 1
# 0œ1
1  r% bÄ1 bÄ1

29. '12 ds #
œ lim b csec" sd b œ sec" 2  lim b sec" b œ 1
0œ 1
sÈ s#  1 bÄ1 bÄ1 3 3

30. '24 È dt %
œ lim b  "# sec" #t ‘ b œ lim b ˆ "# sec" 4# ‰  "
# sec" ˆ b# ‰‘ œ "
#
ˆ 13 ‰  "
# †0œ 1
t t#  4 bÄ2 bÄ2 6

31. '41 Èdxkxk œ lim c 'b1 Èdxx  lim b 'c


4
dx
Èx
b 4
œ lim c 2Èx‘ c1  lim b 2Èx‘ c
bÄ! cÄ! bÄ! cÄ!
œ lim c Š2Èb‹  ˆ2È(1)‰  2È4  lim b 2Èc œ 0  2  2 † 2  0 œ 6
bÄ! cÄ!

#
32. '02 Èkxdx 1k œ '01 È dx  '1
2
dx
Èx  1 œ lim c ’2È1x“  lim ’2Èx  1“
b

1x bÄ1 ! cÄ1 c

œ lim  Š2È1b‹  Š2È1  0‹  2È2  1  lim Š2Èc  1‹ œ 0  2  2  0 œ 4


bÄ1 cÄ1

33. 'c_1 ) #
d)
 5)  6 œ lim ln ¸ )) 
 2 ¸‘ b
3
 2 ¸‘
œ lim ln ¸ bb  3
"  2 ¸
 ln ¸  ˆ"‰
1  3 œ 0  ln # œ ln 2
bÄ_ 1 bÄ_

34. '0_ (x  1)dxax #  1b œ lim  #" ln kx  1k  "


4 ln ax#  1b  "
# tan" x‘ 0 œ lim ’ #" ln Š Èxx
b 1
# 1
‹ "
# tan" x“
b

bÄ_ bÄ_ 0

œ lim ’ " ln Š Èbb "


‹  "
tan "
b“  ’ "# ln "
È1  "
tan "
0“ œ "
ln 1  "
† 1
 "
ln 1  "
†0œ 1
bÄ_ # # 1 # # # # # # # 4

35. '01Î2 tan ) d) œ lim c ln kcos )kd b0 œ lim1 c c ln kcos bkd  ln 1 œ lim1 c c ln kcos bkd œ  _, the integral diverges
b Ä 12 c bÄ 2 bÄ 2

36. '01Î2 cot ) d) œ lim cln ksin )kd 1b Î# œ ln 1  lim cln ksin bkd œ  lim cln ksin bkd œ  _, the integral diverges
bÄ0 bÄ0 bÄ0

37. '01 Èsin ) d) ; c1  ) œ xd Ä '1


0
sin x dx
Èx œ '0
1
sin x dx
Èx . Since 0 Ÿ sin x
Èx Ÿ "
Èx for all 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 1 and '0
1
dx
Èx converges, then
1)

'0 1
sin x
Èx dx converges by the Direct Comparison Test.

Ô x œ 11  2x) ×
38. 'c11ÎÎ22 cos ) d)
(1  2))"Î$
; )œ ## Ä '201  cos 2xˆ 1 c
#
"Î$
x‰
# dx
œ '0
21
sin ˆ x# ‰ dx
#x"Î$
. Since 0 Ÿ
sin x#
2x"Î$
Ÿ "
2x"Î$
for all 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 21 and
Õ d) œ  dx Ø
#
'021 dx
2x"Î$
converges, then '0
21
sin x# dx
#x"Î$
converges by the Direct Comparison Test.

39. '0ln 2 x# ec1Îx dx;  "x œ y‘ Ä '_1Îln 2 y ey#dy œ '1_Îln 2 e


# y
y
dy œ lim ce y d b1Îln 2 œ lim ce b d  ce 1Îln 2 d
bÄ_ bÄ_
œ 0  ec1Îln 2 œ e 1Îln 2 , so the integral converges.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Section 8.7 Improper Integrals 513

40. '01 eÈcÈxx


dx; y œ Èx‘ Ä 2'0 ecy dy œ 2  2e , so the integral converges.
1

41. '01 Èt dtsin t . Since for 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 1, 0 Ÿ "


Èt  sin t Ÿ "
Èt and '0
1
dt
Èt converges, then the original integral converges as well by
the Direct Comparison Test.

42. '01 t dtsin t ; let f(t) œ t  "sin t and g(t) œ t" , then $ lim f(t)
œ lim t$
œ lim 3t#
œ lim 6t
t Ä 0 g(t) t Ä 0 t  sin t t Ä 0 1  cos t t Ä 0 sin t

œ 6. Now,'0 œ lim b  #"t# ‘ b œ  #"  lim b  #"b# ‘ œ _, which diverges Ê '0
1 1 1
œ lim 6 dt
t$
dt
t  sin t diverges
t Ä 0 cos t bÄ! bÄ!
by the Limit Comparison Test.

43. '02 1 dxx # œ '0


1
dx
1  x#  '1
2
dx
1  x# and'0
1
dx
1  x# œ lim c  #" ln ¸ 11 
 x ¸‘ b  " ¸ "  b ¸‘  0 œ _, which
x 0 œ lim c # ln 1  b
bÄ1 bÄ1
diverges Ê ' 2
dx
0 1x
# diverges as well.

44. '02 dx
1x œ '0
1
dx
1x  '1
2
dx
1x and '0
1
dx
1x œ lim c c ln (1  x)d b0 œ lim c c ln (1  b)d  0 œ _, which diverges
bÄ1 bÄ1
Ê '02 dx
1x diverges as well.

45. 'c11 ln kxk dx œ 'c01 ln (x) dx  '01 ln x dx; '01 ln x dx œ lim cx ln x  xd 1b œ [1 † 0  1]  lim b [b ln b  b]
b Ä !b bÄ!

œ 1  0 œ 1; 'c1 ln (x) dx œ 1 Ê 'c11 ln kxk dx œ 2 converges.


0

46. 'c11 ax ln kxk b dx œ 'c01 cx ln (x)d dx  '01 (x ln x) dx œ #


lim b ’ x# ln x  x#
4 “b
1 #
 lim b ’ x# ln x  x#
4 “c
1

bÄ! cÄ!
# # #
c#
œ  "# ln 1  4" ‘  lim b ’ b# ln b  b4 “   "# ln 1  4" -‘  lim b ’ c# ln c  4“ œ  4"  0  "
4  0 œ 0 Ê the integral
bÄ! cÄ!
converges (see Exercise 25 for the limit calculations).

47. '1_ 1 dxx $ ;0Ÿ "


x$  1 Ÿ "
x$ for 1 Ÿ x  _ and '1
_ dx
x$ converges Ê '1_ 1 dxx $ converges by the Direct Comparison Test.

48. '4_ Èxdx 1 ; x lim Š Èx1 1



œ x lim
Èx
œ x lim "
œ "
œ 1 and '4
_ dx b
œ lim 2Èx‘ 4 œ _,
Ä_ Š È"x ‹ Ä_ Èx  1 Ä_ 1  È"x 1 0 Èx bÄ_
_
which diverges Ê '4 dx
Èx  1 diverges by the Limit Comparison Test.

49. '2_ È dv ; lim


ŠÈ 1
v
œ v lim
1

œ v lim "
œ È1" 0 œ 1 and
Èv
'2_ Èdvv œ b
lim 2Èv‘ # œ _,
v1 v Ä _ Š È"v ‹ Ä _ Èv  1 Ä _ É1  "
v
bÄ_
_
which diverges Ê '2 dv
Èv  1 diverges by the Limit Comparison Test.

50. '0_ 1 d)e ; 0 Ÿ 1"e


) ) Ÿ "
e) for 0 Ÿ )  _ and '0
_ d)
e) œ lim cec) d b0 œ lim aecb  1b œ 1 Ê '0
_ d)
e) converges
bÄ_ bÄ_
_
Ê '0 d)
1 e ) converges by the Direct Comparison Test.

51. '0_ È dx œ '0


1
dx
È x'  1  '1
_ dx
È x'  1  '0
1
dx
È x'  1  '1
_ dx
x$ and '1
_ dx
x$ œ lim  2x" # ‘ 1
b
x'  1 bÄ_
_
œ lim ˆ "
#b#  "‰
# œ "
# Ê '0 dx
È x'  1 converges by the Direct Comparison Test.
bÄ_

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514 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

'2_ È dx '2_ x" dx œ


"
ŠÈ ‹
x# "
52. ; x lim 1
œ x lim x
œ x lim " œ 1; lim cln bd b2 œ _,
x#  1 Ä_ Š x" ‹ Ä_ È x#  1 Ä_ É1  bÄ_
x#
_
which diverges Ê '2 dx
È x#  1 diverges by the Limit Comparison Test.

Èx
53. '1_ Èxx  1 dx; x lim Œ
Èx
x# 
œ x lim
Èx
œ x lim "
œ 1; '1_ Èx x dx œ '1_ xdx
Èx  1 É1  "
# #
Ä_ 1 Ä_ Ä_ $Î#
Πx#  x

_ Èx  1
2
œ lim 2x"Î# ‘ 1 œ lim Š È  2‹ œ 2 Ê '1
b
x# dx converges by the Limit Comparison Test.
bÄ_ b bÄ_

'2_ Èx dx ŠÈ
'2_ Èx dx œ '2
_ dx
x

x% 1
È x% "
54. ; x lim
Ä_
œ x lim
Ä_ È x%  1 œ x lim
Ä_ " œ 1; œ lim cln xd b2 œ _,
x% 1 ŠÈ x
‹ É1  x% x bÄ_
x% x%
_
which diverges Ê '2 x dx
È x%  1 diverges by the Limit Comparison Test.

55. '1_ 2  xcos x dx; 0  "x Ÿ 2  xcos x for x   1 and '1_ dxx œ lim cln xd 1b œ _, which diverges
bÄ_
_ 2  cos x
Ê '1 x dx diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.

56. '1_ 1 xsin x dx; 0 Ÿ " xsin x Ÿ x2


# # # for x   1 and '1
_ 2
x#
b
dx œ lim  x2 ‘ 1 œ lim ˆ b2  12 ‰ œ 2
1
bÄ_ bÄ_
Ê '1_ 2xdx converges# Ê '1_ 1 xsin x dx converges by the Direct Comparison Test.
#

57. '4_ t 2 dt 1 ;


$Î# lim t$Î#
œ 1 and '4
_ 2 dt 4
œ lim 4t"Î# ‘ 4 œ lim Š È
b
 2‹ œ 2 Ê '4_ 2t dt converges
t Ä _ t$Î#  1 t$Î# bÄ_ b bÄ_
$Î#

_
Ê '4 2 dt
t$Î#  1
converges by the Limit Comparison Test.

58. '2_ lndxx ; 0  "x  ln"x for x  2 and '2_ dxx diverges Ê '2
_ dx
ln x diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.

59. '1_ ex x
dx; 0  "
x  ex
x for x  1 and '1
_ dx
x diverges Ê '1_ e xdx diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.
x

60. 'e_ ln (ln x) dx; cx œ eyd Ä 'e_ (ln y) ey dy; 0  ln y  (ln y) ey for y   e and 'e_ ln y dy œ lim cy ln y  yd be œ _,
e
bÄ_
_
which diverges Ê 'e ln ey dy diverges Ê 'e_ ln (ln x) dx diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.
e

'1_ Èedx x ; x lim '_ '_


"
ŠÈ
È ex ‹
61. x
œ x lim œ x lim
ex "
œ È1" 0 œ 1; 1 Èdxex œ 1 e xÎ2 dx
Š È" x ‹
Ä_ Ä _ È ex  x Ä _ É1  xx
x
e e
_ _
cxÎ2 b
œ lim c2e d " œ lim a2e bÎ2
 2e b œ Èe Ê 1 e xÎ2 dx converges Ê 1 Èedx
1Î2 2
xx
converges ' '
bÄ_ b Ä _
by the Limit Comparison Test.

62. '1_ e dx 2


x x ; x lim
Ä_
ˆ ex " 2x ‰
ˆ e"x ‰ œ x lim
Ä_
ex
e x 2 x œ x lim
Ä_
"
x œ "
1 0 œ 1 and '1
_ dx
ex œ lim cecx d b1
1Š 2e ‹ bÄ_
_ _
œ lim aecb  e" b œ "
e Ê '1 dx
ex converges Ê '1 dx
e x 2 x converges by the Limit Comparison Test.
bÄ_

63. ' __ È dx œ 2 '0


_
dx
È x%  1 ; '0
_
dx
È x%  1 œ '0
1
dx
È x%  1  '1
_
dx
È x%  1  '0
1
dx
È x%  1  '1
_
dx
x# and
x%  1
_ dx _
'1 x# œ lim  x" ‘ 1 œ lim ˆ b"  1‰ œ 1 Ê
b
' _ È x%  1
dx
converges by the Direct Comparison Test.
bÄ_ bÄ_

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Section 8.7 Improper Integrals 515

64. 'c__ e dxec


x x œ 2'0
_ dx
ex  ecx ;0 "
ex  ecx  "
ex for x  0; '0
_ dx
ex converges Ê 2 '0
_ dx
ex  ecx converges by the
Direct Comparison Test.

65. (a) '12 x(lndxx) p ; ct œ ln xd Ä '0


ln 2
œ lim b ’ p" 1 t1cp “ œ lim b dt
tp
ln 2
b1cp
p1  "
1p (ln 2)1cp
bÄ! b bÄ!
Ê the integral converges for p  1 and diverges for p   1
(b) '2_ x(lndxx) p ; ct œ ln xd Ä 'ln 2
_ dt
tp and this integral is essentially the same as in Exercise 65(a): it converges
for p  1 and diverges for p Ÿ 1

66. '0_ x2xdx1 œ


# lim cln ax#  1bd 0 œ lim cln ab#  1bd  0 œ lim ln ab#  1b œ _ Ê the integral
b
' __ x 2x 1 dx
#
bÄ_ bÄ_ bÄ_

diverges. But lim 'c_ x2xdx1 œ


b
# lim cln ax#  1bd
b
œ lim cln ab#  1b  ln ab#  1bd œ lim ln Š bb#  "
1‹
#

bÄ_ bÄ_ b
bÄ_ bÄ_
œ lim (ln 1) œ 0
bÄ_

_
67. A œ '0 ecx dx œ lim cecx d b0 œ lim aecb b  aec0 b
bÄ_ bÄ_
œ01œ1

68. x œ "
A
'0_ xecx dx œ lim cxecx  ecx d b0 œ lim abecb  ecb b  a0 † ec0  ec0 b œ 0  1 œ 1;
bÄ_ bÄ_
yœ " '0_ aecx b# dx œ #" '0_ ec2x dx œ lim "  #" ec2x ‘ b œ lim " ˆ #" ec2b ‰  #" ˆ #" ec2 0 ‰ œ 0  † "
œ "
2A bÄ_ # 0 bÄ_ # 4 4

_ _
69. V œ '0 21xecx dx œ 21 '0 xecx dx œ 21 lim cxecx  ecx d b0 œ 21 ’ lim abecb  ecb b  1“ œ 21
bÄ_ bÄ_

_ _
70. V œ '0 1 aecx b# dx œ 1 '0 ec2x dx œ 1 lim  "# ec2x ‘ 0 œ 1 lim ˆ "# ec2b  "# ‰ œ 1
b

bÄ_ bÄ_ #

71. A œ '0 (sec x  tan x) dx œ lim1 c cln ksec x  tan xk  ln ksec xkd b0 œ lim1 c ˆln ¸1 
1Î2
tan b ¸
sec b  ln k1  0k‰
bÄ 2 bÄ 2
œ lim1 c ln k1  sin bk œ ln 2
bÄ 2

72. (a) V œ '0 1 sec# x dx  '0 1 tan# x dx œ 1 '0 asec# x  tan# xb dx œ '0
1Î2 1Î2 1Î2 1Î2
1 csec# x  asec# x  1bd dx

œ 1 '0 dx œ
1Î2
1#
#

(b) Souter œ '0 21 sec xÈ1  sec# x tan# x dx   '0 21 sec x(sec x tan x) dx œ 1 lim1 c ctan# xd 0
1Î2 1Î2 b

bÄ 2

œ 1 ” lim1 c ctan bd  0• œ 1 lim1 c atan bb œ _ Ê Souter diverges; Sinner œ '0 21 tan xÈ1  sec% x dx
1Î2
# #
bÄ 2 bÄ 2

  '0 21 tan x sec x dx œ 1 lim1 c ctan# xd 0 œ 1 ” lim1 c ctan# bd  0• œ 1 lim1 c atan# bb œ _


1Î2
# b

bÄ bÄ bÄ
2 2 2

Ê Sinner diverges

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516 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

73. (a) '3_ ec3x dx œ lim  "3 ec3x ‘ 3 œ lim ˆ 3" ec3b ‰  ˆ 3" ec3 3 ‰ œ 0 
b † "
3 † ec9 œ "
3 ec9
bÄ_ bÄ_
_
¸ 0.0000411  0.000042. Since ecx Ÿ ec3x for x  3, then '3 ecx dx  0.000042 and therefore
# #

'0_ ecx #
dx can be replaced by '0 ecx dx without introducing an error greater than 0.000042.
3 #

(b) '03 ecx#


dx µ
= 0.88621

_
74. (a) V œ '1 1 ˆ "x ‰ dx œ 1 lim  x" ‘ 1 œ 1 ’ lim ˆ b" ‰  ˆ 1" ‰“ œ 1(0  1) œ 1
# b

bÄ_ bÄ_
(b) When you take the limit to _, you are no longer modeling the real world which is finite. The comparison
step in the modeling process discussed in Section 4.2 relating the mathematical world to the real world fails to hold.

75. (a)

(b) > int((sin(t))/t, t=0..infinity); ˆanswer is 1# ‰

76. (a) (b) > f:= 2*exp(t^2)/sqrt(Pi);


> int(f, t=0..infinity); (answer is 1)

x2 /2
77. (a) faxb œ 1
È 21 e

f is increasing on (_, 0]. f is decreasing on [0, _).


f has a local maximum at a0, fa0bb œ Š!ß 1
È 21 ‹

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Section 8.7 Improper Integrals 517

(b) Maple commands:


>f: œ exp(x^2/2)(sqrt(2*pi);
>int(f, x œ 1..1); ¸ 0.683
>int(f, x œ 2..2); ¸ 0.954
>int(f, x œ 3..3); ¸ 0.997
(c) Part (b) suggests that as n increases, the integral approaches 1. We can take 'cn f(x) dx as close to 1 as we want by
n

_
choosing n  1 large enough. Also, we can make 'n f(x) dx and ' _ f(x) dx as small as we want by choosing n large
n

enough. This is because 0  faxb  ex/2 for x  1. (Likewise, 0  faxb  ex/2 for x  1.)
_ _
Thus, 'n f(x) dx  'n ex/2 dx.
'n_ ex/2 dx œ lim 'nc ex/2 dx œ lim c 2ex/2 dcn œ lim c 2ec/2  2en/2 d œ 2en/2
cÄ_ cÄ_ cÄ_
_
As n Ä _, 2e n/2
Ä 0, for large enough n, 'n f(x) dx is as small as we want. Likewise for large enough n,
' n

_
f(x) dx is as small as we want.

_ _
78. (a) The statement is true since ' _ f(x) dx œ ' _ f(x) dx  'a f(x) dx, 'b f(x) dx œ 'a f(x) dx  'a f(x) dx
b a b b

and 'a f(x) dx exists since f(x) is integrable on every interval [aß b].
b

(b) ' a_ f(x) dx  'a_ f(x) dx œ ' a_ f(x) dx  'ab f(x) dx  'ab f(x) dx  'a_ f(x) dx
_ _
œ ' _ f(x) dx  'b f(x) dx  'a f(x) dx œ ' _ f(x) dx  'b f(x) dx
b a b

79. Example CAS commands:


Maple:
f := (x,p) -> x^p*ln(x);
domain := 0..exp(1);
fn_list := [seq( f(x,p), p=-2..2 )];
plot( fn_list, x=domain, y=-50..10, color=[red,blue,green,cyan,pink], linestyle=[1,3,4,7,9], thickness=[3,4,1,2,0],
legend=["p= -2","p = -1","p = 0","p = 1","p = 2"], title="#79 (Section 8.7)" );
q1 := Int( f(x,p), x=domain );
q2 := value( q1 );
q3 := simplify( q2 ) assuming p>-1;
q4 := simplify( q2 ) assuming p<-1;
q5 := value( eval( q1, p=-1 ) );
i1 := q1 = piecewise( p<-1, q4, p=-1, q5, p>-1, q3 );

80. Example CAS commands:


Maple:
f := (x,p) -> x^p*ln(x);
domain := exp(1)..infinity;
fn_list := [seq( f(x,p), p=-2..2 )];
plot( fn_list, x=exp(1)..10, y=0..100, color=[red,blue,green,cyan,pink], linestyle=[1,3,4,7,9], thickness=[3,4,1,2,0],
legend=["p = -2","p = -1","p = 0","p = 1","p = 2"], title="#80 (Section 8.7)" );
q6 := Int( f(x,p), x=domain );
q7 := value( q6 );
q8 := simplify( q7 ) assuming p>-1;
q9 := simplify( q7 ) assuming p<-1;

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518 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

q10 := value( eval( q6, p=-1 ) );


i2 := q6 = piecewise( p<-1, q9, p=-1, q10, p>-1, q8 );

81. Example CAS commands:


Maple:
f := (x,p) -> x^p*ln(x);
domain := 0..infinity;
fn_list := [seq( f(x,p), p=-2..2 )];
plot( fn_list, x=0..10, y=-50..50, color=[red,blue,green,cyan,pink], linestyle=[1,3,4,7,9], thickness=[3,4,1,2,0],
legend=["p = -2","p = -1","p = 0","p = 1","p = 2"], title="#81 (Section 8.7)" );
q11 := Int( f(x,p), x=domain ):
q11 = lhs(i1+i2);
`` = rhs(i1+i2);
`` = piecewise( p<-1, q4+q9, p=-1, q5+q10, p>-1, q3+q8 );
`` = piecewise( p<-1, -infinity, p=-1, undefined, p>-1, infinity );

82. Example CAS commands:


Maple:
f := (x,p) -> x^p*ln(abs(x));
domain := -infinity..infinity;
fn_list := [seq( f(x,p), p=-2..2 )];
plot( fn_list, x=-4..4, y=-20..10, color=[red,blue,green,cyan,pink], linestyle=[1,3,4,7,9],
legend=["p = -2","p = -1","p = 0","p = 1","p = 2"], title="#82 (Section 8.7)" );
q12 := Int( f(x,p), x=domain );
q12p := Int( f(x,p), x=0..infinity );
q12n := Int( f(x,p), x=-infinity..0 );
q12 = q12p + q12n;
`` = simplify( q12p+q12n );

79-82. Example CAS commands:


Mathematica: (functions and domains may vary)
Clear[x, f, p]
f[x_]:= xp Log[Abs[x]]
int = Integrate[f[x], {x, e, 100)]
int /. p Ä 2.5
In order to plot the function, a value for p must be selected.
p = 3;
Plot[f[x], {x, 2.72, 10}]

CHAPTER 8 PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. u œ ln (x  1), du œ dx
x1 ; dv œ dx, v œ x;
' ln (x  1) dx œ x ln (x  1)  ' x x 1 dx œ x ln (x  1)  ' dx  ' x dx 1 œ x ln (x  1)  x  ln (x  1)  C"
œ (x  1) ln (x  1)  x  C" œ (x  1) ln (x  1)  (x  1)  C, where C œ C"  1

"
2. u œ ln x, du œ dx
x ; dv œ x# dx, v œ 3 x$ ;
' x# ln x dx œ 3" x$ ln x  ' 3" x$ ˆ x" ‰ dx œ x3 $
ln x  x$
9 C

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Chapter 8 Practice Exercises 519

3. u œ tan" 3x, du œ 3 dx
1  9x# ; dv œ dx, v œ x;
' tan" 3x dx œ x tan" 3x  ' 13x 9xdx y œ 1  9x# " ' dyy
;” Ä x tan" 3x 
#
dy œ 18x dx • 6

"
œ x tan" (3x)  6 ln a1  9x# b  C

 dx
4. u œ cos" ˆ x# ‰ , du œ È 4  x# ; dv œ dx, v œ x;

' cos" ˆ x# ‰ dx œ x cos" ˆ x# ‰  ' Èx dx y œ 4  x# " ' Èdyy


;” Ä x cos" ˆ x# ‰ 
4 x # dy œ 2x dx • #

#
œ x cos" ˆ x# ‰  È4  x#  C œ x cos" ˆ x# ‰  2É1  ˆ x# ‰  C

5. ex
ÐÑ
(x  1)# ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
2(x  1) ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
2 ïïïïî ex
0 Ê ' (x  1)# ex dx œ c(x  1)#  2(x  1)  2d ex  C

6. sin (1  x)
ÐÑ
x# ïïïïî cos (1  x)
ÐÑ
2x ïïïïî  sin (1  x)
ÐÑ
2 ïïïïî  cos (1  x)
0 Ê ' x# sin (1  x) dx œ x# cos (1  x)  2x sin (1  x)  2 cos (1  x)  C

7. u œ cos 2x, du œ 2 sin 2x dx; dv œ ex dx, v œ ex ;


I œ ' ex cos 2x dx œ ex cos 2x  2 ' ex sin 2x dx;
u œ sin 2x, du œ 2 cos 2x dx; dv œ ex dx, v œ ex ;
I œ ex cos 2x  2 ’ex sin 2x  2 ' ex cos 2x dx“ œ ex cos 2x  2ex sin 2x  4I Ê I œ ex cos 2x
5  2ex sin 2x
5 C

8. u œ sin 3x, du œ 3 cos 3x dx; dv œ ec2x dx, v œ  "# ec2x ;


I œ ' ec2x sin 3x dx œ  "# ec2x sin 3x  3
2
' ec2x cos 3x dx;
u œ cos 3x, du œ 3 sin 3x dx; dv œ ec2x dx, v œ  "# ec2x ;
I œ  "# ec2x sin 3x  3# ’ "# ec2x cos 3x  3
#
' ec2x sin 3x dx“ œ  "# ec2x sin 3x  34 ec2x cos 3x  94 I
Ê Iœ 4
13
ˆ "# ec2x sin 3x  43 ec2x cos 3x‰  C œ  13
2 c2x
e sin 3x  3
13 ec2x cos 3x  C

9. ' x x 3xdx 2 œ ' x2dx2  ' x dx 1 œ 2 ln kx  2k  ln kx  1k  C


#

10. ' x x 4xdx 3 œ #3 ' xdx3  #" ' x dx 1 œ #3 ln kx  3k  #" ln kx  1k  C


#

11. ' x(xdx 1) # œ ' Š "x  1


x1  1
(x  1)# ‹ dx œ ln kxk  ln kx  1k  "
x1 C

12. ' x x(x11) dx œ ' ˆ x2 1  x2  x" ‰ dx œ 2 ln ¸ x"


# #x
¸  "x  C œ 2 ln kxk  "x  2 ln kx  1k  C

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


520 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

13. ' cos )sin )cosd))  2 ; ccos ) œ yd


# Ä ' dy
y#  y  2 œ  "3 ' dy
y1  "
3
' y dy # œ 3" ln ¹ yy  12 ¹  C
" cos )  2 ¸ " ¸ cos )  1 ¸
œ 3 ln ¸ cos )  1  C œ  3 ln cos )  2  C

14. ' sin )cos sin


#
) d)
)  6 ; csin ) œ xd Ä ' dx
x#  x  6 œ "
5
' xdx 2  5" ' xdx 3 œ 5" ln ¸ sin )2¸
sin )  3  C

15. ' 3x x 4xx 4 dx œ '


#
$
4
x dx  ' x4
x#  1 dx œ 4 ln kxk  "
# ln ax#  1b  4 tan" x  C

16. ' x4xdx4x œ ' x4 dx4 œ 2 tan" ˆ #x ‰  C


$ #

17. ' (v2v3)8vdv œ #" '


$ Š 4v
3
 5
8(v  2)  "
8(v  #) ‹ dv œ  38 ln kvk  5
16 ln kv  2k  "
16 ln kv  2k  C
&
œ "
16 ln ¹ (v  2)v'(v  2) ¹  C

18. ' (v  (3v  7) dv


1)(v  2)(v  3) œ
' (v 2) 1dv  ' dv
v2 ' dv
v3 œ ln ¹ (v (v2)(v  3)
 1)# ¹  C

19. ' t  4tdt  3 œ "# ' t dt 1  #" ' t dt 3 œ #" tan" t  "
tan" Š Èt 3 ‹  C œ "
tan" t 
È3
tan" t
C
#È 3 È3
% # # # # 6

20. ' t t tdt 2 œ "3 ' t t dt2  3" ' t t dt1 œ 6" ln kt#  2k  6" ln at#  1b  C
% # # #

21. ' x xx x 2 dx œ ' ˆx  x 2xx  2 ‰ dx œ ' x dx  32 ' x dx 1  34 ' x dx 2 œ x#
#
$ #
#
#
 4
3 ln kx  2k  2
3 ln kx  1k  C

22. ' xx  1x dx œ ' ˆ1  xx "x ‰ dx œ ' ’1  x(x " 1) “ dx œ ' dx  ' x dx 1  ' dxx œ x
$
$ $  ln kx  1k  ln kxk  C

23. ' x x4x4x 3 dx œ ' ˆx  x 3x4x  3 ‰ dx œ '


#
$ #
# x dx  3
#
' x dx 1  #9 ' xdx3 œ x# #
 9
# ln kx  3k  3
# ln kx  1k  C

24. ' 2x$  x#  21x  24


x#  2x  8 dx œ ' (2x  3)  x
x#  2x  8
‘ dx œ ' (2x  3) dx  "
3
' x dx #  32 ' x dx 4
"
œ x#  3x  3 ln kx  4k
2
 3 ln kx  2k  C

Ô u œ Èx  1 ×
25. ' x ˆ3Èdxx  1‰ ; Ö du œ 2Èdxx  1 Ù Ä 2
3
' au udu1b u œ 3" ' u du 1  3" ' u du 1 œ 3" ln ku  1k  3" ln ku  1k  C
#

Õ dx œ 2u du Ø
È
œ "
3 ln ¹ Èxx  1"
11
¹C

Ô u œ Èx ×
3

26. ' dx
x ˆ1  È3 x‰ ;
Ö du œ dx Ù Ä '
3x#Î$
3u# du
u$ (1  u) œ 3' du
u(1  u) œ 3 ln ¸ u u 1 ¸  C œ 3 ln ¹ 1  È
3 x¹  C
È
3 x

Õ dx œ 3u# du Ø

u œ es  1
27. ' e ds 1 ; Ô du œ es ds ×
s Ä ' u(udu 1) œ ' udu1  ' duu œ ln ¸ u u 1 ¸  C œ ln ¸ e e " ¸  C œ ln k1  ecs k  C s
s
Õ ds œ du Ø
u1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Chapter 8 Practice Exercises 521

È s
Ôu œ es 1×
28. ' ds
È es  1 ;
Ö du œ Èe ds
2 e s 1
Ù Ä ' u a2uu du 1b œ 2 ' (u  1)(u
#
du
 1) œ
' u du 1  ' u du 1 œ ln ¸ uu  1" ¸  C
Õ ds œ 2u# du Ø
u 1
È
œ ln ¹ Èees  1" s

11
¹C

29. (a) ' È16y dy y # œ  "# ' d a16  y# b


È16  y# œ È16  y#  C

(b) ' È16y dy y # ; cy œ 4 sin xd Ä 4 ' sin x cos x dx


cos x œ 4 cos x  C œ 
4È16  y#
4  C œ È16  y#  C

30. (a) ' Èx dx œ "


#
' dÈa4  x b œ È4  x#  C
#

4  x# 4  x#

(b) ' Èx dx ; cx œ 2 tan yd Ä ' 2 tan y2†2secsecy y dy œ 2 ' sec y tan y dy œ 2 sec y  C œ È4  x#  C
#

4  x#

31. (a) ' 4xdxx # œ  #" ' d a4  x # b


4  x# œ  #" ln k4  x# k  C
(b) ' 4xdxx # ; cx œ 2 sin )d Ä ' 2 sin4)†cos
2 cos ) d)
) # œ ' tan ) d) œ  ln kcos )k  C œ  ln Š 4 2 x ‹  C
È #

œ  "# ln k4  x# k  C

32. (a) ' È t dt œ " ' dÈa4t #


 1b
œ " È4t#  1  C
4t#  1 8 4t#  1 4

(b) ' È t dt ; t œ "


# sec )‘ Ä ' "
# sec ) tan )† "# sec ) d)
tan ) œ " ' sec# ) d) œ tan4 )  C œ È4t4  1  C
#

4t# 1 4

' 9xdxx u œ 9  x#
33. ;” Ä  #" ' du
œ  #" ln kuk  C œ ln "
 C œ ln "
C
#
du œ 2x dx • u Èu È 9  x#

34. ' x a9dx x b œ 9" ' dxx  18" ' 3 dx x  18" ' 3 dx x œ 9" ln kxk  18" ln k3  xk  18" ln k3  xk  C
#

" "
œ 9 ln kxk  18 ln k9  x# k  C

35. ' 9 dxx # œ "


6
' 3 dx x  6" ' 3dxx œ  6" ln k3  xk  6" ln k3  xk  C œ 6" ln ¸ xx  33 ¸  C

36. ' È dx ;”
x œ 3 sin )
Ä ' 33 cos )
cos ) d) œ
' d) œ )  C œ sin" x  C
9  x# dx œ 3 cos ) d) • 3

37. ' sin3 x cos4 x dx œ ' cos4 xa1  cos2 xbsin x dx œ ' cos4 x sin x dx  ' cos6 x sin x dx œ  cos5 x  cos7 x  C 5 7

38. ' cos5 x sin5 x dx œ ' sin5 x cos4 x cos x dx œ ' sin5 x a1  sin2 xb2 cos x dx
œ ' sin5 x cos x dx  2' sin7 x cos x dx  ' sin9 x cos x dx œ sin6 x  2sin8 x  sin10 x  C
6 8 10

39. ' tan4 x sec2 x dx œ tan5 x  C 5

40. ' tan3 x sec3 x dx œ ' asec2 x  1b sec2 x † sec x † tan x dx œ ' sec4 x † sec x † tan x dx  ' sec2 x † sec x † tan x dx
sec5 x sec3 x
œ 5  3 C

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522 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

41. ' sin 5) cos 6) d) œ "# ' asina)b  sina11)bb d) œ "# ' sina)b d)  "# ' sina11)b d) œ "# cosa)b  ##" cos 11)  C
œ "# cos )  "
## cos 11)  C

42. ' cos 3) cos 3) d) œ "# ' acos 0  cos 6)b d) œ "# ' d)  "
#
' cos 6) d) œ "# )  121 sin 6)  C

43. ' É1  cosˆ 2t ‰ dt œ ' È2¸ cos t¸


4 dt œ 4È2 ¸ sin t¸
4 C

44. ' et Ètan2 et  1 dt œ ' k sec et k et dt œ lnk sec et  tan et k  C

3" 3" "


45. kEs k Ÿ 180 (˜x)% M where ˜x œ n œ 2
n ; f(x) œ x œ x" Ê f w (x) œ x# Ê f ww (x) œ 2x$ Ê f'''(x) œ 6x%
Ð%Ñ
Ê f (x) œ 24x& which is decreasing on [1ß 3] Ê maximum of f Ð%Ñ (x) on [1ß 3] is f Ð%Ñ (1) œ 24 Ê M œ 24. Then
 " ‰ ˆ 2 ‰% 768 ‰ ˆ " ‰
kEs k Ÿ 0.0001 Ê ˆ 3180 n (24) Ÿ 0.0001 Ê
ˆ 180 n%
Ÿ 0.0001 Ê n"% Ÿ (0.0001) ˆ 768
180 ‰
Ê n%   10,000 ˆ 180
768 ‰

Ê n   14.37 Ê n   16 (n must be even)

46. kET k Ÿ 10


12 (˜x)# M where ˜x œ 10
n œ "
n ;0 Ÿ f ww (x) Ÿ 8 Ê M œ 8. Then kET k Ÿ 10$ Ê "
12
ˆ "n ‰# (8) Ÿ 10$
3n#
Ê 2
3n# Ÿ 10$ Ê #   1000 Ê n   # 2000
3 Ê n   25.82 Ê n   26

ba 10 1 ˜x 1
47. ˜x œ n œ 6 œ 6 Ê # œ 1# ; xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )
6 x! 0 0 1 0
! mf(xi ) œ 12 Ê T œ ˆ 1 ‰ (12) œ 1 ;
iœ0
12 x" 1/6 1/2 2 1
x# 1/3 3/2 2 3
x$ 1/2 2 2 4
x% 21/3 3/2 2 3
x& 51/6 1/2 2 1
x' 1 0 1 0
6
! mf(xi ) œ 18 and ˜x 1 xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )
3 œ 18 Ê
iœ0 x! 0 0 1 0
1‰
S œ ˆ 18 (18) œ 1 . x" 1/6 1/2 4 2
x# 1/3 3/2 2 3
x$ 1/2 2 4 8
x% 21/3 3/2 2 3
x& 51/6 1/2 4 2
x' 1 0 1 0

2" " "‰ ˆ"‰ % " 10&


48. ¸f Ð%Ñ (x)¸ Ÿ 3 Ê M œ 3; ˜x œ n œ n . Hence kEs k Ÿ 10& Ê ˆ 2180 n (3) Ÿ 10
&
Ê 60n%
Ÿ 10& Ê n%   60
Ê n   6.38 Ê n   8 (n must be even)

49. yav œ "


365  0
'0365 37 sin ˆ 365
21 " 
(x  101)‰  25‘ dx œ 365 37 ˆ 365 ˆ 21 ‰‘ $'&
21 cos 365 (x  101)  25x !

" ˆ  21  21
œ 365 37 ˆ 365
21 cos 365 (365  101)  25(365)  37 21 cos 365 (0  101)  25(0)
‰ ‘ ‰ ˆ ˆ 365 ‰ ‘ ‰‘
21 21 21 21
œ  21 cos 365 (264)  25  21 cos 365 (101) œ  21 cos 365 (264)  cos 365 (101) ‰ 
37 ˆ ‰ 37 ˆ ‰ 37 ˆ ˆ ‰ ˆ ‰ 25
¸  #1
37
(0.16705  0.16705)  25 œ 25° F

50. av(Cv ) œ "


67520
'20675 c8.27  10& a26T  1.87T# bd dT œ 655
"  "3
8.27T  10 & T#  0.62333
10&
'(&
T$ ‘ #!
"
¸ 655 [(5582.25  59.23125  1917.03194)  (165.4  0.052  0.04987)] ¸ 5.434;
26È676  4(1.87)(283,600)
8.27  10& a26T  1.87T# b œ 5.434 Ê 1.87T#  26T  283,600 œ 0 Ê T ¸ #(1.87) ¸ 396.45° C

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Chapter 8 Practice Exercises 523

51. (a) Each interval is 5 min œ 1


12 hour.
1
 2a2.4b  2a2.3b  Þ Þ Þ  2a2.4b  2.3 d œ
24 c
2.5 29
12 ¸ 2.42 gal
29 hours/gal ¸ 24.83 mi/gal
(b) a60 mphbˆ 12 ‰

52. Using the Simpson's rule, ˜x œ 15 Ê ˜x


3 œ 5;
xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )
! mf(xi ) œ 1211.8 Ê Area ¸ a1211.8ba5b œ 6059 ft2 ; x! 0 0 1 0
The cost is Area † a$2.10/ft2 b ¸ a6059 ft2 ba$2.10/ft2 b x" 15 36 4 144
x# 30 54 2 108
œ $12,723.90 Ê the job cannot be done for $11,000.
x$ 45 51 4 204
x% 60 49.5 2 99
x5 75 54 4 216
x' 90 64.4 2 128.8
x( 105 67.5 4 270
x) 120 42 1 42

53. '03 È dx œ lim c '0


b
dx
È 9  x# œ lim c sin" ˆ x3 ‰‘ 0 œ lim c sin" ˆ b3 ‰  sin" ˆ 03 ‰ œ
b 1
# 0œ 1
#
9  x# bÄ3 bÄ3 bÄ3

Š b" ‹
54. '01 ln x dx œ lim cx ln x  xd 1b œ (1 † ln 1  1)  lim b cb ln b  bd œ 1  lim b ln b
œ 1  lim b
b Ä !b bÄ! bÄ! Š "b ‹ bÄ! Š "
b#

œ 1  0 œ  1

55. 'c11 ydy #Î$ œ 'c1


0
dy
y#Î$
 '0
1
dy
y#Î$
œ 2 '0
1
dy
y#Î$
œ 2 † 3 lim b y"Î$ ‘ b œ 6 Š1  lim b b"Î$ ‹ œ 6
1

bÄ! bÄ!

56. 'c_2 () d1)) $Î& œ 'c2


1
d)
()  1)$Î&
 'c1 () d1)
2
)
$Î& 
'2 _
d)
()  1)$Î&
converges if each integral converges, but
_ _
lim $Î&
)$Î&
œ 1 and '2 d)
)$Î&
diverges Ê ' d)
()  1)$Î&
diverges
) Ä _ ()1) 2

57. '3_ u 2du2u œ '3_ u du 2  '3_ duu œ


# lim ln ¸ u u 2 ¸‘ 3 œ lim ln ¸ b b 2 ¸‘  ln ¸ 3 3 2 ¸ œ 0  ln ˆ "3 ‰ œ ln 3
b

bÄ_ bÄ_

58. '1_ 4v3v  v1$ # dv œ '1 ˆ "v 


_ "
v#  4 ‰
4v  1 dv œ lim ln v  "
v  ln (4v  1)‘ 1
b

bÄ_
œ lim ln ˆ 4b b 1 ‰  b" ‘  (ln 1  1  ln 3) œ ln "
4  1  ln 3 œ 1  ln 3
4
bÄ_

59. '0_ x# ecx dx œ lim cx# ecx  2xecx  2ecx d 0 œ lim ab# ecb  2becb  2ecb b  (2) œ 0  2 œ 2
b

bÄ_ bÄ_

60. 'c0_ xe3x dx œ lim  x3 e3x  "9 e3x ‘ 0 œ  9"  lim ˆ b3 e3b  9" e3b ‰ œ  9"  0 œ  9"
b Ä _ b b Ä _

61. 'c__ 4xdx 9 œ 2 '0_ 4xdx 9 œ #" '0_ x dx


# # # 9 œ "
# b lim
 32 tan" ˆ 2x
3
‰‘ b œ "
# b lim
 32 tan" ˆ 2b
3
‰‘  "
3 tan" (0)
4 Ä_ 0 Ä_
" ˆ 23 † 1# ‰  0 œ 1
œ # 6

62. 'c__ x 4dx16 œ 2'0_ x 4dx16 œ 2


# # lim tan" ˆ 4x ‰‘ 0 œ 2 Š lim tan" ˆ 4b ‰‘  tan" (0)‹ œ 2 ˆ 1# ‰  0 œ 1
b

bÄ_ bÄ_

_ d) _
63. lim )
œ 1 and '6 diverges Ê '6 d)
diverges
) Ä _ È)#  1 ) È)#  1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


524 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration
_ _ _
64. I œ '0 ecu cos u du œ lim cecu cos ud b0  '0 ecu sin u du œ 1  lim cecu sin ud b0  '0 aecu b cos u du
bÄ_ bÄ_
"
Ê I œ 1  0  I Ê 2I œ 1 Ê I œ # converges

65. '1_ lnz z dz œ '1e lnz z dz  'e_ lnz z dz œ ’ (ln2z) “ e  # # b #


lim ’ (ln#z) “ œ Š 12  0‹  lim ’ (ln2b)  "# “ œ _
#

1 bÄ_ e bÄ_
Ê diverges

_
66. 0  ect
Èt Ÿ ect for t   1 and '1 ect dt converges Ê '1_ Èect dt converges
t

67. ' __ e 2dxecx x œ 2'0


_
2 dx
ex  ecx  '0
_
4 dx
ex converges Ê ' __ e 2dxec
x x converges

_ _
68. 'c_ x a1  e b œ
dx
#
' x
_
1
dx
x # a1  e x b '
0
#
dx
1 x a1  e b
x  '0
1
dx
x # a1  e x b  '1 dx
x # a1  e x b ;

œ lim a1  ex b œ 2 and '0 '01 x a1dx e b diverges


Š x"# ‹ x # a1  e x b
1
lim œ lim x#
dx
x# diverges Ê #
’ # " x “
x
xÄ0 x a1 e b
xÄ0 xÄ0

Ê 'c__ x a1dx e b diverges


# x

u œ Èx
69. ' 1 x dxÈx ; – — Ä
' u 1†2u udu œ ' ˆ2u#  2u  2  1 2 u ‰ du œ 32 u$  u#  2u  2 ln k1  uk  C
#

du œ #dx
Èx
2x$Î#
œ 3  x  2Èx  2 ln ˆ1  Èx‰  C

70. ' x4 x2 dx œ  ' ˆx  4xx  42 ‰ dx œ  '


$
# # x dx  3
#
' x dx 2  #5 ' x dx 2 œ  x# #
 3
# ln kx  2k  5
# ln kx  2k  C

' x œ tan ) ' tansec) sec œ ' cossin))d) œ ' Š 1 sinsin) ) ‹ d(sin ))
# $ #
) d)
71. dx
;” Ä
x ax #  1 b # dx œ sec# ) d) • % )
#
"
œ ln ksin )k  # sin# )  C œ ln ¹ Èxx#  1 ¹  "# Š Èxx#  1 ‹  C

72. 'È dx
œ' d(x  1)
È1  (x  1)# œ sin" (x  1)  C
2x  x#

73. ' 2  cossinx x sin x dx œ '


# 2 csc# x dx  ' cos x dx
sin# x  ' csc x dx œ 2 cot x  "
sin x  ln kcsc x  cot xk  C
œ 2 cot x  csc x  ln kcsc x  cot xk  C

74. ' cos


sin ) #
) d) œ
#
' 1 coscos) ) d) œ ' sec# ) d)  ' d) œ tan )  )  C
#
#

75. ' 819dvv % œ "


#
' v dv 9  12" ' 3 dv v  1"# ' 3 dv v œ 12" ln ¸ 33  vv ¸  "6 tan" v3  C
#

76. '2_ (x dx1) # œ lim  1 " x ‘ 2 œ lim  1 " b  (1)‘ œ 0  1 œ 1


b

bÄ_ bÄ_

77. cos (2)  1)


ÐÑ "
) ïïïïî # sin (2)  1)
ÐÑ
1 ïïïïî  "4 cos (2)  1)
0 Ê ' ) cos (2)  1) d) œ #) sin (2)  1)  "4 cos (2)  1)  C

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Chapter 8 Practice Exercises 525

78. ' x x 2xdx 1 œ ' ˆx  2  x 3x 2x 2 1 ‰ dx œ '


#
$
# (x  2) dx  3 ' dx
x1 ' dx
(x  1)#
x# "
œ #  2x  3 ln kx  1k  x1 C

79. ' (1sin cos


2) d)
2) ) # œ  #" ' d(1  cos 2))
(1  cos 2))# œ "
#(1  cos 2)) Cœ "
4 sec# )  C

80. '11ÎÎ42 È1  cos 4x dx œ È2 '11ÎÎ42 cos 2x dx œ ’ È#2 sin 2x“ 1Î2 œ È#2
1Î4

81. ' Èx dx ;”
yœ2x
Ä ' (2  y) dy
œ 2
y$Î#  4y"Î#  C œ 2
(2  x)$Î#  4(2  x)"Î#  C
2x dy œ  dx • Èy 3 3
$
ŠÈ2  x‹
œ 2– 3  2È2  x—  C

82. ' È1v v #


#
dv; cv œ sin )d Ä ' cos )sin†cos)) d) œ ' a1 sinsin ))b d) œ ' csc# ) d)  ' d) œ cot )  )  C
#
#
#

È 1  v#
œ sin" v  v C

83. ' y dy2y  2 œ ' (yd(y


#
 1)
 1)  1 œ tan
"
(y  1)  C
#

84. 'È x dx
œ "
#
' d ax #  1 b
œ "
# sin" Š x
#
1
3 ‹ C
8  2x#  x% É 9  ax #  1 b#

85. ' z azz1 4b dz œ "4 ' ˆ "z  z"


# # #  z1 ‰
z#  4 dz œ "
4 ln kzk  "
4z  "
8 ln az#  4b  "
8 tan" z
# C

86. ' x$ ex #
dx œ "
#
' x# ex #
d a x# b œ "
#
ˆx# ex#  ex# ‰  C œ #
#
ax #  1 b e x
C

87. ' È t dt œ  "8 ' d a9  4t# b


È9  4t# œ  4" È9  4t#  C
9  4t#

88. u œ tan" x, du œ dx
1  x# ; dv œ dx
x# , v œ  x" ;
' tancx x dx œ  x" tan" x  ' x a1dx x b œ  x" tan" x  ' dxx  ' 1xdxx
"
# # #

" " " # tanc" x


œ x tan x  ln kxk  # ln a1  x b  C œ  x  ln kxk  ln È1  x#  C

89. 'e et dt
 3et  2 ;
2t cet œ xd Ä ' (x  1)(x
dx
 2) œ
' x dx 1  ' dx
x#
"¸
œ ln kx  1k  ln kx  2k  C œ ln ¸ xx  # C
œ ln ˆ eet  "‰
C
t

#

90. ' tan$ t dt œ ' (tan t) asec# t  1b dt œ tan# t


#  ' tan t dt œ tan# t
#  ln ksec tk  C

Ô x œ ln y ×
91. '1_ ln yy dy ; Ö$ dx œ dyy
Ù Ä '0_ xe†e 3x
x _
dx œ '0 xec2x dx œ lim  x# ec2x  4" ec2x ‘ 0
b

bÄ_
Õ dy œ e dx Ø
x

b " ‰
œ lim ˆ 2e 2b  4e2b  ˆ0  "4 ‰ œ "
4
bÄ_

' lncot(sinv dvv) œ ' (sincos u œ ln (sin v) ' duu œ ln kuk  C œ ln kln (sin v)k  C
92. v dv
v) ln (sin v) ; ” cos v dv • Ä
du œ sin v

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526 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

93. ' eln Èx dx œ ' Èx dx œ 23 x$Î#  C

' e) È3  4e) d); ” u œ 4e) " ' È3  u du œ 4" † 23 (3  u)$Î#  C œ 6" a3  4e) b$Î#  C
94. Ä
du œ 4e) d) • 4

95. ' 1 sin(cos5t dt5t) ;”


u œ cos 5t
Ä  5" ' du
œ  5" tan" u  C œ  5" tan" (cos 5t)  C
#
du œ 5 sin 5t dt • 1  u#

96. ' È dv ;
x œ ev
Ä ' dx
œ sec" x  C œ sec" aev b  C
e2v  1 ” dx œ ev dv • xÈ x#  1

u œ Èr
97. ' 1 drÈr ; – dr — Ä
' 2u1 duu œ ' ˆ2  1 2 u ‰ du œ 2u  2 ln k1  uk  C œ 2Èr  2 ln ˆ1  Èr‰  C
du œ 2È r

98. ' x 4x 10x


%
 20x
9
dx œ ' x  10x  9 œ ln kx%  10x#  9k  C
$ d ˆx  10x  9‰
# %
%
#
#

99. ' 1 x x 3
2 dx œ ' ax  x
1  x2 b dx œ ' x dx  12 ' 1 2xx 2 dx œ 21 x2  21 lna1  x2 b  C

100. ' 1 x x 2
3 dx œ 3' 3x2
1  x3 dx œ 3lnl1  x3 l  C

101. ' 11  xx 2
3 dx; 1  x2
1  x3 œ A
1x  Bx  C
1  x  x2 Ê 1  x2 œ Aa1  x  x2 b  aBx  Cba1  xb
œ aA  Bbx  aA  B  Cbx  aA  Cb Ê A  B œ 1ß A  B  C œ 0, A  C œ 1 Ê A œ 23 , B œ 13 , C œ 13 ;
2

' 11  xx 2
3 dx œ ' a 12Î3x  a 1 Î3 b x  1 Î 3
1  x  x2 b dx œ 32 ' 1 1 x dx  31 ' 1 x x1 x 2 dx œ 2 ' 1 1 x dx  31 ' x1
2 dx;
3 3
4  ˆx  "# ‰

u œ x  "# ' u  32 ' ' 1


• Ä du œ du  du œ 16 ln¹ 34  u2 ¹ 
1 1 u 1 1 1 u
” È3 tan Š È3Î2 ‹
du œ dx  u2  u2  u2
3 3 3 3 2 3
4 4 4
"
2 1 x  #
œ 16 ln¹ 34  ˆx  "# ‰ ¹  1
È3 tan Š È3Î2 ‹ œ 16 lnl1  x  x2 l  1 1 2x  1
È3 tan Š È3 ‹

Ê 2
3
' 1 1 x dx  31 ' 1 x x1 x 2 dx œ 32 lnl1  xl  61 lnl1  x  x2 l  1 1 2x  1
È3 tan Š È3 ‹ C

102. ' a11  xxb 2


dx; ”
uœ1x
Ä' 1  au  1 b 2
du œ ' ?2  2u  2
du œ ' 1
du  ' 2
du  ' 2
du œ lnlul  2
 1
C
3
du œ dx • u3 u3 u u2 u3 u u2

œ lnl1  xl  2
1x  1
a1  x b 2
C

103. ' ÈxÉ1  Èx dx; ”


w œ Èx Ê w2 œ x
• Ä ' 2w È1  w dw
2
2w dw œ dx
È1  w
ÐÑ
2w2 ïïïïî 2
3 a1  wb3Î2
ÐÑ
4w ïïïïî 4
15 a1  wb5Î2
ÐÑ
4 ïïïïî 8
105 a1  wb7Î2
0 Ê ' 2w2 È1  w dw œ 43 w2 a1  wb3Î2  16
15 wa1  wb5Î2  32
105 a1  wb7Î2  C
3 Î2 5Î2 7Î2
œ 43 xˆ1  Èx‰  16 È ˆ
15 x 1  Èx‰  32 ˆ
105 1  Èx‰  C

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Chapter 8 Practice Exercises 527

104. ' É1  È1  x dx; ” w œ È1  x Ê w2 œ 1  x • Ä ' 2w È1  w dw;


2w dw œ dx
3 Î2
’u œ 2w, du œ 2 dw, dv œ È1  w dw, v œ 23 a1  wb “
' 2w È1  w dw œ 43 wa1  wb3Î2  ' 43 a1  wb3Î2 dw œ 43 wa1  wb3Î2  158 a1  wb5Î2  C
3 Î2 5Î2
œ 43 È1  xŠ1  È1  x‹  8
15 Š1  È1  x‹ C

' ÈxÈ11  x dx; ” u œ Èx Ê u œx


•Ä'
2
105. 2
È 1  u2 du; ’u œ tan ),  12  )  12 , du œ sec2 ) d), È1  u2 œ sec )“
2u du œ dx
'È2 du œ ' 2sec2 )
sec ) d) œ ' 2 sec ) d) œ 2lnlsec )  tan )l  C œ 2 ln¹È1  u2  u¹  C
1  u2

œ 2 ln¹È1  x  Èx¹  C

106. ' 1Î2 É1  È1  x2 dx;


0

’x œ sin ),  12  )  12 , dx œ cos ) d), È1  x2 œ cos ), x œ 0 œ sin ) Ê ) œ 0, x œ "


# œ sin ) Ê ) œ 16 “

Ä '0 È1  cos ) cos ) d) œ ' cos ) d) œ '0 ' 1Î6 Èsin ) cos )
1 Î6 1Î6 È1cos2 ) 1Î6
sin ) cos )
È1  cos ) È1  cos ) d) œ lim d) ;
0 cÄ0b c 1  cos )

’u œ cos ), du œ sin ) d), dv œ sin )


È1  cos ) d), v œ 2a1  cos )b1Î2 “

 'c
1 Î6 1 Î6
œ limb ”’2 cos ) a1  cos )b1Î2 “ 2a1  cos )b1Î2 sin ) d)•
c Ä0 c

1 Î2 1 Î6
œ limb ”Š2 cosˆ 16 ‰ ˆ1  cosˆ 16 ‰‰  2 cos c a1  cos cb1Î2 ‹  ’ 34 a1  cos )b3Î2 “ •
cÄ0 c
È 3 1 Î2 3 Î2
œ lim ”È3 Š1  2 ‹  2 cos c a1  cos cb1Î2  Š 43 ˆ1  cosˆ 16 ‰‰  43 a1  cos cb3Î2 ‹•
c Ä0 b

È 3 1 Î2 È 3 3 Î2
œ limb ”È3 Š1  2 ‹  2 cos c a1  cos cb1Î2  34 Š1  2 ‹  34 a1  cos cb3Î2 •
c Ä0

È 3 1 Î2 È3 3Î2 È3 1Î2 4  È3 Š4  È3‹É2È3


œ È 3 Š1  2 ‹  34 Š1  2 ‹ œ Š1  2 ‹ Š 3 ‹ œ
3È 2

107. ' x lnxxln x dx œ ' xa1 lnxln xb dx; ” u œ 1 1 ln x • Ä ' u u 1 du œ ' du  ' 1u du œ u  lnlul  C
du œ x dx
œ a1  ln xb  lnl1  ln xl  C œ ln x  lnl1  ln xl  C

108. ' x ln x†ln1 aln xb dx; ” u œ lna1ln xb • Ä ' u1 du œ lnlul  C œ lnllnaln xbl  C
du œ x ln x dx

109. 'x ln x
x
ln x
dx; 2
’u œ xln x Ê ln u œ ln xln x œ aln xb Ê u1 du œ 2 ln x
x dx Ê du œ 2u ln x
x dx œ 2xln x ln x
x dx“ Ä "
#
' du
œ "# u  C œ "# xln x  C

110. ' aln xbln x ’ 1x  lnalnx xb “dx; ’u œ aln xbln x Ê ln u œ ln aln xbln x œ aln xb ln aln xb Ê 1u du œ Š axlnlnxxb  lnalnx xb ‹dx
Ê du œ u ’ 1x  lnaln xb
x “dx œ aln xbln x ’ x1  lnaln xb
x “dx“ Ä ' du œ u  C œ aln xbln x  C

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528 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

111. ' 1
dx œ ' x
dx; ’x2 œ sin ), 0 Ÿ )  12 , 2x dx œ cos ) d), È1  x4 œ cos )“ Ä 1 ' sincos) cos) ) d)
xÈ 1  x4 x2 È 1  x4 2

œ 1
2
' csc ) d) œ  12 lnlcsc )  cot )l  C œ  12 ln» x1 2 
È 1  x4
x2 »  C œ  12 ln» 1 
È 1  x4
x2 » C

112. ' È1x x dx; ’u œ È1  x Ê u2 œ 1  x Ê 2u du œ dx“ Ä ' 12uu 2


2 du œ ' 2u2
u2  1 du œ ' ˆ2  2 ‰
u2  1 du;
2
u2  1 œ A
u1  B
u1 Ê 2 œ Aau  1b  Bau  1b œ aA  Bbu  A  B Ê A  B œ 0, A  B œ 2
Ê A œ 1 Ê B œ 1; ' ˆ2  2 ‰
u2  1 du œ ' 2 du  ' a u 1 1  1
u1 b du
È
œ 2u  lnlu  1l  lnlu  1l  C œ 2È1  x  12 lnº È11  x1
x1º
C

113. (a) ' a faa  xb dx; ’u œ a  x Ê du œ dx, x œ 0 Ê u œ a, x œ a Ê u œ 0“ Ä ' 0 faub du œ ' a faub du, which is
0 a 0

the same integral as '0 faxb dx.


a

(b) ' 1Î2 sin xsin xcos x dx œ ' 1Î2 sin ˆ 1 sinx‰ˆ 1 cosx‰ˆ 1  x‰ dx œ ' 1Î2 sinˆ 1 ‰ cos x  cos
2 sinˆ 1 ‰ cos x  cosˆ 1 ‰ sin x
ˆ 1 ‰ sin x  cos ˆ 1 ‰ cos x  sinˆ 1 ‰ sin x dx
2 2
0 0 2 2 0 2 2 2 2

œ' ' ' dx  '0 dx œ '0 dx œ '0


1 Î2 1Î2 1Î2 1Î2 1Î2 1Î2
sin x  cos x
cos x  sin x dx Ê 2 0 sin x  cos x dx œ
cos x sin x sin x cos x
0 0 sin x  cos x cos x  sin x sin x  cos x dx

œ
1Î2 1Î2
’x“ œ 12 Ê 2 0 sin xsin '
 cos x dx œ 2 Ê
x 1 ' 1Î2
sin x
sin x  cos x dx œ 1
4
0 0

114. ' sin xsin xcos x dx œ ' sin x  cos xsinxcos cos
x  sin x  sin x
x dx œ ' sin
sin x  cos x
x  cos x dx 
' sincosxxcossinxx dx  ' sinxsin x
 cos x dx

œ ' dx  ' cos x  sin x


sin x  cos x dx 
' sin xsinxcos x dx œ x  lnlsin x  cos xl  ' sin xsinxcos x dx
Ê 2' sin xsinxcos x dx œ x  lnlsin x  cos xl Ê ' sin xsinxcos x dx œ x2  12 lnlsin x  cos xl  C

' 1 sinsinx x dx œ ' dx œ ' dx œ ' dx œ ' dx  '


sin2 x
2
cos2 x tan2 x tan2 x  sec2 x  sec2 x tan2 x  sec2 x sec2 x
115. 2 sin2 x sec2 x  tan2 x sec2 x  tan2 x sec2 x  tan2 x sec2 x  tan2 x dx
1
cos2 x
 cos 2x

œ ' dx  ' sec2 x


1  2tan2 x dx œ x  1 1 È
È2 tan Š 2 tan x‹ C

116. ' 11  cos x dx œ


cos x ' a11  cos
cos xb
x dx œ
' 1  2cossinx x cos x dx œ ' sin1 x dx  ' 2cos
2
2

sin x dx 
x
2
' cos x 2
sin x dx 2 2
2
2

œ ' csc2 x dx  2' csc x cot x dx  ' cot2 x dx œ cot x  2csc x  ' acsc2 x  1bdx œ œ 2cot x  2csc x  x  C

CHAPTER 8 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES

# 2 sinc" x dx
1. u œ asin" xb , du œ È 1  x# ; dv œ dx, v œ x;
' asin" xb dx œ x asin" xb  '
# # 2x sinc" x dx
È 1  x# ;

u œ sin" x, du œ dx
È 1  x# ; dv œ  È2x dx # , v œ 2È1  x# ;
1x

' 2xÈsin x dx œ 2 asin" xb È1  x#  '


c "
2 dx œ 2 asin" xb È1  x#  2x  C; therefore
1  x#

' #
asin" xb dx œ x asin" xb  2 asin" xb È1  x#  2x  C
#

" "
2. x œ x ,
" " "
x(x  1) œ x  x1 ,
" " " "
x(x  1)(x  2) œ 2x  x  1  #(x  2) ,

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Chapter 8 Additional and Advanced Exercises 529
" " " " "
x(x  1)(x  2)(x  3) œ 6x  #(x  1)  #(x  2)  6(x  3) ,
" " " " " "
x(x  1)(x  2)(x  3)(x  4) œ #4x  6(x  1)  4(x  #)  6(x  3)  24(x  4) Ê the following pattern:

therefore '
m
" (")k
x(x  1)(x  2) â (x  m) œ! (k!)(m  k)!(x  k) ;
dx
x(x  1)(x  2) â (x  m)
kœ0
m
(") k
œ ! ’ (k!)(m  k)! ln kx  kk“  C
kœ0

x#
3. u œ sin" x, du œ dx
È 1  x# ; dv œ x dx, v œ # ;

' x sin" x dx œ x# #
sin" x  ' x# dx
;”
x œ sin )
Ä ' x sin" x dx œ x#
sin" x  ' sin# ) cos ) d)
2È 1  x# dx œ cos ) d) • # 2 cos )

œ x#
# sin" x  "
#
' #
sin# ) d) œ x# sin" x  "# ˆ #)  sin 2) ‰
4 Cœ x#
# sin" x  sin ) cos )  )
4 C
x# xÈ1  x#  sin " x
œ # sin" x  4 C

z œ Èy
4. ' sin" Èy dy; – — Ä
' 2z sin" z dz; from Exercise 3, ' z sin" z dz
dz œ dy
2È y
" Èy
z# sin " z zÈ1  z#  sin " z ' sin" Èy dy œ y sin" Èy  Èy È1  y# sin
œ #  4 C Ê C
È  # sin " Èy
sin" Èy  # 
y y
œy #  C

u œ tan )
5. ' dt
;”
t œ sin )
Ä ' sincos) ) cos
d)
) œ
' tan d)) 1 ; Ô du œ sec# ) d) × Ä ' (u  1)duau#  1b
t  È1  t# dt œ cos ) d) • Õ d) œ du Ø
u#  1

œ "
#
' u du 1  #" ' u du 1  #" ' uu du1 œ #" ln ¹ Èu  1
# # ¹ "
# tan" u  C œ "
# ln ¸ tansec) ) " ¸  #" )  C
u#  1
" "
œ # ln Št  È1  t# ‹  # sin" t  C

6. ' x " 4 dx œ ' "


dx œ ' "
dx
%
ax#  2b#  4x# ax#  2x  2b ax#  2x  2b

œ "
16
' ’ x 2x 2x 2 2  (x  1)2  1  x 2x 2x 2#  (x  1)2  1 “ dx
# # # #

#
"  2x  2 " "
œ 16 ln ¹ xx#  2x  # ¹  8 ctan (x  1)  tan" (x  1)d  C

7. x lim
Ä_
'cxx sin t dt œ x lim
Ä_
c cos td xcx œ x lim
Ä_
c cos x  cos (x)d œ x lim
Ä_
a cos x  cos xb œ x lim
Ä_
0œ0

Š "# ‹
8. lim b 'x1 cost t dt;# limb t
œ limb "
cos t œ1 Ê lim b 'x
1
cos t
t# dt diverges since '0
1
dt
t# diverges; thus
xÄ! tÄ! Š cos# t ‹ tÄ! xÄ!
t

lim b x 'x
1
cos t
t# dt is an indeterminate 0 † _ form and we apply l'Hopital's
^ rule:
xÄ!
'1
x

x 'x cos
1 cos t
dt  Š cos# x ‹
t#
lim b t
t
dt œ # lim b " œ lim b x
"
œ lim b cos x œ 1
xÄ! xÄ! x xÄ! Š
x#
‹ xÄ!

! ln ˆ1  k ˆ " ‰‰ ˆ " ‰ œ ' ln (1  x) dx; ” u œ 1  x, du œ dx


n n 1
9. n lim ! ln nÉ1  k
œ n lim
Ä_
kœ1
n Ä_
kœ1
n n 0 x œ 0 Ê u œ 1, x œ 1 Ê u œ 2 •
Ä '12 ln u du œ cu ln u  ud #" œ (2 ln 2  2)  (ln 1  1) œ 2 ln 2  1 œ ln 4  1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


530 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

nc1 nc1 nc1 Î Ñ


"
10. n lim
Ä_
! È n#  k# œ n lim
Ä_
! ŠÈ n
‹ ˆ n" ‰ œ n lim
Ä_
! "
#
ˆ n" ‰
kœ0 kœ0
n#  k# kœ0 Ï Ê1  ’k Š "n ‹“ Ò

œ '0
1
" " 1
È 1 x # dx œ csin" xd ! œ #

11. dy
dx œ Ècos 2x Ê 1  Š dy # '
dx ‹ œ 1  cos 2x œ 2 cos x; L œ 0
# 1Î4
Ê1  ŠÈcos 2t‹ dt œ È2 '0
# 1Î4
Ècos# t dt
1Î%
œ È2 csin td ! œ1

12. dy
œ 2x
Ê 1  Š dy
dx ‹ œ
# #
a1  x# b  4x#
œ 1  2x#  x%
œ Š 11 
# #
'
 x# ‹ ; L œ 0
x
1Î2
Ê1  Š dx
dy
#
‹ dx
dx 1  x# a1  x # b # a1  x # b#

œ '0 Š "1  ' ˆ1  dx œ '0 ˆ1 


1Î2 # 1Î2 1Î2 "Î#
x " " ‰  x ¸‘
x# ‹ dx œ 0  dx œ x  ln ¸ 11 
2 ‰
1  x# 1x 1x x !

œ ˆ "#  ln 3‰  (0  ln 1) œ ln 3  "
#

13. V œ 'a 21 ˆ radius ‹ dx œ '0 21xy dx


b 1
shell ‰ shell
Š height

Ô uœ1x ×
œ 61 '0 x# È1  x dx;
1
du œ  dx
Õ x# œ (1  u)# Ø

Ä 61 '1 (1  u)# Èu du


0

œ 61 '1 ˆu"Î#  2u$Î#  u&Î# ‰ du


0

!
œ 61  23 u$Î#  45 u&Î#  27 u(Î# ‘ " œ 61 ˆ 23  4
5  27 ‰
œ 61 ˆ 70 105
84  30 ‰
œ 61 ˆ 105
16 ‰
œ 32351

14. V œ 'a 1y# dx œ 1 '1


b 4
25 dx
x# (5  x)

œ 1 '1 ˆ dx
4

x  
5 dx dx ‰
x# 5x
% "
œ 1 ln ¸ 5 x x ¸  5x ‘ " œ 1 ˆln 4  54 ‰  1 ˆln 4  5‰
151
œ 4  21 ln 4

15. V œ 'a 21 ˆ radius ‹ dx œ '0 21xex dx


b 1
shell ‰ shell
Š height
œ 21 cxex  ex d "! œ 21

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Chapter 8 Additional and Advanced Exercises 531

16. V œ '0
ln 2
21(ln 2  x) aex  1b dx

œ 21 '0
ln 2
c(ln 2) ex  ln 2  xex  xd dx
ln 2
x#
œ 21 ’(ln 2) ex  (ln 2)x  xex  ex  # “0
(ln 2)#
œ 21 ’2 ln 2  (ln 2)#  2 ln 2  2  # “  21(ln 2  1)
#
œ 21 ’ (ln#2)  ln 2  1“

17. (a) V œ '1 1 c1  (ln x)# d dx


e

œ 1 cx  x(ln x)# d 1  21'1 ln x dx


e
e

(FORMULA 110)
œ 1 cx  x(ln x)#  2(x ln x  x)d 1
e

œ 1 cx  x(ln x)#  2x ln xd 1


e

œ 1 ce  e  2e  (1)d œ 1
(b) V œ '1 1(1  ln x)# dx œ 1'1 c1  2 ln x  (ln x)# d dx
e e

œ 1 cx  2(x ln x  x)  x(ln x)# d 1  21'1 ln x dx


e
e

œ 1 cx  2(x ln x  x)  x(ln x)#  2(x ln x  x)d 1


e

œ 1 c5x  4x ln x  x(ln x)# d 1


e

œ 1 c(5e  4e  e)  (5)d œ 1(2e  5)

18. (a) V œ 1 '0 aey b#  1‘ dy œ 1'0 ae2y  1b dy œ 1  e#  y‘ ! œ 1 ’ e#  1  ˆ "# ‰“ œ


1 1 2y " # 1 ae #  3 b
#

(b) V œ 1'0 aey  1b# dy œ 1'0 ae2y  2ey  1b dy œ 1  e#  2ey  y‘ ! œ 1 ’Š e#  2e  1‹  ˆ "#  2‰“
1 1 2y " #

# 1 ae#  4e  5b
œ 1 Š e#  2e  5# ‹ œ #

19. (a) lim x ln x œ 0 Ê lim f(x) œ 0 œ f(0) Ê f is continuous


x Ä !b x Ä !b
#
Ô u œ (ln x) ×
Ö du œ (2 ln x) dx Ù
(b) V œ '0 1x# (ln x)# dx; Ö '
2 # 2
x Ù x$ # $
Ö dv œ x# dx Ù Ä 1 Œb lim  Š x3 ‹ (2 ln x) dx
’ (ln x) “ x 
Ä !b 3 b 0
$
Õ v œ x3 Ø
2 #
$
x$
œ 1 ”ˆ 83 ‰ (ln 2)#  ˆ 23 ‰ lim b ’ x3 ln x  9 “ b• œ 1 ’ 8(ln3 2)  16(ln 2)
9  16
27 “
bÄ!

20. V œ '0 1( ln x)# dx


1

œ 1 Œ lim b cx(ln x)# d b  2'0 ln x dx


1
1

bÄ!
œ 21 lim b cx ln x  xd 1b œ 21
bÄ!

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532 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

21. M œ '1 ln x dx œ cx ln x  xd e1 œ (e  e)  (0  1) œ 1;
e

Mx œ '1 (ln x) ˆ ln#x ‰ dx œ '1e (ln x)# dx


e
"
#

Šcx(ln x)# d 1  2 '1 ln x dx‹ œ


e
" "
œ
e
# # (e  2);

My œ '1 x ln x dx œ ’ x '1e x dx
e # e
"
ln x
# “1  #
e
" x# " e#
œ # ’x# ln x  # “1 œ # ’Še#  #‹  "# “ œ "
4 ae#  1b ;
My e#  1 e2
therefore, x œ M œ 4 and y œ Mx
M œ #

22. M œ '0
1
"
2 dx
È 1  x# œ 2 csin" xd ! œ 1;

My œ '0
1 "
È #
È1  x# œ 2 ’ 1  x “ œ 2;
2x dx
!
My
therefore, x œ M œ 1 and y œ 0 by symmetry
2

x œ tan ) tanc" e
23. L œ '1 É1  dx œ '1 Ä L œ '1Î4
e
"
e È x#  1 sec )†sec# ) d)
x# dx; ” # •
x dx œ sec ) d) tan )

tanc" e tan " e


œ '1Î4 d) œ '1Î4
(sec )) atan# )  1b "e
tan ) (tan ) sec )  csc )) d) œ csec )  ln kcsc )  cot )kd 1tanÎ4
È 1  e# È 1  e#
œ ŠÈ1  e#  ln ¹ e  "e ¹‹  ’È2  ln Š1  È2‹“ œ È1  e#  ln Š e  "e ‹  È2  ln Š1  È2‹

24. y œ ln x Ê 1  Š dx # ' È #
#
' yÈ1  e2y dy; ”
dy ‹ œ 1  x Ê S œ 21 c x 1  x dy Ê S œ 21 0 e
d 1 u œ ey
du œ ey dy •
u œ tan ) tanc" e
Ä S œ 21'1 È1  u# du; ” Ä 21 '1Î4 sec ) † sec# ) d)
e

#
du œ sec ) d) •
c" e
œ 21 ˆ "# ‰ csec ) tan )  ln ksec )  tan )kd tan
1Î% œ 1 ’ŠÈ1  e# ‹ e  ln ¹È1  e#  e¹“  1 ’È2 † 1  ln ŠÈ2  1‹“
È 1  e#  e
œ 1 ’eÈ1  e#  ln Š È2  1 ‹  È 2“

25. S œ 21 'c1 f(x) É1  cf w (x)d# dx; f(x) œ ˆ1  x#Î$ ‰ Ê S œ 21 'c1 ˆ1  x#Î$ ‰


1 $Î# 1 $Î#
Ê cf w (x)d#  1 œ "
x#Î$
† dx
Èx#Î$

u œ x#Î$
œ 41'0 ˆ1  x#Î$ ‰ ˆ x"Î$ '1 du œ 61'0 (1  u)$Î# d(1  u)
1$Î# " $Î#
1

2 dx — Ä 4 † # 1 0 (1  u)
‰ dx; – 3
du œ 3 x"Î$
" 121
œ 61 † 25 (1  u)&Î# ‘ ! œ 5

26. y œ '1 ÉÈt  1 dt Ê œ ÉÈx  1 Ê L œ '1 Ê1  ŠÉÈx  1‹ dx œ '1 É1  Èx  1 dx


x 16 2 16
dy
dx

œ '1 È
16 16
4
x dx œ ’ 45 x5Î4 “ œ 45 a16b5Î4  45 a1b5Î4 œ 124
5
1

27. '1_ ˆ x ax 1  #"x ‰ dx œ


# lim '1b ˆ x ax 1  #"x ‰ dx œ
# lim  #a ln ax#  1b  "
# ln x‘ 1 œ lim ’ #" ln
b ax #  1 b
x
a

b

bÄ_ bÄ_ bÄ_ 1


ab #  1 b #
2 ˆa c 12 ‰
a a
œ lim "  ln 2 “ ; lim ab b 1b  œ lim b œ _ if a  "
Ê the improper
2a
’ln a
lim b
bÄ_ # b bÄ_ bÄ_ b bÄ_ #

È b#  1 "Î#
" ab #  1 b
integral diverges if a  # ; for a œ "# : lim œ lim É1  "
b# œ1 Ê lim"
”ln  ln 2"Î# •
bÄ_ b bÄ_ bÄ_ # b

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Chapter 8 Additional and Advanced Exercises 533
ab #  1 b
œ lim (b  1)2ac1 œ 0
a
" " " (b1)2a
œ #
ˆln 1  # ln 2‰ œ  ln42 ; if a  # : 0 Ÿ lim b  lim b 1
bÄ_ bÄ_ bÄ_
ab #  1 b
a
"
Ê lim ln b œ _ Ê the improper integral diverges if a  # ; in summary, the improper integral
bÄ_
_
'1 ˆ x#ax 1  " ‰
#x dx converges only when a œ "
# and has the value  ln42

28. G(x) œ lim '0b ecxt dt œ lim  "x ecxt ‘ 0 œ lim Š 1 xe ‹ œ
b cxb 10
x œ "
x if x  0 Ê xG(x) œ x ˆ "x ‰ œ 1 if x  0
bÄ_ bÄ_ bÄ_

_ dx
29. A œ '1 xp converges if p  1 and diverges if p Ÿ 1. Thus, p Ÿ 1 for infinite area. The volume of the solid of revolution
_ _ dx
about the x-axis is V œ '1 1 ˆ x"p ‰ dx œ 1 '1
#
x2p which converges if 2p  1 and diverges if 2p Ÿ 1. Thus we want
p "
# for finite volume. In conclusion, the curve y œ xcp gives infinite area and finite volume for values of p satisfying
"
#  p Ÿ 1.

30. The area is given by the integral A œ '0


1
dx
xp ;
p œ 1: A œ lim b cln xd œ  lim b ln b œ _, diverges;
1
b
bÄ! bÄ!
p  1: A œ lim b cx1cp d 1b œ 1  lim b b1cp œ _, diverges;
bÄ! bÄ!
p  1: A œ lim b cx1cp d 1b œ "  lim b b1cp œ 1  0, converges; thus, p   1 for infinite area.
bÄ! bÄ!

The volume of the solid of revolution about the x-axis is Vx œ 1'0


1
dx
x2p which converges if 2p  1 or
" "
p # , and diverges if p   # . Thus, Vx is infinite whenever the area is infinite (p   1).
_ _
The volume of the solid of revolution about the y-axis is Vy œ 1 '1 cR(y)d# dy œ 1'1 dy
y2Îp which
converges if 2
p  1 Í p  2 (see Exercise 29). In conclusion, the curve y œ xcp gives infinite area and finite
volume for values of p satisfying 1 Ÿ p  2, as described above.

_
31. (a) >(1) œ '0 e t dt œ lim '0b e t
dt œ lim ce t d b0 œ lim  e"b  (1)‘ œ 0  1 œ 1
bÄ_ bÄ_ bÄ_
(b) u œ tx , du œ xtxc1 dt; dv œ ect dt, v œ ect ; x œ fixed positive real
_ _
Ê >(x  1) œ '0 tx e t dt œ lim ctx e t d b0  x '0 tx 1 e t dt œ lim ˆ beb  0x e! ‰  x>(x) œ x>(x)
x

bÄ_ bÄ_
(c) >(n  1) œ n>(n) œ n!:
n œ 0: >(0  1) œ >(1) œ 0!;
n œ k: Assume >(k  1) œ k! for some k  0;
n œ k  1: >(k  1  1) œ (k  1) >(k  1) from part (b)
œ (k  1)k! induction hypothesis
œ (k  1)! definition of factorial
Thus, >(n  1) œ n>(n) œ n! for every positive integer n.

32. (a) >(x) ¸ ˆ xe ‰ É 2x1 and n>(n) œ n! Ê n! ¸ n ˆ ne ‰ É 2n1 œ ˆ ne ‰ È2n1


x n n

(b) n ˆ ne ‰n È2n1 calculator


10 3598695.619 3628800
20 2.4227868 ‚ 10") 2.432902 ‚ 10")
30 2.6451710 ‚ 10$# 2.652528 ‚ 10$#
40 8.1421726 ‚ 10%( 8.1591528 ‚ 10%(
50 3.0363446 ‚ 10'% 3.0414093 ‚ 10'%
60 8.3094383 ‚ 10)" 8.3209871 ‚ 10)"

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


534 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

(c) n ˆ ne ‰n È2n1 ˆ ne ‰n È2n1 e1Î12n calculator


10 3598695.619 3628810.051 3628800

33. e2x ÐÑ cos 3x

2e2x ÐÑ 1
3 sin 3x

4e2x ÐÑ  19 cos 3x


e2x 2e2x e2x e2x
Iœ 3 sin 3x  9 cos 3x  49 I Ê 13
9 Iœ 9 (3 sin 3x  2 cos 3x) Ê I œ 13 (3 sin 3x  2 cos 3x)  C

34. e3x ÐÑ sin 4x

3e3x ÐÑ  4" cos 4x

"
9e3x ÐÑ  16 sin 4x
3x
3e3x e3x e3x
I œ  e4 cos 4x  16 sin 4x  9
16 I Ê 25
16 Iœ 16 (3 sin 4x  4 cos 4x) Ê I œ 25 (3 sin 4x  4 cos 4x)  C

35. sin 3x ÐÑ sin x

3 cos 3x ÐÑ cos x

9 sin 3x ÐÑ sin x


I œ  sin 3x cos x  3 cos 3x sin x  9I Ê 8I œ  sin 3x cos x  3 cos 3x sin x
Ê I œ sin 3x cos x83 cos 3x sin x  C

36. cos 5x ÐÑ sin 4x

 sin 5x ÐÑ  "4 cos 4x

"
25cos 5x ÐÑ  16 sin 4

I œ  "4 cos 5x cos 4x  5


16 sin 5x sin 4x  25
16 I Ê  16
9
I œ  "4 cos 5x cos 4x  5
16 sin 5x sin 4x
"
Ê Iœ 9 (4 cos 5x cos 4x  5 sin 5x sin 4x)  C

37. eax ÐÑ sin bx

aeax ÐÑ  "b cos bx

a# eax ÐÑ  b"# sin bx


ax
aeax a# #
 b# eax
I œ  eb cos bx  b# sin bx  b# I Ê Ša b# ‹ I œ b# (a sin bx  b cos bx)
eax
Ê Iœ a#  b# (a sin bx  b cos bx)  C

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


Chapter 8 Additional and Advanced Exercises 535

38. eax ÐÑ cos bx


"
aeax ÐÑ b sin bx

a# eax ÐÑ  b"# cos bx


eax aeax a# #
 b# eax
Iœ b sin bx  b# cos bx  b# I Ê Ša b# ‹ I œ b# (a cos bx  b sin bx)
Ê Iœ eax
a#  b# (a cos bx  b sin bx)  C

39. ln (ax) ÐÑ 1


"
x ÐÑ x

I œ x ln (ax)  ' ˆ "x ‰ x dx œ x ln (ax)  x  C

40. ln (ax) ÐÑ x#


" "
x ÐÑ 3 x$

x$ ln (ax)  ' ˆ "x ‰ Š x3 ‹ dx œ


$
" "
Iœ 3 3 x$ ln (ax)  9" x$  C

' 1 dxsin x œ ' œ'


2 dz
Š ‹
1 z#
41. 2 dz
(1  z)# œ 2
1z Cœ 2
1  tan ˆ #x ‰
C
1  Š 2z # ‹
1 z

' 1  sin dxx  cos x œ ' œ' œ'


2 dz
Š ‹
1 z#
42. 2z 1  z#
2 dz
1  z#  2z  1  z#
dz
1z œ ln k1  zk  C
1 Š  ‹
1 z# 1 z#

œ ln ¸tan ˆ x# ‰  1¸  C

'01Î2 1 dxsin x œ '01 œ '0


2 dz
Š ‹
1 z#
1 "
43. 2z
2 dz
(1  z)# œ   1 2 z ‘ ! œ (1  2) œ 1
1Š ‹
1 z#

'11ÎÎ32 '11ÎÈ3 œ '1ÎÈ3


2 dz
Š ‹
1 z#
1 "
44. dx
1  cos x œ 1  z#
dz
z# œ  1z ‘ "ÎÈ$ œ È3  1
1Š ‹
1 z#

'01Î2 2 dcos '1 œ '0 œ '0


"
2 dz
Š ‹
1 z#
1 1
) "
45. ) œ 0 1  z#
2 dz
2  2z#  1  z#
2 dz
z#  3 œ 2
È3 ’tan" z
È3 “ œ 2
È3 tan" È3
2Š ‹ !
1 z#

1 È 31
œ 3È 3
œ 9

È3 z# È3 È3
46. '12Î12Î3 cos ) d)
sin ) cos )  sin ) œ '1
Š1
1  z#
‹ Š 2 dz# ‹
1z
œ '1 2 a1  z# b dz
2z  2z$  2z  2z$ œ '1 1  z#
dz
z# ‹
Ô 2z Š1 × 2z
2z
Õ Š1  z# ‹
#  Š 1  z# ‹Ø

È$
z#
œ ’ "# ln z  4 "“ œ Š "# ln È3  43 ‹  ˆ0  4" ‰ œ ln 3
4  "
# œ "
4 (ln 3  2) œ "
# Šln È3  1‹

' sin t dt cos t œ ' œ' œ'


2 dz
Š ‹
1 z# È
47. 2z 1  z#
2 dz
2z  1  z#
2 dz
(z  1)#  2 œ "
È2 ln ¹ zz  1 2
 1  È2
¹C
Š  ‹
1 z# 1 z#

" tan ˆ t ‰  1  È2
œ È2 ln º tan ˆ #t ‰  1  È2 º  C
#

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.


536 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration
1 z#
48. ' 1cos cos
t dt
t œ
'Š 1  z#
‹ Š 2 dz# ‹
1 z
# œ' 2 a1  z# b dz
œ' 2 a1  z# b dz
1  Š 1 z# ‹ a1  z # b #  a 1  z # b a 1  z # b a1  z # b a 1  z #  1  z # b
1z

œ' a1  z# b dz
a1  z # b z # œ' dz
z # a1  z # b ' dz
1  z# œ' dz
z# 2' dz
z#  1 œ  "z  2 tan" z  C œ  cot ˆ #t ‰  t  C

' sec ) d) œ ' cosd) ) œ ' Š œ' œ' œ' '


2 dz

1 z# 2 dz 2 dz dz dz
49. #
Š 1  z# ‹ 1  z# (1  z)(1  z) 1z 1z
1 z

1  tan Š )# ‹
œ ln k1  zk  ln k1  zk  C œ ln » C
1  tan Š )# ‹ »

' csc ) d) œ ' sind)) œ ' Š œ'


2 dz

1 z#
50. 2z
dz
z œ ln kzk  C œ ln ¸tan #) ¸  C
Š ‹
1 z#

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