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    Chapter 5 PDF

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    Andreea Moldoveanu

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    5 C1 INTEGRALS 5.1 Areas and Distances 1. (a) Since f is increasing, we can obtain a lower estimate by using left endpoints. We are instructed to use five rectangles. so n = 5. ro Este) ae [Ar = (ao) 2+ f(ar) 2+ f(e2) 2+ f(ws) 2+ flwa)-2 = 21F(0) + £(2) + F(A) + £(6) + F8)] Re A1+34+4.3+54 +63) = 2(20) = 40 Since J is inereasing, we can obtain an upper estimate by using right endpoints. Slee) Ae = 21f (a) + flea) + (as) + flea) + fles)) = 2(F(2) + F(A) + £(6) + £(8) + F(10)) 23443454463 +7) = 2(26) = 52 ‘Comparing Rs to Ls, we see that we have added the area ofthe rightmost upper rectangle. f(10) - 2.10 the sum ‘and subtracted the area of the leftmost lower rectangle, f(0) -2. from the sum, (b) Lio = ¥ flea) ae [ae = =1[f (eo) + far) +--+ F(z0)) ()+ FU) + + F(9) +214343.74434494+54458463467 = 43.2 Ro = E fle de =f) + 42)+ + F(10) aud rightmost upper rectangle. = Lao +1 F(10) ~1- f00) 0 F010) ii [subtract leftmost lower rectangle = 43247-15492 y= fia) 494 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS 26) Wlo= SF fea)de (Ae= po = 2) UF (a0) + far) + flea) + Flas) + f(wa) + f(as)] = 2F(O) + F(2) + F(A) + £(6) + F(8) + F(10)) A948 84+82473+5.9+4.1) = 2(43.3) = 86.6 (ii) Ro = Le +2- f(12) -2- F(0) 86.6 + 2(1) — 2(9) = 70.6 [Add area of rightmost lower rectangle and subtract area of leftmost upper rectangle.) (it) Me = SS fai) Ae = AF) + £03) + FE A 2B9F85+78 +66 5) + £(7) + £(9) + FL) +5.1428) = 239.7) = 79.4 ey yen sho ‘ies yo fay +s en (b) Since f is decreasing. we obtain an overestimate by using left endpoints; that is. Le. (c) Since f is decreasing. we obtain an underestimate by using right endpoints: that is, Ro (a) Me gives the best estimate. since the area of each rectangle appears to be closer to the true area than the overestimates and underestimates in Le and Re B@ R= fle)ae | = f(z1)-1+ flea) Az = 23h = 1) 1+ f(ws)-1+ f(@s) 1 = F(2) + F(8) + F(A) + £05) wdededed= B= 128 Since f is decreasing on (1, 5]. an underestimate is obtained by using the right endpoint approximation, Ra =f (1) + £2) + £3) + F(4) =l+ht+h4ia® L4 is an overestimate. Alternatively. we could just add the area of the leftmost upper rectangle and subtract the area of the rightmost lower reotangle; that is. La 2.083 Rat f(l)-1- f(5) 1. ‘ST \ gaya SECTIONS. AREASANDDISTANCES C435 M@R=E Slade (de = Flos) 14 flan) 1+ flea) 14+ flea) 1+ Flas) 1 ah mins = H+ £2) + £09) + F458) =24421416+940=70 Since f is decreasing on [0,5]. Rs is an underestimate, () Ls = 3 flea) Av = F) + £0) + £02) + $B) + £4) = 25 +244+214+16+9=95 Ts is an overestimate. (-) 5. (a) fle) = 142 and be = 2=CD -y > Ry =1- f(0) + 1+ f(L) #1- f2) = 1141-2415 =8, ae=2=C) <5 > Re = 0.5(f(—0.5) + f(0) + £(0.5) + f(1) + £15) + F(2)] = 05(1.25 4141.25 +24+3.25 +5) = 0.5(18.75) = 6.875 (b) Ea =1- f(-1) +1 FO) F1-fQ) = 1-24 1-141-2=5 Es = 0.5[f(-1) + f(—0.5) + £(0) + £(0.5) + £1) + F(L.5)] =0.5(2+ 1.25 +14 1.25 +2+3.25) = 0.5(10.75) = 5.375 (©) Ms = 1+ f(—0.5) +1 f(0.5) + 1- f(1.5) = 11.254 1-125 +1-3.25 = 5.75 Mo = 0.5[f(—0.75) + f(—0.25) + f(0.25) + §(0.75) + f(1.25) + £(1.75)] = 0.5(1.5625 + 1.0625 + 1.0625 + 1.5625 + 2.5625 + 4.0625) = 0.5(11.875) = 5.9375 (@) Mg appears to be the best estimate. 438 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS 6 (a) 1 f(-1) +1- 10) (ii) Me =1- f(-1.5) +1- f(-05) +1: (1) 41: f(2) +1-f(0.5)41- f(1.5) renee, ae ee ee LTS 1.768 (©) (@) Re = 0.5[f(—15) + f(-1) + f(-0.5) + £0) + £(0.5) + f(D) + £(L5) + F(2)] Se eet ee Oy He emt eB + 0 = L761 ii) Due to the symmetry of the figure. we see that Mg = (0.5)(2)[ (0.25) + /(0.75) + f(1.25) + f(1.75)] = eA 0.0025 4 60.5625 4 41.5625 4 9.0625 = 1.766 17. Here is one possible algorithm (ordered sequence of operations) for calculating the sums: | Let SUM = 0, X_MIN DELTA_X = (X_MAX — X_MIN |. X_MAX = wr. N = 10 (or 30 or 50, depending on which sum we are calculating). ) /N, and RIGHT_ENDPOINT = X_MIN + DELTA_X. 2 Repeat steps 2a, 2b in sequence until RIGHT_ENDPOINT > X_MAX, 2a Add sin (RIGHT_ENDPOINT) to SUM, 2b Add DELTA_X to RIGHT ENDPOINT. SECTIONS. AREASANDDISTANCES 437 At the end of this procedure, (DELTA_X) - (SUM) is equal to the answer we are looking for. We find that sin( ) ~ 1.9835, Roo = 2 5° sin( 2) -~ 1.9982, and Reo = 2 § (75) 19888. a "(m) TeBS2a a Om appears that the exact area i 2 Shown below is program SUMRIGHT and its output from a TI-83 Plus calculator. To generalize the program, we have input (rather than assigned) values for Xmin, Xmax, and N. Also. the function, sin. is assigned to Yi. ‘enabling us to evaluate any right sum merely by changing Y, and running the program. PROGRAM: SUMRIGHT| B35 ePromet Xmin rromet Amax rrompt, N Done 8 We can use the algorithm from Exercise 7 with X_MIN = 1, X_MAX = 2, and 1 /(RIGHT_ENDPOINT)? instead 1” of sin (RIGHT_ENDPOINT) in step 2a, We find that Ryo = 4 xy a7, = 0.4640, 3 4 12 Fn = 39 aaa = 0.4877, and Reo = = © 0.4926. It appears that the exact area (+ 1/50) 2 8. In Maple, we have to perform a number of steps before getting a numerical answer. After loading the student package [command: with (student) ;] we use the command Left_sum:=Leftsum(x* (1/2) ,x=1..4,10 for 30, or 50]) + which gives us the expression in summation notation, To get a numerical approximation to the sum, we use eval (1e£t_sum) ;. Mathematica does not have € special command for these sums, so we must type them in manually. For example, the first left sum is given by (3/20) ¥Sum [Sart (1+3 (1-1) /20) , {4,2,10}] and we use the N command on the resulting output to get ‘a numerical approximation In Derive, we use the LEFT_RIEMANN command to get the left sums. but must define the right sums ourselves, (We can define a new function using LEFT_RIEMANN with k ranging from 1 to n instead of from 0 to n — 1.) (9) Wiha) = V5.1 <2 énete sonata tom a = 2S fy RED, speci Ln0 © 4.5148, Loo % 4.6165, and Loo ~ 4.6366, The right sums are of the form Ry, Specifically, Ryo ~ 4.8148, Ryp © 4.7165, and Reo ~ 4.6966, 438 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS (b) In Maple, we use the Leftbox and rightbox commands (with the same arguments as Left sum and right sum above) to generate the graphs. 24 2 2 left left endpoints. n = 10 2 2 1 a ° 0 right endpoints, n = 10 right endpoints. ° 30 right endpoints, n = 50 (©) We know that since 4/2 is an increasing function on (1,4). all of the let sums are smaller than the actual area. ‘and all ofthe right sums are larger than the actual area. Since the left sum with n = 50 is about 4.637 > 4.6 and the right sum with n = 50 is about 4.697 < 4.7. we conclude that 4.6 < Leo < exact area < Reo < 4.7. so the exact area is between 4.6 and 4.7. 10. See the solution to Exercise 9 for the CAS commands for evaluating the sums, = 1 sin(sin2),0 <2 < $.the left sums are ofthe form Ln = 3 5 8 sin(sn ES) In (a) With F( particular, Lio ~ 0.8251, Lao * 0.8710, and Lso ~ 0.8799. The right sums are of the form sin(sin #) In particular Ryo ~ 0.9573, Rap * 0.9150, and Reo ~ 0.9064 (b) In Maple, we use the Le£tbox and right box commands (with the same arguments as Leftsum and right sum above) to generate the graphs. L ' left endpoints, n = 10 left endpoints, n = 30 left endpoints, SECTIONS. AREASANDDISTANCES 439 1 right endpoints, n = 10 right endpoints. n = 30 right endpoints, n = 50 (©) We know that since sin(sin x) is an increasing function on (0, 3) [this is true because its derivative — cos(sin x)(—cos.). is positive on that interval]. all ofthe left sums are smaller than the actual area, and all of the right sums are larger than the actual area, Since the left sum with n = 50 is about 0.8799 > 0.87 and the right sum with n = 50 is about 0.9064 < 0.91, we conclude that 0.87 < Leo < exact area < Reo < 0.91.80 the exact area is between 0.87 and 0.91 11, Since v is an increasing function, Le will give us a lower estimate and Re will give us an upper estimate. Le = (0 fe/s)(0.5 s) + (6.2)(0.5) + (10.8)(0.5) + (14.9)(0.5) + (18.1)(0.5) + (19.4)(0.5) 0.5(69.4) = 34.7 ft Ro = 0.5(6.2 + 10.8 + 14.9 + 18.1 + 19.4 + 20.2) = 0.5(89.6) = 44.8 ft 12. (a) d& Ly = (30 fi/s)(12s) + 28-12+.25- 12422-12424. 12 = (30+ 28425 +22 +24) 12 = 129-12 = 1548 fe (0) d& Ry = (28+ 25 +22 + 24427) 12 = 126-12 = 15124 (6) The estimates are neither lower nor upper estimates since v is neither an increasing nor a decreasing function oft 13. Lower estimate for oil leakage: Rs = (7.6 + 6.8 + 6.2 + 5.7 + 5.3)(2) = (31.6)(2) = 63.2L. Upper estimate for oil leakage: Ly = (8.7 + 7.6 + 6.8 + 6.2 +5.7)(2) = (35)(2) = TOL. 14, We can find an upper estimate by using the final velocity for each time interval. Thus. the distance d traveled after 62 seconds can be approximated by d= Yi u(ts)Ats = (185 fi/s)(10 s) + 319-5 + 447-5 + 742-12 + 1325-27 + 1445 -3 = 54,694 ft 18. For a decreasing function, using left endpoints gives us an overestimate and using right endpoints results in an underestimate, We will use Mg to get an estimate. At = 1,s0 Me = I[v(0.5) + v(1.5) + v(2.5) + v(8.5) + v(4.5) + 0(5.5)] R 55440428418 +1044 = 1558 For a very rough check on the above calculation, we can draw a line from (0,70) to (6, 0) and calculate the area of the triangle: } (70)(6) = 210, This is clearly an overestimate. so our midpoint estimate of 155 is reasonable. 16. For an increasing function. using left endpoints gives us an underestimate and using right endpoints results in an ‘overestimate. We will use Mg to get an estimate. At = 82=2 =55— Sh= ooh [v(2.5) + 0(7.5) + v(12.5) + u(17.5) +0(22.5) + v(27.5)] = rip (31.25 + 66 + 88 + 103.5 + 113.75 + 119.25) = 75 (521.75) = 0.725 km Fora very rough check on the above calculation, we can draw a line from (0,0) to (30, 120) and calculate the area 40 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS of the triangle: 4(30)(120) = 1800. Divide by 3600 to get 0.5. which is clearly an underestimate. making our midpoint estimate of 0.725 seem reasonable. Of course. answers will vary due to different readings of the graph. 7. fla) = YB 1S < 16. Av=(16~1)/n = 15/nand. x, =1+4Ar = 1+ 15i/n. = im Ry = im, Eseyar= lim x es 18. f(x) = ee 3 2 (> + 2) ‘can be interpreted as the area of the region lying under the graph of y = (5 + x)"® on the interval (0, 2], since for y = (5 + x)!° on [0,2] with Ax = 4+ ide = and.xt = 2, the 2 expression for the area is A nr lim Lie s)e= Jim (5+2) 2 Note thatthe answers not unique We could use y = 2"° on [5, 7] or. in general, y = ((5 ~ n) +2)! on [n,n +2} a. tim, So a tan m can be interpreted as the area of the region lying under the graph of y = tan z on the interval x/4-0_ = _ 2a =0+ide= nan * (0, 2]. since for y = tan. on (0, 3] with Ax expression for the area is A = ia f(e}) Ae = jim, > tan(Z2) i ‘Note that this answer is not unique. since the expression for the area is the same for the function y = tan(a — kr.) on the interval [ex, kre + 3 kis any integer. 1 ea an = lim Re = im Safle) Be = Jim kG ) 7 tee B. @) y= fla) = 2° geet taga cess A= Jim, Ra = jim § fle) 42 = ng cas (n+ 1)2(2n? +20 = 1 oe pteroe emt 5 64 Wn $1)2(2n?+2n—1) _ G4, (n?-+2n +1) On? +20 =I) © lime 16 204 201 A = 8 jim (14244) (242-5 1228 eae(ten tae) Ra SECTION 52 THEDEFINTEINTEGRAL Oat a6 lim = “/™. Using a CAS, So = 2/" 24. From Example 3(a), we have A en lim 2 sey = €-*(e? ~ 1) = 0.8647, whereas the estimate from Example 3(b) using Afiy was 0.8632, B.y = f(x) = cose ara 29a bangs, =0+iAr= A= Jim Ry = jim Yo fle) Se = lim, Se(#) bes osin((g, +1) 5 | ass iat b= 3.then A 26. (a) ° ‘The diagram shows one of the n congruent triangles, A AOB. with central angle 2r/n. O is the center of the circle and AB is one of the Sides of the polygon. Radius OC is drawn so as to bisect ZAOB. It A [> B follows that OC intersects AB at right angles and bisects AB. Thus, AAOB is divided into two right triangles with legs of length 3(AB) = rsin(x/n) and r c0s(/n). AAOB has area 2+ ZIrsin(/n)][r os(x/n)] = r®sin(x/n) cos(n/n) An = n-atea(AAOB) = Snr? sin(2n/n), 7? sin(2m/n). so sing fo jon 3.4.2, lim SHO (6) Tose Equation 3.4.2, im + We need to have the same expression in the denominator as we have in the argument of the sine function—in this case, 2-/n. fi, An = Jim rr sin@2n/n) = tim, dny28in@a/n) 2x _ 4 sin@n/n) an clin, An = lim, rr sin(2n/n) = tim rr aan = in, Sar? Leto = 2 Then asm — 06,9 0.50 fn, SEAL 2 jy D8 5.2 The Definite Integral 1 R= S f(a) Ae [xt =z isavight endpoint and Az = 0.5) 7 2 saya 2-2 516005) + £1) + f(15) + f(2)) f(z) = 2-2] ss 5[L75 + 1+ (—0.25) + (-2)] J f =0.5(0.5) = 0.25 7 Ne . The Riemann sur represents the sum of the areas ofthe two rectangles above the x-axis minus the sum ofthe areas of the two rectangles below the z-axis; that i, the net area of the rectangles with respect to the x-axis, i a2 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS 6 2. Le = ¥ flev-a)Ae [ay = 21-1 isaleft endpoint and Ax = 0.5] 5{f(l) + f(L5) + £2) + (2.5) + £(3)+ 8.5)) (f(z) =Inz—1) : 0.5(—1 — 0.5945349 — 0.3068528 — 0,0837093 + 0.0986123 + 0.2527630) = 0.5(-1. 6337217) © —0.816861 "The Riemann sum represents the sum of the areas of the two rectangles above the «-axis minus the sum of the areas of the four rectangles below the z-axis; that is, the ner area of the rectangles with respect to the z-axis. Sseyde tes = 1 [f(1.5) + £25) +185) + £45) +£065)) fle) = v-2I 3. Ms =F) = }(c.-1 + 2:) isa midpoint and Aa = 1) = 0.856759 ‘The Riemann sum represents the sum of the areas of the two rectangles above the a-axis minus the sum of the areas ofthe three rectangles below the a-axis, 4. (@) Ro = S5 fla) Ax 2} = av isarightendpoint and Ax = 0.5] yy faye xa 2sin2e = 0.5[F(0.5) + f(1) +S 5) + f(2) 4+ f(2.5) + f3)] (2) =2— 2sin221 5.353254 ‘The Riemann sum represents the sum of the areas of the four rectangles above the z-axis minus the sum of the areas of the two rectangles below the a-axis. 6 (b) Me {(@) Se [xt =F isa midpoint and Ax 05] = 0.5[f (0.25) + (0.75) + F125) + F(L.75) + $2.25) + f(2.75))] (@) 4.458461 2sin 22] ‘The Riemann sum represents the sum of the areas of the four rectangles ‘above the 2-axis minus the sum of the areas of the two rectangles below the x-axis. 5. Ar = (b—a)/n = (8 -0)/4=8/4= (a) Using the right endpoints to approximate JS F(a) dr, we have p(w) Ax = Bs) + F(A) + FG) + Fw AL 24 (-2) += 4 SECTION 52 THEDEFINITEINTEGRAL C443 (b) Using the left endpoints to approximate f* f(x) da, we have 4 (wir) Aa = 2F(0) + (2) + f(A) + f@)] = 2241424 (-2)) = (6) Using the midpoint of each subinterval to approximate f® f(z) dz, we have E S02) Ae = 21) + 109) +106) + FO] = 98424142) =10. 6. (a) Using the right endpoints to approximate S2,.9(2) da, we have Eola) ae Mlo(—2) + 9(-1) + 9(0) + 9() + 9(2) + 9(3)] ®1-05~15-15-05425=-05 (b) Using the left endpoints to approximate f°, 9(z) da. we have Eolas) Be= tol) + 9-2) + 9(-1) + 9(0) + a1) +912) ©2+1-05-15-15-05=-1 (©) Using the midpoint of each subinterval to approximate [85 9) dee, we have 2,9) Ae = Ia(—2.5) + 9(-1.5) + g(-0.5) + 9(0.5) + 9(1.5) + 9(2.5)] &154+0-1-1.75-1405 =-1.75 7. Since f is increasing, Ls < [2° f(x) de < Ry, Lower estimate = Ls S(@i-a) Az = 5{F(0) + F(5) + F(10) + F(15) + F(20)] = 5(-42 — 37-25 - 6 +15) = 5(-95) = —475 Upper estimate = Rs = Y° f(x) Ax = 514(5) + f(10) + F(15) + F(20) + £(25)] =5(-37 - 25-6 +15 +36) = 5(—1 8 (a) Using the right endpoints to approximate [® f(ce) de. we have E fle) de = 2152) + 104) + 16) = 283 423-105) =02 (b) Using the left endpoints to approximate f° f(z) dz, we have E flea) Ae = 270) + £0) + f(4)] = 203483425) = 39.8 (©) Using the midpoint of each interval to approximate f° f(2) dz, we have E(B) Ae =217(1)+ 108) + 410)) = 2000465 ~ 7.6) = 15.8, Sr 484 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS ‘The estimate using the right endpoints must be less than ff) f(e) de. since if we take zx to be the right endpoint of each interval then f(z) < f(z) forall x on fx,—1,<%]-which implies that f(a.) Mar < fo, f(2) dz. and so the am (fe) Aa] < y [JE He) de] = fF Fed. Silay, if we ake 2 to be tet epi - of each inte then fess) > fe) forall on (2)-152,J-and so 3° [f(2i-1) Ba] > ff) do. We cannot say anything about the midpoint estimate 9, Ax = (10 — 2)/4 = 2, sothe endpoints are 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. and the midpoints are 3. 5. 7. and 9. The Midpoint Rule gives [2° Vat 1d = Yo f@,) Ae = 2(VR FT + VER +T + VEF1 + VR FI) © 124.1644. a ae, 1S I 10, Ax = (x -0)/6 5. and HEE. The Midpoint Rule gives 30 the endpoints are 0, £. 28. 8©. 4, 5, and Sand the midpoints are 73. =. 6 Ji see(a/3) de = ¥ fw) At = E (see F + sec $ + sec SF + sec 3 + sec $F + sec 4) ~ 3.9379. M1, Ac = (1 ~ 0)/5 = 0.250 the endpoints are 0,0.2, 04, 0.6.0.8, and I, and the midpoints are 0.1, 0.3.0.5.0°7 and 0.9. The Midpoint Rule gives, ([esin(22) de = x J(@) Ae = 0.2[sin( 0.1)? + sin(0.3)? + sin(0.5)? + sin(0.7)* + sin(0.9)"] ~ 0.084 12 Ar = (5 ~1)/4= 1, so the endpoints are 1,2. 3.4. and 5. and the midpoints are 1.5.2.5. 3.5, and 45. The ‘Midpoint Rule gives pPaten* de = y IE) Ae = 1(1.5)%e PS + (2.5) 7? + (3. 5)2e78* + (4.5)%e“ 4°] = 1.6099. 13. In Maple, we use the command witth (student): o load the sum and box commands, then mzemiddlesum (sin (x*2) ,2=0. .1,5) + which gives us the sum in summation notation, then Mewevalé (m) ; which gives Ms ~ 0.30843008, confirming the result of Exercise 11. The command middlebox (sin (x"2) ,x=0. 2,5) generates the graph. Repeating for n = 10 and m = 20 gives Myo ~ 0.30981629 and Mao F 0.31015563. 1 1 1 o oo rg 14 Sce the solution to Exercise 5.1.7 fora possible algorithm to calculate the sums, With Az = (1 ~ 0)/100 = 0.01 dad subinterval endpoints 1. 1.01, 1.02, .... 1.99, 2, we ealcutate that the left Riemann sum is Lavo = 38 sin(a?_,) Ae = 0.30607, and the right Riemann sum is Rigo = 2 sin(a) Aw ~ 0.51488 : ‘1 Since f() = sin(z*) is an increasing function, we must have L00 < JQ sin(a®) de < Rico. so 0.306 < Lioo < fi sin(x*) dz < Rioo < 0.315. Therefore, the approximate value 0.3084 = 0.31 in Exercise 11 must be accurate to two decimal places. 15. Well create the table of values to approximate "sin zd by using the Xmax = mand n= 5, 10, 50. and 100, The values of Ry. appear to be approaching 2. n Ro program in the solution to Exercise 5.1.7 with ¥y = sinz. Xmin = 0, ilitsaszee 10 | 1.983524 50 | 1.999342 00 | 1.999836 SECTION 52 THEDEFINITE INTEGRAL C445 de with n= 5, 10, 50, and 100. ‘The value of the integral lies between 0.872 and 0.892. Note that ase = fle) is decreasing on (0,2). We cannot make a similar statement 10 | 0.980007 | 0.783670 for [? de since f is increasing on (—1, 0) 50 | 0.901705 | 0.862438 100 | 0.891896 | 0.872262 7. On 0,7}. tim. $° 2m sinz, Ae = [7 esinzde 18. On (1,5), tim, 5 aoe [ T+2* 1. On (1,8), lim, s JB; FEY? Ae = f8 Vie ea de, 28. On (0,2), tim. s [4 3(23)? +6(27)5) ax 21, Note that Av = 5- J (+89 de= jim f(a) im Sg(4 ~ 30? + 62°) ae {-1) S anda, =-14ide= 14% 18 | 6 = Jim & [ed ees 108 (nt) f ntl ee 2 | = my [12 + 54 1 = iy [e484 })]=-sseie ne 446 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS 2 f (a? + 2x — 5) dx sim, > fle)e [Ax = 3/nand 2; = 1+ 3i/n] *) 36 n(ntl) 6 % nen 8.,) 6 m2 ia ntl ml ay att) 2 ” 1 1) _la-2 = jim [8(1+2)(24 2) +18(1+ 5) -6]= 9-1-2418 1-6=31 B. Note that Az = =" = 2 fone tas tim ne C- *) (2) and 2; =0-+ ide = 2 ae re aed) af (14.28%) de = im n sede [Ac = 5/nand xy = 5i/n} -m be 2)G)- = lia BG na 2D ’) = pn, [os BE) dn (tn te gin [oes 222] ~ ny [s2s(1+2)) = 543125 = 3175 SECTIONS2 THEDEFINITEINTEGRAL Cl 4a7 25, Note that Ax = and 2; = 1+ ide =1+i(1/n) =14i/n. non [242 Jon So roar = tm ¥2(1+2)'(2) = lim 2 y ea (8 + anti Sri? 48) = tim nls 3 no 3 noone , n2(n+1)? +a Se a +3 nti nt ea ey a tan on tae fe ome (vod) 2(r+A) (rd) 4 2%. (a) Az = (4 - 0)/8 = 0.5 and 2} = x; = 0.8%. Sole i0) de 3 = 0.5{ (0.5 = 3(05)] + [1.07 - 3(1.0)] + + [357 -3(8.5)] + [4.0* -3(40)]} M(-}-2-2-2-$404+244)=-15 o fe eens [G) - ADE ) (0 fife e)de= As — as, “ where Ai is the area marked + and = lint [ES Dee Ao is the area marked — = lim [$ net Mn+) 48 me) 7 nove [ne wo 2 ‘ Hoede3)-aet) d Ney * ooh 020) ayo ay Ose (+3) = a(b—a) + 3(b~a)? = (b-a(a +4 = (b-a)3(b-+a) = (6? ~ a2) a fet g ogh ty @ n 448 0 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS b x de = lim = lim (b—a)* n(n +1) (Q2n+1) =i 6 = tin, [OG 1 (+4) (+2) =a) ql = EP pao +a (ba) Pe yey ath 4 ab? — =5 al? 2b + ab? =a 2. fiz) = 2.0 =2.b=6,and An = iar=244 = R= 2b = and de = +ide=242 Jim Rn = Jim i+ (24 m0 de = Wat = 2 nd as = $ide=1+ 2.90 10 . a f (z= 4lna) de = tim Rn = him yy a BL Av = (1 — 0)/n = x/mand x} = 2 = mi/n. s Be (®) — tim © as 1 (5m) cas (2) _ 2 [f snsede= Jim, Yo(omse9(Z) = Qn, 9 xin boon SF) a(S) =F (10 — 2)/n = 8/m and 2} = 2; = 2+ 8i/n = tin (248) (G) =8,im 25>( 1 64(58.503n° + 164.0528 + 131,208n4 — 27.776? + 2048) Bint Sg lim 5 AS g(Azsgost) — 2000872 =~ 1.428,553.1 cx) dr as the area of a trapezoid with bases 1 and 3 and height 2. The area of a trapezoid is 33, (a) Think of [7 J 2(b+ B)h, so fg f(x) dx = 7(1 + 3)2 = 4 A () f° fla) de = [2 fla)de + ff f(a)de + fy f(a) de triangle =44343=10 trapezoid rectangle Ade3a2+ 1 + 9:23 (6) ff F(2) dais the negative of the area ofthe triangle with base 2 and height 3 SE f@) de = SECTION 52 THEDEFNTE INTEGRAL © 449 (@) §P f(2) dr is the negative of the area of a trapezoid with bases 3 and 2 and height 2, so it equals —4(B + b)h = -3(3 +.2)2 = -5. Thus. Sp Fla) dx = ff f(z) de + JZ f(x) de + f° f(x) de = 10 + (-3) + (5) W. (a) Bo(a)de = 3-4 4 (area of a triangle) (b) ff g(a) dx = —2 (negative of the area of a semicircle) (©) fe g(z)dx=4-1-1=2 (area ofatriangle) Sj 9(a) dx = [2 g(x) dx + J g(x) de + Sp ole)dr = 4-2 +2 = 45-20 Bf (3 ~ 1) dx can be interpreted as the area of the triangle above the x-axis ‘minus the area ofthe triangle below the s-anis; that is 20)(2) ~ 32)(1) = 3 36. [?, VE—@ de can be interpreted as the area under the ‘graph of S(2) = VI=# between x = ~2 and 2. This is equal to half the area of the circle with radius 2.50 J?, Y7=a¥ de = 3p 2? = On 37. [°,(1+ VO=a®) de can be interpreted as the area under the graph of S(e) = 1+ VI=F? between x = ~3 and x = 0. This is equal to one-quarter the area of the circle with radius 3, plus the area ofthe rectangle. so Jog(t+ VO=F) de = te 41-3 =34 38. [2,(3 ~ 22) de can be interpreted asthe area of the triangle above the x-axis » Lay t5 minus the area of the triangle below the x-axis: that is, 4 3 2(3)(5) — 3(2)@) = 3 - <9 * Pi “3 6) 39. 2, |2| de can be interpreted as the sum of the areas of the two shaded y @2) triangles; that is. 4(1)(1) + 4(2)(2)=4+4=8 can ot 40 CHAPTERS. INTEGRALS 40. {2° |x — 5| der can be interpreted as the sum of the areas of the two shaded triangles that is, 2(3) (6)(5) = an. fi Vide =—J2 Vidt {because we reversed the limits of integration} == [2 Vedr [we can use any letter without changing the value of the integral] 38 $ 42, f! 2? cos de = 0 since the limits of integration are equal 1 a a 43, f2 (5 — 627) dr = j 5dx ~ 6 fy 27 der = 6(1 ~0) ~ 6(5) = 44, [3 (Qe® = 1) de = 2 fe? dx ~ JP de = 2(c* ~ €) ~1(8~1) = 26? — 20-2 & fettan fe 46. f5/?(2 cosa — 5x) dz = (=? 2cosa dz — fi"? Sedz = 27” cos de — 5 fy! dz aor) sO 9 Se 2 4, [2, Hle)de + fo fle) dx — [of Fle) de = Jy fle) de + J fle) de Thy Property $ and reversing limits} = 5, F(e)de [Property 5] a8 ff fle)de = ff fla) de ~ ff fle)dr = 12-36=84 49. [2(2f(c) + 39(2)) de =2 fo fla) de +3 fy alz) de (37) + 3(16) = 122 fort <3 6 fren gen Se) de can be interpreted asthe aes of 3 50. If f(z) = {° the shaded region, which consists of a 5-by-3 rectangle surmounted by an isosceles right triangle whose legs have length 2. Thus. Sp (2) dx = 5(8) + 3(2)(2) = 17. 81.0 3>2+1on(1,2).s0VS—a> VE land ff? V5—adx > ff Ver lde. 53. If 1 <@ < 1.then0 Vat = 2% 50 J? Vat 1de > J 2% dz = Horn) =% &O Oand Az > 0,50 S(zs) Ax > O and therefore x J (2) Az > 0. But the limit of nonnegative quantities is nonnegative by Theorem 2.3.2. s0 J” f(x) dre 0. 5. Since ~|f(x)| < f(x) < |f(@)). it follows from Property 7 that fF @)lde < [fede s fPif(a)de > [it #02) de] < [2 \f(e)|ae Note thatthe definite integral isa real number. and so the following propery applies: a A(z +h) ~ A(z) h w1ta? (£) Part (e) says thatthe average rate of change of A is approximately 1 +22. As h approaches 0, the quotient approaches the instantaneous rate of change—namely. A’(z). So the result of part (c), A’(x) = 2? +1. is geometrically plausible. 3. (a) f(x) = cos(x*) 135 (6) g(e) starts to decrease at that value of ax where cos(t) changes from positive to negative: that is, at about r= 125. 454 (0 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS (6) gle) = [£ cos(¢2) de. Using an integration command, we (4) We sketch the graph of g/ using the find that g(0) = 0. g(0.2) = 0.200, 9(0.4) = 0.399, method of Example | in Section 2.9. The g(0.6) = 0.592, g(0.8) © 0.768, 9(1.0) = 0.905. graphs of g’(x) and f(a) look alike. so g(1.2) % 0.974, g(1.4) = 0.950, (1.6) = 0.826, ‘we guess that 9'(r) = f(z) (1.8) © 0.635. and g(2.0) = 0.461 iL y=a' 4, In Problems 1 and 2, we showed that if g (x) = f f(t) dt. then g'(x) = f(z). for the functions f(t) = 2t+ Land f(t) = 1+ 2. In Problem 3 we guessed that the same is true for {(€) = cos(t2), based on visual evidence. So we conjecture that g(x) = f(x) for any continuous function J. This turns out to be true and is proved in Section 5.3, (the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus). 5.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 1. The precise version of this statement is given by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. See the statement of this theorem and the paragraph that follows it at the end of Section 5.3, 2 (a) g(x) = JZ Flt at. sog(0) = fy f(t) dt = 0. @ a(t) = ff sltyae= 4-1-4 farea of triangle] = $ : 92) = [2 Flt) at = f2 f)dt-+ J? FW at below the z-axis} @, =i-}aiso 1 Om 7 o(4) = 9(3) + ff f(t)dt = -$ +3-1-1=0. (5) = g(4) + ff SO)dt = 0415 = 15. 96) = (5) + fo sat = 1.5425 =4 (b) (7) = (6) + fg F(t) dt ~ 4 + 2.2 [estimate from the graph] = 6.2. (c) The answers from part (a) and part (b) indicate that g has a minimum at x = 3 and a maximum at x = 7. This makes sense from the graph of f since we are subtracting area on 1 < x < 3and adding area on 3 < x <7. SECTION 53 THEFUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 485, 3. (a) g(x) = JF f(t) at. (d) 9(0) = Jy s(t) de=0 (1) = 2 F(t)dt=1-2=2 [rectangle 92) = Jy S(O) dt = fp F(t) dt + JP FO) ae = g(a) + FP Fle) at =24+1-24¢h-1- (3) = fy f(t) dt = g(2) + J flt)dt = 544-104 9(6) = 9(3) + f) F(t) dt [the integral is negative since f lies under the z-axis) =7+([-(}-2-241-2)] =7-4=3 (b) g is increasing on (0,3) because as « increases from 0 to 3. we keep adding more area =5 [rectangle plus triangle}, (©) g has a maximum value when we start subtracting area; that i, at 2 = 3. 4 (a) o(—3) = Jy F(t) dt = 0. (3) = f°, Flt) dt = J®, F(t) dt + f2 f(t) dt = 0 by symmeny. since the area above the «axis isthe same as the area below the axis (b) From the graph. it appears that to the nearest 2. 9(—2) and g(0) = f°, f(t)dt = 53 Jy Alt) dt = 1. (1) = Jo} FO dt = 34 (©) giis increasing on (3,0) because as x increases from —3 t0 0. we keep © » adding more area, (@) g has a maximum value when we start subtracting area; that is. at x = 0. (£) The graph of g'(z) is the same as that of f(x). as indicated by FTC1 oe 5. (a) By FTCI with f(t) =? anda =1. 9(2) = fPPdt > g'(2) = f(x) = 2°. (b) Using FTC2, g(a) = JF #? at > g(a) = 2° 6 (a) By FTCI with f(t) = 1+ Véanda = 0, g(t) = J (14+ VE) dt => g(x) = fla) =14 ve. (b) Using FTC2. g(x) = Jf (1+ VE) at = [e+e er] =0422%? > g(z)=142? 2142 a . 7. S(t) = JTF Band gfx) = ff TF Bat. so by FIC. g(x) = f(x) = VIF. 8. f(t) = Int and g(x) = fF ntdt. soby FTCI, g'(2) = f(z) = Ine. 9. f(t) = #sint and g(y) icaremnaa = flv) = ysiny, 1 ute 10. f(z) = A : sa wndatn) = ste & 09) = Sw 456 (CHAPTERS INTEGRALS M1. F(x) = J? cos(t?) dt = — ff cos(t) dt. = F"(x) = — cos(x*) 12, (0) = tan@ and F(x) = [2° tan@ dd = — [% tan6 dé. so by FICI, F’(z) = —f( 1a. Letu = 2. Then 1 dh — dhdu de ae dude tanz, ‘ a pve _dyf* du _ W(2) = éf arctan td! = atl arctant dt- 4 = arctan u du dh _ dhdu = 2 Then St = aoe 14, Letu = 2? Then S* = 22, Also, 5° = FN so waz TFB ar cul Tear MY = VTE We) = 22 VTS SP = Be VI de 1 ato, & = vee 15. Let = ya. Then To = 5g. Alo. Gr = ie »_ 4 [cost df cost , du _ cosu cos VE v=af Spat= 08 gy GU _ SOS aj, du J, dew 2 _ du dy _ dy du 16. Let u = cosz. Then $= sine, Also, 3h = dz trsnnar=t [eranna Jn x (cos.x + sin(cosz)] —e sin*(e*). 8 [a= zy’, pele 2. f°, 6dx = [6x], = 6[5 ~ (—2)] = 6(7) = 42 21, fp (dae + 3) ds ga? + B0]) = (2-87 +3-8) — (2-27 +3-2) = 152-14 = 138 2 fo(1+ 3-9") dy ly + $0? — 3u]o = (44 F-16— 3-64) - 0) = fp 2t"de= [2""|, = 3-0-8 2, [2 YEde = fP 2" de = [B24]? = 3s? — 14) = $241) = $061) = 305) = 8 +3]? 3 fi)? «=3{5]-Slel,- ws. [ana SECTION 5.3 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 457 "2° © dar does not exist because the function f(r) = 2° has an infinite discontinuity at x = 0; that is. f is discontinuous on the interval [~2.3}. 8 a. / = dr does not exist because the function f(z 2 has an infinite discontinuity at = 0; that is, f is discontinuous on the interval [-5. 28. {2° cos dd = [sin ]2" = sin2x ~sinn =0-0-0 2. fo (242°) dx = [9 (2r + 2°) de = [a* + 207]2 = (4+ 48 a [Lyte f' eam [2] = peel cava-avinanae 3. f5/* sec? tat = [tant] /* = tan —tan0=1-0=1 R fp (+2 Va)de =f (3+2°7) de = [30+ 32°] = [(8 + 2) - 0] = 33, [2* csc? 8 d# does not exist because the function f(8) = csc? @ has infinite discontinuities at @ = m and 8 = 2m; that is, fis discontinuous on the interval [rr 2]. 34. [7/° csc 8 cot dé does not exist because the function f(0) = esc cot @ has an infinite discontinuity at that is, fis discontinuous on the interval (0. =] = 4(In9~In1) = }in9-0= Ing’? = In3 = 1 forstart with et! = eet] gt ln2) ~(-24In1) M1. (2 Sla)de = fi otde + fade = [3a] + [2°]? BO) +(9- Op tde + fF sinede = [$24]? — [cosz|g = (0- $) ~ (cos — cos0) =0 = 48 = 60.75, Thisis 3 of the area of the viewing rectangle. 458 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS 44, From the graph, it appears that the area is about 4. The actual area is 45, Tt appears that the area under the graph is about 2 of the area ofthe viewing rectangle, or about 37" ~ 2.1. The actual area is [f sine dz = [— cosa] — cos r) — (— e080) 46, Spliting up the region as shown, we estimate thatthe area under the graph is $+ 4(3- $) © 1.8. The actual areais Sel? sec? x de = (tan z]q!* = v3 -0 = v3 ~ 1.73. ° 5x/2 3.75 [orf sine de = ote) = [OS atau= f SS t at (a) = 22H, 4 cag) 4 BaP =1 4 yyy 402 9@)=— Bare ae? + Gaya ae =~ aT ae woe Cet Lael es : ; wa 1d ay 90 = esata (e+ rears ) St. y = [oevisintdt = fz Visintedt + fz" Vesintdt = — fy Visintdt + f° Vésinedt = of =~ ¥e(oin V2). Z (yz) +29” sin(2°) ee 2 sin(z*) (32°) = 32"? sin(x") oe SECTIONS.3 THEFUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OFCALCULUS 459 52. y = [2% ,cos(u?) du ~ J cos(u*) du — Jo" cos(u2) du > yf = cos(252*) - £ (6x) — eos(cos*2) -£ (cos) = cos(252*) 5 — cos(cos?2) -(~sina) = 5.os(252") + sin:rcos(cos? 2) “yd > F(a) = ince f(t) = [ ‘ al = pike So F"(2) = VI = V257. 54. For the curve to be concave upward, we must have y” > 0. y = SS ereaeaal v 1 +22) +21 For this expression to be positive. we must have (1+ 2x) <0, since (1-+« +22)? > 0 for +a+ay all. (1422) <0 $2 2 <—4. Thus. the curve is concave upward on (00, — 2 55, By FTC2, fi f(x) dx = f(4) ~ f(1),so17 = f(4)—12 > f(4) = 17 + 12 = 29. 4f fi vi Jo Section 5.2, fi? e~® dt = [2 edt + f® e® dt, so > a * a oo) [oetan Peta fera= a fo lo (b) y 56. (a) erf(2! “a [fe aE) y Poy ote imp [ exf(b) — a erf(a) = + VF [erf(0) — exf(a)) erf(z) => vy! = 2xe erf(2) +e erf'(x) = 2xy + e™ [by FICI] = 20y +2/V7F. 57. (a) The Fresnel function $(x) = {¢ sin(¢*) dt has local maximum values where 0 = S"(2) = sin($2) and 5” ‘changes from positive to negative. For « > 0, this happens when $2? = (2n— 1) [odd multiples of x] <> 2? =2(2n—1) © = Vin —2. many positive integer, For « < 0. 5” changes from positive to negative where $2* = 2nx feven multiples of 7] < 2? =4n 4 x =—2 yf, S! does not change sign at 0. (b) Sis concave upward on those intervals where S”(x) > 0. Differentiating our expression for 5” (x), we get 5" (a) = cos( $2?)(242) = mxcos( $2"). For x > 0. $"(x) > 0 where cos($2?) >0 = O< S22 O where cos($2*) <0 > (2n—3)m < $2? < (2n—3)mnany integer <> 4n—3 —Vin=3 > 2 > —JFn=. so the intervals of upward concavity for 2 <0 are (-Vin=T, - In =3), n any positive integer. To summarize: $ is concave upward on the intervals (0,1), (-V3.-1). (V3, V8). (-v7.-v8). (v7.3). (©) In Maple, we use plot ({int (sin(Pi*t*2/2) ,t=0..x) ,0.2),x=0..2) 7, Note that Maple recognizes the Fresnel function, calling it Presne1S (x). In Mathematica, we use Plot ({Integrate (Sin [Pi*t*2/2], {t,0,x}],0.2}, {x,0,2)]. In Derive, we load the utility file 460 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS FRESNEL and plot FRESNEL,_SIN (x). From the graphs, we see that [* sin( 12) dt = 0.2 at x ~ 0.74 075 as [i= 7] Ey L— 7 2 ase on 58, (a) In Maple. we should start by setting 2 si:sint (sin(t) /t,t=0..%);. In Mathematica, the command is sisIntegrate [Sin[t] /t, {t,0,x}]. Note that both systems recognize this function: Maple calls it $4 (3c) and Mathematica cals it sinIntegral [x]. In Maple, the command to generate the graph is plot (si, x=-4*Pi..4*Pi};. In Mathemat Plot (si, {x,-4*Pi, 4*Pi}]. In Derive, we load the utility file EXP_INT and plot $1 (x) itis (b) Si(z) has local maximum values where Si’ (r) changes from positive to negative, passing through 0. From the d fFsint ,_ sing Fundamental Theor know that Si'(2) = 2” 8 ay = 82 50 we must have sin x = 0 for imental Theorem we know that (2) = > fF at = S25. so a Ofora maximum, and for 2 > 0 we must have x = (2n ~ 1). n any positive integer. for Si’ to be changing from positive to negative at x. For ar < 0, we must have x n,n any positive integer, for a maximum. since the denominator of Si (x) is negative for < 0. Thus. the local maxima occur at = m,~2n, 3x, ~4n, 5,67, (c) To find the first inflection point, we solve Si’"(z) a — SEE _ 0. We can see from the graph that the first infection point es somewhere between x = 3 and: 5, Using oot nde gives the value + = 4.4034. To find the y-coordinate ofthe inflection point, we evaluate $i(4.4934) ~ 1.6556. So the coordinates ofthe first inflection point to the right of the origin are about (4.4934, 1.6556). Alternatively. we could graph $”(x) and estimate the first positive z--value at which it changes sign. (4) It seems from the graph thatthe funetion has horizontal asymptotes at y © 1.5, with lim Si(z) ~ 41.5 respectively. Using the limit command, we get lim Si(z) = §. Since Si(z) is an odd function, So Six) has the horizontal asymptotes y = 5 (e) We use the £s01ve command in Maple (or FindRoot in Mathematica) to find that the solution is x = 1.1 Or, as in Exercise 57(c). we graph y = Si(x) and y = 1 on the same screen to see where they intersect. 59, (a) By FTCI, g'(x) = f(z). So g/(x) = f(x) = 0 at x = 1,3,5,7, and 9. g has local maxima at x = 1 and 5 and 7. There is no local (since J = 9' changes from positive to negative there) and local minima at x maximum or minimum at 2 = 9. since f is not defined for x > 9, (b) We can se from the graph that | ft fae < | fat] < [JP Fae] < [JE sa < [FP F atl So g(l) = |. rae (5) = Jo feat = g(t) — |p rae] + |i Fae]. ana 9(9) = fi fat = (5) — | fg fat + \F fat ‘Thus, g(1) < 9(5) < g(9).and so the absolute maximum of gf) occurs at x = 9. ‘SECTION 53. THEFUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 461 concave downward on those intervals where g!” <0. But Jz). 0 9"(2) = f'(2). which is negative on (approximately) (4.2). (4,6) and (8,9). So g is concave downward (on these intervals, 60. (a) By FICI. g/(2) = f(a). So.g/(x) = f{#) =O at x = 2.4.6.8, and 10. g has local maxima at 2 = 2and 6 (ince f = g/ changes from positive to negative there) and local minima at = 4 and 8. There is no local maximum or minimum at x = 10, since f is not defined for x > 10. (b) We can see from the graph that |e rae] > |i rae] > |W sat] > se sa] > |e? sa So.9(2) = [Jp Fat. o(6) = Jp Fat = o(2) ~ | Fat| + | fff at. ana 9(10) = fp" Fat = g(6) — |e rae] + n° sat Thus. 9(2) > 9(6) > g(10). and so the absolute maximum of g(a) occurs at 2 (©) g is concave downward on those intervals where g” <0, But «@) 9 (2) = F(z). 80 9" (a) = (a), which is negative on (1,3). (5.7) and (9, 10). So g is concave downward on these intervals, of 2 4 6 8 oe *5 fee [ e-FF], 63. Suppose h <0. Since f is continuous on [ir + h. «}. the Extreme Value Theorem says that there are numbers w and ‘vin fe + h, 2] such that f(u) =m and f(v) = M. where m and M are the absolute minimum and maximum Values of f on [2 + h, 2]. By Property 8 of integrals. »n(—h) < J2,, f(t)dt < M(—A): thatis, Q 3 F(u)(—h) < — f2*" f(t)at < f(v)(—h). Since —h > 0. we can divide this inequality by —h: Flu) < i S{t)dt < Jv). By Equation 2, 22+ AD— ote) fe $(0)dt for h #0, and hence Su) < SEF N= ME) < F(4), which is Equation 3 inthe cae where h < 0 me se 64. ae at = alf. if was [ ‘sco (where a isin the domain of f) te nce at) ed -¢ [- [soa +e [ [ al = Hole) 92) + FU) W'@) = s(h(e))H () ~ F0(2)) (2) 4620 CHAPTERS. INTEGRALS 65. (@) Let fle) = VE > f(x) =1/(2VF)>Ofore>0 = fisincreasing on (0,00). Ia > 0. then 2° > 0,801 +27 > Land since f is increasing, this means that f(1-+2°) > f(1) + VIPs > 1 for > O.Nextlet g(t) =t—t + gi(t)=2t—1 = g'(t) > Owhent > 1. Thus. gis increasing on (1,00). And since g(1) = 0, g(t) > 0 when t > 1, Now lett = V+ 23, where x > 0. YI+a5 > 1 (from above) = t>1 + glt)>0 + (1+2°)— VIFs5 > Oforz > 0. Therefore, 1L< VIFa3 <142° fore > 0. (b) From part (a) and Property 7: fg 1de < fy VIF ade < fy (142°) de tel} < fo VIF ade < [et de8]) @ 1< ff VIF ade < 14} = 125. 66, (a) If <0. then g(x) = J? f(t) dt = fz Odt = 0. ) 1O< a < L.then g(x) = fi f(t)dt = fe tdt = [4 ]2 Il 2,then g(z) = fi" f(t) dt = (2) + ff Oat =14+0=1.S0 1 4 ife2 (6) f is not differentiable at its corners at = 0, 1, and 2. f is differentiable on (—00,0), (0, 1). (1,2) and (2,00) is differentiable on (~00, 00). avew et LD a2 = s=2? al 67, Using FTCI. we differentiate both sides oro+ [ a To find a, we substitute x = =-va > BB=3A > fretde * f(t) inteoieintepaioncbsines ["LDaaae + 6r0-2a =9, (er) = Sgetde = eb =3e° 2 > b=In(Be*— 2) 69. (a) Let F(t) = fé f(s) ds. Then, by FTCI. F"(t) = f(t) = rate of deprecis value over the interval {0,1} jon, so F(t) represents the loss in mc [0,4], assuming that there has been only one overhaul during that time period. The company wants to minimize Lacs [sta] = A SFLO egesetenens pends rant ete ine ; average expenditure, oct) tae fl 19s] Using FTC1, we have C’(t) = -p[a+ [sees] +t, [as [seers] = O18) CH =0 = tft) SECTION S.4 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS AND THE NET CHANGE THEOREM C463 7D. (a) C(t) [F(s) +9(s)] ds. Using FTC! and the Product Rule. we have = tye rae 2 [ er+aieds sree) vf uneani-« = +900) Fel) + 9(0))- ()| Ce) =0 = Cit) = F(t) +910), (b) For 0. << 30, we have D(t) E(S- a) => 60 v, Voy ~ 50° ~ 900° * 38-700° |, Ve, Vos) vo Vv Ma 300" * 3a700") = 15 ~ 300 * Ber00" > a 5 wo 7 tH 2d viv v Is C215) = Fy ~ ggg (28-5) + ayzpp 21-5)? © 0.05472V. C(0) = T= 0.06667V. and (30) = 4 - mo + zw? + 0.05659V,, so the absolute minimum is C(21.5) ~ 0.05472V. viv (2) As in part (c). we have C(t) = 72 — gogt + so Olt) = F(t) + 9(t) viv Vip_V Vi, Via 15” 500'* 38700" ~ 15 ~ a0" * Tz500° ° y=fin +10) \ tit hf 72.900 38.700) ~‘\a50~ 900) * 1/900 _ 43 3as.705 ~ g ~ 215. Mists the value off that we obtained asthe critical ‘number of C in part (c), so we have verified the result of (a) in this case. 5.4 Indefinite Integrals and the Net Change Theorem 464 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS 5. [ova fl 6 | Gare fe ae = a 2 [ (e +0041) de = fe + 22°) dr 2 vfacnestia- fons? Pac alee & fx +2r') de 2 10 aa 2 u. [e-ve ? de = [a AVE+2)de=4e—4 > 12, f (Be + sec? u) du = 3e" + tanu+C of 3 Sine — de = {= dx = —— SBE de= fsece tanede = 0246 1 sin? a cos? cose cost 4 [BE dem f REL ae — | romzde = dina +e 15. frJedx = f 2°! de = 22°/? +0. 16. [(cosx ~ 2sinx) dz = sinz + 2cosx + C. ‘The members of the family in the figure ‘The members of the family in the figure correspond to @ = 5, 3.0, —2. and —4. correspond to C= 5, 3,0, —2. and —4. 2 : A sso" 5 0 ot Me -4 17, §2 (622 — 4x +5) de = [6- 4a® — 4. fa? + 5z]2 = (16-8410) -0=18 18. f2(1+ 22 ~ 4a) de = [2+2- $2? —4- fot]? = = (3+9-81)-(1+1-1) =0-1)-(1- 19. f°, (20 — e*) de = (x? — e*]” 20. f2,(uS —u? +u?)du = [duo = fut + but]? SECTION 5.4 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS AND THE NET CHANGE THEOREM © 465 2. J2,(8u+1)2du = J2, (Qu? + 6u+1) du= [0-40 +6- $a? tu)? = [Bu +30 +a), = (24 + 12 + 2) — (—24 + 12 — 2) = 38 — (-14) 2 fi (Gv? + 130 — 5) dv = [6- 30" + 13. $0? — Sud = [209 + Wo? — 5]$ = (128 + 104 — 20) — 0 = 212 2. [é(2u-+5)(3u — 1) dv BB fi vit + tyae= [0 +87) dt = [387 4 Be] I fo VBEdt = fo Ve"? at = [VB- 307]? = v2. 3.270 = 182 8 [ws aba a [ey = [wt touay= yt i] = [- 2. fp al YE+ YE) de 2. J) (2e* + Acosz) dx = [2e* + 4sin z]} = (2e° + 4sin5) ~ (2e° + 4sin0) = 25 + 4sin5 — 29. fi SJede = V5 f§a-V? de = V5 2 yal} = VB(2-2-2-1)=2V5 30. f ae pe _ ao 1 VE = (54-12) ~ (2-4) =44 1. [F (4sin 8 — 300s 6) d8 = [-4cos6 — 3sind]5 = (4-0) — (4-0) = [oat + 0°") de 200.99 dz =f" (Bx'?? ~ 22") de = [3. 32°? -2 aor)’ = w [f/secdandad = sed]! = see § 4 “I 1+ cos? 1, cost wd a [ ts w= [ ‘(aa a) f (sec? 9+ 1) do = [tand + 0)5/* = (tan + 3) - (040) =1+ S sin + sin@ tan? S sind (1+ tan?) 19 sin soc? 0 aft af” sn sn Gan? ao = i. meee eet [ sino do = [-cos6]5/* = -3 ~ sw [ian [" (tos Be) ae = pee ger] = (16+ 32 4 [eres 0 hae = (24+ $) = 144 we = BW [3.422 de = f2(1+ 32? +308 + 2°)de = [z+a2° + $25 + Je} = (1414 $44) -0- 8 *attetl = 1 A a [ etitta- [ («+142) ae [4x = (de? +e + Ine) — (4 +1+Inl) = 2 ° 7 a= f («+242) ae = 24 18+In9-(8+8+In4) = 8 +Ing +2+In|2\)¢ 2 1 fete—2 ? +20 + In |x]? 466 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS 39. f?, (2-2 lal) dx = J, fe — 2(—2)] de + [2[a — 2(2)] de =3(0- 3) -(@-0)=-J=-25 (°, Bar dar + [2 (—x) de 0. f°"? |sinz| dx = ff sinadz + f°”? (—sinz) dx = [- cosa]5 + [cos2]"? =[1-(-)))+-(-1)) =24+1=3 41. The graph shows that y = 2 + 2? — a* has a-intercepts at x = O and at 12 © = a~ 1.32, So the area of the region that lies under the curve and above the z-axis is Gilet 2? a8) de = [32° + 32° — 42"]p = (fa? + da? — La®) -0 02 1s = 0.84 =02 42. The graph shows that y = 2x + 324 — 22° has x-intercepts at x = 0 and 32 ax = @~ 1.37, So the area of the region that lies under the curve and above the 2-axis is Je (20+ 80* — 228) de = [22 + 325 — = (0? + 02 1s A218 =05 A= fi Qu-s) dy = [y? - W'}p = (4 Mya Ye = ray soA= fp yidy= [ty], = 3 45, If w'(t) is the rae of change of weight in pounds per year. then w(t) represents the weight in pounds ofthe child at age t. We know from the Net Change Theorem that f° w(t) dt = w(10) ~ w(5). so the integral represents the increase inthe child’s weight (in pounds) between the ages of 5 and 10. 46. f° I(t) dt = f° Q(t) dt = Q(b) — Q(a) by the Net Change Theorem, so it represents the change in the charge Q from time t = atot = b, 47. Since v(t) isthe rate at which ol leaks. we can write r(€) = —V"(t), where V(t) isthe volume of ol at time t {Note that the minus sign is needed because V’ is decreasing, so V"(t) is negative. but r(t) is positive,] Thus, by the Net Change Theorem. [37° r(t) dt = — f° V"(t) dt = —(V(120) ~ V(0)] = V(0) — V(120). which is the number of gallons of oil that leaked from the tank in the first two hours (120 minutes). 48. By the Net Change Theorem. J" n'(t) dt = n(15) — n(0) = n(15) — 100 represents the increase in the bee population in 15 weeks. So 100 + J,° n'(t) dé = n(15) represents the total bee population after 15 weeks. 49, By the Net Change Theorem. 0" R’(z) dx = R(5000) — R(1000), so it represents the increase in revenue when production is increased from 1000 units t0 5000 units 50. The slope of the trail is the rate of change of the elevation Eso f(z) = E(x). By the Net Change Theorem, JE f(a) dz = [2 B(x) de = B(5) ~ E(3) is the change in the elevation E between « = 3 miles and x = 5 miles from the start of the fr 51. In general, the unit of measurement for J” f(z) dz is the product of the unit for f(x) and the unit for «x. Since (2) is measured in newtons and 2 is measured in meters, the units for f° f(x) dz are newton-meters (A newton-meter is abbreviated N-m and is called a joule.) SECTION 5.4 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS AND THE NET CHANGE THEOREM =< 487 52, The units for a(x) are pounds per foot and the units for are feet. so the units for day/dr are pounds per foot per foot. denoted (Ib/f)/. The unit of measurement for { a(:r) dr is the product of pounds per foot and feet; that is, pounds, 53, (a) displacement = [3(3t — 5) dt 125i] = % -15=—-3m [3/9(5 —3t) dt + fyjq(3t — 5) dt ge}? + [ge - sq] 5A, (a) displacement = f(t? — 2t— 8) dt = (b) distance traveled =f |3t — 5] dt = = [5t 3.24 2 s/s = 3 B+ e-w- (3 eo ai] = (72-36-48) - (3 = 2 —Bldt = JP |(t—4)(¢ + 2)] de = fi(-# + 2t+8) att [i (P ~ 2-8) dt = (-4 +16 +32) - (b) distance traveled = ft = [e+e sedis [Le - 2 aft 44148) + (72-36 — 48) — ()=t+4 > v(t)=$P+at+C > (0) (b) distance traveled = 3° |u(t)] dt = eli +at+5| dt = [JO +22 +542 8 — 16 — 32) 55. (a) v(t) = =C=5 > vft)=4}P+4t+5m/s = fpo(4e + 4t +5) de = 20 + 200 + 50 = 4163 m 56. (a) v(t) = a(t) = 243 + v(t)=P+3t+C > v(0) (b) distance traveled =f? |t? + 3t —4lde = Jf (t+ 4)(t 1] dt = [p(t = 3t+ 4) det fo(e +3t 4) dt ge padi + (8430 4g? $44) + (04 8-12) - =-4 = oft) =P 43-4 =[-3 81. Since m' (x) = p(x). m = Jé p(x) dx = f{(9+2 Ve) de 0 58, By the Net Change Theorem. the amount of water that flows from the tank is fa? v(t) at = [2°(200 — at) dt = {2000 — 20°)%° 2000 — 200) — 0 59, Let s be the position of the car. We know from Equation 2 that s(100) ~ (0) = Rule for 0 < t < 100 with 20 seconds, 800 liters [20° v(t) dt. We use the Midpoint = 5. Note that the length of each of the five time intervals i L; hour. So the distance traveled is sylu(10) + ¥(30) + v(50) + v(70) + v(90)] qhy(88 +58+ 51 +53+47) 24 wy ‘BE = 1.4 miles 60. (a) By the Net Change Theorem, the total amount spewed into the atmosphere is Q(6) — Q(0) = J r(t) dt = Q(6) since Q(O) = 0. The rate r(t) is positive, so @ is an increasing function. “Thus, an upper estimate for Q(6) is Re and a lower estimate for Q(6) is Le. At = 2—4 = 8=2 Bee = Yo rth) At = 10-+ 24 + 36 + 46 + 54 + 60 = 230 tonnes. Le = Yo r(ti-a) At= Re + r(0) ~r(6 230 + 2 ~ 60 = 172 tonnes. 468 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS ar = 2% Q(6) = Ms = 2[r(1) + (3) + r(5)] = 2(10 + 36 + 54) 2(100) = 200 tonnes. 1, From the Net Change Theorem, the increase in cost ifthe production level is raised from 2000 yards to 4000 yards is C(4000) — C(2000) = 2 C'(a) de. 2000 000 00 Ce)de= f°" (0 ~ 0012 + 0.000002") de sooo 2009 = [Be — 0.0052 + 0.0000022° 5") = 60.000 — 2.000 = $58.000 62. By the Net Change Theorem, the amount of water after four days is 25,000 + fy r(t) dt - 25,000 + Ma ir(0.5) + r(1.5) + r(2.5) +(3.5)] = 25,000 + [1500 + 1770 + 740 + (—690)] = 28,320 liters 63, (a) We can find the area between the Lorenz curve and the line y = a by subtracting the area under y = (=) from the area under y = 2. Thus, area between Lorenz curve and line y coefficient of inequality = ee fe [e-L@)de ff le -L(x))ar ey 1 (b) L(z) = $2? + Be + 1(50%) = L(1) = & + Z = 1 = 0.30583. so the bottom 50% of the households receive at most about 40% of the income ‘Using the result in part (a). Jp le ~ L(2)] de = 2 [0 (x — Fyn? ~ ye) de =2 (Be a *) de = 2 fy (2 ~ 27) de 2] =8G-2) =8) = & .00146¢° — 0.11553¢? + 24.98169¢ — 21.26872. coefficient of inequality 122 3a? - 64. (a) From Exercise 4.1.72(a), u(t) = (b) h(125) — h(0) = f° v(t) de = [0.000365¢* — 0.03851¢° + 12.490845¢ — 21.26872¢] 1° ~ 206.407 fe 5.5 The Substitution Rule 1. Let u = 32. Then du = 3dz, so dx = 3du. Thus, Jeos3rde = fcosu(} du) =} foosudu = }sinu+C = 4 sin3x + C. Don’t forget that itis often very easy to check an indefinite integration by differentiating your answer. In this case, sin 3x + C) = 4(cos3x) -3 = cos 3e, the desired result. 2 Letu = 4427. Then de Ja(4+2?)" de = fu 2ede and 2dx = } du, so du) = 3-dul +o h(44+27)"40. Bu? + C= Bes +1)? +0, ‘SECTIONS THE SUBSTITUTION RULE 4. Let u =. Then du = [2ee- J sou (eda) = 20-cosu) +0 = -2008 VE +C. 5, Let u=1+ 2x, Then du = 2dz and dx = du, s0 | otepe st feay = = sin@. Then du = cos@d9, so f e*"* cos d8 = fe“du =e +C =e" +C, 1 --TanetO 6 Let 7. Let u = 2? +3, Then du = 2xdr, so f 2x(2? +3)'dz = fut du = 3(2? +3) +C. du, s0 Hearts)" +e. 8. Let = 2° +5. Then du = 32%dz and 27d = $ fx?(x? +5) de = fu (du) = 5+ uet 9 Let u = 32-2. Then du = 3dr and de = 3 du, so J (Bx — 2)? de = fu? (Edu) =4- du" +C = S(8e- 2)" +0. 10. Let u = 2, Then du = —de and JQ-2)° dx = fuS(-du) = -3u7 + —du, so 3(2-2)'+C. M1. Let u=1+2 + 2x”, Then du = (1+ 42) de, so 12 Lede du 12 fizatie eT = 1? du = + C = 2V1 +a +20? +C. meee e= | Raf 1 12 Let w= 2? +1. Then du = 2x de and ede = 3 du, so are fu? (Adu) =3-— SC eee \wiye-/ Gau) =a 4O= a, +0 = gare +e 13, Let u = 5 — 3z. Then du = —3dr and dz = —} du, so 3 du) —4ln|ul + = ~$ In [5 ~ 32] +C. 5-32 14, Let u = 2? +1. Then du = 2xde and xdx = } du, so {ene = [2% = smise or In(a? +1)? +0 = In va? F1+C. Finlz? +1] +0 = fIn(x? +1) +C [sincea* +1 > 0) 15. Let u = 2y +1. Then du = 2dy and dy = }du, so 3 5 8 ay = Pau Soop f* 16. Let = 5t44. Then du lar" =frre “= 7 as = Tsp tO 17. Let u = 4—t. Then du = —dt and dt = [VIR tat = ft? (dw O49 47 0 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS 18, Let u = 2y 1, Then du = 8y° dy and y? dy = Se Vy Ady = ful?(Ldu) =4-2u?2 4.0 19, Let u = mt. Then du = dt and dt = 4 du.so fsinntdt = fsinu (4 du) = 2(—cosu)+C = -2cosmt +C. Bev 40 2. Let w= 26. Then du = 2d9 and d@ = 3 du, so fsec28 tan 260 = [sec utanu (3 du ai tsow=ina tend #00 ff 2 Letu= tan“ e, Then du = 7 2B. Letu = VE. Then du = 3 and Jot = 2d, s0 cos vt dt I 2%, Let u = 1+ 25/7, Then du = $21? der and enc J v@sin(1 + 2°?) de = Jinn (3 du) = cos u) + C = ~3 cos(1 +29?) +. cosu(2du) = 2sinu+C = 2sin VF +0. %, Let u = sin@. Then du = cos 6 d8, so f cos sin°0d0 = fu® du = $u" +O = bsin"O+C. 2%, Let u = 1 + tand. Then du = sec? 00, so J(1 + tan 99° sec? 0d0 = fu® du =2u° +0 d+ tang)? +e. 7. Letu = 1+e*. Then du = e* dr, so fe* V1 +e da = f Vudu = 3u¥? +C = 3(14+e7)*? +0. Or: Let u = VIF. Then u? = 1+ e* and 2udu = e* dr, so Jeevite de = fu: ud us +O = F(1 +e)? +0. 28. Let u = cost. Then dt —sintdtand sintdt = —du, so feet sintdt = fe* (du) = -e* +O = °°" +. 29. Let w= 1+ 2°. Then du = 327 dz and 2?dz = du, so we o= 1014240. 30. Let u = ax? + 2ba +0. Then du = 2(ax +b) dr and (ax + 6) dx = } du, so (ax+b)dz 3 a pi gy = yt Vat Te Fe+C. ers ide 8 fa yea = Var? F Whe e+ C Van? + 2be Fe va 73S FON Vart + Dare 4H. Letu = Inz. Then du = ©, so [SE riu4o= ining] ve, 32. Letu = e* +1. Then du = [B= thy +e=me +40 SECTIONSS THESUSSTITUTIONRULE ATT 33, Let u = cot x. Then du = — esc? ard and ae = -du, so J vVeotienet nae = atau) = spre (cot 2)*/? +€. Wi. Letu = * hen du = ~3, de and 3 de = du. so pools ae = feou(-ta) ene 8, [corde = f SEE ds, Lt w= sina, Then du = sz dr, s0 footade = f 1 du=In|ul +C =In|sina| +C. 36. Let wu = cos. Then du = — sin dx and sinzdz = —du, so [me-/ ad = tant w+ C = ~ tan "c082) + €. T+ costa ite 37. Let u = seo, Then du = sec tan dz, 80 Jsec* x tanadr = J sec? x(secx tanz)dx = fu? du = jue +C = 5 sec? x + C. 38, Letu = 2% +1. Then 2® 32" dr. so SUB e de =f YET atde = ful (u— (Fda) = 3 fui! — v9) du =3 (gu? — qu?) +0 = Hah + — er +e Land du 39, Let u = b+ cx", Then du = (a+ 1)ez* dr. so [ovireriaen [ul tue oe (Wl) v0 gag bree) 40 a+ ie" (are 3a +1) 40, Let u = cost. Then du = —sintdt and sint dt = —du, so {J sint sec?(cost) dt = f sec? u- (~du) = —tanu + C = ~tan(cost) +C. M1. Letu = 142°. Then du = 2x de. so [tse fetes [repens f stan 2+ 3 Infl +2?|+C = tan"! 2+} In(1 +2?) +C [since 1 +2? > 0} stan” 2+4In|ul+C daw Tra = Jape 42. Let u = 2?. Then du = 2rde. of dean"! w4+C = dtan™'(z?) +0. 4. Let u = 2+2. Then du = da, so | epee [pens | (O08) dua gee (e+ 2)" — Se +2) 40 Lao ~ 2. Then wand dr = du, so SF ee Lennar = (20? 2. elt Bw) 40 aVi=e + 402)? - 40a? +0 472 © CHAPTERS INTEGRALS In Exercises 45-48, let f (xr) denote the integrand and F(zr) its antiderivative (with C= 0). 3c-1 (Bx? — 22 +1)* Be? 2041 => du (6x ~2)dz = 2(3r~1) dz. so = fabs) form ° oer, a7 SG? —a24iy * - f changes from negative to positive, and F has a local minimum, 6. F( u=241 = du=2xdz,so 2 ee fL(1y) 1 Pyar | wae [ales form =u? 405 Ve4F14C. Note that at x = 0. f changes from negative to positive and F has a local minimum. 41. f(x) = reosr.u=sing = du=cosede.so 03s. Jsin®x cose dz = futdu=hut+0= Note that at e = 3, f changes from positive to negative and F has a local maximum. Also. both f and F are periodic with period 7. so at 2 = 0 and Vv J at x =m, f changes from negative to positive and F has local minima, A 48. (0) = tan? 0 sec? @.u=tan@ = du=sec? dB. so 2 J tan? sec? 00 = fu? du=3u8 +C = Ltan?0+C Note that f is positive and F is increasing. Atr = 0. f = Oand F has a ou u horizontal tangent. 49. Let u = 2 1,s0du = de. When 2 Ou 1: when 2s by Theorem 7(b), since f(u) = wis an odd function 50. Let u = 4+ 30, so du = 3de. When 2 = 0, w= 4; when 2 = 7. u = 25. Thus, [formes fe Eh BL. Let u = 1+ 20°, so du = 6x? dx. When « = 0,u = 1; when 1.u = 3. Thus, Ip 214229)? de = fu (4 du) HO°-1)= SECTIONSS THESUSSTITIUTIONAULE © 473 52 Let u = 27, so du = 2x dz. When x = 0.u= 0; when 2 = yu =m. Thus. Ja weos(x?) de = [J cosu (3 du) inulg = H(sinx ~ sind) = }(0-0) =0. 53. Let u = ¢/4, so du = 4d. When =0,u = 0; when t = mu = 1/4. Thus, If sec%(t/A) dt = J" sec? u (du) [tan u)z/* = 4(tan tan0) = 4(1 - 0) 5A. Let u = at, so du = mdt. When t = 3.u= E: when t = 4,u = §. Thus, a/2 L242 eset cot ntdt = [2/2 hi8 eseu cotu(t du) = 2[-eseu) "5 = 55. (7/6, tan’ @d0 = 0 by Theorem 7(b), since f(8) = tan® @ is an odd function, Mons y 56. [47 does not exist since f(x) = ite discontinuit , mF hhas an infinite discontinuity at 57. Let u = 1/z, so du = —1/2? dr. When z = 1, u = 1; when 2 = 2,u = 3. Thus, 58. Let u = cos6, so du = ~sind.d9. When & = 0, u = 1: when 8 = “sind we [ aoa f wi? asin ge = L. Tat 2 is an odd function. de = Oby Theorem 7(b). since f(r) = — = 61. Letu = 1 + 2x, so du = 2dz. When x = 0. a = 13, u= 27. Thus, 13 i fre ?8( yo--3 i (1 + 22)? 62. Let u = sin x, so du = cos rd. When x Thus, Je cose sin(sinz) de = J sinudu = [—cosu]} = —(cos 1 — 1) = 1 ~ cos 1. Let u =~ 1,sou+ 1 =2and du = de. When 2 = 1.u = 0; when 2 SPavEaTde = fi (ut Iyidu= fp (uw? + ull?) d = 1. Thus, 28/2 we]; - 64. Letu = 1422, 500 = 1) and du = 2dz. When = 0. u = 1; when iffer al27- 9) ~ 9) du = 474 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS 65 Let = Ine, so du =“, When # = eu =1; when 2 = ef; u = 4. Thus “de * 18 gu = 2/w]* = 90-1) = [ - =f au = 2fu¥]* = 2(2 -1) 68. Letu = sin“ 2, so du 0,0 = 0: when 2 = 4,0 = Z. Thus, 1? gi x16 f > Sa [ udu = [5 67. [ Tea doe ot eit since (2) Tea ap hava infinite discontinuity ate = 2 68, Assume a > 0. Let — 2°, s0 du = ~2x de. When 2 = 0,0 when © = a, u = 0. Thus, Jee VaF =a dz = f9u'/?(—Edu) = 4 f°" ul? du =} [gu] = 408 [ 2 7 68. Let u = 2? +02, so du = 20 de and «de = 3 du. When x = 0, u =a; when x = a, u = 2a. Thus, * a pia}? _ faa]? [vereac= f uw (Lau) = 3[20 7] = [u2] a2)8/2 — (q2)8/2) 5 [0222 - (a2)972] Ve? + a? is an odd function. 7. From the graph, it appears thatthe area under the curve is about 2 14 (alitle more than 4 10.7), or about 1.4. The exact area is given by A= [i VleFTde. Let u = 2x +1, so du = 2de. The limits change to el 2-041 = Land 2-141 =3,and ge] = gv3-1)-v5 1. f°, «Va? +e dr = 0 by Theorem 7(b), since f(x Aa-f? 72. From the graph. it appears that the area under the curve is almost 22 4 2.6, or about 4 The exact area is given by A= [E(Qsinz —sin2a)dx = -2|eosalf — [7 sin2x dz =-2(-1-1)-0=4 Note: [sin 2x ce = 0 since its clear from the graph of y = sin 2x that [%)_ sin ede =~ [/? sin 2x dz. 73, First write the integral as a sum of two integrals: T= [2,(0+3)Vi- de = +h = J2,2Vi— ede + f?, 3VE— Pde. I J (0) = 2 VE—2? is an odd funetion and we are integrating from = O by Theorem 7(b), since 210 x = 2. We interpret [2 as three times the area of a semicirle with adi 2,50 1 = 043 - (22) = 6 SECTIONSS THESUSSTITUTIONAULE © 475 Oand 1? 1),s0 74, Let w= 22, Then du = 2x de and the limits are unchanged (0? T= fpavi—atde radius 1. So = 3 2 VT a du. But this integral can be interpreted as the area ofa quarter-circle with 2) a r-12) = Bn. 75, First Figure Letu = J, sox = u? and de = 2udu. When x = 0, u = 0; when x = 1, u = 1. Thus. = fleVFde = fi e"(2udu) = 2 [2 ue" du Second Figure Ay = fj} 2ve* dz = 2 fj) ue“ du, ‘Third Figure Let u = sinzr, so du = cosrdzx. When x = 0, u = 0; when = 1. Thus, Ag = Jo? €h"* sin Qe dx = 2"? e*™*(2sinx cos) de = f) e%(2udu) = 2 J ue du. Since Ay = Az = Ag. all three areas are equal. 16. Let r(t) = ae with a = 450.268 and b = 1.12567, and n(t) = population after ¢ hours. Since r(t) = n'(t), Je r(t) dt = n(3) — n(0) is the total change in the population after three hours. Since we start with 400 bacteria, the population will be (3) = 400 + f2 r(t) dt = 400 + J? ae dt = 400+ 5 eb) = 400 + Fle” -1) = 400 + 11.313 = 11,713 bacteria T1. The volume of inhaled air in the lungs at time t is = fo F(u)du = fj }sin(22 u)du = fo" 3 sin v(, dv) [substitute v = 2F u, dv = 2 du) = & [cos ul" =f [—cos(2et) + 1] = & [1 ~ cos(2e)] liters 78. Number of calculators = (4) ~ 2(2) = J; 5000 [1 — 100(¢ + 10)*] at = 5000 [# + 100(¢ + 10)-*]$ = 5000 [(4+ 422) — (2+ 222)] = 4048 79. Letw 2x. Then du = 2de, so f? f(22) de = ft f(u)(4 du) = 4 f* flu) du = 4(10) = 6 M0. Let u = 2°. Then du = edz. so J? 2f(2*) de = J? f(u)(4du) = 3 f° flu) 8 Letu = —2, Then du SE5- 2 Flu)(—du) = of Fu) du = Jf fle) de From the diagram, we see that the equality follows from the fact that we dr, so are reflecting the graph of f. and the limits of integration, about the yraxis. 82. Letu = 2-+e, Then du = de, so y yeaslete) —y=sfle) So f(a +0) de = f28° flu)du= fOr" fx From the diagram, we see that the equality follows from the fact that we are translating the graph of f.and the limits of integration, by a distance ¢, 476 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS 8, Letu = 1-2. Then = 1 — wand dr = —du, so Jp 2°(1 ~ 2) de = fP (1 =u) ub(—du) = ff ub(1 — u)® du = fp 2°(1 — 2) de. 84. Let u =m — 2. Then du = —dr. When x = x. u = Oand when 2 =0,u =. So [gi xf (sin x) dz = — [2 (x — u)f(sin(a ~ u)) du = ff (n — u) f(sinu) du = ft flsinu) du — ff uf(sinu) du = x J f(sin2) de — & af(sinz) de > 2 aflsina) dr =n fF flsinz)de + fF xf(sinz) dr = 4 [q flsinz) sing eros Poaery = efleina). where f(t) = 575. By Exercise 84, * asin ao a "sine f e-f af(sinz) de “if sisinz)de=F foes ® — sine dz. When x = x.u = —1 and when x = 0, u = 1. So sin dug ft du tia! DL, Tees" 3, Tew a), Tee ate =F ftan“!1—tan“(-1)) = © Lia = Fltan 1 tan (0) = F : 5.6 The Logarithm Defined as an Integral We interpret In 1.5 as the area under the curve y = 1/2 from = 1t0 2 =}. The area of the 1. (@) 2 = 1.5, The area of the rectangle BODE. trapezoid ABCD is 3 3(1+ 3) = &. Thus. by comparing areas, we observe that} 0. Therefore, the tangent line is given by =-t+ vB Since the graph of y = 1/t is concave upward, the graph lies above the tangent line, tha is, above the line segment BC. Now |AB| = ~3 + v3 and |CD| = —1 + V2. So the area of the trapezoid ABCD is 3[(-3 + v2) + (-14 v2)1] = -$ + v2 ~ 0.6642. So In2 > area of trapezoid ABCD > 0.66. SECTIONS THELOGARITHM DEFINED AS AN INTEGRAL 47 11 Lot 3 » ‘ ‘The area of Ri is + andso 2 +} + icf jdt=inn, va TT aT The area ofS; is F and so + 3 + ° qa 1 1 Thus, 5+ 5 toot 5 log, (2y) =r +s = log, 2 + log, y Fide ZL oF eq > 1o8. 5 r—s=log, a —log.y (© a¥=(a"F=0 > log,(2") = ry =ylog, 2 5 Review CONCEPT CHECK 1. @) DL, f(e1) Aw isan expression for a Riemann sum ofa function f. ‘©; is a point in the ath subinterval [2r1,x;] and Aa is the length of the subintervals. (b) See Figure 1 in Section 5.2. (©) In Section 5.2. see Figure 3 and the paragraph beside it 2. (a) See Definition 5.2.2. (b) See Figure 2 in Section 5.2. (©) In Section 5.2. see Figure 4 and the paragraph above it 3. See the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus after Example 9 in Section 5.3. 4. (a) See the Net Change Theorem after Example 5 in Section 5.4 (b) {{2 v(t) dt represents the change in the amount of water in the reservoir between time ty and time ta. 5. (a) fq” v(t) dt represents the change in position of the particle from 60 to 120 seconds (by [22° |o()| de represents the total distance traveled bythe particle fom ¢ = 60 to 120 seconds (©) fa2° a(t) at represents the change in the velocity of the particle from £ = 60 to t = 120 seconds. 6. (a) J (2) deis the family of functions {F | F” £}. Any two such functions differ by a constant (b) The connection is given by the Evaluation Theorem: f? f(r) dr = [f f(x) de]? if f is continuous, 7. The precise version ofthis statement is given by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. See the statement of this theorem and the paragraph that follows it atthe end of Section 5.3 8 See the Substitution Rule (5.5.4). This says that itis permissible to operate with the da after an integral sign as if it were a differential. TRUE-FALSE QUIZ 1. True by Property 2 of the Integral in Section 5.2, 2 False, Try a= 0.6 =2, f(x) = g() = 1 as a counterexample 3. True by Property 3 of the Integral in Section 5.2. CHAPTERS REVIEW O 479 4, False. You can’t take a variable outside the integral sign. For example. using f(x) = Soe S(a)de = fj edz = (32°), = 5. False. Forexample, let f(c) = 22. Then J? Ve dx = fede = 4. but y/fiatde = VE = 3 6, True by the Net Change Theorem, on (0,1. (aconstant) while x fy) 1dx = x x), = 2-1 = x(a variable), 7. True by Comparison Property 7 of the Integral in Section 5.2. b= 1 fe <1= (0) fore € (0.1) 8 False. For example, let « f@)= 8. True. The integrand is an odd function that is continuous on (1, 1], so the result follows from Theorem 5.5.7(b. 3. gla) = 2. f(x) > g(2) foreach x in (0,1), but 10. True, f°, (az? + bx +0) de = f°, (a2? +0) de + [*,brde = 2p (ax? +c) de [by 5.5.7a)] +0 [by 5.5.7(b)] 11. False. The function f(x) = 1/2* is not bounded on the interval [-2, 1]. It has an infinite discontinuity at ¢ = 0, so it i not integrable on the interval. (Ifthe integral were to exist, a positive value would be expected, by Comparison Property 6 of Integrals.) 12, False. See the remarks and Figure 4 before Example | in Section 5.2, and notice that y = x — 2* < 0 for 1<#s2. 13, False. For example. the function y = [| is continuous on R. but has no derivative at 14, True by FTCI. EXERCISES 1 @) Lo=S flea)de [Ae = 832 =1) (0) <1 + f(a) «1+ f(a) +1 +4 (xs) 1+ f(a) -1+ f(ws) 1 243544424 (-1)+(-25)=8 ‘The Riemann sum represents the sum of the areas ofthe four rectangles above the a-axis minus the sum of the areas of the two rectangles below the 2-axis &) Me=Ss@)Ax [Ar=%32=1) S(H1) 1+ f(H2)- 1+ FE) 1 +f (Fa) 1+ fs) 1+ f(s) 1 = F(0.5) + f(15) + f(2.5) + F(3.5) + F(4.5) + F(5.5) 343.9434 40.34 (-2) + (-29) = 5.7 ‘The Riemann sum represents the sum of the areas of the four rectangles above the z-axis minus the sum of the areas of the two rectangles below the x-axis 480 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS 2) ’ Ra = 0.54 (0.5) + 0.5f(1) + 0.5f(1.5) + 0.5f(2) =0.5(-0.25 +0+0.75 +2) = 1.25 ‘The Riemann sum represents the sum of the areas of the two rectangles above the x-axis minus the area of the rectangle below the x-axis, (The second rectangle vanishes.) = Jim 3 fle) Aw [Ax = 2/nand 2; =2i/n) J} (2? — 2) de = Ay — Ap. where Ay and Ap are the areas shown in the diagram. 3 [o(z+ Vi—a? de = fi cde t f} Via de =h +h. y 1; can be interpreted as the area of the triangle shown in the figure and J» can be interpreted as the area of the quarter-circle. Area = 3(1)(1) + }(m)(1)? =} +4 4.0 0.n], lim 3° sinay Ax = ff sineds = [-coszlj = ~(-1) - (-1) =2. 8. ff f(a)dx = ff f(a)de+ ff fede + 1W=7+ ff fle)de = ff f(e)de=10-7=3 CHAPTERS REVIEW O48 6. (a) ff (7 + 22°) de = slim 97 sles) de [a El) bo8)] 4 +.2080n? ~ 256 4 _ sano jim 1305m! + 3126n° (0) Jf e420") de (a? + So4]f = (B+ BE) — (4) 2+. 5208 = 5220 7. First note that either a or b must be the graph of f(t) dt since fy) f(t) dt = 0, and c(0) # 0. Now notice that 6 > O when cis increasing, and that c > 0 when a is increasing. It follows that cis the graph of f(r), bis the graph of f(z), and a is the graph of /* f(t) dt 1 8. (a) By the Evaluation Theorem (FTC2), f é wetane)* = eM/4 1 lo 082) dp #9 dda = 0) since this is the derivative of a constant. 9. [7 (8x? + 32”) de = [8 10. fe M1. (12°) de = fe - 12. Let u 80 +7) de — 2,80 du = —da and dx = —du. When x = 0, u = 1; when z = 1, u = 0. Thus, (1-0) = % Ap =a)? da = JP u?(—du) = fw? du = 4 [w')) 2 9 af f Ws fh (YE + 1)? du = ff (wt? + 2u/4 +1) du = ° a =f (u¥? — 2u) du = 84 Bull a 1, Letu = P+ 1,80 du Soule? +1) dy= fp 16. Let u = 1+ y9, so du = 3y? dy and y? dy = 4 du. When y = 0. u = 1; when y = 2, w= 9. Thus, [Sv® TRB ay = [2 w2(3 du) = 1y dy and y dy = du. When y = 0. u = 1; when y = 1. u = 2. Thus, (ba) = HLT = Bt B= 8 we]? = 907-1) = 8. 1 ° dt v.[ Tap oes not exist because the function f(t) = has an infinite discontinuity at € = 4; FF that is, fis discontinuous on the interval (1,5) 18. Let u = 3nt, so du = 3md¢, When t = 0. u = 1; when t = 1, u = 3m. Thus, Jf swonna= ["snu( av) el-eosu)” =—- 2-1 19, Letu = [2 v? cos(u*) dv 3v? dv. When v = 0, u = 0; when v = 1, Jfcosu (du) = 3 [sin]? = ®, so di 482 CHAPTERS INTEGRALS 1 wf awa ince f(z) = 2B is [ Tyg Mt = Oby Theorem 5.5.76) since f(x) = =A isan odd function dr= ["(= = (-}+In4~4) ~ (-441n2-2) =In2~F 10 a [ FET Me does not exist because the function f(z) = =2 that is, f is discontinuous on the interval [1, 10] 25. Let u = 2? + 4x. Then du = (22 + 4) dx = 2(2 + 2) dz, so / ze dz = fergay = $d? 40 = Vi+0= Verde tC. 26. Let u = 3t. Then du = 3dt, so f csc? 3tdt = J esc? u (4 du) —cotu) +C = —feot3t+C. 27. Let u = sin mt. Then du = 7 cost dt, so fsint cos mtdt = fu(+ du) 2B. Let u = cos. Then du = — sina de, so {J[sinz cos(cos) de =~ f cosudu = —~sinu+ C= ~sin(cosz) +C. de ve see Ste =2 f edu =2e" +0 = 27 +0. ve I% “ 29, Letu = Vi. Then du = B.Letu= nz, Thendu= Zoo f 202) ds = f conudu = sinn+C = in(Inz) +C. 31. Let u = In(cos.z). Then du = Jtaneln(cos) de = — f udu =—4u? +C = —4[ln(cos)]? + C. . Let u = 2”. Then du = 2edz, so = }sin“'u+C = hsin""(2”) +C. Let es qtr pw turens ) A 9 a,90 [ 2 J du = dnl i “ 33, Letu = 142°, Then du = 42° de, [wae i fae Anlul +C = Fn +2") +. W. Letu = 1442. Then du = 4dz, so f sinh(1+4z) dz = 3 fsinhudu = }coshu+C = deosh(1 +4) +C. 35. Let u = 1-+sec@. Then du = sec@ tan 0 d6, so seco tand ay scot tare do = ff riazg (oee# tana) [fas=tnlul +0 = tlt +006) +6 CHAPTERS AEVIEW 483 36. Let u = 14 tant, sodu = sec? t dt, When t = 0.u = 1; when t = $.u = 2. Thus, r/5(1 + tant) sec? edt = J? udu = [Ju‘]? = 3(2*— 14) = 406-1) = #8 37, Since 2? — 4 <0 for 0 < @ < 2and a? ~ 4 > Ofor2 Oforl du = ~sinzde, Thus, I = f' u?(1— u*)(—du) 4. ByFICI F(e) = [2 VIFPdt = F(e)=yIFe 44, F(x) = J tan(s*)ds = F"(x) = tan(x*) edt 45. ofa) = [Fe Lety = ou) and (2) = du _ _u_g 2 at Trend) = oe - dude ~ Vie “Tae dg du 4. Let = cos. Then 7 = —sinz. Also, 92 yee Vi-ea- Ff Yi-eat 2 = Y1—(-sinz) iw f, dz J, sing Veta 5. Re Viet tet Lay fa--f Sats [ fas h eS] et ean) +E( {Ea tan vane (sin x)*/* ad pre ad pve a(pre “1 1 _ bf teal teat) 2-9 aa ena eS dye ae te y= fyr7* sin(e*)dt = fp. sin(t*) dt + [f° sin(t*) dt = fo" sin(t*) dt — f2* sin(t*) dt = in| (2 +1] (e+ 1) —sin[(20)*] - 4 2x) = 8sin{ (Bx + 1)4] ~ 2sin[(22)*] 4 Ifl 30.13 <2 <5.thend <2 +1<6and 5 <5 <7 1 1 1 ie o asf rei $3 SL.0<2<1 + O zeosr x? cosede < fi 2? dz = }[2"]! = 4 [Propeny 7) CHAPTERS REVIEW © 485 £2 on einer [7]. ising andsin denn 50 Sis decreasing, Therefor: he gest ale sing sin (7, 2v2 of 32 on [FF] is aoe So 2p exe) By Popeny & with ar = 2¥2 we get va 2 83. cose <1 > eFcoseSe™ > fl e*cosedr < fj e*de= BA, For0 0, We differentiate C” to find ©": C'(a) = cos(Z2*) = O"(2) = ~sin($2?)(¥ 22) (2n—1)m < $2" < 2nm, many positive imeger 4 /2(Qn—1) < x < 2 Vi. many positive integer. Since there is a factor of ~2 in C” the intervals of upward concavity for x < 0 are (- Jan +1), -2 vn). ‘any nonnegative integer. That is, C is concave upward on (—V3,0). (V3,2). (—v6,-2). (vB, 2v3). y 08 08, , 2 ot 3 From the graphs, we can determine that J" cos( #2) dt = 0.7 at ¢ ~ 0.76 and 2 ~ 1.22. mesin($2*). For © > 0. this is positive where © @ 1 ‘The graphs of $(.x) and C(x) have similar shapes. except that S's g flattens out near the origin, while C°s does not. Note that for x > 0, C is increasing where $ is concave up. and C is decreasing - 5 where Sis concave down. Similarly, $ is increasing where C is, concave down, and $ is decreasing where C'is concave up. For a < 0. these relationships are reversed: that is, C is increasing =r where $ is concave down, and S is increasing where C is concave up. See Example 5.3.3 and Exercise 5.3.57 for a discussion of S(e), Area under the curve y = sinh ex between x = O and 2 = 1 is equiliol = fisinherds=1 = }fcosher]$=1 + 2(coshe-1)=1 = coshe-1=¢ = coshe=e+1 From the graph, we get e = 0 and ¢ -: 1.6161, but e = Q isn'ta solution for this problem since the curve y = sinh ex becomes y = 0 2 and the area under it is 0. Thus, ¢ © 1.6161 ° 64. Both numerator and denominator approach 0 as a —> 0, so we use I’Hospital’s Rule, (Note that we are differentiating with respect fo a, since that is the quantity which is changing.) We also use FTC Sree dy yy, Core) _ Gerster lim T(@,) = tim, fo @ ETO = Taek ona Janke Vankt CHAPTERS AEVIEW 487 65, Using FICI. we differentiate both sides of the given equation. fi" f(t) dt = ze™* + Jf e~* f(t) dt, and get *) se 420 = fla) = 2) Gla) =e + 2m +e F(a) > F(@)(I 66. The second derivative is the derivative of the first derivative. so we'll apply the Net Change Theorem with F = hi "(2) = A'(1) SPR) du = fP(h') (uw) du = 3. The other information is unnecessary. 67. Let u = f(z) and du = f'(x) dx. S02 J? f(2)f'(w) de = 270) udu ite) 240 = FOP - ol : _ ain 68. Let F(x) a JT+ Bde. Then F’(2) = Jim FO+N— FO) = lim i T+ 8 at, and , 7 mh Ay F(z) = VIF som? f° T+ Bat = F'(2) = W142 = vO Bark, 69, Let w x. Then du = —dz, so [2 f(1— 2) dx = f? f(u)(—du) = ff J(u) du = fy f(@) de. 1f/1)", (2)", (3) ny] 1-0en/(i\’_ flo, — fatty’ _ a 3m 2((2) +(2) +(4) + +] ~ an 225) fee [al ‘The limit is based on Riemann sums using right endpoints and subintervals of equal length. (PROBLEMS PLUS 1. Differentiating both sides of the equation sin wx = J f(€) dt (using FTCI and the Chain Rule for the right side) gives sin nz + nzcos ma = 2ef(2*). Letting x = 2 so that f(z*) = f(4), we obtain sin2n + 2ncos2n = 4f(4),s0 f(4) = 4(0+2n-1) = § 2 By FTC2, ft f"(a) dx = f(1) — f(0) =1-0=1 thus, we have x* < 24 = 16,so01+a* < 17 and 7 3. Forl <2 +e 1 = Aforl x 2.50 i reas de = z z Fy Ths. we have the estimate From the graph of f(x) = that the areas are equal: that is, the area enclosed. is independent of c. (b) We first find the 2-intercepts of the curve, to determine the limits of integration: y= 0 ¢ 2cr = 2 =(orz = 2c, Now we integrate the function between these limits to find the enclosed area: A le2e)® - $(20)°] = & [4e? ~ $e*] = $, a constant ‘The vertices of the family of parabolas seem to determine a branch of a hyperbola. (4) For a particular , the vertex is the point where the maximum occurs. We have seen that the 2-intercepts are 0 2efe) — and 2 0) sym te maxima sie ot = andi 4, sowe ae inertia te cane conisingtal ins ote fm (2) 05-0 Tiss ep feo y= 1/ i the first quadrant. 490 CHAPTERS PROBLEMS PLUS a«e) 8. f(z) = f at where g(a) = e°"* [1 + sin(t2)] dt, Using FTCI and the Chain Rule (twice) we L 1 g{() = A [its V1 + loa) V1+ Loo? 9(3) = Jo [1+ sin(#?)] dt = 0,50 f"(3) = tipo (1 + sin0)(-1) = 1-1-(-1) = -1 have f'(x) = (cos? z)] (— sin 2). Now 6. If f(w) = ffx? sin(t?) dt = 0° ff sin(t*) dt, then f'(z) = 2” sin(2*) + 2x [* sin(t?) de. by the Product Rule and FTC 7. By I Hospital's Rule and the Fundamental Theorem, using the notation exp(y) exp( lim =28e 22 Pl 2) T—tande ) ~ P| 8. The area A(t) = fj sin(z*) da, and the area B(t) = Ltsin(¢2). Since lim A(t) = lim, B(t). we can use J om, T'Hospital’s Rule: Al) sin(t?) tim, AQ jim in) tay etch and the P e50t BQ) eM0t Tsin(@) + def2teos(eay] (PY FTC! andthe Product Rule] " 2t cos(t?) 2cos(t?) EAU} Teos(P) — 20 sin( 7) + Bt ost) ~ Tea) — 27 sin) 8. f(z) 2Qta—2? =(-242)(e+1)=0 e=2ore=~1. f(c) > O fore € [-1,2] and f(z) <0 everywhere else, The integral (2+ 2 ~ 2) dr has a maximum on the interval where the integrand is positive which is [-1, 2}. Soa = ~1, b = 2. (Any larger interval gives a smaller integral since f(x) < 0 outside [—1, 2 ‘Any smaller interval also gives a smaller integral since f() > 0 in [—1,2).) 10, This sum can be interpreted as a Riemann sum, with the right endpoints of the subintervals as sample points and with a = 0, 6 = 10,000, and f (x) = V/@. So we approximate 10.000 a a 20000 YX, Vix lim, 10900 S /100001 — (39° edn = |) = 3 (1,000,000) ~ 666.667, Alternate method: We can use graphical methods as follows: > Area of ead rectangle is Vi From the figure we see that fi", V@dz < Vi < ['*! Vedz, so Jp Yada < ‘yi < f19 Vede. Since J Vedx = 32°? + C, we get [1° Veda = 666,666.6 and J1°° Vaid = 3 [(10,001)° — 1] ~ 666,766. CHAPTERS PROBLEMS PLUS 0 491 20,000 Hence, 666,666.6 < xy Vi < 666,766. We can estimate the sum by averaging these bounds: Se° x Sosu0T 86888 ~ 666,716. The actual value is about 696.716.46 11, (a) We ean spit he integral fa] de into the sam $> [fa] dr]. But on each ofthe intervals fi ~ 1,4) of integration, [2] is a constant function, namely ¢ — 1. So the ith integral in the sum is equal to (= Df @—1)] = G1). So the original integral is equal to $° (@—1) =" An (b) We can write f° x] dx = ff [x] dx — J¢' [2] dz. Now [? [2] de = ff" fo] dx + ff, Ge) dx. The first of these integrals is equal to 3([6] — 1) [2). by part (a). and since [J on [5], 5), the second integral is just [6] (b — {8]). So Je fo] dee = 3 (15] — 1) [2] + [01 (= QPL) = 5 [0] (2b — [6] — 1) and simitarty, Je [2] de = $ [a] (2a — Ja] — 1). Therefore, {2 fx] de = } 6] (26 — fo] — 1) ~ a] (2a — fa] ~ 1) ta Byrne, 2 f3( fi" ViFwadu) dt = fo" VIEW du, Again using FICI. Sl ([ virtaa)an ZL Vie a= VIF RTE cose 13, Differentiating the equation [ f(t) dt = (f(x)|? using FTC! gives f(x) = 2f(2)f'(2) > S(z)[2f'(@) —1] = 0.50 f(x) =Oor f'(e) = 4. f(@)=4 > f(z) = dx+C. Tofind C we substitute into the original equation to get [2 (}¢+C) dt =(}2-+C)? 4 4x?+Cx= te? + C240? Itfollows that C= 0,50 f(x) = ha. Therefore, f(x) = 0 or f(z) = de. 4 Let z be the distance between the center of the disk and the surface of the liquid, . ‘The wetted circular region has area rr? — 2? while the unexposed wetted region (shaded in the diagram) has area 2 J VF = dt, so the exposed wetted region : has area A(z) = A(x) = -2nx +2Vr— a Now Ae) >0 + -2ne42VF=aF>0 > VP aon 3 Paat> att = 20 VeF— Pat. 0 < @ omatte? > Poel) = P< sor and we'll call this value 2 Since A’(2) > 0 for 0

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