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    Chapter 8 PDF

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    Andreea Moldoveanu

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 51
    8 FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 8.1 Arc Length Lys2-32 > b= f', (1+ (yd de = J, JTF (3p de = VIO [1 — (-2)] = 3-00. ‘The are length can be calculated using the distance formula, since the curve is a line segment, so L = (distance from (—2, 8) to (1, -1)] = Vl — (-2)? +1) — 8 = V90 = 3v10 2. Using the arc length formula with y= V7—a? > w S ea weet eR [ou [a =2 lim we in = =2 kim [sin*(¢/2) — sin-" 0] = 2(4 -0) = ‘The curve is a quarter of a circle with radius 2, so the length of the are is + (2m - 2) = 7, as above. 3. 16. From the figure, the length of the curve is slightly larger than the hypotenuse of the triangle formed by the points (1,0), (3,0), and (3, £(8)) = (3, 15), where y = f(x) = 3(2* ~ 1)? This length is about V15® +2? ~ 15, so we might estimate the length to ot 7 . be 15.5. y= 3(x?-1)7? = y= (02-1)? (20) 1+ (y'? = 14 40? (2? — 1) = de* ~ 42? +1 = (22? — 1)*, so, using the fact that 22? —1> Oforl <2 O0 > y=Ac+4y? = dy/de=3(et4)? = 1+ (dy/dx)® = 14 9(x + 4) = 9x + 37. So ° u=9e +37, ee 1 L=|[ Voer8tde ) = fewe(t [ Ser Stat ae f (54) 3-2 [we]? = 3 (65 v5 -37 var) eo. dy tum Gti > a > 1 @y/de) = 1+ Bef ae ae Be f Gee? az I we +aet =(2-% a 2 2 ing a1, s erie In2) In2 L -(24+—-J= — Lb ( 7 ) ( ne a) Ge ara tyiy-3)= Ww? > defdy= By? -Bw? = (iu 24 42)" So [G27 +2-3) — (-142-1)] + (de/dy)? =1+ 4-3 + 4y = (jut? + $v*?) ay = 1) 2 =3(4-§)=3 40. y=In(cosz) = dy/dr =~tane + 1+ (dy/dz)? =1+tan®a = sec?z. So L= fg! VeePade = 7" seca de = [In|sec x + tana} ]5/° =In(2+ v3) —In(1 +0) = In(2 + v3) = sec? 2, 50 _ dy _ secotanz _ dy)? 4 4 tan? Me y=Iniscc2) = Sh= SSE i+(¢ =lt+t L = [i VeeFade = f ieee ffi sece de = [In(sec2 + tan)" “ee In(1 +0) = ao 2 vat "7 ae wy=ine > Y= 14( (2) GEE sob f[ VEE te, Now letv = ae sou? =1+27 fo () ay * aja 4/2 fegtees (042-28) = feel, Or: Use Formula 23 in the table of integrals. fv + }Inju— 1] —Flnlv+al]eg L vel —v2+in(v3+1) - }1n3 SECTION81 ARCLENGTH © 67 WB y=coshe => y=sinhe + 14 (y')?=1+sinh*2 = cosh. So L = f} coshxde = (sinh 2], = sinh 1 = 4(e — 1/e). > G=by = 14+() 144.50 L=fifitivdy=f2 view -2du [w= 4y.dy=2du) 2 [uv Fe + In|ut VET a |}! = VF+In(1 + v3) = = 1+(y')? =1+e%. So ay t= [ Viva [ iret e son = Inu, dz = du/u) rhe" (otal a v-1 uti a Vive 4 tin MEE=t yg Vivesi” 1+ (dy/dz)? = tsin? 2. SoL = [2" /1 + sin? ade. = fp 1 + (in 2)? 22 de War=yty + de/dy=14+3y? = 1+ (dx /dy)? = 1+ (1 + 3y2)? = oy! + 6y? +2. it Out Gy? + 2dy. = Ly = aby T= aa = 4 Vara lasume a> 0} fy _ be dy)? ___ ba? dz ava? —a > (#) ~ @(a? — 2?) ew 5) ant [as a?)a? +a ed a? — a ea Wy=2 > dy/dz=(2)n2 > 672 C_ CHAPTERS FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION, U.y=ae* > dy/de —ae"* =e"*(1—2) = 14 (dy/de)? =1+e7*(1—2)*. Let = V1+ (dy/dey? = T+ (1 — 2). Then L = J? f(x) de. Since n = 10, Ax = 252 = 3, Now Le Sip = MP[S(0) + 4F(3) + 2F(1) + 4F (3) + 2/2) + 4F(8) + 2F08) + 4f (3) + 2f(4) + 4f (3) + F(6)] = 5.115840 ‘The value of the integral produced by a calculator is 5.113568 (to six decimal places). = =14- 2 = anne Ba=ytyy > defy = 14 50% => 1+ (de/dy) (Ra). Sty Let g(y) = V T+ (de/dy)?. Then L = f? 9(y) dy. Since n = 10, Ay = 2554 = 75. Now Lr Sip = ¥22[g(1) + 4g(1.1) + 29(1.2) + 4g(1-3) + 2g(1-4) + A9(1-5) + 2g(1.6) + 49(1.7) + 2g(1.8) +49(1.9) + 9(2)] ~ 1.732215, which is the same value of the integral produced by a calculator to six decimal places. By=secr + dy/dr=secztane = L= fc" f(x) dx. where f(x) = VIF see wtan? =. wen=1.Ar= 23-0 _ = Since n = 10, = sn Sem 22 [ys 4r() +09(28) var) +24( 8) +4(S) +u(% a) +4 2) 0% 2) +6/(F =) + 4(§)] = 1010 ‘The value of the integral produced by a calculator is 1.569259 (to six decimal places). Wy=ainz + dy/de=1+Inz. Let f(a) = VT Moje = VIF Ot ney Then L = f° f(x) dz. Since n = 10, Ar 3. Now LS = USL F(1) + 4f (1.2) + 2f (1.4) + 4f(1.6) + 2f(1.8) + 4f(2) + 2f(2.2) + 4f(2.4) + 2F (2.6) + 4f(2.8) + f(3)] © 3.869618. ‘The value of the integral produced by a calculator is 3.869617 (to six decimal places). Now 2. (a) 3 2 Tz. The polygon with one side is just (0,0) and Let f( 3 the line segment joining the points (0, f(0)) = (4, f(4)) = (4,0). and its length is 4. The polygon with two sides joins the points (0,0). (2, £(2)) = (2,2 ¥2) and (4,0), SECTIONS1 ARCLENGTH 673 Its length is (2-024 (2¥3-0)" + (4-2)8+ (0-298)' = 2 VaF BF wo. Similarly, the inscribed polygon with four sides joins the points (0,0), (1, 3), (2,242), (3,3), and (4,0), so its length is [1+ (95) + a+ (299-6) + fie 0-208)" + veFo~ 750 (6) Using the are length formula with & yaaa] 4 9Tee = Pa 34-2 crete ff BY n= [oa (@) According to a CAS, the length ofthe curve is L =~ 7.7988. The actual value is larger than any of the approximations in part (b). This is always true, since any approximating straight line between two points on the the length of the curve is shorter than the length of the curve between the two points. 26. (a) Let f(x) = y = 2+ sine withO <2 < 2m, 2m, 7 an (b) The polygon with one side is just the line segment joining the points (0, f(0)) = (0,0) and (2m, f(2n)) = (2, 2m), and its length is (2x — OF + x — OF = 2 vIn ~ 89. The polygon with two sides joins the points (0,0) (x, f(n)) = (12), and (2, 2n). ts length is Vm = OF + (= OF + VO — a)? + (On — a = VOn+ On =2Von 89 Note from the diagram thatthe two approximations are the same because the sides of the 2-sided polygon are in te fact on the same line, since f() = x = 1 f(2n). fv an o ‘The four-sided polygon joins the points (0,0). ($, § +1), (x,7), (32, 3 ~ 1), and (2n,2n), so its length is VO)" + +1)" + VG) G1) + VP Ga) + Ve Ga esa 674 0 GHAPTERS FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION (©) Using the are length formula with dy/dr = 1 + cos. the length ofthe curve is = 2" VIF + cosa) de = J2" VIF Deose peor ede (@) The CAS approximates the integral as 9.5076. The actual length is larger than the approximations in part (b). aesmt-v) = B= So 1+(¥) a+ pi 0 ¥ 1a p= [” Gy ay -f[ pee dy = In3—} {from aCAs] ~ 0.599 => dy/de= 2? = 1+ (dy/de) wa $23, dua $079 de. 3 es du = 4 . L= fo [1+ Bat de = fo? VIF ww? du f = deta hutdu= Bw? du oe = din(u + vIFw IY ser yE- dol -VF)] 2 n3 = 14277586 my =14 ia" = <2 = ya(i-2")" = , (1 28)'(ge%) <2 9(1- 20)" = ZN 219(1 228) = 2°79 — 1. Ts VA Tt de =4 [i279 de =A tim [3 22! 30. (a) y a . sa]? 13 — ral cas “The second integral equals 4 - 3[(1+ $y)" ve $8 a 12Y15=8 The first integral can be evaluated as follows: Rae +4 vara, w= 908, = ER fears 18 du de SECTIONG1 ARCLENGTH C675 (©) L = length of the arc of this curve from (—1, 1) to (8,4) 7 Baty alc 4 2)" Te ody + ff fT Body = B= BL ty] tom pat 1 = wvB8 4 2 (0 Vi -1) = Beegvie Bey = 229? = y= 30? = 14 (y')? =1492. The arc length function with starting point Pp(1, 2) is s(2) = ff VIF Bae = [20 +9°7]" = 3 [1 +92)% ~ 10 VIB] 2 Ras w+ (#) = © ° 8(2) = fF [8 +1/(402)] at = [30-148]? as 52° — 1/(42) — ( * —1/(4e) 33. The prey hits the ground when y=0 4 180-22?=0 ¢ 2?=45-180 = 2 = 8100-90, since —%e > 1+ (v)? =1+ gfre?, so the distance traveled by the prey is x must be positive, y! L= f° i+ geetde = ff VIF (Edu) fw 18 [JuvIFw + Linus Vira) | #[2Vi7 + 3 n(4+ ViT)] = 45 VI7 + #8 In(4 + VI7) = 209.1 m " W. y=150— oz 50)? = y= —s(@-50) = 14 (y)? = 1+ sBx(e —50)?, so the distance traveled by the kite is Lo Ye WP a= (9G, VIFF anda) t= He 80). d= B20 (duVTFW + nut VIEW), = 10[b/B s(t VB) «8 F(a V8) = BVI + 829+ 10in( 44) ~ 12280 4%. The sine wave has amplitude 1 and period 14, since it goes through two periods ina distance of 28 in., so its cauation is y = Lsin( 772) = sin( 2). The width w of the flat metal sheet needed to make the panel is the are Tength of the sine curve from = 0 to x * 28, We set up the integral to evaluate w using the ae length formula with 3f = F cos($a): b= f2* V/1 + [ cos($22)]* de = 2 [4 y/1 + [¥ cos($2)]* de. This integral would be very difficult to evaluate exactly. so we use a CAS, and find that L ~: 29.36 inches, 676 CHAPTERS FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION, 36. (a) y=c+acosh(?) + yf =sinh(?) > 1+(y')? L = f°, y[eosh? (2) dz = 2 [? cosh! |. y = c+, 806 +a = 20, The poles are 50 ft apart, so 100, b=2%5,andL=51 = 51 + sinh? (= cosh?(#). So 2) de = 2 [asinh(2)]° = 2asinh(£) (b) Ata, 2asinh(b/a) [from part (a) y= 2esinh2sin) From the figure, we see that y = 51 intersects y = 2r sinh(25/x) at 2 72.3843 for 2 > 0. So a ~ 72.3843 and the wire should be attached at a distance of + acosh(25/a) = 20 ~ a +acosh(25/a) ~ 24.36 ft above the ground. 38, By symmetry, the length of the curve in each quadrant isthe same, so we'll find the length in the first quadrant and multiply by 4. ah 4 yt ayvan > ye > v=(I- (in the fist quadrant), so we use the arc length formula with wot wot = ath) (p21) 2-1 (1 — gr) H—* ‘The total length is therefore Now from the graph, we see that ask increases. the “comers” ofthese fat circles get closer to the points (£1, +1) and (41, 1), and the “edges” ofthe fat circles approach the lines joining these four points. It seems plausible that as k + oo, the total length of the fat circle with n = 2k will approach the length of the perimeter of the square with sides of length 2. This is supported by taking the limit as k —> o0 of the equation of the fat circle in the first quadrant: lim (1 — a2) VG" — 1 for ds= V1 4 (dy/daP de = (1+ (Vjade = $= J? 2n(Inx)/1+ (/ap de [by (7)) Ry=sin’x > ds = /1+(dy/deyde = (1+ (QsnzcossPdz > S= fx? ansin? 2/14 Qsinecosey de [by (7)] Byssece => ds=V/1+(dy/dePde = 14 (secatanzpdr > = fg!‘ 2nx /T+ (eocwtana) dx [by (8)] dyne = de= TF (dade = Vie dr > S= fone VTE de by) oF JP 2x(Iny) 1+ (1/y)? dy (by 6)) By=a® = y!=327.S0 S= fp oy /1+ (v)P de = 2m Pa'VIFGe de [w= 1490", du = 360% de] = 3 fi adu = = § (145 Vi 1) 6. The curve 9x = y* + 18 is symmetric about the x-axis, so we only use its top half, given by y=3Vz-2. dy/de = +80 1+ (dy/da)? = 14 Thus, 3 9 2Ve-2 We) foe ggg et [Yea Hame [eee =6n- ifern} = 4a [(28)°? - (2)°?] = 4m Ly= Ve > 1+ (dy/de)? = 14 (1/(2Vz)P =1+41/(42). So ° wy, Pp 7 ° s [ow 1+ (2) a= [ on Ve 14 gd w an f e+ 4de = 2 [82447], =F [dae yA] = 5 (37 va7- 17 v7) By=cos2r > ds = V/1+(dy/daP de = \/T+(—2aindaPde = S = Io!" Pr cos de /1+ Asin? Bz der = 2x [9 VT Fa (4 du) (u = 2sin 22, du = 400s 2rd} Blu VIF + dina + VIF = 28-24 fin(vI+2)] = 8 + 4/24 v3) 678 CHAPTERS FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION, 9 y=coshe = 1+ (dy/de)? =1+sinh? x = cosh? x. So $= 2r [2 coshweosh x de = 2x f} 3(1 + cosh 2x) dr = x[x+}sinh2z]) =n(144sinh2) or x[1+4(c?—€*)] 1/8 =o [ (5+ nya 2 =a +b- MWa= a 3(v? +2) 1+ (de /dy)? = 1+ y?(y? +2) = (y? +1)? So 9 =n f2 y(y? +1) dy = 2n[4y' + bye)? = 20(4 +2 M2 2=142y? + 1+ (de/dy)? = 1+ (Ay)? = 1+ 164". So SH 2m [Py (T+ 16y? dy = = 5:(68 V6 - 17 V7?) 2 (1oy? + 1)" 32ydy = # [B(u6? +1)°"), Wy= Ye = ray? + 14 (dz/dy)? =1+9y*. So $= 2n [x (TF a[ayP dy = Pr [2 v VIF ty = 35 = [30+ 904°” ]; = & (145 VIG - 10V10) VIF Oy 36y° dy Si S14 (dy/de)? =1+ 427 > $= flevit de 80 VET de = $[§ (4a? +1)""]) = $5 V5 ~1) Ma? 8-29) = -u/ VF = ey = dx/dy= 14 (da/dy)? = 14+ BE af? s= [0 wle-¥ A SECTION 82 AREAOFASURFACE OF REVOLUTION C679 4 the surface area of a sphere of radius a, and the length of the interval y = 0 to y = a/2is + the length of the interval y = —a oy = 16. x =acosh(y/a) = 1+ (dz/dy)* = 1 +sinh?(y/a) = cosh?(y/a). So saan [” acosh(2) enh(4) dy = dra [cont?(2) ay = 2” [1b cosh( rat(e? + 4— =2ra{u+ Sion (22)]” = anafo+ Sinha] ra?[1 + }sinh2] or Wyse > dy/de=1fz > 1+ (dy/dz)?=141/2? > $= f22rine TF Tarde. Let f(e) = Ing VT FIR. Since n = 10, 2 = 2d S% Sto = Pn MB [f(1) + 4f(1.2) + 2f(14) +--+ 2F(2.6) +4 (28) + f(3)] © 9.023754, ‘The value of the integral produced by a calculator is 9.024262 (to six decimal places). 2. Then Wy=etye > dyfdz=1+30-%? + 14 (dy/dz?=2407°7 $1 s= [2+ v2) 2+ et ae Let f(t) = (2 + V2) has +2 1. Then Since n = 10, Av = 2 S® Sto ir 29 [f(1) + Af (1) + 2f(1.2) +--+ + 2F(1.8) + 4f(1.9) + F(2)] & 29.506566, ‘The value of the integral produced by a calculator is 20.506568 (to six decimal places). Wy=secr = dy/dr=secetanz > 14+ (dy/dz)?=1+4sec?xtan?s => S = [{ nsecx Vise? tan? ede. Let f(x) = sece VIF secPa tans, Since n = 10, Av = SS = 20 HE (50) +49(Z) +4(F) + -+24(52) +4($) +1] = 13.527296. ‘The value of the integral produced by a calculator is 13.516987 (to six decimal places). dy 1 - aateyt = Wllayesyie ge My= +e)? = pate) =a > dy)? e Atde +e _ (e7 +2)? 14 (4) 314287 4d te _ (+2)? * (2) *a0Fe) ~ ate) > arey s=[ Qn Vive AR trae fe +2)ae a [e* + 22]2 = nile +2) — (1 +0)] = x(e +1). Let f(z) = 3(e* +2). Since n = 10, Ae = 58 Then S Sia = Ba 2 (F(0) + 4f(OA) + 2F(0.2) + --- + 2F(0.8) + 4F(0.9) + F(1)] © L1.681330. ‘The value of the integral produced by a calculator is 11.681327 (to six decimal places). 680 CHAPTERS FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION, Uy=1/e + ds= /1+ (dy/de) de = 14 (-1/2?)?'de = /1Fl/etde > 2 2 VET “FET a= f on k 14 Sade = an f LE eae [ VE (du) w= 2% du =22de} A 1 hw an [TEE tf EE slur ime)) =7(-4 +in(4+-Vi7) +32 -mn(1+ v8) =7[v2- 2 +1n(4248)| Ry=VFFI = 2 a > de=yfie (2) "ae = fie ane > s= [over 1+ aae- af 2a? + 1de = avin f° e+ (de * ae ae [erry + gin(at a+} DI Vin[} Oe] + 4in(a+ yord) ~ in] =2veR[2 B+ 4m(3+ /#) + 4mv3] Liat In(3v2-+ Vi5)] = 3VI9e + FIn(3-v2 + Vi9) By=c%andO0 y =327and0 Va" = a? for > 0. Thus, if the area is finite, . ae ont [°F haes ae [Baer [7 hae a « 1 © 1 8 But we know that this integral diverges, so the area S is infinite. 2. S = f° Oy JTF yap de = In fe VTS ede ly Evaluate J = f e~* /T-+ (—e-*)? de by using the substitution u = ~ fuvTFw? + fin(u+ View) 40 = 3) Vibe + bin(-e* + VIF) +0 Returning to the surface ara integral, we have V4 Ce*P dz = 2n tim [}(—e*) VIF e* + 3 In(-e-* + VIE) IE = 2 jim {(}(-e~') VIFE™ + }in(-e-t + VIF -®)] $= 2m lim fre 1) TFT + $in(-14 VTF1)]} = 2x {[3(0) VE-+ 3 In(0 + vi)] ~ [-}v2+ $m(—1 + v3)]} = 2n{[0] + 3[v2 —In(v2— 1)]} = x[v2 -In(v2-1)] 21. Since a > 0, the curve 3ay? = 2(a ~ 2)? only has points with 220.(3ay°>0 + ala 20 = ©>0) The ‘curve is symmetric about the x-axis (since the equation is unchanged when y is replaced by —y)._y = 0 when x = Oora, 0 the curve's loop extends from @ = Oto « = a. (Bay?) = Zi = 2-Aa~x)(-1) + (a— a de wv a)(@-32)? 3a dz ‘36a? va-ap a)[-22 +a-2] dy)? _ (@~2)(a~ 32)? bay = ( ) 3602? [fe ts etn _ (a~ 32)? is 1/y? | ~ Dag 682 CHAPTERS FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 2 1+ (2) =142 =6ar+92? _ 12ax de, - 2 gt 2 (432)? Gar +92" _ a? + Gar + 92° (oss) forego Taz Dar Dar Tar yds = 2m via=s) (o=2) a+3e (a-2)(a+3z) aruda nae f° EG— 2) SE ae an f° CBN ay 2 fg = 30°) de = 7 ae +02? = Ef erm 32°) de =F fata + ar Note that we have rotated the top half of the loop about the x-axis. This generates the full surface. (b) We must rotate the full loop about the y-axis, so we get double the area obtained by rotating the top half of the loop: : ° ate 4n_ [an saan f eds=an [2 t% ae 2'%(a-430) di he "|? Vitae aves, re 27) arm BE [Pas 4 87)" wi (2 oan) + 30°!) de = Via (3 +5r |; 3 Va a +5 28) 2 _ 56x V3a? 15)* ~~ 45 28. in general, i the parabola y = az?, ~c < x < ¢,is rotated about the y-axis, the surface area it generates is du = 2adz ae [evi ¥ Gas) dz = of 3 Eve y am [rae] -of" (140)? 2udu Slory = Blt r are)? - Here 2c = 10 ft and ac? = 2 fi, soc = 5 and a &. Thus, the surface area is Blea 95)? a] = ie [1+ 19)°? 1] = (a = § (41 Vai - 125) = 90.01 8? ote? + a8? (1 24/0” a6 (1 2a) = (o? =) 2? Soa ae SECTION 82 AREAOF ASURFACEOFREVOWUTION © 683 The ellipsoid’s surface area is twice the area generated by rotating the first quadrant portion of the ellipse about the a-axis, Thus, =f ony 1+( 48V" conan f°? ivan Yee iF te oe A ‘ ® -8f Vea ae de = 1, y > 0, about the y-axis dy)? (w@~R)? 2 -R) 314 (¢) 1+ ve@-Re de e v —(e- RP Thus, =4er-0+ ane [ = 8x Rr[sin”*(u/r)]5 = 8aRr($) = An? Rr 31. The analogue of f(2?) inthe derivation of (4) is now ¢ ~ f(z). so slim 3 2nle— flat) 1+ I @DF Ae = [ote Ff) 1+ F@P ae. Wyn al? y= ha? = 14 (y)? =141/de, so by Exercise 31, S = ff 2n(4- Ve) 141) ae. Using a CAS, we get S$ = 2nIn(VI7 +4) + 2(31 VIF +1) ~ 80.6095. 684 CHAPTERS FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION, 33, For the upper semicircle, f(z) = Vr? = 2. f'( / 7 — a, The surface area generated is si= [" 2x(r- VP=#) 1+ eae «(Gea For the lower semicircle, f(2) = —vr?— a and f' (2) ar [ (r-Ve=#) 7 de aaah Thus, the total area is $ = $1 + $2 = 8 Hi ( o 34, Take the sphere 2 + y? + 2? = 4d? and let the intersecting » planes be y = cand y=c+h, where 3d 6a -6 Az, The total force F = lim > bet Ae = fSé0- 6dr = 66 fo nde =66[} 65(18 — 2) = 966 = 6000 Ib 4. Set up a vertical x-axis as shown. Then the area of the ith rectangular strip 0 4(4 27) Ae. [By similar triangles, —W*— = 4 arama is 3(4 ) A. [By ilar triangle Tos ze o 3h i 1w, = $(4 ~21).] The pressure on the strip is 62, 50 the hydrostatic force fm the strip is 62 - $(4 ~ x?) Aw and the total force on the * plate = 3° 623 - $(4— xt) Az. The total force F = lim 3° 6x} - 4(4— = $6[22? Ag = fbx: 4(4~2)de = $6 [8(42 — 2%) de = $6[(82 - 8) — (2~ 3)] = $6(9) = 126 ~ 7501 688 Cl CHAPTERS FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION. 5. Since an equation for the shape is «? + y* = 107 (« > 0), we have = VI00—2. Thus, the area of the ith strip is 2/100 — (arg)? Ae and the pressure on the strip is pg-r?, so the hydrostatic force on the strip is pga? «2/100 — (ei)? Ac and the total force on the plate ~ 35 pga - 2/100 (#7)? Az. The total force 10 F= lim Epos 2,/100— Pas = [ 2pgz 100 = 2? de b 1 2 22)9/?] 10 =~ 09 J2° (100 ~ 22)" (—22) de = ~pg{ 3(100 - 22)*/?] ° = -pq(0 — 1000) = 2008 pg = 200. 1000+ 9.8.226.5 x 10° N_ [p= 1000 kg/m? and g = 9.8 m/s*] 6. By similar triangles, w;/4 = 27/5, so, = 42x} and the area of the ith strip is $27 Az. The pressure onthe strip is pg so the hydrostatic T A ° force on the strip is pat « $21 Avr and the total force on the Sm Pa plate g ge! « $0; Az. The total force I 7 . P= him. 3 port fai Aw 5 = Mpg = 100. 1000-9.8 3.3 x 10°N. Aftwide a ftwide » 7. Using similar wiangles. Fay ~ ar frhigh’*° width ofthe ith rectangular strip is 12 + 2a = 12-427. The area ofthe *" strip is (12 + 27) Az. The pressure on the strip is 6) 8 P= lim 561 (12423) Ar = fe bx (12+ 2)de = 6 fe (12e +22) de = 6[627 + 5 a = 6(384 + 912) = (62.5) 1894 & 3.47 x 108 Ib 8, Inthe figure, deleting a 6 x h rectangle leaves a triangle with basea—b gf (a—6) ftwide ___dftwide | and height A. By similar triangles, ~hithigh > Teas) thigh a) fehigh? \ tee / so th width ofthe tingle is h —w=(1-2)@-0) = (1-F)e-9 and the width of the trapezoid is b + d = a R ah a-b-F(a—b) b). The area of the ith rectangular strip is SECTION 83 APPLICATIONS TOPHYSICS AND ENGINEERING © 689 o-o} are fae (a~0)] de eis pal0= 0) [2 4, — og b ae ede + OATRO [Pde = pga + 99 A + 5). pai 9A = Monta +29) 9. From the figure, the area of the ith rectangular strip is 2 y/r? — (#)?Ax and the pressure on itis pg(e} +r) P= jim > pole +r) Jr? — (at)? Ax a = [pale +1): 2 VF de = 09 [, Va a Oe de + 2pgr "Faw de “The first integral is O because the integrand is an odd function. The second "| VP-P integral can be interpreted as the area ofa semicircular disk with radius r, ‘or we could make the trigonometric substitution x = r-sin 8. Continuing: F = pg-0+ 2pgr- txr? = pgrr® = 1000gmr* N (SI units assumed). 10. The area of the ith rectangular strip is 2 \/2y} Ay and the pressure on it is 6d; = 6(8 — y?). P= Jo 5(8 ~ y)2. VBdy = 42-2- V3 f2(8 — py"? dy = 84 V2 { (8y'/? - y*/?) dy = 84 V3 [8 wear? =84V2[8-3-16V2—2 128 V3] = 84/2. 256 V2(2 — gasoline Fevel 8 11. By similar triangles, 5 ‘The area ofthe i x y les. = he area ofthe ith i 8m 2 rectangular stip is “T= Avr and the pressure on itis pg(4-V3 ~ 2). . Wi Wi 2 ay ede — 202 ° P= o9(4v3—2) ae = B09 | xae ~ 208 ava ‘ = Apg [273% — ae ae eI 5 = 19299 — 22 64.3.V5 3v3 - — = sn * 64(840)(9.8) ~ 5.27 x 10°N 680 © CHAPTERS FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 2. F = 2 pg(10-2)2VE— a de cs 20p9 Jo. VE= 2? de — pg fp VE= 2? ede ) = 20np9 ~ 2pq{uo?]* 9 — Fpa[u| = (1000)(9.8)(207 — 38) 5.63 x 10° N = 20p93n (28) = pg ful? du tw= 4-27, du=—20de} 20:09 ~ Bog = pg(20n — 18) 13. (a) The top of the cube has depth d = 1 m ~20.em = 80 em = 0.8 m, F = pgdA ~ (1000)(9.8)(0.8)(0.2) = 313.6 + 314N (b) The area of a strip is 0.2 Ar and the pressure on itis pga? F = fj}, gx(0.2) dz = 0.2pg[}2" 2]. g = (0.2pg)(0.18) = 0.036p9 = 0.036(1000)(9.8) = 352.8 ~ 353N 14. The height ofthe dam is h = 707 = 35? cos 30° = 15 v19 (2 2350 From the solution for Exercise 8, the width of the trapezoid is 70 100 — F100 50) = 100 — ae From the small triangle in the 2Az/V3. second fue ews? = SE gs = Arte Mt) 3 2 2006 2m ear zr ae 1005 h? _ 2006h? _ 200(62.5) | 12.825 nV3 3 3v8 3v8 4 feT.TL x 108 Ib 15, (a) The area of a strip is 20 Ac and the pressure on itis 61r son 4g 208 on F= ff sxe = 08] 5 2)” = 206-8 = 908 2” Jo 2 an = 90(62.5) = 5625 lb ~ 5.63 x 10° Ib (b) F = [2 6020de = 206[}2"]}, = 206 - §} = 8106 = 810(62.5) = 50.625 Ib ~ 5.06 x 10* i. SECTION 83 APPUCATIONS TO PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING C691 (©) For the first ft, the length of the side is constant at 40 ft. For 3 < zr <9, we can use similar triangles to find the a 9-2 _ 9.2 length a: 35 = —G= > a= 40-95 F = ff bad0 de + [2 6x(40) 252 de = 406[427]} + 26 [2 (9x — 2) dr = 1805 + 26 8]; = 1805 + 226[(222 — 243) — ($4 —9)] = 1805 + 6005 = 7805 = 780(62.5) = 48,750 Ib = 4.88 x 10° Ib (@) For any right triangle with hypotenuse on the bottom, ° Ar 3 esc = FT otenuse 7 ae FEE Vi hypotenuse = Ax esc = Ax AO ae a : : aD resco = (M2) gE P= fy 6220 48 dx = 1 (20909 )6[42]? 7 3 3-10. V409 6(81 - 9) 72 303,356 Ib ~ 3.03 x 10° Ib 16. Partition the interval [a,b] by points as usual and choose 2 € [2,-1,.2] foreach i. ‘The ith horizontal strip of the immersed plate is approximated by a rectangle of eight Az, and width w(r}), so its area is Ai = w(r3) Avr For small Az, the pressure P; on the ith stip is almost constant and P, © pga by Equation 1. The hydrostatic force F, acting on the ith strip is F. = PLA: = pg}w( 2?) Avr.. Adding these forces and taking the limit as 71 — 00, we obtain the hydrostatic force on the immersed plate: F= lim SF = lim E poriw(ei) da = f° posu(n) de 1. F = J pge- w(x) de, where w(c) is the width of the plate at depth x. Since n = 6, A. Fe So = pq- 42 [2- w(2) +4-25-w(2.5) +2-3-w(3)+4-35 (3.5) 4+2-4-w(4) 44-45 - w(4.5) +5-w(5)] $eg(2 0+ 10-0.84+6-1.7414-244+8-294 18-3345 3.6) 3 (1000) (9.8)(152.4) = 2.5 x 10° N . . 1% (0) From Equations, = 3 w(a)de + Az [eae = ade = op [s(a) de > (p92) A = [? pg ew(x) da F by Exercise 16, (b) The centroid of a circle i its center. In this case, the center isa a depth of r meters so = r, Thus, F = (pa2)A = (pgr)(ar) = parr 19. The moment Mf of the system about the origin is M = J mia = myai + mara = 40-2 430-5 = 230, 2 ms = ma + ma = 40 + 30 = 70. The center of mass of the system is a ‘The mass m of the system is m 682 CHAPTERS FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 20. M = myxi + maa + msits = 25(—2) + 20(3) + 10(7) = 80: sou E = M/(my +ma +m) = #2 " t 3 = 1 Mz _ 10 Ema = 6(1) +5(8) + 10(-2) = 1. B= Th = a andy = TE = 97-80 the center of mas of he 2 My =F my, = 6(-2) +5(0 41-7) +41) = 3. My $ mas = 80) +508) +3(-2) +406) = 2, m,=16,907= = 2-2 16 and m_ BB. Since the region in the figure is symmetric about the y-axis, we know that = 0. The region is “bottom-heavy.” 90 we know that 7 < 2, and we might guess that = 15. Ax [2,(4-a?)de = 2 fg(4—2*)de = [42 32°], =9(8-§)=8 af, (4 — 2) de = Osince f(t) = 2(4 ~ 22) isan odd 2 function (or since the region is symmetric about the y-axis). 24, The region in the figure is “left-heavy” and “bottom-heavy.” so we know F< Land J < 1.5, and we might guess that @ = 0.7 and y= 1.2. 4 [2 4(3— Sa) de = 4-4 [2 (0-92 + $a?) de = § [de — Go? + 2e5]) = BOS — 18 +6) =1 a), Thus, the centroid is (2.3) SECTION 83 APPLICATIONS TOPHYSICS AND ENGINEERING 683 25, The region in the figure is “right-heavy” and “bottom-heavy.” so we know © > 0.5 and 7 < 1, and we might guess that ¥ = 0.6 and J = 0.9. A= [ede eI) = are) = 9 ‘Thus, the centroid is (2,9) = ( 45,444) = (0.58,0.93). 26. The region in the figure is “left-heavy” and “bottom-heavy,” so we know F< 1.5 andy < 0.5, and we might guess that A= f? tdr= [Ing]? =n2,2= 4 fPa-2 2 a(ay? 2 = ASC GG) de = oh ff ede = XL ming (-3 +1) = ano = 14 andy = 0.4. = ate ah ‘Thus, the centroid is (2,7) = (25, 74g) * (1.44,0.36), MA fg (/8~2)de= [}e9??— 421]! = Fah fy ave —2)de=6 f(a — 24) de ALi 3 [vey - 3] de =6 Aa? — 2 634 CHAPTERS FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION. = ff""(cosa — sin) de = [sin x + cosa! A™ J" a(cosa —sinx) da: (5) = 0.27,0.60) = A“ [x(sinx + cos) + cos ~ sin z|g/* [integration by parts] aan = et B= AM fol Ecos? x — sin? «) dr = Fy ff!" cos 2ede = zi [sin 2x]5/* = 1 ‘Thus, the centroid is (,) = (3 - ) = (0.27,0.60). A= [i rdet JP tde 2), + [Ina]; = +12, Hla 2 de + J21.de] = ( [2415 + lt) -4G+)- Tema arate A[ [ieee [dee =ma(3+3) = aa Thus, the centroid is (7,9) = — o+ 122 1.12, 0.35). The principle used in this problem Ry oind) Os a) =( js stated after Example 3: the moment of the union of two nonoverlapping regions is the sum of the moments of the individual regions. 31. From the figure we see that y = 0. Now A= [o2V5= Bde = 2[-25— 2) =2(0+ 9-5?) = 4 fS2[vSaa - (-VE=)] de = 4 ff 22 VO Bde A J 52(5 — u)u(—2u) du lus VS—e2=5-w uw? = iy (BV5-5V5) =5-3 —a,dr = —2udul $10 5 —w?) du = ‘Thus, the centroid is (Z, = (2,0). SECTION 83 APPLICATIONS TOPHYSICS AND ENGINEERING C695 }a-1? +4,som = pA=5(5 +4) = Sr +8): 32, By symmetry, My = O and = Mz = p-2f2 (VI = a? )? — (-2)?|de = 5 [2 (-2?- 3) de 2 20 Me SEB) 3+ 8) —5[42 + 32] Thus, the centroid is (#7) = (° ao 33. By symmetry, My = 0 and’ }.2.2=2 Mz =p J', }(2— 22)? di 2p fp (2-22)? de = (2-1-3-2) f} (1-2)? de =4 fo w(—du) =-4[be], Ms = Ms = 1. Thus, the centroid is (Z,9) = (sr, £r) ~(0781,1.330) 1 “ mal 8 3 -4 ~ (1.207453) = 0.781 o 5. a Ogee at 1a a = (# = 2 —2'\de = 4} S h fs" e— 5 alain 16 - 9) © 4(2.210106) ~ 1.330 696 © CHAPTERS FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION, Since the postion of a centraid is independent of density when the density is constant, we will assume for convenience that p = 1 in Exercises 36 and 37 36, The curves y = a+ Ina and y — intersect at (a,c) & (0.447141, -0.357742) and (b,d) & (1.507397, 1.917782). A= Jf? (e+Inz—a° +2) dz = J? (2e+Ina-2°) de [e?+eine—2~ » oz0078t 4 foo (20+ Ine 2°) de = 4 f° (22? +elnz — 24) de 2a9 4 Lx? (2Inx ~ 1) — 22°]? = 4(0.699489) = 0.985501 42 alle + ina)? — (2 ~ 2) | de = ay ff vine + (nz)? 2° + 208] de M0 fx? ng — $2? +2 (Ina)? — 2elne + 2x — 27 + 2°]? = 7 (0.765002) ~ 0.538964 Thus. the centroid is (Z, 7) = (0.986, 0.539). 37. Choose z- and y-axes so that the base (one side of the triangle) lies along the x js with the other vertex along the positive y-axis as shown, From, geometry, we know the medians intersect ata point 3 of the way fo yew gh ‘each vertex (along the median) to the opposite side, The median from B goes to the midpoint (3(a + ¢),0) of side AC, so the point of intersection of the medians is (3 - }(a + ¢), $b) = (3(a +e), 35). “This can also be verified by finding the equations of two medians, and solving them simultaneously to find their za d[fr-t@-a)det for 4(c-a)ar] and 2)? de+ fe H(2e~2))* dr] = A(t Jo (0? ~20r +29) de + By (2 - 20x + 2?) dz SECTION 83 APPLICATIONS TOPHYSICS AND ENGINEERING © 697 33 Remarks: Actually the computation of 7is all that is needed. By considering each side of the triangle in turn to be +e b “Thus, the centroid is (2,9) = (5. 3) «as claimed the base, we see thatthe centroid is 4 ofthe way from each side to the opposite vertex and must therefore be the intersection of the medians, ‘The computation of J in this problem (and many others) can be simplified ” by using horizontal rather than vertical approximating rectangles. Ifthe T length of a thin rectangle at coordinate y is é(y). then its area is £(y) Ay 1 its mass is pé(y) Ay, and its moment about the 2-axis is AMz = pyé(y) Ay. Thus, - 5 Levlluday Me= f outta) dy ana y= Lede In this problem, é(y) = (b — y) by similar triangles, so = Stu-way Bf eva 2 a Notice that only one integral is needed when this method is used. 38. Divide the lamina into three rectangles with masses 2, 2 and 6, with centroids (~3,1). (0,4) and (2,3). respectively, The total mass of the lamina is 10. So, using Formulas 5, 6, and 7, we have 7a Me 2S mas = $5 [2(-$) +2(0)+6(2)] = (0) and Se = Em = 120) +218) +6(8)] = aay ‘Thus, the centroid is (2, 3.2) 39. Divide the lamina into two triangles and one rectangle with respective masses of 2, 2 and 4, so that the total mass is 8. Using the result of Exercise 37, the triangles have centroids (~1, ) and (1,2). The centroid ofthe rectangle (its center) is (0, —3). So, using Formulas 5 and 7, we have mays = §[2(3) + 2(3) +4(-2)] = 4(2) = 4, and ae ). since the lamina is symmetric about the line = 0. Thus, the centroid is (Z,) = (0, +4) 40. A sphere can be generated by rotating a semicircle about its diameter. By Example 4, the center of mass travels a distance nj 50 by the Theorem of Pappus, the volume of the sphere is = Ad = 80 ayes Va Ad= 22 698 CHAPTERS FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 41. A cone of height hand radius r can be generated by rotating a right triangle about one of its legs as shown, By Exercise 37, = }r, so by the ‘Theorem of Pappus, the volume of the cone is V = Ad = (4 base - height) - (272) deh 2n(n dar?h, 42, From the symmetry in the figure, = 4. So the distance traveled by the centroid when rotating the triangle about the -axis is d = 2m -4 = 8. ‘The area of the triangle is A = }bh = 3(2)(3) = 3. By the Theorem of Pappus, the volume of the resulting solid is Ad = 3(8n) = 24m. 48, Suppose the region lies between two curves y = f(z) and y = g() where f(x) > o(2), as illustrated in Figure 13. ‘band choose x7 to be the midpoint of the ith subinterval; that Choose points 2; witha = 29 <2 << tm is, 21 =F) = }(ti-a +24). Then the centroid of the ith approximating rectangle R, is its center Cy = (#:, Lf (Gs) + 9(Fi)]). Its area is [f(@.) — gs)] Ac, so its mass is plf(@.) ~ g()] Aw, Thus, My(R.) = elf (@:) ~ 9(F.)] Ax - Bi. = ps [F(@.) ~ 9(Fs)] Ax and Me(R,) = plf (i) — 9B) Ae $Lf(H) + Ed] = e- (FG)? ~ g(Z)”] Aa. Summing over i and taking the limit as n> 00, we get My = lim. 37, 0 [f(@) ~ 9()] Aa = pfoxlf(@) — 9(2)] de and Mz = ism, 5, 0- $L/(@)? ~ 9(Es)*] Ae = ofp 3[F(2)? ~ 9(2)?] de. Thus, M,_My_1 f° —_ Mz _ My ae 2 es My My 1 P gig(e)—g(a)jde and === 5 f 4[S(e) -9(a)"] ex My = My Ff sis(@)— (ede andy Mea Gf se? - 9" 44, (a) Let0 <2 < 1. Ifm < m, then 2 > 2”; that is, raising « to a larger y power produces a smaller number, (b) Using Formulas 9 and the fact that the area of is az[' 1 __t__m=n ati wel mei Gone man) fgets 2m) de —2")dr = wwe get (n+ 1+ 1) ™—n wenineD [1] mon |nt2 m+ a{e” —2"]de= (n+ 1(m+1) (nF 2\n +2) SECTION 84 APPLICATIONS TO ECONOMICS AND BIOLOGY D699 and n+ 1)(m+) [71 fw my?) (m+ (m+) f* (an _ 2m) a c Din) ) [ 3 [ey -@"y] ae = Hina} fe a _(ntim+ ft | (n+ 1m +1) =" Bm=n) [Rne1~ Ims1| ~ n+ Gm+1) which lies outside & since (2)° = & < 22. This is the simplest of many possibilities s and Biology 8.4 Applications to Econo! 1. By the Net Change Theorem, C(2000) — C(0) = [2° C'(«) de = €(2000) = 20,000 + [°° (5 ~ 0.0082 + 0.000009") de = 20,000 + [5c — 0.0042? + 0.000032: 800 20,000 + 10.000 — 0.004(4,000,000) +- 0.000003(8,000,000,000) = 30,000 ~ 16.000 + 24,000 = $38,000 2 By the Net Change Theorem, (5000) ~ R(1000) = 00 R’(x)de => (5000) = 12.400 + fig (12 ~ 0.0004z,) dr = 12,400 + [122 0. 000207) 0, = 12,400 + (60.000 ~ 5,000) — (12,000 ~ 200) = $55,600 3. Ifthe production level is raised from 1200 units to 1600 units, then the increase in cost is i2n0 (74 + L.A ~ 0.0022? + 0.000042) daz C1600) — (1200) = fe C'(w) de = 1600 = [Tr + 0.552% ~ 288228 + 0.000012] 10° = 64,331,733.33 ~ 20,464,800 = $43,866,933.33 4. Consumer surplus = f}° (p(x) — p(30)] dx surplus =" [5- ds (5~ 8)] ax 4 = [Bx - 427]0° = 90 — 45 = S45 700 CHAPTERS FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION, 450 5. plz) = 10 = =45 = (2) > Fygt OS rt+8=45 + 2=37, é 50. Consumer surplus = [" (P(e) — 10] de = L(& - 10) ae surplus. = [4501n (x +8) ~ 1023” = (450In 4 370) ~ 4501n 8 = 450In (48) ~ 370 = $407.25 6. ps(z) =3+0.012". P = Pied shorg Producer surplus = f° [P — ps(x)] de 3 om 1 2) 0.01 73) 2 = [2° [4-3-0012] de = [x - 2242" 1 #10 — 3.33 = $6.67 clas O}] .000°/8 = 100. 2") de > 2= 1. P=ps(z) + 400=200+0.22? = 200=0.22? = 1000 Producer surplus = 2 [P — ps(z)] dx = [2% [400 — (200 +0.22°/*)| de = J," (200 100 = [2002 — 352*/2] = 20,000 — 8,000 = $12,000 surplus 40 and «r = 200, pi 8, p= 50 — dar and p = 20+ Joa intersect at Consumer surplus = 3°" (50 — 35@ ~ 40) dx Fo 7 = [102 ~ 3527]2” = 81000 » C0 Ppply producer Surplus Producer surplus = {2° (40 ~20~ 42) de 27)2 = $2000 800,000e7#/800" 2) = 0:0006== 1° =a =aro4 ore) EL) woe . consumer surplus Consumer surplus = fj" (p(x) — 16] dx ~ $37,753 10. The demand function is linear with slope =22 = —7, and p(400) = 7.5, so an equation is 44(@ — 400) orp = ~4y2-+ 8B. A selling price of $6 implies that 6 eM I = 2 = 505. art p75 i 895 as $1821.61 Consumer surplus = f° (ha + 48 - 6) dz SECTIONS PROBABLITY 701 1. 108) ~ £04) = Jef ae = ff Vide = [287]! = 2(16 2-8) ~ $0.75 milion 1069** 0. 12. n(9) — n(5) = [2200 106° a = [220+ 5 | [2200e]2 + 3% [e?*]? = 2200(9 — 5) + 12.5(e?? — et) = 24,860 PRS _ 7(4000)(0.008)* P= "Sr ~~ 5(0.027)2) = 1.19 x 104 om'/s PoRS _ PRE <5 P_(io\* 414, Ifthe flux remains constant, then SEAS Tr ot Pai=PR = 2 (2 . 4 ) => P= Po(4)* = 3.1605F) > 3Pp; that is, the blood pressure is more than tripled 15. J. c(t) dt = fy? 4e(12 ~t) dt = f2?(a¢ — 22%) at at]? = (216 — 144) = 72 mg/L. A____8mg_ 1 60, ‘Thus, the cardiac output is F = MEE = 9 L/s= G L/min [a7 e(t)at 16. As in Example 2, we will estimate the cardiac output using Simpson’s Rule with At = Se° c(t) dt = 2(1(0) + 4(2.4) + 2(5.1) +.4(7.8) + 2(7.6) +4(5.4) + 28.9) + 4(2.3) + 2(1.6) + 4(0.7) + 100)] 2 (110.8) = 73.87 mg- vL. Therefore, F = 0.1083 L/s or 6.498 L/min, 8 7387 8.5 Probability 1 (@ feoo0 £(2) dz is the probability that a randomly chosen tie will have a lifetime between 30,000 and 40,000 mites. ©) Je009 (2) dz is the probability that a randomly chosen tire will have a lifetime of atleast 25.000 miles 2. (a) The probability that you drive to school in less than 15 minutes is [2° f(t) dt (6) The probability that it takes you more than half an hour to get to school is. f(t) ae 3 (@) In general, we must satisy the two conditions that are mentioned before Example 1—namely. (1) f(z) > 0 for all, and 2) f°, f(z) de = 1. For0 < 2 <4, wehave f(z) = 22 VIB—z > 0,s0 f(z) > O forall Also, [% f(a) de = ff 3.2 VIG # de = aay’ _aerys 16 — 22)*/"]" tie Jol ai 22) de = ~$5[2(06 &(0-64) = ‘Therefore, f is a probability density funetion. 702. © CHAPTER8 FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION: (b) P(X <2) = J? flo) de = J? Sa VIB a? de = ~ 735 [3(16 — 2?)/*(—22) dr 2 2 fe [}06 —27)7]" = - 4 [00 - 2*)9) "= — 442? — 16%) = & (64 12 VIB) = 35 (64-24 V3) = 1 ~ 8V8 ~ 0.950881 4. (a) For 0 0. Also, J, fla) de =f} ka®(1 — 2) da = k f(a? — 2°) de = k[$2* — dx] = k/12. Now k/12=1 = 12. Therefore, f is a probability density function if and only if k (b) Let k = 12. P(X 23) a Slo) da = fj, 120°(1 — 2) de = fp(120? — 122°) de = [42° — 3} (4-3)-(-B)=1-8 (c) The mean w= Safle) de = fi x 122(1 - 2) dz = 12 fp (0* ~ 24) de = =RG-s)= B= 8 5, (a) In general, we must satisfy the two conditions that are mentioned before Example 1—namely, (1) f(z) 2 0 for all x, and (2) [°, f(z) dz = 1. Since f(x) = 0 or f(2) = 0.1, condition 1) is satisfied. For condition (2), we see that f°, f(x) de = [2° 0.1dx = [z])° = 1. Thus, f(z) isa probability density function for the spinner's values. (b) Since all the numbers between 0 and 10 are equally likely to be selected, we expect the mean to be halfway berween the endpoints of the teria has, = 5. w= JR ef(x) de (0.1) dx = [4507),° = 19e = 5, as expected. jo 6. (a) As in the preceding exercise, (1) f(x) > 0 and (2) J, Fla) de = f° fw) dx = 3(10)(0.2) [area of a triangle] function. (b) (i) P(X <3) = fo f(a) dx = $(8)(0.1) = 3 = 0-15 (ii) We first courte P(X > 8) and then pe that value and our answer in (i) from 1 (the total probability), P(X > 8) = fo f(a) de = $(2)(0.1) = w = 0.10. So P(3 < X <8) =1~0.15 — 0.10 = 0.75. (c) We find equations of the lines from (0,0) to OG a and from (6, 0.2) to (10,0), and find that 1. So f(z) is a probability density ae if0<2<6 herd if6 —m/S=in} > m= —SIn} = 51n2= 3.47 min Cyo- SECTION85 PROBABLY C703 0 ift 800) = J sy [ertison]e =O tet 0.440 (©) We need to find m so that f° f(t) dt= 4 = Jim fz igen de = 8 Jim [-e#]" = 2 OFemO 22 > —m/100=m} > m= 1000 In 2 ~ 693.1 h. 1000In 2 8 We use an exponential density function with j= 2.5 min. (a) P(X > 4) = [2° (at = im, fF ge"? dt = tim, [-e/?] + e475 ~ 0,200 () POS X <2) = f2 sat = [et i = e541 0,551 (©) We need to find a value a so that P(X > a) = 0.02, or, equivalently, P(O 6 feet) = P(X > 72 inches) POSX<72)x1 ‘male population is more than 6 feet tal. 0.858 = 0.142, so 14.2% of the adult = 94)? 1 Poe) = ["- eae on(- S32) cde. To avoid the improper integral we approximate it by the integral from 10 to 100. Thus, P(X’ > 10) = pr a o0(-S=22") der = 0.443 (using a calculator ~ no 4.22 24.2 ‘F computer to estimate the integral), so about 44 percent of the households throw out atleast 10 Ib of paper a week: ‘Note: We can't evaluate 1 ~ P(0 < X < 10) for this problem since a significant amount of area lies to the left of X=0. 304 500)? 12. (a) PO < X < 480) = exp(—Z— S00" ) cr ~ 0.0478 (using a calculator or computer to (a) P(O<.X < 480) [ aaa o( aa Jae 0.0478 (using a calculator or computer t estimate the integral), so there is about a 4.78% chance that a particular box contains less than 480 g of cereal (©) We need to find 4 so that P(0 < X < 500) = 0.05. Using our calculator or computer to find P(0 < X < 500) for various values of . we find that if = 519.73, P = 0.05007: and if = 519.74, P = 0.04008. So a good target weight is atleast 519.74 g, [ Aageo(-Sgp) ae stag 13. P(w— 20 < X < p+ % ents esate) PO ager (- Se ives us 7 dt m2 0.9545 2 ap Lp Lage oe val, 704 O CHAPTERS FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION if2<0 0 14, Let f(a) = {.. ita 9 WEEE = He: By using parts, tables, or a CAS, we find that (I): f ze™ dx = (e'/b?) (ba — 1) (2): fate de = (€/63) (Wx? — 26x + 2) Now [la — w)? fw) de = f°. (a — w)? F(a) de + fo°(w — uw)? f(x) de + Jim ¢ [gle ~ Pen de = lim, fi (e~® — 2rpe™“* + wen) de [Next we use (2) and (1) with 6 = eto get oem | 2 =efo-(-2 42.4 o-(-3+2-2 12e-P/00 > 0 for r > 0. Next, 4 15. (a) First p(r) = 3 a [lous [deerme are & am [retina By using pars, tables, ora CAS [or as in Exercise 14] , we ind that x2 de = (eh*/08) (02? — 2bx +2). (*) Next, we use (+) (with b = —2/ao) and I'Hospital’s Rule to get condition for a function to be a probability density function. "1 I 4 =4 tim — = 2 tim (6) Using I Hospital's Rule, 5 Jim, Sar7ag ~ ag wih BJaq)er 0 ~ af rtm (Bane 70 — ‘To find the maximum of p. we differentiate: ren= Alpern(-2) +eemen] 4 misogan(-Z +1) pir) 0 # r=Oorl=2 4 r= a0 [ay ~5.59 x 10-1 m}. pr) changes from positive to a negative at r= ao, so p(r) has its maximum value at r = ao. (c) Itis fairly difficult to find a viewing rectangle, but knowing the 10? ‘maximum value from part (b) helps. pln) coger = Ao? nosomaro With a maximum of nearly 10 billion and a total area under the curve of 1, we know that the “hump” in the graph must be extremely narrow. i 40 CHAPTERS fEVIEW © 705 = [A gtentelo0 ao) = [4 s%e-2/°0 de, Using («) from par (@) Pm = [ qrends = Pldao) f ge (with —2/aa), A ferPlto (a 4, IM 4 (a8) 2-10 Plt) = 5 [S75 (49 +dova)] - 5 (8) ie e+19+2) ~ 12) }(82e~* — 2) = 4le~* = 0.986 (©) = J ror) dr = him ff r%e-/20 dr. Integrating by pars three times or using a CAS, we find that co ag dim Jo be Svtels de = 5 (b2" — 3642? + be ~6). So with b = -2. we use I'Hospital’s Rule, and get 4a o]_a #= | -i6(—9)| = 320 8 Review CONCEPT CHECK 1. (@) The length of a curve is defined to be the limit of the lengths of the inscribed polygons, as described near Figure 3 in Section 8.1 (b) See Equation 8.1.2. (©) See Equation 8.1.4 2 (@) S= ff (e)y/1 + [f(@)P ae (b) Ifx = g(y).e Sy dy/de = 4(2?+4)7(22) = 1+ (2) ait [eer +ar7] = 1+ be%(a? +4) = ot ta? +1 = (}27+1)? i 3 Thus, b= J f(Ga8 +i) de = f (32 +1) de = [Jo +2]3 =F 2y=2in(sinjs) + ms cos| > 14 (#) =1+08G9) cse®(a). Ths, : . . mA \ b= [' fortsue= [ oetisée= [ celedae= [oeucean [,f = 2ftn|eseu — cotul]/2 = 2m Jose § — cot $| ~ Im ose $ ~ cot §] = 2fin|1 —0| ~In|2~ v3] ] = =2In(2— v3) = 2.63 at 1 4,1 3. @u= 76+ a9 = 6” * 27 1+ (dy/da)? =1+ (42 = 2 ‘Thus. L = f2 (428 +27) de (0) S = JP 2ne(}29 +278) de = 2x J? (dot +27) de = 2n[ Ho =25((- 4) = (1) 2B 41) 2B A@y=a? = 1¢(y)P=1+4r > S = orev ae de = ff SViidu (w= 1 +42") 2 = 14+(y)?=1 +42". So Sao LVEF EM de = 26 (2 ye VTF Wh du [w= 22] = § few VT Fd = [gua +20) (True — }in|u+ /jirel]) [u = tan 0 or use Formula 22] = ¥[i@vs- wn(2+ V8) 0] = [18 v5 mn(2 + V8)] y= CHAPTERS FEVEW 707 = dy/dz=—2ze™ = 1+ (dy/da)® = 1+ dae?” By Let f(x) = 1+ date, Then Lx [separ ~ se = 226 po) + 4705) +290) +4719) +2902) +4925) + 10) A = 3.292287 6S = fp 2nyds = ff 2ne-™* V1 + daPe-%" de. Let glx) = 2ne~** V+ 4ae-™, Then 5 f° oleydrm 5 = PMB gy + 405) + 21) + 4y(1.8) + 2012) + 49125) +03) += 6.648327 rua f Vviniae + dyfds=yVe—1 14 (dy/dz)* = 14 (vE-1) = vz 6 $(32~1) = 4 Thus, L = fj" Veda = f°" de = $24] 16 1 16 io as=/ dreds = 2x [ zs ae = an f 2° de = 2m se]; = Fon-)= h 1 h 9. As in Example 1 of Section 8.3, = 2a=2-aand 2 2 w=2AL5 +a) =3+2a=34+2—2=5—2. Thus, P= fo pon(5 — 2) dz = pg[$zx? — 2 62.5 = 458 Ib. WF = ff) 5(4—y)2(2, vy) dy = 48 fi (Ay? — 9) dy ant = 46/§u - 2y9"] = 46(84 — 4) ° 4 = 2565(4 ~ 2) = 26 2133.3 Ib [6 ~ 62.5 Ib/f) MW. A= ft, [(4-2°) ~(@+2)] de LP, @-2-22) de = [2x - 32? — 225]? =(2-3-3)-(-4-24 2 and =A S234 2°)? (4 2)"] de = 8 p(n ~ 92" ~ 40-412) de = be? ~ Be? — 202 + 122], = Bf -3-2412)-(-B + a4-s-29] = 8 708 CHAPTERS FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 12. From the symmetry of the region, A= Spt sineds 4 [S144 (1 = cos 2) de 14, Suppose first that the large rectangle were complete, so that its mass would be 6 - 3 8. Its centroid would (1, 2). The mass removed from this object to create the one being studied is 3. The ‘centroid of the cut-out piece 3 ). Therefore, forthe actual lamina, whose mass is 15, = 35 (1 ) ~ 3(3) = Seandy = 8. since the lamina is symmetric about the line y = $ ‘Thus, the centroid is (€.3) = (5: 3): “The centroid of tis crcl, (1,0), travels a distance 2(1) when the lamina is rotated about the y-axis. The area of te circle is n(1)2. So by the Theorem of Pappus, V = A(2n) = m(1)?2n(1) = 2x. 16. The semicircular region has an area of }nr?, and sweeps outa sphere of radius r when rotated about the z-axis, because of symmetry about the line = 0. And by the Theorem of Pappus, V = A(2ry) => grr =} 4m 2¢anq) + J = gr. Thus, the centroid is (Z,9) = (37) 12. 2=100 = P= 2000 ~ 0.1(100) ~ 0.01(100)? = 1890 Consumer surplus = [2°°{p(2) ~ P] de = Jo°" (2000 — 0.12 — 0.012? ~ 1890) dx = [itoe — 0.0527 — 99429]! = 11, 000 — 500 ~ 10982 ~ $7166.67 18, [2 oft) dt ~ Sia = AEP{N(0) + 4(1.9) + 208.8) + 405-1) + 207-8) ) + (7.1) + 206.8) 4£.4(4.7) + 2(3.3) +4(2.1) +21) + 4(0.5) + 100)] 2 (127.8) = 85.2 mg-s/L ‘Therefore, F = A/85.2 = 6/85.2 * 0.0704 L/s or 4.225 L/min CHAPTERS REVIEW C709 _ fasin(2) ito10 (2) f(e) 2 0 for all real numbers 2 and So La) de = f° % sin( 2) dx = }(—cosm +cos0) = Therefore, f is a probability density function. (b) P(X <4) Sooo Sa) de = fo $ sin 52) de = x 03 © n= JX, efle)de = fy Ga = SoH BuGinw (2) du fu = Se du= $e] = $f wsinudu® £(sinu—weosuly = §[0- (1) =5 oN This answer is expected because the graph of f is symmetric about the line x = 5, a0 ~ (x ~ 268) . P(250 < X < 280) = E268") ae = 0.673. Thus, i 20, P(250 < X < 280) f ‘oi o( 3 ) de ~ 0.673. Thus, the percentage of pregnancies that last between 250 and 280 days is about 67.3%. 0 ift Vrews itso * =e 410.3197 ©) P(X > 10) = fy $e" dt = im [-€ 8 su 78 en W*) 04 6-9/4 0.2865 (©) We need to find m such that P(X > m)=3 > fh “W8dt=2 > lim [re] lim (—e* pe-m/8) = op emia = -m/s=in} = m= —8in} = 8in2~ 5.55 minutes, O PROBLEMS PLUS Varty?<4y @ 2? +(y—2)? < 4,50 Sis part of acircle, as shown in the diagram. The area of S is 1 [252 VAU= HF + 2008-*(234)] 4 V3 + 2eos-*(4) — 2008-1 “Gi +2(5) -20) = 0 so the area is Another method (without calculus): Note that @ = ZCAB = (area of sector AB) — (area of ABC) = 2 y= 4Ve%—aF = The loop of the curve is symmetric about y = 0, and therefore j = 0. At each point where 0 < x < 1, the lamina has a vertical length of 23 — 2¥ — (~Vz3 —a*) = 2 23 — =F. Therefore, See VBA Fae _ eve te integrals separately fo2ve—aide ~ fe [Vee Sie Vw de = fi aT de 2 Tap [sind = Vz, costa = Jf? 28in® 800s 6/1 sin? dd LON in? Gens 6/1 — sin? rind dao ae = Jy" 2sin® Ocos* dB = f."/ 2[} (1 ~ cos 26)]* 4(1 + cos 20)d0 = JE? $1 ~ 20828 + 2cos* 20 — cost 26) dé = Jo? 31 ~ 200820 + 2c0s 20(1 — sin? 26) ~ 3 (1 + cos 46)" do = 30 — 3 sin? 20]5”° — 2 (57? (14 200840 + cos? 40) do =H - lO + psn 4g]? — 2 7 (1 + 00580) a0 = SF ~ & [0+ J singa]7/? = oe So Vw de = fo VT de [g'"? 2sin* 0 cos6 VT — sin? 0 do [sin@ = Vz) [z/? 2sin* 6 cos? 948 = 7/2 1 ~ c0s 26)? (1+ cos 28) do = Je? £1 — cos 20 — cos? 20 + cos* 28) do = Jo? 31 ~ 00820 ~ 41 + 00s 40) + 00826(1 ~ sin? 20)) 40 2 ~ $singo sin’ 26)” erefore, z= SA/128 Therefore, = STE = 5. and (9) = £0) m ne 3. CHAPTERS PROBLEMS PLUS (a) The two spherical zones, whose surface areas we will call Sy » and S», are generated by rotation about the y-axis of circular ares, as indicated in the figure. The ares are the upper and lower portions of the circle 2? + y* = r? that are obtained when the circle is cut with the line y = d. The portion of the upper are inthe frst quadrant is sufficient to generate the upper spherical zone, That portion of the arc can be described by the relation 2 = P=? ford < y y+ (@) y= J" 2erdy = 2er(ve —m) “Tis equals the aleral area ofa cylinder of radius r and yaar height h, since such a cylinder is obtained by rotating the line 2x =r about the y-axis, so the surface area of the cylinder between the planes y = yn and y = yo is ” my” = ar — = Qnr V14+ 0 dy a= [> 14 (2) av= [Pann vir ay 2nr(ya — ys) = 2arh }-—=—+4 CPE = array CHAPTERS PROBLEMSPLUS C713 (@) h = 2rsin 23.45° ~ 3152 mi, so the surface area of the » ‘Torrid Zone is 2nrh ~ 2n(3960)(3152) ~ 7.84 x 107 mi? 23.45° 4. (a) Since the right triangles OAT and OTB are similar, we have rtH or . UP ra r+H S = JJ Qa y/1 + (der/dy) dy. From 2? + y? pas dy ‘The surface area visible from B is 2 we get 244) = Lea 2 oye (4) =F) = way 0 > dz\? _ a 4y? _ r? wis (2) = 2 Fa aa) dye S= [ae Fy = 2nr(r— a) = ne a the total illuminated area A on the two spheres is [with r + H = 2. (b) Assume R > r, Ifa light is placed at point L. at a distance «from [2 the center of te spre of ae thn rm prt () Wein SOS B andr + H = d— al. — Alo) = arte te Bri(d-2 -R) 2 -R are Y-0) > eee Now A@)= (5 - 2? are have a local maximum at ¢ = However, 2° may not be an allowable value of —we must show that 2" is between r and d — R. . d 2 2r & Topp 2r & dartR Vi 714 CHAPTERS PROBLEMS PLUS . d R\s? RV? (2) 2” gaa + R= R4rVF/R bw R+ryr/R< R+ rand since d > r+ R [given], we conclude that x” A(d-R) = Rad—rd> Rr? & d(R-r)(R+r)>(R-r(R+ Prt) & d>(R4+Rrtr)/(R+r) & d>((R+r)—Rr//(R+r) & d> R+r—Rr/(R+7). Now R4r—Rr/(R-+r) < B+, and we know that d > R +r, so we conclude that A(r) > A(d — R). In conclusion, A has an absolute maximum at x = 2” provided d > r + Ry/R/r: otherwise. A has its maximum at 2 =r. 5. (a) Choose a vertical x-axis pointing downward with its origin atthe surface. In order to caleulate the pressure at depth =, consider n subintervals ofthe interval [0, 2] by points 2, and choose a point 2 € [z.—1, 2%] for each i “The thin layer of water lying between depth zr, and depth zx, has a density of approximately (2), so the weight of a piece of that layer with unit cross-sectional area is p(?)g Ac. The total weight of a column of ‘water extending from the surface to depth 2 (with unit cross-sectional area) would be approximately (2)g Az. The estimate becomes exact if we take the limit as n —+ o0; weight (or foree) per unit area at depth 2 is W = tim, 3S plet)g Ax. In other words, P(z) = Je p(z)adz. More generally, if we make no we = assumptions about the location of the origin, then P(2) = Po + fo e(a)g de. where Po is the pressure at x = 0. Differentiating, we get dP/dz = pl2)a (b) Fa Jl, P(b+a)-2Vr =a de =f". (Po+ Jo poe!" ade) ava we de I = PJ, 2vr— a de + pog Ht i Conall - 1) arta de = (Po — pogH)[",.2.vr? = a dx + pogll [7b H 2rd = (Po — pag) nr?) + pogHel!™ f°, e882 VFF HF der CHAPTERS PROBLEMSPLUS 715 3 The problem can be reduced to finding the line which minimizes the y 1 shaded atea in the diagram. The equation of the circle in the first quadrant is y = VI—@, so if the equation of the line is y = h, then the cirele and the Tine intersect where h = VI=a? => «= V/I—R?. So the shaded area is [Rte foal Vi-#) de Stay lye [Vin B ane [vee “nVI=R naan [OO OE aaa [OO YBa =n avai) [Oia [OP az Note that at (*), we reversed the limits of integration and changed the sign in the last integral, We are interested in the minimum of Alt) = h(L = 2V TAP) + JM VT aR dn + LV” VT ae, s0 we find dA/dh using FTCI and the Chain Rule: [an? + VE= WF — 21 a) + 2h “Fae = FoelVIwB -20-0)] ‘This is O when VI—TE— 2(1—A#) =0 4 u—2u? =0 (whereu= VI=M) ¢ usoord o 2 iam 1or *. By the First Derivative Test. h = “1 represents a minimum for A(h), since A'(h) =1— 20¢8 from negative to positive at h = Another method: Use FTC2 to evaluate all ofthe integrals before differentiating, Note: Another strategy is to use the angle 6 as the variable (see diagram above) and show that A=0 + cos ~ § — } sin 20, which is minimized when @ = = 76 CO CHAPTERS PROBLEMS PLUS 7. To find the height of the pyramid, we use similar triangles. The first figure shows a cross-section of the pyramid passing through the top and through two opposite corners of the square base. Now |BD| = b, since itis a radius of the sphere, which has diameter 2b since it is tangent to the opposite sides of the square base. Also, |AD| = since AADB is isosceles. So the height is |AB| = Vb? + = v2b, A, AN 71» We first observe thatthe shared volume is equal to half the volume of the sphere, minus the sum of the four equal Volumes (caps of the sphere) cut off by the triangular faces of the pyramid. See Exercise 6.2.49 for a derivation of the formula for the volume of a cap of a sphere. To use the formula, we need to find the perpendicular distance h of cach triangular face from the surface of the sphere. We first find the distance d_ from the center of the sphere to one of the triangular faces. ‘The third figure shows a cross-section of the pyramid through the top and through the midpoints of opposite sides of the square base. From similar triangles we find that @_|ABL__v2b__ a- Y2e v8 b AC] 2 + (v30)* ge 8 Soh=b-d= iy = 2= 4b, So, using the formula V = h?(r ~ h/3) from Exercise 6.2. 49 with r =b, we find that the volume of each of the caps is =( 25/88)" (6 —25-¥80) = mE Lai = (8 — JVB), So usng ors oberon. he Vi 2) x0? shared volume is V = }(4nb*) ~4(2 - Ev6)xb* 8. Orient the positive «axis as in the figure. CHAPTER® PROBLEMS PLUS 717 Suppose that the plate has height hand is symmetric about the z-axis, At depth « below the water (2 0, y that the disk’s boundary is the circle x? + y? = 1, and that the center ‘of mass of the smaller piece (tothe right of « = b) is (2,0). We wish to find 6 to wo decimal places. We have 1_g_ Six 2vinwde 28 faVvi=wde Evaluating the numerator gives us (a Formula 30 in the table of integrals, we find that the denominator is fevI=aF + sina]! = = fe = 2)?(~22) dr = P7] = —3[0~ (1—0')°] = 301-89) ng ~ (bVT=BF + sin™"0). Thus, we have 1 2a—oye po8=5 SS Saigo esuivaenay,$(1 = ~ $oVT=BF ~ 3 sin-1b. Solving this ‘auation numerically with a calculator or CAS, we obtain b = 0.138173, or b — 0.14 m to two decimal places 10.4, =30 = $0h=30 > vh=60. = af af(a)de =6 > fs o(fe+10- A)aes ["» 2(10) de = 6(70) => oh 2 10 . f (te +105 te) de 10-32") = 400 [ge +m] +5(100 ~ 8) = 490 718 CHAPTERS PROBLEMS PLUS nb? + 50? — Shb? + 500-567 = 420 = 80=3hb? = 480=(hb)b = 480=60) + b=8, Soh = $9 = 38 and an equation ofthe line is y = 2? + (10 - 3) = 5245. Now 228.59 4 7g? feat + 7 = dh [fe (Bie? + Bet 2) de + 100(10 -8)] = qh (150 + 150 +50 +200) = $83 = $$ Another solution: [Assume thatthe right triangle cut from the square has legs a em and , ‘bem long as shown, The triangle has area 30 cm?, so }ab = 30 and ab = 60, We place the square in the first quadrant of the y-plane as | shown, and we let T, R, and S denote the triangle, the remaining portion of the square, and the full square. respectively. By symmetry. Tam * the centroid of $ is (5,5). By Exercise 8.3.37. the centroid of T by _@ is (2,10-$ . G 3) ‘We are given thatthe centroid of Ris (6, ¢), where cis to be determined. We take the density of the square (0 be 1, so that areas can be used as masses. Then has mass ra = 30, has mass ms = 100, and F has mass mp = ms ~ my = 70. Asin Exercises 38 and 39 of Section 8.3, we view S as consisting of a mass mz atthe centroid (Zr, Fp) of T and a mass R atthe centroid (Ex, Fp) of R. Then Zs = —T and = Tr + MAT yang, 5 = 2OC/D+ ME) gyg 5 = 2000— 0/8) + THe Us ng +m 100 100 CHAPTERS PROBLEMS PLUS C719 Solving the first equation for b, we get 6 = 8 em. Since ab 60 cm?, it follows that a = 8 = 7.5 em. Now the second, equation says that 70c = 200 + 10a, so Te = 20 +a = % and {9285714 cm. The solution is depicted in the figure. M1. If h = L, then areaundery = Lsind ff Lsinddd _ [cond _ 2 area of rectangle aL 7 7 fh = L/2, then p= Metundery = pLsind ff }Lsinddd _[-cosélg 2 _ 1 aesofrectangle mL Oe Oe 12, (a) The total set of possibilities can be identified with the rectangular region R = {(0,y) | 0 L, the needle intersects at least one line if and only if y < hsin 8. Let B= {(8.y) |O L. Thus, the probability that the needle intersects a line becomes: area RN) __ area(s) area() #L When h > L, the curve y = hsind intersects the line y = twice —at (sin“"(L/h) , L) and at (x — sin“*(L/h) ,L). Set 1 = sin™' (L/h) and 62 = x — 6. Then area(s) = fy" hsinOdo + fy? Ldd + [X hsind dd =2 fp" hsin 80 + L(02 ~ 01) = 2h[~cos6]®? + L(x ~ 26) = 2h(1 — cos x) + L(r ~ 261) ? r =2n(1- YBa x ~ 2sin-* (Z d =2n( jee) 2. (A) a) a =2h—2 WRT + wt 2bsin(F) We are told that L = 4 and h = 7, so area(R Mi) 4 — 2,38 + dre — Bsin™"(4) ~ 10.21128 and a0 CHAPTERS: PROBLEMS PLUS P = darea(RM Ba) ~ 0.812588. (By comparison, P = 2 = 0.636620 when h = Las shown in the solution to Problem 11.) (©) The needle intersects atleast two lines when y +L < hsind: y that is, when y < hin ~ L, Set 4 Ro = {(0,y) |0

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