682 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

# # # #
23. 6x#
9y# œ 54 Ê x9
y6 œ 1 24. 169x#
25y# œ 4225 Ê 25
x

169
y
œ1
Ê c œ Èa#  b# œ È9  6 œ È3 Ê c œ Èa#  b# œ È169  25 œ 12

#
25. Foci: Š „ È2ß !‹ , Vertices: a „ 2ß 0b Ê a œ 2, c œ È2 Ê b# œ a#  c# œ 4  ŠÈ2‹ œ 2 Ê x#
4
y#
# œ1

x# y#
26. Foci: a!ß „ 4b , Vertices: a0ß „ 5b Ê a œ 5, c œ 4 Ê b# œ 25  16 œ 9 Ê 9
#5 œ1

27. x#  y# œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#
b# œ È1
1 œ È2 ;
# #
28. 9x#  16y# œ 144 Ê 16 x
 y9 œ 1
asymptotes are y œ „ x Ê c œ Èa#
b# œ È16
9 œ 5;
asymptotes are y œ „ 34 x

29. y#  x# œ 8 Ê y8  x8 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#
b# 30. y#  x# œ 4 Ê y4  x4 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#
b#

# # # #

œ È8
8 œ 4; asymptotes are y œ „ x œ È4
4 œ 2È2; asymptotes are y œ „ x

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 Section 11.6 Conic Sections 683

31. 8x#  2y# œ 16 Ê x#  y8 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#
b# 32. y#  3x# œ 3 Ê y3  x# œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#
b#

# # #

œ È2
8 œ È10 ; asymptotes are y œ „ 2x œ È3
1 œ 2; asymptotes are y œ „ È3x

33. 8y#  2x# œ 16 Ê y#  x8 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#
b# œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#
b#

# # # #
34. 64x#  36y# œ 2304 Ê 36
x
 64
y

œ È2
8 œ È10 ; asymptotes are y œ „ x # œ È36
64 œ 10; asymptotes are y œ „ 4 3

35. Foci: Š!ß „ È2‹ , Asymptotes: y œ „ x Ê c œ È2 and a

b œ 1 Ê a œ b Ê c# œ a#
b# œ 2a# Ê 2 œ 2a#
Ê a œ 1 Ê b œ 1 Ê y#  x# œ 1

" " a# 4a#

36. Foci: a „ 2ß !b , Asymptotes: y œ „ È3 x Ê c œ 2 and b
a œ È3 Ê bœ a
È3 Ê c# œ a#
b# œ a#
3 œ 3

Ê 4œ 4a#
3 Ê a# œ 3 Ê a œ È3 Ê b œ 1 Ê x#
3  y# œ 1

x# y#
37. Vertices: a „ 3ß 0b , Asymptotes: y œ „ 43 x Ê a œ 3 and b
a œ 4
3 Ê bœ 4
3 (3) œ 4 Ê 9  16 œ1

y# x#
38. Vertices: a!ß „ 2b , Asymptotes: y œ „ 12 x Ê a œ 2 and a
b œ 1
2 Ê b œ 2(2) œ 4 Ê 4  16 œ1

39. (a) y# œ 8x Ê 4p œ 8 Ê p œ 2 Ê directrix is x œ 2,

focus is (#ß !), and vertex is (!ß 0); therefore the new
directrix is x œ 1, the new focus is (3ß 2), and the
new vertex is (1ß 2)

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684 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

40. (a) x# œ 4y Ê 4p œ 4 Ê p œ 1 Ê directrix is y œ 1, (b)

focus is (!ß 1), and vertex is (!ß 0); therefore the new
directrix is y œ 4, the new focus is (1ß 2), and the
new vertex is (1ß 3)

x# y#
41. (a) 16
9 œ 1 Ê center is (!ß 0), vertices are (4ß 0) (b)

and (%ß !); c œ Èa#  b# œ È7 Ê foci are ŠÈ7ß 0‹

and ŠÈ7ß !‹ ; therefore the new center is (%ß $), the

new vertices are (!ß 3) and (8ß 3), and the new foci are
Š4 „ È7ß $‹

x# y#
42. (a) 9
œ 1 Ê center is (!ß 0), vertices are (0ß 5)
25
(b)
and (0ß 5); c œ Èa#  b# œ È16 œ 4 Ê foci are
(!ß 4) and (!ß 4) ; therefore the new center is (3ß 2),
the new vertices are (3ß 3) and (3ß 7), and the new
foci are (3ß 2) and (3ß 6)

x# y#
43. (a) 16  9 œ 1 Ê center is (!ß 0), vertices are (4ß 0) (b)
and (4ß 0), and the asymptotes are œ „ orx
4
y
3
y œ „ 3x Èa#
b# œ È25 œ 5 Ê foci are
4 ;cœ
(5ß 0) and (5ß 0) ; therefore the new center is (2ß 0), the
new vertices are (2ß 0) and (6ß 0), the new foci
are (3ß 0) and (7ß 0), and the new asymptotes are
3(x
2)
yœ „ 4

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 Section 11.6 Conic Sections 685
y# x#
44. (a) 4  5 œ 1 Ê center is (!ß 0), vertices are (0ß 2) (b)
and (0ß 2), and the asymptotes are y
2 œ „ x
È5 or
yœ „ 2x
È5 ; c œ Èa#
b# œ È9 œ 3 Ê foci are
(0ß 3) and (0ß 3) ; therefore the new center is (0ß 2),
the new vertices are (0ß 4) and (0ß 0), the new foci
are (0ß 1) and (0ß 5), and the new asymptotes are
y
2œ „ È 2x
5

45. y# œ 4x Ê 4p œ 4 Ê p œ 1 Ê focus is ("ß 0), directrix is x œ 1, and vertex is (0ß 0); therefore the new
vertex is (2ß 3), the new focus is (1ß 3), and the new directrix is x œ 3; the new equation is
(y
3)# œ 4(x
2)

46. y# œ 12x Ê 4p œ 12 Ê p œ 3 Ê focus is (3ß 0), directrix is x œ 3, and vertex is (0ß 0); therefore the new
vertex is (4ß 3), the new focus is (1ß 3), and the new directrix is x œ 7; the new equation is (y  3)# œ 12(x  4)

47. x# œ 8y Ê 4p œ 8 Ê p œ 2 Ê focus is (0ß 2), directrix is y œ 2, and vertex is (0ß 0); therefore the new
vertex is (1ß 7), the new focus is (1ß 5), and the new directrix is y œ 9; the new equation is
(x  1)# œ 8(y
7)

48. x# œ 6y Ê 4p œ 6 Ê p œ Ê focus is ˆ!ß #3 ‰ , directrix is y œ  3# , and vertex is (0ß 0); therefore the new
3
#
vertex is (3ß 2), the new focus is ˆ3ß  "# ‰ , and the new directrix is y œ  7# ; the new equation is
(x
3)# œ 6(y
2)

49. x#
6
y#
9 œ 1 Ê center is (!ß 0), vertices are (0ß 3) and (!ß 3); c œ Èa#  b# œ È9  6 œ È3 Ê foci are Š!ß È3‹

and Š!ß È3‹ ; therefore the new center is (#ß 1), the new vertices are (2ß 2) and (#ß 4), and the new foci

are Š#ß 1 „ È3‹ ; the new equation is (x  2)#

6
(y  1)#
9 œ1

50. x#
2
y# œ 1 Ê center is (!ß 0), vertices are ŠÈ2ß !‹ and ŠÈ2ß !‹ ; c œ Èa#  b# œ È2  1 œ 1 Ê foci are

(1ß 0) and ("ß !); therefore the new center is (3ß 4), the new vertices are Š3 „ È2ß 4‹ , and the new foci are (2ß 4)
(x
3)#
and (4ß 4); the new equation is #
(y  4)# œ 1

51. x#
3
y#
# œ 1 Ê center is (!ß 0), vertices are ŠÈ3ß !‹ and ŠÈ3ß !‹ ; c œ Èa#  b# œ È3  2 œ 1 Ê foci are

(1ß 0) and ("ß !); therefore the new center is (2ß 3), the new vertices are Š2 „ È3ß 3‹ , and the new foci are (1ß 3)
(x
2)# (y
3)#
and (3ß 3); the new equation is 3
# œ1

52. x#
16
y#
#5 œ 1 Ê center is (!ß 0), vertices are (!ß &) and (!ß 5); c œ Èa#  b# œ È25  16 œ 3 Ê foci are
(0ß 3) and (0ß 3); therefore the new center is (4ß 5), the new vertices are (4ß 0) and (4ß 10), and the new
(x  4)# (y  5)#
foci are (4ß 2) and (4ß 8); the new equation is 16
#5 œ1

53. x#
4  y#
5 œ 1 Ê center is (!ß 0), vertices are (2ß 0) and (2ß 0); c œ Èa#
b# œ È4
5 œ 3 Ê foci are ($ß !) and
È5x
(3ß 0); the asymptotes are „ x
# œ y
È5 Ê yœ „ # ; therefore the new center is (2ß 2), the new vertices are

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686 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates
È5 (x
2)
(4ß 2) and (0ß 2), and the new foci are (5ß 2) and (1ß 2); the new asymptotes are y  2 œ „ # ; the new
(x
2)# (y
2)#
equation is 4  5 œ1

54. x#
16  y#
9 œ 1 Ê center is (!ß 0), vertices are (4ß 0) and (4ß 0); c œ Èa#
b# œ È16
9 œ 5 Ê foci are (5ß !)
and (5ß 0); the asymptotes are „ x
4 œ y
3 Ê yœ „ 3x
4 ; therefore the new center is (5ß 1), the new vertices are
3(x  5)
(1ß 1) and (9ß 1), and the new foci are (10ß 1) and (0ß 1); the new asymptotes are y
1 œ „ 4 ;
# #
(x  5) (y  1)
the new equation is 16  9 œ1

55. y#  x# œ 1 Ê center is (!ß 0), vertices are (0ß 1) and (0ß 1); c œ Èa#
b# œ È1
1 œ È2 Ê foci are
Š!ß „ È2‹ ; the asymptotes are y œ „ x; therefore the new center is (1ß 1), the new vertices are (1ß 0) and

(1ß 2), and the new foci are Š1ß 1 „ È2‹ ; the new asymptotes are y
1 œ „ (x
1); the new equation is
(y
1)#  (x
1)# œ 1

56. y#
3  x# œ 1 Ê center is (!ß 0), vertices are Š0ß È3‹ and Š!ß È3‹ ; c œ Èa#
b# œ È3
1 œ 2 Ê foci are (!ß #)
and (!ß 2); the asymptotes are „ x œ y
È3 Ê y œ „ È3x; therefore the new center is (1ß 3), the new vertices are

Š"ß $ „ È3‹ , and the new foci are ("ß &) and (1ß 1); the new asymptotes are y  3 œ „ È3 (x  1); the new equation is
(y
3)#
3  (x  1)# œ 1

57. x#
4x
y# œ 12 Ê x#
4x
4
y# œ 12
4 Ê (x
2)#
y# œ 16; this is a circle: center at C(2ß 0), a œ 4

58. 2x#
2y#  28x
12y
114 œ 0 Ê x#  14x
49
y#
6y
9 œ 57
49
9 Ê (x  7)#
(y
3)# œ 1;
this is a circle: center at C(7ß 3), a œ 1

59. x#
2x
4y  3 œ 0 Ê x#
2x
1 œ 4y
3
1 Ê (x
1)# œ 4(y  1); this is a parabola: V(1ß 1), F(1ß 0)

60. y#  4y  8x  12 œ 0 Ê y#  4y
4 œ 8x
12
4 Ê (y  2)# œ 8(x
2); this is a parabola: V(#ß 2), F(!ß #)

(x  2)#
61. x#
5y#
4x œ 1 Ê x#
4x
4
5y# œ 5 Ê (x
2)#
5y# œ 5 Ê 5
y# œ 1; this is an ellipse: the
center is (2ß 0), the vertices are Š2 „ È5ß 0‹ ; c œ Èa#  b# œ È5  1 œ 2 Ê the foci are (4ß 0) and (!ß 0)

x# (y  3)#
62. 9x#
6y#
36y œ 0 Ê 9x#
6 ay#
6y
9b œ 54 Ê 9x#
6(y
3)# œ 54 Ê 6
9 œ 1; this is an ellipse:
the center is (0ß 3), the vertices are (!ß 0) and (!ß 6); c œ Èa#  b# œ È9  6 œ È3 Ê the foci are Š0ß 3 „ È3‹

63. x#
2y#  2x  4y œ 1 Ê x#  2x
1
2 ay#  2y
1b œ 2 Ê (x  1)#
2(y  1)# œ 2

Ê (x
1)
(y  1)# œ 1; this is an ellipse: the center is (1ß 1), the vertices are Š" „ È2ß "‹ ;
#

c œ Èa#  b# œ È2  1 œ 1 Ê the foci are (2ß 1) and (0ß 1)

64. 4x#
y#
8x  2y œ 1 Ê 4 ax#
2x
1b
y#  2y
1 œ 4 Ê 4(x
1)#
(y  1)# œ 4

(y
1)#
Ê (x
1)#
4 œ 1; this is an ellipse: the center is (1ß 1), the vertices are (1ß 3) and
(1ß 1); c œ Èa#  b# œ È4  1 œ È3 Ê the foci are Š1ß " „ È3‹

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 Section 11.6 Conic Sections 687

65. x#  y#  2x
4y œ 4 Ê x#  2x
1  ay#  4y
4b œ 1 Ê (x  1)#  (y  2)# œ 1; this is a hyperbola:

the center is (1ß 2), the vertices are (2ß 2) and (!ß 2); c œ Èa#
b# œ È1
1 œ È2 Ê the foci are Š1 „ È2ß #‹ ;
the asymptotes are y  2 œ „ (x  1)

66. x#  y#
4x  6y œ 6 Ê x#
4x
4  ay#
6y
9b œ 1 Ê (x
2)#  (y
3)# œ 1; this is a hyperbola:

the center is (2ß 3), the vertices are (1ß 3) and (3ß 3); c œ Èa#
b# œ È1
1 œ È2 Ê the foci are
Š2 „ È2ß 3‹ ; the asymptotes are y
3 œ „ (x
2)

(y
3)# x#
67. 2x#  y#
6y œ 3 Ê 2x#  ay#  6y
9b œ 6 Ê 6  3 œ 1; this is a hyperbola: the center is (!ß $),
the vertices are Š!ß 3 „ È6‹ ; c œ Èa#
b# œ È6
3 œ 3 Ê the foci are (0ß 6) and (!ß 0); the asymptotes are
y
3
È6 œ „ x
È3 Ê y œ „ È2x
3

y# (x
2)#
68. y#  4x#
16x œ 24 Ê y#  4 ax#  4x
4b œ 8 Ê 8  2 œ 1; this is a hyperbola: the center is (2ß 0),
the vertices are Š2ß „ È8‹ ; c œ Èa#
b# œ È8
2 œ È10 Ê the foci are Š2ß „ È10‹ ; the asymptotes are
x
2
y
È8 œ „ È2 Ê y œ „ 2(x  2)

y#
69. (a) y# œ kx Ê x œ k ; the volume of the solid formed by
Èkx
revolving R" about the y-axis is V" œ '0
# #
1 Š yk ‹ dy
Èkx
œ 1
k#
'0 y% dy œ 1x# Èkx
5 ; the volume of the right
circular cylinder formed by revolving PQ about the
y-axis is V# œ 1x# Èkx Ê the volume of the solid
formed by revolving R# about the y-axis is
41x# Èkx
V$ œ V#  V" œ 5 . Therefore we can see the
ratio of V$ to V" is 4:1.
(b) The volume of the solid formed by revolving R# about the x-axis is V" œ '0 1 ŠÈkt‹ dt œ 1k'0 t dt
x # x

1kx#
œ # . The volume of the right circular cylinder formed by revolving PS about the x-axis is
#
V# œ 1 ŠÈkx‹ x œ 1kx# Ê the volume of the solid formed by revolving R" about the x-axis is
1kx# 1kx#
V$ œ V#  V" œ 1kx#  # œ # . Therefore the ratio of V$ to V" is 1:1.

70. y œ ' w(0)#

#
wx# wx#
w
H x dx œ w
H Š x# ‹
C œ 2H
C; y œ 0 when x œ 0 Ê 0 œ 2H
C Ê C œ 0; therefore y œ 2H is the
equation of the cable's curve

71. x# œ 4py and y œ p Ê x# œ 4p# Ê x œ „ 2p. Therefore the line y œ p cuts the parabola at points (2pß p) and
(2pß p), and these points are È[2p  (2p)]#
(p  p)# œ 4p units apart.

Šx
Èx#
a# ‹ Šx  Èx#
a# ‹
72. x lim Š b x  ba Èx#  a# ‹ œ b
a x lim Šx  Èx#  a# ‹ œ b
a x lim – —
Ä_ a Ä_ Ä_ x  È x #
a#

x #
ax #
a # b a#
œ b
a x lim ’ “ œ b
a x lim ’ “ œ0
Ä_ x  È x #
a# Ä_ x  È x #
a#

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688 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

x#
73. Let y œ É1  4 on the interval 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 2. The area of the inscribed rectangle is given by
x# x#
A(x) œ 2x Š2É1  4‹ œ 4xÉ1  4 (since the length is 2x and the height is 2y)
x# x# x# x# x#
Ê Aw (x) œ 4É1   . Thus Aw (x) œ 0 Ê 4É1   œ 0 Ê 4 Š1  4‹  x# œ 0 Ê x# œ 2
4 É1
x4# 4 É1
x4#

Ê x œ È2 (only the positive square root lies in the interval). Since A(0) œ A(2) œ 0 we have that A ŠÈ2‹ œ 4
is the maximum area when the length is 2È2 and the height is È2.

74. (a) Around the x-axis: 9x#
4y# œ 36 Ê y# œ 9  94 x# Ê y œ „ É9  94 x# and we use the positive root
#
Ê V œ 2 '0 1 ŠÉ9  94 x# ‹ dx œ 2 '0 1 ˆ9  94 x# ‰ dx œ 21
9x  34 x$ ‘ ! œ 241
2 2 #

(b) Around the y-axis: 9x#
4y# œ 36 Ê x# œ 4  49 y# Ê x œ „ É4  49 y# and we use the positive root
#
Ê V œ 2'0 1 ŠÉ4  49 y# ‹ dy œ 2 '0 1 ˆ4  49 y# ‰ dy œ 21
4y 
3 3 $
4
27 y$ ‘ ! œ 161

Ê y œ „ #3 Èx#  4 on the interval 2 Ÿ x Ÿ 4 Ê V œ '2 1 Š #3 Èx#  4‹ dx

4 #
9x#
36
75. 9x#  4y# œ 36 Ê y# œ 4

œ 91
4
'24 ax#  4b dx œ 941 ’ x3 $
 4x“ œ
%
91
4

ˆ 64 ‰ ˆ8
3  16  3  8
‰‘ œ 91
4
ˆ 56 ‰
3 8 œ
31
4 (56  24) œ 241
#

76. Let P" (pß y" ) be any point on x œ p, and let P(xß y) be a point where a tangent intersects y# œ 4px. Now
y
y"
y# œ 4px Ê 2y dy
dx œ 4p Ê dy
dx œ 2p
y ; then the slope of a tangent line from P" is x
(
p) œ dy
dx œ 2p
y
y# #
"
Ê y#  yy" œ 2px
2p# . Since x œ 4p , we have y#  yy" œ 2p Š 4p
y
‹
2p# Ê y#  yy" œ # y#
2p#
2y" „ È4y#"  16p#
Ê "
# y#  yy"  2p# œ 0 Ê y œ # œ y" „ Èy#"
4p# . Therefore the slopes of the two
4p#
tangents from P" are m" œ 2p
y"  Èy#"  4p#
and m# œ 2p
y"
Èy#"  4p#
Ê m" m# œ y#"
ay#"  4p# b
œ 1
Ê the lines are perpendicular

77. (x  2)#
(y  1)# œ 5 Ê 2(x  2)
2(y  1) dy

dx œ0 Ê dy
dx œ  yx
# #

1 ; y œ 0 Ê (x  2)
(0  1) œ 5
2

Ê (x  2)# œ 4 Ê x œ 4 or x œ 0 Ê the circle crosses the x-axis at (4ß 0) and (!ß 0); x œ 0
Ê (0  2)#
(y  1)# œ 5 Ê (y  1)# œ 1 Ê y œ 2 or y œ 0 Ê the circle crosses the y-axis at (!ß 2) and (!ß !).
At (4ß 0): dy
dx œ  04


1 œ 2 Ê the tangent line is y œ 2(x  4) or y œ 2x  8
2

At (!ß !): dy
dx œ  00


1 œ 2 Ê the tangent line is y œ 2x
2

At (!ß #): dy
dx œ  20


1 œ 2 Ê the tangent line is y  2 œ 2x or y œ 2x
2
2

78. x#  y# œ 1 Ê x œ „ È1
y# on the interval 3 Ÿ y Ÿ 3 Ê V œ 'c3 1 ˆÈ1
y# ‰ dy œ 2'0 1 ˆÈ1
y# ‰ dy

3 # 3 #

œ 21'0 a1
y# b dy œ 21 ’y

3 $
y$
3 “! œ 241

79. Let y œ É16  16

9 x# on the interval 3 Ÿ x Ÿ 3. Since the plate is symmetric about the y-axis, x œ 0. For a
É16
16
x#
vertical strip: aµ
x ßµ
y b œ xß #
9
 , length œ É16 
16
9 x# , width œ dx Ê area œ dA œ É16  16
9 x# dx

Ê mass œ dm œ $ dA œ $É16  16
9 x# dx. Moment of the strip about the x-axis:
É16
16 #
µ
y dm œ 9 x
Š$ É16  16
x# ‹ dx œ $ ˆ8  98 x# ‰ dx so the moment of the plate about the x-axis is
# 9

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 Section 11.7 Conics in Polar Coordinates 689

y dm œ 'c3 $ ˆ8  89 x# ‰ dx œ $
8x 
Mx œ ' µ
3 $
8
27 x$ ‘
$ œ 32$ ; also the mass of the plate is

M œ 'c3 $ É16  x# dx œ 'c3 4$ É1  ˆ 3" x‰ dx œ 4$ 'c1 3È1  u# du where u œ

3 3 # 1
16
9
x
3 Ê 3 du œ dx; x œ 3

Ê u œ 1 and x œ 3 Ê u œ 1. Hence, 4$ 'c1 3È1  u# du œ 12$ 'c1 È1  u# du

1 1

"
œ 12$ ’ "2 ŠuÈ1  u#
sin
" u‹“ œ 61$ Ê y œ Mx
M œ 32$
61$ œ 16
31 . Therefore the center of mass is ˆ!ß 3161 ‰ .

"

"Î# # #
80. y œ Èx#
1 Ê dy
dx œ "
# ax#
1b (2x) œ x
È x#  1 Ê Š dy
dx ‹ œ
x#
x # 1 Ê Ê1
Š dx
dy
‹ œ É1
x#
x#  1
È2 È2 È2
œ É 2x 1 #
'
x#  1 Ê S œ 0 21yÊ1
Š dx
dy
‹ dx œ '0 21Èx#
1 É 2x
#
1 ' È #
x#  1 dx œ 0 21 2x
1 dx ;
#

u œ È2x '02 Èu#
1 du œ È21 #

– — Ä
21
’ "2 ŠuÈu#
1
ln Šu
Èu#
1‹‹“ œ 1
’2È5
ln Š2
È5‹“
du œ È2 dx
È2 2 È2
!

81. (a) tan " œ mL Ê tan " œ f w (x! ) where f(x) œ È4px ;
"
f w (x) œ # (4px)
"Î# (4p) œ 2p
È4px Ê f w (x! ) œ 2p
È4px!

œ 2p
y! Ê tan " œ 2p
y! .
y!
0
(b) tan 9 œ mFP œ x!
p œ x!
p
y!

Š x ! p c y2p ‹
y

(c) tan ! œ tan 9
tan "

œ ! !
1  tan 9 tan " 1 b Š x ! p ‹ Š y2p ‹
y
! !
y#!
2p(x!
p) 4px!
2px!  2p# 2p(x!  p)
œ y! (x!
p  2p) œ y! (x!  p) œ y! (x!  p) œ 2p
y!

11.7 CONICS IN POLAR COORDINATES

y#
œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#  b#
#
1. 16x#
25y# œ 400 Ê #x5
16
œ È25  16 œ 3 Ê e œ ca œ 35 ; F a „ 3ß 0b ;
directrices are x œ 0 „ a
e œ „ 5
ˆ 35 ‰ œ „ 25
3

y7 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#  b#
#
x#
2. 7x#
16y# œ 112 Ê 16
œ È16  7 œ 3 Ê e œ ca œ 34 ; F a „ 3ß 0b ;
directrices are x œ 0 „ a
e œ „ 4
ˆ 34 ‰ œ „ 16
3

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690 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

3. 2x#
y# œ 2 Ê x#
y2 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#  b#
#

œ È2  1 œ 1 Ê e œ ca œ È12 ; F a0ß „ 1b ;
È2
directrices are y œ 0 „ a
e œ „ œ „2
Š È12 ‹

4. 2x#
y# œ 4 Ê x#
#
y#
4 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#  b#
È2
œ È4  2 œ È2 Ê e œ c
a œ 2 ; F Š0ß „ È2‹ ;
directrices are y œ 0 „ a
e œ „ È22 œ „ 2È2
Š ‹ 2

5. 3x#
2y# œ 6 Ê x#
y3 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#  b#

# #

œ È3  2 œ 1 Ê e œ ca œ È13 ; F a0ß „ 1b ;
È3
directrices are y œ 0 „ a
e œ „ œ „3
Š È13 ‹

y9 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#  b#
#
x#
6. 9x#
10y# œ 90 Ê 10
œ È10  9 œ 1 Ê e œ ca œ È110 ; F a „ 1ß 0b ;
È10
directrices are x œ 0 „ a
e œ „ œ „ 10
Š È110 ‹

7. 6x#
9y# œ 54 Ê x#
9
y#
6 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#  b#
È3
œ È9  6 œ È3 Ê e œ c
a œ 3 ; F Š „ È3ß 0‹ ;
directrices are x œ 0 „ a
e œ „ È33 œ „ 3È3
Š ‹ 3

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 Section 11.7 Conics in Polar Coordinates 691

x#
8. 169x#
25y# œ 4225 Ê 25 y#

169 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#  b#
œ È169  25 œ 12 Ê e œ c œ 12 ; F a0ß „ 12b ; a 13
directrices are y œ 0 „ a
e œ „ 13
ˆ 12 ‰ œ „ 169
12
13

x# y#
9. Foci: a0ß „ 3b , e œ 0.5 Ê c œ 3 and a œ c
e œ 3
0.5 œ 6 Ê b# œ 36  9 œ 27 Ê #7
36 œ1

x# y#
10. Foci: a „ 8ß 0b , e œ 0.2 Ê c œ 8 and a œ c
e œ 8
0.# œ 40 Ê b# œ 1600  64 œ 1536 Ê 1600
1536 œ1

x# y#
11. Vertices: a0ß „ 70b , e œ 0.1 Ê a œ 70 and c œ ae œ 70(0.1) œ 7 Ê b# œ 4900  49 œ 4851 Ê 4851
4900 œ1

x# y#
12. Vertices: a „ 10ß 0b , e œ 0.24 Ê a œ 10 and c œ ae œ 10(0.24) œ 2.4 Ê b# œ 100  5.76 œ 94.24 Ê 100
94.24 œ1

È5
13. Focus: ŠÈ5ß !‹ , Directrix: x œ 9
È5 Ê c œ ae œ È5 and a
e œ 9
È5 Ê ae
e# œ 9
È5 Ê e# œ 9
È5 Ê e# œ 5
9

È5 È5 # È5 # #
Ê eœ 3 . Then PF œ 3 PD Ê ÊŠx  È5‹
(y  0)# œ 3 ¹x  È5 ¹
9
Ê Šx  È5‹
y# œ 5
9 Šx  È5 ‹
9

Ê x#  2È5 x
5
y# œ 5
9 Šx#  18
È5 x
5 ‹
81
Ê 4
9 x#
y# œ 4 Ê x#
9
y#
4 œ1

È3
14. Focus: (%ß 0), Directrix: x œ 16
3 Ê c œ ae œ 4 and a
e œ 16
3 Ê ae
e# œ 16
3 Ê 4
e# œ 16
3 Ê e# œ 3
4 Ê eœ # . Then
È È3 16 ‰#
PF œ #3 PD Ê È(x  4)#
(y  0)# œ #
¸x  16 ¸
3 Ê (x  4)#
y# œ 3
4
ˆx  3 Ê x#  8x
16
y#
# #
3 ˆ # 256 ‰ "
œ 4 x  3
32
x
9 Ê 4 x#
y# œ 16
3 Ê x
ˆ 64 ‰
y
ˆ 16 ‰ œ1
3 3

# "
15. Focus: (%ß 0), Directrix: x œ 16 Ê c œ ae œ 4 and ae œ 16 Ê ae
e# œ 16 Ê e# œ 16 Ê e œ 4 Ê e œ
4 1
# . Then
PF œ 1 PD Ê È(x
4)#
(y  0)# œ 1 kx
16k Ê (x
4)#
y# œ 1 (x
16)# Ê x#
8x
16
y#
# # 4
x# y#
œ 1
4 ax#
32x
256b Ê 3
4 x#
y# œ 48 Ê 64
48 œ1

È2
16. Focus: ŠÈ2ß !‹ , Directrix: x œ 2È2 Ê c œ ae œ È2 and a
e œ 2È 2 Ê ae
e# œ 2È 2 Ê e# œ 2 È 2 Ê e# œ "
#
# #
Ê eœ 1
È2 . Then PF œ 1
È2 PD Ê ÊŠx
È2‹
(y  0)# œ 1
È2 ¹x
2È2¹ Ê Šx
È2‹
y#
#
œ "
# Šx
2È2‹ Ê x#
2È2 x
2
y# œ "
# Šx#
4È2 x
8‹ Ê "
# x#
y# œ 2 Ê x#
4
y#
# œ1

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692 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

17. x#  y# œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#
b# œ È1
1 œ È2 Ê e œ c
a
È2
œ 1 œ È2 ; asymptotes are y œ „ x; F Š „ È2 ß !‹ ;
"
directrices are x œ 0 „ a
e œ „ È2

 y9 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#
b#
#
x#
18. 9x#  16y# œ 144 Ê 16
œ È16
9 œ 5 Ê e œ ca œ 54 ; asymptotes are
y œ „ 34 x; F a „ 5ß !b ; directrices are x œ 0 „ a
e
"6
œ „ 5

19. y#  x# œ 8 Ê y8  x8 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#
b#
# #

œ È8
8 œ 4 Ê e œ ca œ È48 œ È2 ; asymptotes are

y œ „ x; F a0ß „ 4b ; directrices are y œ 0 „ a
e
È8
œ „ È2 œ „2

20. y#  x# œ 4 Ê y#
4  x#
4 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#
b#
2È 2
œ È 4
4 œ 2È 2 Ê e œ c
a œ 2 œ È2 ; asymptotes
are y œ „ x; F Š0ß „ 2È2‹ ; directrices are y œ 0 „ a
e

œ „ 2
È2 œ „ È2

21. 8x#  2y# œ 16 Ê x#

2  y#
8 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#
b#
È10
œ È2
8 œ È10 Ê e œ c
a œ È2 œ È5 ; asymptotes

are y œ „ 2x; F Š „ È10ß !‹ ; directrices are x œ 0 „ a

e
È2
œ „ È5 œ „ 2
È10

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 Section 11.7 Conics in Polar Coordinates 693

22. y#  3x# œ 3 Ê y3  x# œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#
b#

#

œ È3
1 œ 2 Ê e œ ca œ È23 ; asymptotes are

y œ „ È3 x; F a0ß „ 2b ; directrices are y œ 0 „ a
e
È3
œ „ œ „ 3
#
Š È23 ‹

23. 8y#  2x# œ 16 Ê y#

2  x#
8 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#
b#
È10
œ È2
8 œ È10 Ê e œ c
a œ È2 œ È5 ; asymptotes

are y œ „ x# ; F Š0ß „ È10‹ ; directrices are y œ 0 „ a

e
È2
œ „ È5 œ „ 2
È10

x#
24. 64x#  36y# œ 2304 Ê 36 y#
 64 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa#
b#
œ È36
64 œ 10 Ê e œ ca œ 10
6 œ 3 ; asymptotes are
5

y œ „ 43 x; F a „ 10ß !b ; directrices are x œ 0 „ a

e
œ „ 6
ˆ 53 ‰ œ „ 18
5

x#
25. Vertices a!ß „ 1b and e œ 3 Ê a œ 1 and e œ c
a œ 3 Ê c œ 3a œ 3 Ê b# œ c#  a# œ 9  1 œ 8 Ê y#  8 œ1

x# y#
26. Vertices a „ 2ß !b and e œ 2 Ê a œ 2 and e œ c
a œ 2 Ê c œ 2a œ 4 Ê b# œ c#  a# œ 16  4 œ 12 Ê 4  1# œ1

y#
27. Foci a „ 3ß !b and e œ 3 Ê c œ 3 and e œ c
a œ 3 Ê c œ 3a Ê a œ 1 Ê b# œ c#  a# œ 9  1 œ 8 Ê x#  8 œ1

28. Foci a!ß „ 5b and e œ 1.25 Ê c œ 5 and e œ c

a œ 1.25 œ 5
4 Ê cœ 5
4 a Ê 5œ 5
4 a Ê a œ 4 Ê b# œ c#  a#
# #
œ 25  16 œ 9 Ê y
16  x
9 œ1

29. e œ 1, x œ 2 Ê k œ 2 Ê r œ 2(1)
1  (1) cos ) œ 2
1cos )

30. e œ 1, y œ 2 Ê k œ 2 Ê r œ 2(1)
1  (1) sin ) œ 2
1sin )

31. e œ 5, y œ 6 Ê k œ 6 Ê r œ 6(5)
1
5 sin ) œ 30
1
5 sin )

32. e œ 2, x œ 4 Ê k œ 4 Ê r œ 4(2)
1  2 cos ) œ 8
12 cos )

ˆ "# ‰ (1)
33. e œ "# , x œ 1 Ê k œ 1 Ê r œ 1  ˆ "# ‰ cos )
œ 1
2cos )

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694 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates
ˆ "4 ‰ (2)
34. e œ 4" , x œ 2 Ê k œ 2 Ê r œ 1
ˆ "4 ‰ cos )
œ 2
4
cos )

ˆ "5 ‰ (10)
35. e œ "5 , y œ 10 Ê k œ 10 Ê r œ 1
ˆ "5 ‰ sin )
œ 10
5
sin )

ˆ "3 ‰ (6)
36. e œ "3 , y œ 6 Ê k œ 6 Ê r œ 1  ˆ "3 ‰ sin )
œ 6
3sin )

"
37. r œ 1  cos ) Ê e œ 1, k œ 1 Ê x œ 1

"
38. r œ 6
2  cos ) œ 3
1  ˆ "# ‰ cos )
Ê eœ # , k œ 6 Ê x œ 6;
#
a a1  e# b œ ke Ê a ’1  ˆ "# ‰ “ œ 3 Ê 3
4 aœ3
Ê a œ 4 Ê ea œ 2

ˆ 25 ‰ ˆ #5 ‰
39. r œ 25
10
5 cos ) Ê rœ 1
ˆ 10
10
5 ‰
cos )
œ 1
ˆ "# ‰ cos )
"
Ê eœ # , k œ 5 Ê x œ 5; a a1  e# b œ ke
#
Ê a ’1  ˆ "# ‰ “ œ 5
# Ê 3
4 aœ 5
# Ê aœ 10
3 Ê ea œ 5
3

40. r œ 4
2
2 cos ) Ê rœ 2
1
cos ) Ê e œ 1, k œ 2 Ê x œ 2

ˆ 400 ‰
41. r œ 400
16  8 sin ) Ê rœ 1  ˆ 16
16
8 ‰
sin )
Ê rœ 25
1  ˆ "# ‰ sin )
"
eœ # , k œ 50 Ê y œ 50; a a1  e# b œ ke
#
Ê a ’1  ˆ "# ‰ “ œ 25 Ê 3
4 a œ 25 Ê a œ 100
3

Ê ea œ 50
3

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 Section 11.7 Conics in Polar Coordinates 695

42. r œ 12
3  3 sin ) Ê rœ 4
1  sin ) Ê e œ 1, 43. r œ 8
2
2 sin ) Ê rœ 4
1
sin ) Ê e œ 1,
kœ4 Ê yœ4 k œ 4 Ê y œ 4

"
44. r œ 4
2
sin ) Ê rœ 2
1
ˆ "# ‰ sin )
Ê eœ # ,kœ4
#
Ê y œ 4; a a1  e# b œ ke Ê a ’1  ˆ "# ‰ “ œ 2
Ê 3
4 aœ2 Ê aœ 8
3 Ê ea œ 4
3

45. r cos ˆ)  14 ‰ œ È2 Ê r ˆcos ) cos 14
sin ) sin 14 ‰

œ È2 Ê " r cos )
" r sin ) œ È2 Ê " x

È2 È2 È2
"
È2 y
œ È2 Ê x
y œ 2 Ê y œ 2  x

46. r cos ˆ)
31 ‰
4 œ 1 Ê r ˆcos ) cos 31
4  sin ) sin 31 ‰
4 œ1
È2 È2
Ê  r cos ) 
2 2 r sin ) œ 1 Ê x
y œ È2
Ê y œ x  È 2

47. r cos ˆ)  21 ‰
3 œ 3 Ê r ˆcos ) cos 21
3
sin ) sin 21 ‰
3 œ3
È3 " È3
Ê  r cos )

1
2 2 r sin ) œ 3 Ê  x
# # yœ3
È3
Ê x
È 3 y œ 6 Ê y œ 3 x
2È 3

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696 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

48. r cos ˆ)
13 ‰ œ 2 Ê r ˆcos ) cos 1

3  sin ) sin 13 ‰ œ 2
È3 " È3
Ê 1
2 r cos )  2 r sin ) œ 2 Ê # x # yœ2
È3 4È 3
Ê x  È3 y œ 4 Ê y œ 3 x 3

È È2
49. È2 x
È2 y œ 6 Ê È2 r cos )
È2 r sin ) œ 6 Ê r Š #2 cos )
# sin )‹ œ 3 Ê r ˆcos 1
4 cos )
sin 1
4 sin )‰
œ 3 Ê r cos ˆ)  14 ‰ œ 3

È
50. È3 x  y œ 1 Ê È3 r cos )  r sin ) œ 1 Ê r Š #3 cos )  1
# sin )‹ œ "
# Ê r ˆcos 1
6 cos )  sin 1
6 sin )‰
œ "
# Ê r cos ˆ)
16 ‰ œ "
#

51. y œ 5 Ê r sin ) œ 5 Ê r sin ) œ 5 Ê r sin ()) œ 5 Ê r cos ˆ 1#  ())‰ œ 5 Ê r cos ˆ)
1# ‰ œ 5

52. x œ 4 Ê r cos ) œ 4 Ê r cos ) œ 4 Ê r cos ()  1) œ 4

53. 54.

55. 56.

57. (x  6)#
y# œ 36 Ê C œ (6ß 0), a œ 6 58. (x
2)#
y# œ 4 Ê C œ (2ß 0), a œ 2

Ê r œ 12 cos ) is the polar equation Ê r œ 4 cos ) is the polar equation

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 Section 11.7 Conics in Polar Coordinates 697

59. x#
(y  5)# œ 25 Ê C œ (!ß 5), a œ 5 60. x#
(y
7)# œ 49 Ê C œ (!ß 7), a œ 7

Ê r œ 10 sin ) is the polar equation Ê r œ 14 sin ) is the polar equation

61. x#
2x
y# œ 0 Ê (x
1)#
y# œ 1 62. x#  16x
y# œ 0 Ê (x  8)#
y# œ 64

Ê C œ (1ß 0), a œ 1 Ê r œ 2 cos ) is Ê C œ (8ß 0), a œ 8 Ê r œ 16 cos ) is the
the polar equation polar equation

# #
63. x#
y#
y œ 0 Ê x#
ˆy
"# ‰ œ 4" 64. x#
y#  34 y œ 0 Ê x#
ˆy  32 ‰ œ 94
Ê C œ ˆ!ß  "# ‰ , a œ "# Ê r œ sin ) is the Ê C œ ˆ0ß 23 ‰ , a œ 23 Ê r œ 43 sin ) is the
polar equation polar equation

65. 66.

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