Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations: 9.1 Solutions, Slope Fields and Euler'S Method

CHAPTER 9 FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
9.1 SOLUTIONS, SLOPE FIELDS AND EULER'S METHOD
1. y w œ x y Ê slope of 0 for the line y œ x.

For x, y 0, y w œ x y Ê slope 0 in Quadrant I.
For x, y 0, y w œ x y Ê slope 0 in Quadrant III.
For kyk kxk, y 0, x 0, y w œ x y Ê slope 0 in
Quadrant II above y œ x.
For kyk kxk, y 0, x 0, y w œ x y Ê slope 0 in
Quadrant II below y œ x.
For kyk kxk, x 0, y 0, y w œ x y Ê slope 0 in
Quadrant IV above y œ x.
For kyk kxk, x 0, y 0, y w œ x y Ê slope 0 in
Quadrant IV below y œ x.
All of the conditions are seen in slope field (d).
2. y w œ y 1 Ê slope is constant for a given value of y, slope

is 0 for y œ 1, slope is positive for y 1 and negative for
y 1. These characteristics are evident in slope field (c).
3. y w œ xy Ê slope œ 1 on y œ x and 1 on y œ x.
y w œ xy Ê slope œ 0 on the y-axis, excluding a0, 0b,
and is undefined on the x-axis. Slopes are positive for
x 0, y 0 and x 0, y 0 (Quadrants II and IV),
otherwise negative. Field (a) is consistent with these
conditions.
4. y w œ y2 x2 Ê slope is 0 for y œ x and for y œ x.

For kyk kxk slope is positive and for kyk kxk slope is
negative. Field (b) has these characteristics.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

538 Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations
5. 6.
7. y œ 1 '1 at yatbbdt Ê œ x yaxb; ya1b œ 1 '1 at yatbbdt œ 1;

x 1
dy
dx
dy
dx œ x y, ya1b œ 1
8. y œ '1 1t dt Ê œ x1 ; ya1b œ '1 1t dt œ 0;

x 1
dy
dx
dy
dx œ x1 , ya1b œ 0
9. y œ 2 '0 a1 yatbbsin t dt Ê œ a1 yaxbbsin x; ya0b œ 2 '0 a1 yatbbsin t dt œ 2;

x 0
dy
dx
dy
dx œ a1 ybsin x,
ya0b œ 2
10. y œ 1 '0 yatb dt Ê œ yaxb; ya0b œ 1 '0 yatb dt œ 1;

x 0
dy
dx
dy
dx œ y, ya0b œ 1
1 ‰
11. y" œ y! Š1 y!
x! ‹ dx œ 1 ˆ1 # (.5) œ 0.25,
0.25 ‰
y# œ y " Š 1 y"
x" ‹ dx œ 0.25 ˆ1 2.5 (.5) œ 0.3,
y$ œ y # Š 1 y#
x# ‹ dx œ 0.3 ˆ1 0.3 ‰
3 (.5) œ 0.75;
dy
dx ˆ x" ‰ y œ 1 Ê P(x) œ "
x , Q(x) œ 1 Ê ' P(x) dx œ ' x" dx œ ln kxk œ ln x, x 0 Ê v(x) œ eln x œ x
Ê yœ "
x
' x † 1 dx œ x" Š x# #
C‹ ; x œ 2, y œ 1 Ê 1 œ 1 C
2 Ê C œ 4 Ê y œ x
# 4
x
Ê y(3.5) œ 3.5
# 4
3.5 œ 4.25
7 ¸ 0.6071
12. y" œ y! x! (1 y! ) dx œ 0 1(1 0)(.2) œ .2,

y# œ y" x" (1 y" ) dx œ .2 1.2(1 .2)(.2) œ .392,
y$ œ y# x# (1 y# ) dx œ .392 1.4(1 .392)(.2) œ .5622;
x# " #
dy
1 y œ x dx Ê ln k1 yk œ # C; x œ 1, y œ 0 Ê ln 1 œ # C Ê C œ #" Ê ln k1 yk œ x# "
#
#
Ê y œ 1 ea1x bÎ2 Ê y(1.6) ¸ .5416
13. y" œ y! (2x! y! 2y! ) dx œ 3 [2(0)(3) 2(3)](.2) œ 4.2,

y# œ y" (2x" y" 2y" ) dx œ 4.2 [2(.2)(4.2) 2(4.2)](.2) œ 6.216,
y$ œ y# (2x# y# 2y# ) dx œ 6.216 [2(.4)(6.216) 2(6.216)](.2) œ 9.6969;
dy
dx œ 2y(x 1) Ê dy
y œ 2(x 1) dx Ê ln kyk œ (x 1)# C; x œ 0, y œ 3 Ê ln 3 œ 1 C Ê C œ ln 3 1
Ê ln y œ (x 1)# ln 3 1 Ê y œ eÐx1Ñ ln 31 œ eln 3 ex 2x œ 3exÐx2Ñ Ê y(.6) ¸ 14.2765
# #
14. y" œ y! y#! (1 2x! ) dx œ 1 1# [1 2(1)](.5) œ .5,

y# œ y" y#" (1 2x" ) dx œ .5 (.5)# [1 2(.5)](.5) œ .5,
y$ œ y# y## (1 2x# ) dx œ .5 (.5)# [1 2(0)](.5) œ .625;
dy
y# œ (1 2x) dx Ê y" œ x x# C; x œ 1, y œ 1 Ê 1 œ 1 (1)# C Ê C œ 1 Ê "
y œ 1 x x#
" "
Ê yœ 1 x x# Ê y(.5) œ 1 .5 (.5)# œ4

Section 9.1 Solutins, Slope Fields and Euler's Method 539
#
15. y" œ y! 2x! ex! dx œ 2 2(0)(.1) œ 2,
# #
y# œ y" 2x" ex" dx œ 2 2(.1) eÞ1 (.1) œ 2.0202,
# #
y$ œ y# 2x# ex# dx œ 2.0202 2(.2) eÞ2 (.1) œ 2.0618,
# # # #
dy œ 2xex dx Ê y œ ex C; y(0) œ 2 Ê 2 œ 1 C Ê C œ 1 Ê y œ ex 1 Ê y(.3) œ eÞ3 1 ¸ 2.0942
16. y" œ y! ay! ex! b dx œ 2 a2 † e0 b (.5) œ 3,

y2 œ y1 ay1 ex1 b dx œ 3 a3 † e0.5 b (.5) œ 5.47308,
y3 œ y2 ay2 ex2 b dx œ 5.47308 a5.47308 † e1.0 b (.5) œ 12.9118,
dy
dx œ y ex Ê dy
y œ ex dx Ê lnlyl œ ex C; x œ 0, y œ 2 Ê ln 2 œ 1 C Ê C œ ln 2 1 Ê lnlyl œ ex ln 2 1
x
" 1.5
"
Ê y œ 2ee Ê ya1.5b œ 2ee ¸ 65.0292
17. y" œ 1 1(.2) œ 1.2,

y# œ 1.2 (1.2)(.2) œ 1.44,
y$ œ 1.44 (1.44)(.2) œ 1.728,
y% œ 1.728 (1.728)(.2) œ 2.0736,
y& œ 2.0736 (2.0736)(.2) œ 2.48832;
dy
y œ dx Ê ln y œ x C" Ê y œ Cex ; y(0) œ 1 Ê 1 œ Ce! Ê C œ 1 Ê y œ ex Ê y(1) œ e ¸ 2.7183
18. y" œ 2 ˆ 21 ‰ (.2) œ 2.4,

y# œ 2.4 ˆ 2.4
1.2 (.2) œ 2.8,
‰
y$ œ 2.8 ˆ 2.8
1.4 (.2) œ 3.2,
‰
y% œ 3.2 ˆ 1.6 ‰ (.2) œ 3.6,
3.2
y& œ 3.6 ˆ 3.6

1.8 (.2) œ 4;
‰
dy
y œ dx
x Ê ln y œ ln x C Ê y œ kx; y(1) œ 2 Ê 2 œ k Ê y œ 2x Ê y(2) œ 4
#
19. y" œ 1 ’ (È1) “ (.5) œ .5,
1
#
.5)
y# œ .5 ’ (È 1.5
“ (.5) œ .39794,
#
y$ œ .39794 ’ (.39794)
È2 “ (.5) œ .34195,
#
y% œ .34195 ’ (.34195)
È2.5 “ (.5) œ .30497,
y& œ .27812, y' œ .25745, y( œ .24088, y) œ .2272;

" " "
y# œ Èx Ê y œ 2 x C; y(1) œ 1 Ê 1 œ 2 C Ê C œ 1 Ê y œ Ê y(5) œ ¸ .2880
dy dx È
1 #È x 1 #È 5
20. y" œ 1 a0 † sin 1b ˆ "3 ‰ œ 1,

y# œ 1 ˆ "3 † sin 1‰ ˆ 3" ‰ œ 1.09350,
y$ œ 1.09350 ˆ 23 † sin 1.09350‰ ˆ 3" ‰ œ 1.29089,
y% œ 1.29089 ˆ 33 † sin 1.29089‰ ˆ 3" ‰ œ 1.61125,
y& œ 1.61125 ˆ 43 † sin 1.61125‰ ˆ 3" ‰ œ 2.05533,
y' œ 2.05533 ˆ 53 † sin 2.05533‰ ˆ 3" ‰ œ 2.54694;
y w œ x sin y Ê csc y dy œ x dx Ê lnlcsc y cot yl œ 12 x2 C Ê csc y cot y œ e 2 x C œ Ce 2 x
1 2 1 2
1 cos y
œ Ce 2 x Ê cotˆ 2y ‰ œ Ce 2 x ; ya0b œ 1 Ê cotˆ 21 ‰ œ Ce0 œ C Ê cotˆ 2y ‰ œ cotˆ 21 ‰e 2 x
2 1 2 1 2 1
Ê sin y
Ê y œ 2 cot1 Šcotˆ 12 ‰e 2 x ‹, ya2b œ 2 cot1 ˆcotˆ 12 ‰e2 ‰ œ 2.65591

2 1

21. y œ 1 x a1 x0 y0 bex x0 Ê yax0 b œ 1 x0 a1 x0 y0 bex0 x0 œ 1 x0 a1 x0 y0 ba1b œ y0

dy
dx œ 1 a1 x0 y0 bex x0 Ê y œ 1 x a1 x0 y0 bex x0 œ dy
dx xÊ dy
dx œ xy
22. y w œ faxb, yax0 b œ y0 Ê y œ 'x fatbdt C, yax0 b œ 'x fatbdt C œ C Ê C œ y0 Ê y œ 'x fatbdt y0
x x0 x
0 0 0
23-34. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
ode := diff( y(x), x ) = y(x);
icA := [0, 1];
icB := [0, 2];
icC := [0,-1];
DEplot( ode, y(x), x=0..2, [icA,icB,icC], arrows=slim, linecolor=blue, title="#23 (Section 9.1)" );
Mathematica:
To plot vector fields, you must begin by loading a graphics package.
<<Graphics`PlotField`
To control lengths and appearance of vectors, select the Help browser, type PlotVectorField and select Go.
Clear[x, y, f]
yprime = y (2 y);
pv = PlotVectorField[{1, yprime}, {x, 5, 5}, {y, 4, 6}, Axes Ä True, AxesLabel Ä {x, y}];
To draw solution curves with Mathematica, you must first solve the differential equation. This will be done with
the DSolve command. The y[x] and x at the end of the command specify the dependent and independent variables.
The command will not work unless the y in the differential equation is referenced as y[x].
equation = y'[x] == y[x] (2 y[x]) ;
initcond = y[a] == b;
sols = DSolve[{equation, initcond}, y[x], x]
vals = {{0, 1/2}, {0, 3/2}, {0, 2}, {0, 3}}
f[{a_, b_}] = sols[[1, 1, 2]];
solnset = Map[f, vals]
ps = Plot[Evaluate[solnset, {x, 5, 5}];
Show[pv, ps, PlotRange Ä {4, 6}];
The code for problems such as 31 & 32 is similar for the direction field, but the analytical solutions involve
complicated inverse functions, so the numerical solver NDSolve is used. Note that a domain interval is
specified.
equation = y'[x] == Cos[2x y[x]] ;
initcond = y[0] == 2;
sol = NDSolve[{equation, initcond}, y[x], {x, 0, 5}]
ps = Plot[Evaluate[y[x]/.sol, {x, 0, 5}];
N[y[x] /. sol/.x Ä 2]
Show[pv, ps, PlotRange Ä {0, 5}];
Solutions for 34 can be found one at a time and plots named and shown together. No direction fields here.
For 34, the direction field code is similar, but the solution is found implicitly using integrations. The plot
requires loading another special graphics package.
<<Graphics`ImplicitPlot`
Clear[x,y]
solution[c_] = Integrate[2 (y 1), y] == Integrate[3x2 4x 2, x] c
values = {6, 4, 2, 0, 2, 4, 6};
solns = Map[solution, values];
ps = ImplicitPlot[solns, {x, 3, 3}, {y, 3, 3}]
Show[pv, ps]
Section 9.1 Solutins, Slope Fields and Euler's Method 541
23. 24.
25. 26.
27. 28.
dy
œ 2xex , ya0b œ 2 Ê yn1 œ yn 2xn exn dx œ yn 2xn exn a0.1b œ yn 0.2xn exn
2 2 2 2
35. dx
On a TI-84 calculator home screen, type the following commands:
2 STO > y: 0 STO > x: y (enter)
y 0.2*x*e^(x^2) STO > y: x 0.1 STO > x: y (enter, 10 times)
The last value displayed gives yEuler a1b ¸ 3.45835
The exact solution: dy œ 2xex dx Ê y œ ex C; ya0b œ 2 œ e0 C Ê C œ 1 Ê y œ 1 ex
2 2 2
Ê yexact a1b œ 1 e ¸ 3.71828
36. dy
dx œ 2y2 ax 1b, ya2b œ 12 Ê yn1 œ yn 2yn2 axn 1bdx œ yn 0.2 yn2 axn 1b
0.5 STO > y: 2 STO > x: y (enter)
y 0.2*y2 ax 1b STO > y: x 0.1 STO > x: y (enter, 10 times)
The exact solution: dy
dx œ 2y2 ax 1b Ê dy
y2 œ a2x 2bdx Ê 1y œ x2 2x C Ê 1
y œ x2 2x C
ya2b œ 12 Ê 1
1 Î2 œ a2b2 2a2b C œ C Ê C œ 2 Ê 1
y œ x2 2x 2 Ê y œ 1
x2 2x 2
ya3b œ 1
a3 b 2 2 a 3 b 2
œ 0.2

Èx È xn È xn È xn
37. dy
dx œ y ,y 0ß ya0b œ " Ê yn1 œ yn yn dx œ yn yn a0.1b œ yn 0." yn
y 0.1*(Èx /y) STO > y: x 0.1 STO > x: y (enter, 10 times)
Èx 2
The exact solution: dy œ y dx Ê y dy œ Èx dx Ê y2
2 œ 32 x3/2 C; aya20bb œ 12
2 œ 1
2 œ 23 a0b3/2 C Ê C œ 1
2
y2
Ê 2 œ 23 x3/2 1
2 Ê y œ É 43 x3/2 1 Ê yexact a"b œ É 43 a1b3/2 1 ¸ 1.5275
38. dy
dx œ 1 y2 , ya0b œ 0 Ê yn1 œ yn a1 yn2 bdx œ yn a1 yn2 ba0.1b œ yn 0.1a1 yn2 b
y 0.1*(1 y2 ) STO > y: x 0.1 STO > x: y (enter, 10 times)
The exact solution: dy œ a1 y2 bdx Ê dy
1 y2 œ dx Ê tan1 y œ x C; tan1 ya0b œ tan1 0 œ 0 œ 0 C Ê C œ 0
Ê tan1 y œ x Ê y œ tan x Ê yexact a"b œ tan 1 ¸ 1.5574
39. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
ode := diff( y(x), x ) = x + y(x);ic := y(0)=-7/10;
x0 := -4;x1 := 4;y0 := -4; y1 := 4;
b := 1;
P1 := DEplot( ode, y(x), x=x0..x1, y=y0..y1, arrows=thin, title="#39(a) (Section 9.1)" ):
P1;
Ygen := unapply( rhs(dsolve( ode, y(x) )), x,_C1 ); # (b)
P2 := seq( plot( Ygen(x,c), x=x0..x1, y=y0..y1, color=blue ), c=-2..2 ): # (c)
display( [P1,P2], title="#39(c) (Section 9.1)" );
CC := solve( Ygen(0,C)=rhs(ic), C ); # (d)
Ypart := Ygen(x,CC);
P3 := plot( Ypart, x=0..b, title="#39(d) (Section 9.1)" ):
P3;
euler4 := dsolve( {ode,ic}, numeric, method=classical[foreuler], stepsize=(x1-x0)/4 ): # (e)
P4 := odeplot( euler4, [x,y(x)], x=0..b, numpoints=4, color=blue ):
display( [P3,P4], title="#39(e) (Section 9.1)" );
euler8 := dsolve( {ode,ic}, numeric, method=classical[foreuler], stepsize=(x1-x0)/8 ): # (f)
P5 := odeplot( euler8, [x,y(x)], x=0..b, numpoints=8, color=green ):
euler16 := dsolve( {ode,ic}, numeric, method=classical[foreuler], stepsize=(x1-x0)/16 ):
P6 := odeplot( euler16, [x,y(x)], x=0..b, numpoints=16, color=pink ):
euler32 := dsolve( {ode,ic}, numeric, method=classical[foreuler], stepsize=(x1-x0)/32 ):
P7 := odeplot( euler32, [x,y(x)], x=0..b, numpoints=32, color=cyan ):
display( [P3,P4,P5,P6,P7], title="#39(f) (Section 9.1)" );
<< N|h | `percent error` >, # (g)
< 4 | (x1-x0)/ 4 | evalf[5]( abs(1-eval(y(x),euler4(b))/eval(Ypart,x=b))*100 ) >,
< 8 | (x1-x0)/ 8 | evalf[5]( abs(1-eval(y(x),euler8(b))/eval(Ypart,x=b))*100 ) >,
< 16 | (x1-x0)/16 | evalf[5]( abs(1-eval(y(x),euler16(b))/eval(Ypart,x=b))*100 ) >,
< 32 | (x1-x0)/32 | evalf[5]( abs(1-eval(y(x),euler32(b))/eval(Ypart,x=b))*100 ) > >;

Section 9.2 First-Order Linear Differential Equations 543
39-42. Example CAS commands:

Mathematica: (assigned functions, step sizes, and values for initial conditions may vary)
Problems 39 - 42 involve use of code from Problems 23 - 34 together with the above code for Euler's method.
9.2 FIRST-ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. x dy
dx y œ ex Ê dy
dx ˆ x" ‰ y œ ex
x , P(x) œ "
x , Q(x) œ ex
x
' P(x) dx œ ' "x dx œ ln kxk œ ln x, x 0 Ê v(x) œ e' PÐxÑ dx œ eln x œ x
" '
v(x) Q(x) dx œ "x ' x ˆ ex ‰ dx œ "x aex Cb œ e
x
y œ v(x) x ,x0
x
C
2. ex dy
dx 2ex y œ 1 Ê dy
dx 2y œ ex , P(x) œ 2, Q(x) œ ex
' P(x) dx œ ' 2 dx œ 2x Ê v(x) œ e' PÐxÑ dx œ e2x
y œ e" ' e2x † ecx dx œ e" ' ex dx œ e" aex Cb œ ecx Cec2x
2x 2x 2x
3. xyw 3y œ sin x
x# ,x0Ê dy
dx ˆ x3 ‰ y œ sin x
x$ , P(x) œ 3
x , Q(x) œ sin x
x$
' 3x dx œ 3 ln kxk œ ln x$ , x 0 Ê v(x) œ eln x œ x$ $
y œ x" ' x$ ˆ sinx x ‰ dx œ x" ' sin x dx œ x" ( cos x C) œ Cxcos x , x 0

$ $ $ $ $
4. yw (tan x) y œ cos# x, 1# x 1
# Ê dy
dx (tan x) y œ cos# x, P(x) œ tan x, Q(x) œ cos# x
' tan x dx œ ' cos " 1 1
x dx œ ln kcos xk œ ln (cos x) , # x # Ê v(x) œ e
sin x ln Ðcos xÑ "
œ (cos x)"
y œ (cos"x) " ' (cos x)" † cos# x dx œ (cos x)' cos x dx œ (cos x)(sin x C) œ sin x cos x C cos x
5. x dy
dx 2y œ 1 "x , x 0 Ê dy
dx ˆ 2x ‰ y œ "
x "
x# , P(x) œ 2
x , Q(x) œ "
x "
x#
' 2x dx œ 2 ln kxk œ ln x# , x 0 Ê v(x) œ eln x œ x# #
y œ x" ' x# ˆ x" x" ‰ dx œ x" ' (x 1) dx œ x" Š x# x C‹ œ #" x" xC , x 0

#
# # # # #
Èx Èx
6. (1 x) yw y œ Èx Ê dy
dx ˆ 1 " x ‰ y œ 1 x , P(x) œ "
1x , Q(x) œ 1x
' 1 " x dx œ ln (1 x), since x 0 Ê v(x) œ eln Ð1 xÑ œ 1
y œ 1 " x ' (1 x) Š 1 x ‹ dx œ 1 " x ' Èx dx œ ˆ 1 " x ‰ ˆ 32 x$Î# C‰ œ 3(1
Èx $Î#
x) 1 x
2x C
7. dy
dx "# y œ "
# exÎ2 Ê P(x) œ "# , Q(x) œ "
# exÎ2 Ê ' P(x) dx œ "# x Ê v(x) œ e xÎ2
Ê yœ "
e xÎ2
' ecxÎ2 ˆ #" exÎ2 ‰ dx œ exÎ2 ' #" dx œ exÎ2 ˆ #" x C‰ œ #" xexÎ2 CexÎ2
8. dy
dx 2y œ 2xec2x Ê P(x) œ 2, Q(x) œ 2xec2x Ê ' P(x) dx œ ' 2 dx œ 2x Ê v(x) œ e2x
Ê yœ "
e2x
' e2x a2xec2x b dx œ e" ' 2x dx œ ec2x ax# Cb œ x# ec2x Cec2x
2x
9. dy
dx ˆ x" ‰ y œ 2 ln x Ê P(x) œ x" , Q(x) œ 2 ln x Ê ' P(x) dx œ ' "
x dx œ ln x, x 0
Ê v(x) œ ec ln x œ "
x Ê y œ x' ˆ x" ‰ (2 ln x) dx œ x c(ln x)# Cd œ x (ln x)# Cx

10. dy
dx ˆ x2 ‰ y œ cos x
x# , x 0 Ê P(x) œ 2
x , Q(x) œ cos x
x# Ê ' P(x) dx œ ' 2
x dx œ 2 ln kxk œ ln x# , x 0
Ê v(x) œ eln x œ x# Ê y œ
# "
x#
' x# ˆ cosx x ‰ dx œ x" ' cos x dx œ x"
# # # (sin x C) œ sin x C
x#
11. ds
dt ˆ t 4 1 ‰ s œ t1
(t 1)$ Ê P(t) œ 4
t1 , Q(t) œ t1 ' P(t) dt œ ' t41 dt œ 4 ln kt 1k œ ln (t 1)%
(t 1)$ Ê
Ê v(t) œ eln Ðt1Ñ œ (t 1)% Ê s œ

% "
(t1)%
' (t 1)% ’ (tt1)" “ dt œ (t "1) ' at# 1b dt
$ %
$
" t$
œ (t 1)% Š t3 t C‹ œ 3(t 1)%
t
(t 1)%
C
(t 1)%
" "
12. (t 1) ds
dt 2s œ 3(t 1) (t 1)# Ê ds
dt ˆ t 2 1 ‰ s œ 3 (t 1)$ Ê P(t) œ 2
t1 , Q(t) œ 3 (t 1)$
Ê ' P(t) dt œ ' t 2 1 dt œ 2 ln kt 1k œ ln (t 1)# Ê v(t) œ eln Ðt1Ñ œ (t 1)# #
Ê s œ (t "1) ' (t 1)# c3 (t 1)$ d dt œ (t "1) ' c3(t 1)# (t 1)" d dt

# #
"
œ (t 1)# c(t 1)$ ln kt 1k Cd œ (t 1) (t 1)# ln (t 1) C
(t 1)# , t 1
13. dr
d) (cot )) r œ sec ) Ê P()) œ cot ), Q()) œ sec ) Ê ' P()) d) œ ' cot ) d) œ ln ksin )k Ê v()) œ eln sin k )k
œ sin ) because 0 ) 1
# Ê r œ sin" ) ' (sin ))(sec )) d) œ sin" ) ' tan ) d) œ sin" ) aln ksec )k Cb
œ (csc )) aln ksec )k Cb
sin# )
14. tan ) dr
d) r œ sin# ) Ê dr
d) r
tan ) œ tan ) Ê dr
d) (cot )) r œ sin ) cos ) Ê P()) œ cot ), Q()) œ sin ) cos )
Ê ' P()) d) œ ' cot ) d) œ ln ksin )k œ ln (sin )) since 0 ) 1# Ê v()) œ eln Ðsin )Ñ œ sin )
r œ sin" ) ' (sin )) (sin ) cos )) d) œ sin" ) ' sin# ) cos ) d) œ ˆ sin" ) ‰ Š sin3 ) C‹ œ sin3 ) sinC )
$ #
Ê
15. 2y œ 3 Ê P(t) œ 2, Q(t) œ 3 Ê ' P(t) dt œ ' 2 dt œ 2t Ê v(t) œ e2t Ê y œ

dy
dt
"
e2t
' 3e2t dt
œ e"2t ˆ 3# e2t C‰ ; y(0) œ 1 Ê 3# C œ 1 Ê C œ "# Ê y œ 3# "# ec2t
œ t# Ê P(t) œ , Q(t) œ t# Ê ' P(t) dt œ 2 ln ktk Ê v(t) œ eln t œ t# Ê y œ " ' at# b at# b dt
#
16. dy
dt 2y
t
2
t t#
œ "
t#
' t% dt œ t" Š t5 C‹ œ t5 tC ; y(2) œ 1
#
& $
# Ê 8
5 C
4 œ 1 Ê C œ 12
5 Ê yœ
t$
5 12
5t#
17. dy
d) ˆ ") ‰ y œ sin )
) Ê P()) œ "
) , Q()) œ sin )
) Ê ' P()) d) œ ln k)k Ê v()) œ eln ) œ k)k k k
Ê yœ "
k) k
' k)k ˆ sin) ) ‰ d) œ ") ' ) ˆ sin) ) ‰ d) for ) Á 0 Ê yœ "
)
' sin ) d) œ ") ( cos ) C)
œ ") cos ) C
) ; y ˆ 1# ‰ œ 1 Ê C œ 1
# Ê y œ ") cos ) 1
2)
18. dy
d) ˆ 2) ‰ y œ )# sec ) tan ) Ê P()) œ 2) , Q()) œ )# sec ) tan ) Ê ' P()) d) œ 2 ln k)k Ê v()) œ ec2 ln )k k
œ )# Ê y œ "
) #
' a)# b a)# sec ) tan )b d) œ )# ' sec ) tan ) d) œ )# (sec ) C) œ )# sec ) C)# ;
# #
y ˆ 13 ‰ œ 2 Ê 2 œ Š 19 ‹ (2) C Š 19 ‹ Ê C œ 18
1# 2 Ê y œ )# sec ) ˆ 18 ‰ #
1# 2 )
# # #
1)
19. (x 1) dy
dx 2 ax# xb y œ ex
x1 Ê dy
dx 2 ’ x(x
x1 “ y œ
ex
(x 1)# Ê dy
dx 2xy œ ex
(x 1)# Ê P(x) œ 2x,
Q(x) œ e x#
(x 1)# Ê ' P(x) dx œ ' 2x dx œ x# Ê v(x) œ ex Ê y œ
#
e
"
x#
' ex# ’ (x e 1) “ dxx#
#
x#
œ ex
#
' (x " 1) # dx œ ex ’
# (x 1) "
1
#
C“ œ xe 1 Cex ; y(0) œ 5 Ê 0 1 1 C œ 5 Ê " C œ 5
# #
ex
Ê C œ 6 Ê y œ 6ex x1

Section 9.2 First-Order Linear Differential Equations 545
xy œ x Ê P(x) œ x, Q(x) œ x Ê ' P(x) dx œ ' x dx œ x# ' ex Î2 † x dx

# " #
20. dy
dx # Ê v(x) œ ex Î2 Ê y œ ex# Î2
" #
œ ex# Î2
Šex Î2 C‹ œ 1 C
ex# Î2
; y(0) œ 6 Ê 1 C œ 6 Ê C œ 7 Ê y œ 1 7
ex# Î2
21. dy
dt ky œ 0 Ê P(t) œ k, Q(t) œ 0 Ê ' P(t) dt œ ' k dt œ kt Ê v(t) œ ekt
Ê yœ "
eckt
' ˆekt ‰ (0) dt œ ekt (0 C) œ Cekt ; y(0) œ y! Ê C œ y! Ê y œ y! ekt
22. (a) du
dt k
m u œ 0 Ê P(t) œ k
m , Q(t) œ 0 Ê ' P(t) dt œ ' mk dt œ mk t œ mkt Ê u(t) œ ektÎm
Ê yœ "
ektÎm
' ektÎm † 0 dt œ e C ktÎm ; u(0) œ u! Ê C
ekÐ0ÑÎm
œ u! Ê C œ u! Ê u œ u! eÐkÎmÑt
(b) du
dt œ mk u Ê du
u œ mk dt Ê ln u œ mk t C Ê u œ eakÎmbtC Ê u œ eÐkÎmÑt † eC . Let eC œ C1 Þ
Then u œ 1
eÐkÎmÑt
† C1 and ua0b œ u0 œ 1
eÐkÎmÑa0b
† C1 œ C1 . So u œ u0 eÐkÎmÑt
23. x ' "

x dx œ x aln kxk Cb œ x ln kxk Cx Ê (b) is correct
24. "
cos x
' cos x dx œ cos" x (sin x C) œ tan x cosC x Ê (b) is correct
" " "

25. Steady State œ V
R and we want i œ #
ˆ VR ‰ Ê #
ˆ VR ‰ œ V
R a1 eRtÎL b Ê # œ 1 eRtÎL Ê "# œ eRtÎL
" "
Ê ln # œ Rt
L Ê RL ln # œt Ê tœ L
R ln 2 sec
" C" cRtÎL

26. (a) di
dt R
L iœ0 Ê i di œ RL dt Ê ln i œ Rt
L C" Ê i œ e e œ CeRtÎL ; i(0) œ I Ê I œ C
Ê i œ IeRtÎL amp
" " "
(b) #I œ I eRtÎL Ê eRtÎL œ # Ê Rt
L œ ln # œ ln 2 Ê t œ L
R ln 2 sec
ÐRtÎLÑÐLÎRÑ
(c) t œ L
R Ê iœIe œ I e amp t
27. (a) t œ 3L
R Ê iœ V
R a1 eÐR/LÑÐ3LÎRÑ b œ V
R a1 ec3 b ¸ 0.9502 V
R amp, or about 95% of the steady state value
(b) t œ 2L
R Ê iœ V
R a1 e ÐR/LÑÐ2LÎRÑ
bœ V
R a1 ec2 b ¸ 0.8647 V
R amp, or about 86% of the steady state value
28. (a) di
dt R
L iœ V
L Ê P(t) œ R
L , Q(t) œ V
L Ê ' P(t) dt œ ' R
L dt œ Rt
L Ê v(t) œ eRtÎL
Ê iœ "
eRtÎL
' eRtÎL ˆ VL ‰ dt œ e " RtÎL
RL eRtÎL ˆ VL ‰ C‘ œ V
R Ce ÐRÎLÑt
(b) i(0) œ 0 Ê V
R C œ 0 Ê C œ VR Ê i œ VR VR ecRtÎL
(c) i œ V
R Ê di
dt œ 0 Ê di
dt L i œ 0 L
R ˆ R ‰ ˆ VR ‰ œ VL Ê i œ V
R is a solution of Eq. (11); i œ Ce ÐRÎLÑt
29. y w y œ y2 ; we have n œ 2, so let u œ y12 œ y1 . Then y œ u1 and du

dx œ 1y2 dx
dy
Ê dy
dx œ y2 du
dx
' dx
Ê u2 du dx u
1
œ u2 Ê dudx u œ 1. With e œ ex as the integrating factor, we have
ex
dx u œ dx ae ub œ e . Integrating, we get e u œ e C Ê u œ 1 ex œ y Ê y œ 1 C œ
ex ˆ du ‰ d x x x x C 1 1
ex C
ex
30. y w y œ xy2 ; we have n œ 2, so let u œ y1 . Then y œ u1 and du

dx œ y2 dy
dx Ê
dy
dx œ y2 du
dx œ u
2 du
dx .
' dx
Substituting:u2 du
dx u
1
œ xu2 Ê du
dx u œ x. Using e œ ex as an integrating factor:
e x a1 x b C
dx u œ
ex ˆ du ‰ d x
dx ae ub œ x ex Ê ex u œ ex a1 xb C Ê u œ ex Ê y œ u 1 œ ex
ex xex C
31. xy w y œ y2 Ê y w ˆ 1x ‰y œ ˆ 1x ‰y2 . Let u œ y1a2b œ y3 Ê y œ u1/3 and y2 œ u2/3 .

w ‰ 2 ‰ˆ 2/3 ‰. Thus we have
dx œ 3y dx Ê y œ dx œ 3 dx ay b œ 3
du 2 dy dy ˆ 1 ‰ˆ du ˆ 1 ‰ˆ du
dx u

ˆ 13 ‰ˆ du ‰ˆ 2/3 ‰ ˆ 1x ‰u1/3 œ ˆ 1x ‰u2/3 Ê

dx u
du
dx ˆ 3x ‰u œ ˆ 3x ‰1. The integrating factor, vaxb, is
' 3x dx 3
e œ e3ln x œ eln x œ x3 . Thus d 3
dx ax ub œ ˆ 3x ‰x3 œ 3x2 Ê x3 u œ x3 C Ê u œ 1 C
x3 œ y3
C ‰1/3
Ê y œ ˆ1 x3
32. x2 y w 2xy œ y3 Ê y w ˆ 2x ‰y œ ˆ x12 ‰y3 . Paxb œ ˆ 2x ‰, Qaxb œ ˆ x12 ‰, n œ 3. Let u œ y13 œ y2 .
dx a2b x u œ 2 x2 Ê dx
Substituting gives du ˆ2‰ ˆ1‰ du ˆ x4 ‰u œ x22 . Let the integrating factor, vaxb, be
c4 c4
e' a x bdx œ eln x œ x4 . Thus d
dx ax
4
ub œ 2x6 Ê x4 u œ 25 x5 C Ê u œ 5x Cx
2 4
œ y2
1/2
Ê y œ ˆ 5x
2
Cx4 ‰
9.3 APPLICATIONS
1. Note that the total mass is 66 7 œ 73 kg, therefore, v œ v0 eakÎmbt Ê v œ 9e3.9tÎ73

(a) satb œ ' 9e3.9tÎ73 dt œ 2190
13 e
3.9tÎ73
C
3.9tÎ73 ‰
Since sa0b œ 0 we have C œ 2190
13 and lim satb œ lim 2190
13 1 e
ˆ œ 2190
13 ¸ 168.5
tÄ_ tÄ_
The cyclist will coast about 168.5 meters.
(b) 1 œ 9e3.9tÎ73 Ê 3.9t
73 œ ln 9 Ê t œ 3.9 ¸ 41.13 sec
73 ln 9
It will take about 41.13 seconds.
2. v œ v0 eakÎmbt Ê v œ 9ea59,000Î51,000,000bt Ê v œ 9e59tÎ51,000

(a) satb œ ' 9e59tÎ51,000 dt œ 459,0000
59 e59tÎ51,000 C
Since sa0b œ 0 we have C œ 459,0000
59 and lim satb œ lim 459,0000
59
ˆ1 e59tÎ51,000 ‰ œ 459,0000
59 ¸ 7780 m
tÄ_ tÄ_
The ship will coast about 7780 m, or 7.78 km.
(b) 1 œ 9e59tÎ51,000 Ê 51,000
59t
œ ln 9 Ê t œ 51,000
59
ln 9
¸ 1899.3 sec
It will take about 31.65 minutes.
3. The total distance traveled œ v0km Ê a2.75bak39.92b œ 4.91 Ê k œ 22.36. Therefore, the distance traveled is given by the
function satb œ 4.91ˆ1 ea22.36/39.92bt ‰. The graph shows satb and the data points.
a0.80ba49.90b
4. v0 m
k œ coasting distance Ê k œ 1.32 Ê k œ 998 33
We know that v0km œ 1.32 and mk œ 33a998 49.9b œ 20
33 .
ak/mbt ‰
Using Equation 3, we have: satb œ k 1 e
v0 m ˆ
œ 1.32ˆ1 e20t/33 ‰ ¸ 1.32a1 e0.606t b

Section 9.3 Applications 547
xy y
œ 0 Ê y w œ yx . So for
w
5. y œ mx Ê y
x œmÊ x2
y2 x2
orthogonals: dy
dx œ yx Ê y dy œ x dx Ê 2 2 œC
Ê x y œ C1
2 2
x2 y 2xy
œ 0 Ê x2 y w œ 2xy
w
6. y œ cx2 Ê y
x2 œcÊ x4
Ê yw œ 2y
x . So for the orthogonals: dy
dx œ 2y
x
2
Ê 2ydy œ xdx Ê y2 œ x2 C Ê y œ „ É x2 C,
2
C0
1 y2
7. kx2 y2 œ 1 Ê 1 y2 œ kx2 Ê x2 œk
x2 a2yby ˆ1 y2 ‰2x
w
Ê x%
œ 0 Ê 2yx2 y w œ a1 y2 ba2xb
ˆ1 y2 ‰a2xb ˆ1 y 2 ‰
Ê y w œ 2xy2 œ xy . So for the orthogonals:
ˆ1 y 2 ‰ 2 2
dx œ 1y2 Ê dy œ x dx Ê ln y y2 œ x2 C
dy xy
y
8. 2x2 y2 œ c2 Ê 4x 2yy w œ 0 Ê y w œ 4x
2y œ y . For
2x
orthogonals: dy
dx œ y
2x Ê dy
y œ dx
2x Ê ln y œ "# ln x C
Ê ln y œ ln x1/2 ln C1 Ê y œ C1 kxk1/2
e x y w c yae x bac1b
9. y œ cex Ê y
ecx œcÊ œ!
ae x b2
Ê ex y w œ yex Ê y w œ y. So for the orthogonals:
y2
dy
dx œ 1
y Ê y dy œ dx Ê 2 œxC
Ê y œ 2x C1 Ê y œ „ È2x C1
2

xŠ 1y ‹y c ln y
w
10. y œ ekx Ê ln y œ kx Ê ln y
x œkÊ x2 œ0
Ê Š xy ‹ y w ln y œ 0 Ê y w œ y ln y
x . So for the orthogonals:
x
dy
dx œ y ln y Ê y ln y dy œ x dx
" 2 ˆ " 2‰
Ê # y ln y 4 ay b œ # x
1 2
C
2
Ê y2 ln y y2 œ x2 C1
11. 2x2 3y2 œ 5 and y2 œ x3 intersect at a1, 1b. Also, 2x2 3y2 œ 5 Ê 4x 6y y w œ 0 Ê y w œ 4x w
6y Ê y a1, 1b œ 3
2
y21 œ x3 Ê 2y1 y1w œ 3x2 Ê y1w œ 3x2

2y1 Ê y1w a1, 1b œ 32 . Since y w † y1w œ ˆ 23 ‰ˆ 32 ‰ œ 1, the curves are orthogonal.
x2 y2
12. (a) x dx y dy œ 0 Ê 2 2 œ C is the general equation
w
of the family with slope y œ xy . For the orthogonals:
yw œ y
x Ê dy
y œ dx
x Ê ln y œ ln x C or y œ C1 x
(where C1 œ e Ñ is the general equation of the
C
orthogonals.
(b) x dy 2y dx œ 0 Ê 2y dx œ x dy Ê dy
2y œ dx
x
Ê "# Š dy
y ‹œ
dx
x Ê "# ln y œ ln x C Ê y œ C1 x2 is
the equation for the solution family.
" "y
œ 0 Ê yw œ
w
# ln y ln x œ C Ê # y 1
x
2y
x
Ê slope of orthogonals is dy
dx œ 2y
x
2
Ê 2y dy œ x dx Ê y2 œ x2 C is the general
equation of the orthogonals.
13. Let y(t) œ the amount of salt in the container and V(t) œ the total volume of liquid in the tank at time t.
y(t)
Then, the departure rate is V(t) (the outflow rate).
(a) Rate entering œ 2 lb
gal † 5 gal
min œ 10 lb/min
(b) Volume œ V(t) œ 100 gal (5t gal 4t gal) œ (100 t) gal
(c) The volume at time t is (100 t) gal. The amount of salt in the tank at time t is y lbs. So the
concentration at any time t is 100y t lbs/gal. Then, the rate leaving œ 100y t (lbs/gal) † 4 (gal/min)
œ 4y
100t lbs/min
(d) dy
dt œ 10 4y
100 t Ê dy
dt ˆ 1004 t ‰ y œ 10 Ê P(t) œ 4
100t , Q(t) œ 10 Ê ' P(t) dt œ ' 1004 t dt
œ 4 ln (100 t) Ê v(t) œ e4 ln Ð100 tÑ œ (100 t)% Ê y œ "
(100t)%
' (100 t)% (10 dt)
&
œ 10
(100 t)% Š (1005t) C‹ œ 2(100 t) C
(100 t)%
; y(0) œ 50 Ê 2(100 0) C
(100 0)%
œ 50
%
Ê C œ (150)(100)% Ê y œ 2(100 t) (150)(100)
(100 t)%
Ê y œ 2(100 t) 150
t ‰%
ˆ1 100

Section 9.4 Graphical Solutions of Autonomous Equations 549
(150)(100)%
(e) y(25) œ 2(100 25) (10025)%
¸ 188.56 lbs Ê concentration œ y(25)
volume ¸ 188.6
125 ¸ 1.5 lb/gal
14. (a) dV
dt œ a5 3b œ 2 Ê V œ 100 2t
The tank is full when V œ 200 œ 100 2t Ê t œ 50 min
(b) Let yatb be the amount of concentrate in the tank at time t.
dy
dt œ Š "# gal
lb gal
‹Š5 min ‹ Š 100y 2t gal
lb gal
‹Š3 min ‹Ê dy
dt œ 5
2 32 ˆ 50y t ‰ Ê dy
dt 3
2at 50b y œ 5
2
Q(t) œ 52 ; P(t) œ 32 ˆ 501 t ‰ Ê ' P(t) dt œ 32 ' t 150 dt œ 32 ln at 50b since t 50 0

' P(t) dt
œ e 2 ln at50b œ at 50b3/2
3
vatb œ e
yatb œ 1 ' 25 at 50b3/2 dt œ at 50b3/2 at 50b5/2 C ‘ Ê yatb œ t 50 C
at 50b3/2 at 50b3/2
Apply the initial condition (i.e., distilled water in the tank at t œ 0):
505/2
ya0b œ 0 œ 50 C
503/2
Ê C œ 505/2 Ê yatb œ t 50 at 50b3/2
. When the tank is full at t œ 50,
505/2
ya50b œ 100 1003/2
¸ 83.22 pounds of concentrate.
15. Let y be the amount of fertilizer in the tank at time t. Then rate entering œ 1 lb
gal †1 gal
min œ1 lb
min and the
volume in the tank at time t is V(t) œ 100 (gal) [1 (gal/min) 3 (gal/min)]t min œ (100 2t) gal. Hence
rate out œ ˆ 100y 2t ‰ 3 œ 1003y2t lbs/min Ê dy
dt œ 1 100 2t lbs/min Ê dt 100 2t y œ 1
ˆ 3y ‰ dy ˆ 3 ‰
Ê P(t) œ 3
1002t , Q(t) œ 1 Ê ' P(t) dt œ ' 10032t dt œ 3 ln (100
#
2t)
Ê v(t) œ eÐ 3 ln Ð100 2tÑÑ2
œ (100 2t)$Î# Ê y œ (100 "2t)c$Î# ' (100 2t)$Î# dt œ (100 2t)$Î# ’ 2(100#
2t) "Î#
C“
œ (100 2t) C(100 2t)$Î# ; y(0) œ 0 Ê [100 2(0)] C[100 2(0)]$Î# Ê C(100)$Î# œ 100
" (100 2t)$Î# ˆ #3 ‰ (100 2t)"Î# (2)
Ê C œ (100)"Î# œ 10 Ê y œ (100 2t) 10 . Let dy
dt œ0 Ê dy
dt œ 2 10
3È100 2t
œ 2 10 œ 0 Ê 20 œ 3È100 2t Ê 400 œ 9(100 2t) Ê 400 œ 900 18t Ê 500 œ 18t
Ê t ¸ 27.8 min, the time to reach the maximum. The maximum amount is then
[100 2(27.8)]$Î#
y(27.8) œ [100 2(27.8)] 10 ¸ 14.8 lb
16. Let y œ y(t) be the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) in the room at time t. The amount of CO entering the
4
room is ˆ 100 ‚ 10
3 ‰
œ 1000
12
ft$ /min, and the amount of CO leaving the room is ˆ 4500
y ‰ˆ 3 ‰ y $
10 œ 15,000 ft /min.
" "
Thus, dy
dt œ 12
1000 y
15,000 Ê dy
dt 15,000 yœ 12
1000 Ê P(t) œ 15,000 , Q(t) œ 12
1000 Ê v(t) œ etÎ15ß000
Ê yœ "
etÎ15ß000
' 1000
12
etÎ15ß000 dt Ê y œ ectÎ15ß000 ˆ 12†1000
15,000 tÎ15,000
e C‰ œ etÎ15ß000 a180etÎ15ß000 Cb ;
y(0) œ 0 Ê 0 œ 1(180 C) Ê C œ 180 Ê y œ 180 180ectÎ15ß000 . When the concentration of CO is 0.01%
y
in the room, the amount of CO satisfies 4500 œ 100
.01
Ê y œ 0.45 ft$ . When the room contains this amount we
have 0.45 œ 180 180e tÎ15ß000 Ê 179.55
180 œ e
tÎ15ß000
Ê t œ 15,000 ln ˆ 179.55
180
‰ ¸ 37.55 min.
9.4 GRAPHICAL SOUTIONS OF AUTONOMOUS EQUATIONS
1. y w œ ay 2bay 3b
(a) y œ 2 is a stable equilibrium value and y œ 3 is an unstable equilibrium.
(b) yww œ a2y 1by w œ 2ay 2bˆy 12 ‰ay 3b

(c)
2. y w œ ay 2bay 2b
(b) yww œ 2yy w œ 2ay 2byay 2b
(c)
3. y w œ y3 y œ ay 1byay 1b
(a) y œ 1 and y œ 1 is an unstable equilibrium and y œ 0 is a stable equilibrium value.
(b) yww œ a3y2 1by w œ 3ay 1bŠy 1
È3 ‹yŠy 1
È3 ‹ay 1b
(c)

Section 9.4 Graphical Solutions of Autonomous Equations 551
4. y w œ yay 2b
(b) yww œ a2y 2by w œ 2yay 1bay 2b
(c)
5. y w œ Èy, y 0
(a) There are no equilibrium values.
(b) yww œ 2È
1 w
y y œ 2È y
1
Èy œ "#
(c)
6. y w œ y Èy, y 0
(a) y œ 1 is an unstable equilibrium.
(b) yww œ Š1 1
2È y ‹ y w œ Š1 1 ˆ
2È y ‹ y Èy‰ œ ˆÈy "# ‰ˆÈy 1‰

(c)
7. y w œ ay 1bay 2bay 3b
(a) y œ 1 and y œ 3 is an unstable equilibrium and y œ 2 is a stable equilibrium value.
6 È3 6 È3
(b) yww œ a3y2 12y 11bay 1bay 2bay 3b œ 3ay 1bŠy 3 ‹ay 2bŠy 3 ‹ay 3b
(c)
8. y w œ y3 y2 œ y2 ay 1b
(a) y œ 0 and y œ 1 is an unstable equilibrium.
(b) yww œ a3y2 2ybay3 y2 b œ y3 a3y 2bay 1b
(c)

Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations: 9.1 Solutions, Slope Fields and Euler'S Method

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Chapter 9 First-Order Differential Equations: 9.1 Solutions, Slope Fields and Euler'S Method

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CHAPTER 9 FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

9.1 SOLUTIONS, SLOPE FIELDS AND EULER'S METHOD

1. y w œ x y Ê slope of 0 for the line y œ x.

2. y w œ y 1 Ê slope is constant for a given value of y, slope

4. y w œ y2 x2 Ê slope is 0 for y œ x and for y œ x.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

7. y œ 1 '1 at yatbbdt Ê œ x yaxb; ya1b œ 1 '1 at yatbbdt œ 1;

8. y œ '1 1t dt Ê œ x1 ; ya1b œ '1 1t dt œ 0;

9. y œ 2 '0 a1 yatbbsin t dt Ê œ a1 yaxbbsin x; ya0b œ 2 '0 a1 yatbbsin t dt œ 2;

10. y œ 1 '0 yatb dt Ê œ yaxb; ya0b œ 1 '0 yatb dt œ 1;

12. y" œ y! x! (1 y! ) dx œ 0 1(1 0)(.2) œ .2,

13. y" œ y! (2x! y! 2y! ) dx œ 3 [2(0)(3) 2(3)](.2) œ 4.2,

14. y" œ y! y#! (1 2x! ) dx œ 1 1# [1 2(1)](.5) œ .5,

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16. y" œ y! ay! ex! b dx œ 2 a2 † e0 b (.5) œ 3,

17. y" œ 1 1(.2) œ 1.2,

18. y" œ 2 ˆ 21 ‰ (.2) œ 2.4,

y& œ 3.6 ˆ 3.6

y& œ .27812, y' œ .25745, y( œ .24088, y) œ .2272;

20. y" œ 1 a0 † sin 1b ˆ "3 ‰ œ 1,

Ê y œ 2 cot1 Šcotˆ 12 ‰e 2 x ‹, ya2b œ 2 cot1 ˆcotˆ 12 ‰e2 ‰ œ 2.65591

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21. y œ 1 x a1 x0 y0 bex x0 Ê yax0 b œ 1 x0 a1 x0 y0 bex0 x0 œ 1 x0 a1 x0 y0 ba1b œ y0

23-34. Example CAS commands:

Ê yexact a1b œ 1 e ¸ 3.71828

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39. Example CAS commands:

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39-42. Example CAS commands:

9.2 FIRST-ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

y œ x" ' x$ ˆ sinx x ‰ dx œ x" ' sin x dx œ x" ( cos x C) œ Cxcos x , x 0

y œ x" ' x# ˆ x" x" ‰ dx œ x" ' (x 1) dx œ x" Š x# x C‹ œ #" x" xC , x 0

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Ê v(t) œ eln Ðt1Ñ œ (t 1)% Ê s œ

Ê ' P(t) dt œ ' t 2 1 dt œ 2 ln kt 1k œ ln (t 1)# Ê v(t) œ eln Ðt1Ñ œ (t 1)# #

Ê s œ (t "1) ' (t 1)# c3 (t 1)$ d dt œ (t "1) ' c3(t 1)# (t 1)" d dt

15. 2y œ 3 Ê P(t) œ 2, Q(t) œ 3 Ê ' P(t) dt œ ' 2 dt œ 2t Ê v(t) œ e2t Ê y œ

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xy œ x Ê P(x) œ x, Q(x) œ x Ê ' P(x) dx œ ' x dx œ x# ' ex Î2 † x dx

23. x ' "

" " "

" C" cRtÎL

29. y w y œ y2 ; we have n œ 2, so let u œ y12 œ y1 . Then y œ u1 and du

30. y w y œ xy2 ; we have n œ 2, so let u œ y1 . Then y œ u1 and du

31. xy w y œ y2 Ê y w ˆ 1x ‰y œ ˆ 1x ‰y2 . Let u œ y1a2b œ y3 Ê y œ u1/3 and y2 œ u2/3 .

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ˆ 13 ‰ˆ du ‰ˆ 2/3 ‰ ˆ 1x ‰u1/3 œ ˆ 1x ‰u2/3 Ê

1. Note that the total mass is 66 7 œ 73 kg, therefore, v œ v0 eakÎmbt Ê v œ 9e3.9tÎ73

It will take about 41.13 seconds.

2. v œ v0 eakÎmbt Ê v œ 9ea59,000Î51,000,000bt Ê v œ 9e59tÎ51,000

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

y21 œ x3 Ê 2y1 y1w œ 3x2 Ê y1w œ 3x2

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Q(t) œ 52 ; P(t) œ 32 ˆ 501 t ‰ Ê ' P(t) dt œ 32 ' t 150 dt œ 32 ln at 50b since t 50 0

9.4 GRAPHICAL SOUTIONS OF AUTONOMOUS EQUATIONS

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

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