Isa 5.1 Adicional 2012

TECHNICAL REPORT
ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012
Functional Diagram Usage
Approved 10 August 2012
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ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012
Functional Diagram Usage
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ISBN: 978-1-937560-06-5
Copyright © 2012 by ISA. All rights reserved. Not for resale. Printed in the United States of
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Copyright 2012 ISA. All rights reserved.

-3- ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012
Preface
This preface, as well as all footnotes and annexes, is included for information purposes and is
not part of ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012.
This document has been prepared as part of the service of ISA toward a goal of uniformity in
the field of instrumentation. To be of real value, this document should not be static but should
be subject to periodic review. Toward this end, the Society welcomes all comments and
criticisms and asks that they be addressed to the Secretary, Standards and Practices Board;
ISA; 67 Alexander Drive; P. O. Box 12277; Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; Telephone
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The ISA Standards and Practices Department is aware of the growing need for attention to the
metric system of units in general, and the International System of Units (S I) in particular, in
the preparation of instrumentation standards . The Department is further aware of the benefits
to USA users of ISA standards of incorporating suitable references to the SI (and the metric
system) in their business and professional dealings with other countries. Toward this end, this
Department will endeavor to introduce SI-acceptable metric units in all new and revised
standards, recommended practices, and technical reports to the greatest extent possible .
Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System ,
published by the American Society for Testing & Materials as IEEE/ASTM SI 10-10, and future
revisions, will be the reference guide for definitions, symbols, abbreviations, and conversion
factors.
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ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012 -4-
CONDITIONS. THE USER OF THIS DOCUMENT MUST EXERCISE SOUND PROFESSIONAL

JUDGMENT CONCERNING ITS USE AND APPLICABILITY UNDER THE USER’S PARTICULAR
CIRCUMSTANCES. THE USER MUST ALSO CONSIDER THE APPLICABILITY OF ANY
GOVERNMENTAL REGULATORY LIMITATIONS AND ESTABLISHED SAFETY AND HEALTH
PRACTICES BEFORE IMPLEMENTING THIS STANDARD.
The following members of ISA-TR77.40 WG1 developed this document in 2011:
NAME COMPANY
D. Lee, Chairman ABB
D. Andrasik GenOn Energy, Inc.
C. Carter Lee College
G. Cohee Applied Control Systems
A. Davison Fluor Daniel Canada Ltd.
O. Fasasi Shell P & T Dev Co Ltd.
M. Graube Relcom Inc.
R. Marshall Sega Inc.
N. Pandey Technisource
M. Pandya Southern Company Services Inc.
D. Roney Washington Group
K. Sefton Qatar Petroleum
R. Swart NEM BV
D. Turner FFEUC Aust. Inc.
I. Verhappen Industrial Automation Networks, Inc.
V. Yi PDVSA
A. Zadiraka Babcock & Wilcox
The following members of ISA77 approved this document for publication in 2011:
NAME COMPANY
G. McFarland, Managing Director Emerson Process Management
L. Altcheh Israel Electric Corp.
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J. Batug PPL Generation LLC
G. Cohee Applied Control Systems
D. Crow Invensys Foxboro
M. Cushing Siemens Process Instrumentation
R. Eng Hitachi Power Systems America
A. Erickson Bibb & Associates
A. Gavrilos ABB Inc.
J. Gilman JFG Technology Transfer LLC
W. Hocking Invensys Process Systems*
R. Hubby Robert N. Hubby Consulting
H. Johansen Bechtel Power Corp.
R. Johnson IC Engineering
D. Lee ABB Inc.
X. Lou Alstom Power
J. Olson Tennessee Valley Authority
M. Pandya Southern Company Services Inc.
D. Roney URS Corporation
W. Shin BC Hydro
M. Skoncey First Energy Generation Corp.
L. Somak SRP
T. Stevenson Constellation Energy
C. Taft Taft Engineering Inc.
P. Toigo Burns & McDonnell
J. Vavrek Sargent & Lundy LLC
A. Zadiraka Consultant

-5- ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012
The following members of ISA5 approved this document for publication in 2011:
NAME COMPANY
I. Verhappen, Managing Director Industrial Automation Networks, Inc.
J. Federlein Federlein & Associates Inc.
D. Frey Reliatech Inc.
A. Habib Custom Automation
T. McAvinew Instrumentation & Control Engineering LLC
G. Ramachandran Systems Research International Inc.
This standard was approved for publication by the ISA Standards and Practices Board
on 10 August 2012.
NAME COMPANY
D. Dunn, Vice President Aramco Services Co.
E. Cosman, Vice President-Elect The Dow Chemical Co.
D. Bartusiak ExxonMobil Chemical Company
P. Brett Honeywell Inc.
J. Campbell Consultant
M. Coppler Det Norske Veritas Certification Inc..
B. Dumortier Schneider Electric
J. Federlein Federlein & Assoc. Inc.
J. Gilsinn U.S. NIST
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E. Icayan ACES Inc.
J. Jamison EnCana Corporation Ltd.
K. Lindner Endress+Hauser Process Solutions AG
V. Maggioli Feltronics Corp.
T. McAvinew Instrumentation & Control Engineering LLC
R. Reimer Rockwell Automation
S. Russell Valero Energy Corp.
N. Sands DuPont
H. Sasajima Azbil Corp.
T. Schnaare Rosemount Inc.
J. Tatera Tatera & Associates Inc.
I. Verhappen Industrial Automation Networks, Inc.
W. Weidman WCW Consulting
J. Weiss Applied Control Solutions LLC
M. Wilkins Yokogawa IA Global Marketing USMK
D. Zetterberg Chevron Energy Technology Company

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Table of Contents
1 Scope ............................................................................................................................. 11
2 Purpose .......................................................................................................................... 11
3 Definitions ...................................................................................................................... 11
4 Abbreviations (Acronyms) ............................................................................................... 12
5 Preparation of functional diagrams ................................................................................. 13
5.1
Basic symbols ....................................................................................................... 13
5.2
Advanced symbols ................................................................................................ 13
5.2.1 Combination of symbols ............................................................................ 14
5.2.2 Multiple functions ...................................................................................... 15
5.2.3 New algorithms .......................................................................................... 15
5.3 Diagram format ..................................................................................................... 18
5.3.1 Diagram organization ................................................................................ 18
5.3.2 Diagram interconnection ............................................................................ 18
5.3.3 Diagram layout .......................................................................................... 20
5.4 Symbol use case examples ................................................................................... 21
5.4.1 Single loop ................................................................................................ 23
5.4.2 Two-element loop ...................................................................................... 23
5.4.3 Cascade loop ............................................................................................ 25
5.4.4 Advanced controller with multivariable control ........................................... 26
5.4.5 Motor-operated valve logic ........................................................................ 30
5.4.6 Motor breaker logic .................................................................................... 31
Annex A - Functional diagram historical usage ...................................................................... 33
Annex B - References ........................................................................................................... 35
B.1 ISA references ................................................................................................ 35
B.2 ISO references ................................................................................................ 35
B.3 Symbol tables ................................................................................................. 35
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Foreword
Functional diagrams were first employed when discrete a nd electric analog control systems
were designed. Associations and professional societies, such as Scientific Apparatus Makers
Association (SAMA), ISA, and ISO, provided guidelines as to industry use of functional
diagrams. SAMA has ceased to exist, but its popular standard, PMC 22.1-1981, Functional
Diagramming of Instrument and Control Systems , is currently available through The
Measurement, Control and Automation Association as well as ISA. Current ISA standards
available for industry use include ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009, Instrument Symbols and Identification,
and ISA-5.2-1976 (R1992), Binary Logic Diagrams for Process Operations . Symbols from
SAMA PMC 22.1-1981, Functional Diagramming of Instrument and Control Systems , have
been incorporated into ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009. The work within this technical report maintains
historical practices of the previous and current documents and expands on new algorithms
and practices.
Abstract
This technical report is an extension of ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009. The intent of this report is to
provide further information and practical examples on the usage of functional diagrams for
documenting application software. It is hoped that this report will be a handy reference to
design engineers who are directly involved in the generation or revie w of functional diagrams.
Key words
functional diagram, function block symbols, application software, control algorithm, cascade
controller, multiple input multiple output controller, symbol legend, PID controller
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1 Scope
The scope of this technical report is to expand on and illustrate usage of functi on block
symbols and functions and to prepare examples in development of complex function block
symbols and functions.
2 Purpose
The purpose of this technical report is to provide advice and guidance in documenting
application software through functional diagrams.
3 Definitions
3.1 alarm:
an audible and/or visible means of indicating to the operator an equipment malfunction,
process deviation, or abnormal condition requiring a response [ANSI/ISA-18.2-2009]
3.2 application software:

software specific to a user application that is configurable and in general contains logic
sequences, permissive and limit expressions, control algorithms , and other codes required to
control the appropriate input, output, calculations, and decisions
3.3 binary:
a term applied to a signal or device that has only two discrete positions or states. When us ed
in its simplest form, as in binary signal (as opposed to analog signal), the term denotes an on-
off or high-low state, i.e., one which does not represent continuously varying quantities.
3.4 controller:
a device having an output that varies to regulate a controlled variable in a specified manner. A
controller may be a self-contained analog or digital instrument, or it may be the equivalent of
such an instrument in a shared control system. An automatic controller varies its output
automatically in response to a direct or indirect input of a measured process variable. A
manual controller is a manual loading station, and its output is not dependent on a measured
process variable but can be varied only by manual adjustment. A controller may be integral
with other functional elements of a control loop.
3.5 control station:

a manual loading station that provides control-loop switching between manual and automatic
control mode. It is also known as an auto-manual station. In addition, the operator interface of
a distributed control system may be regarded as a control station.
3.6 converter:
a device that receives instrument signal information in one form and transmits an output
signal in another form. An instrument that changes a sensor's output to a standard signal is
properly designated as a transmitter, not a converter. Typi cally, a temperature element (TE)
may connect to a transmitter (TT), not to a converter (TY).
3.7 digital:
a term applied to a signal or device that uses binary digits to represent continuous values or
discrete states
3.8 distributed control system:

a system that, while being functionally integrated, consists of subsystems that may be
physically separate and remotely located from one another
3.9 function:
the purpose of or an action performed by a device

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3.10 functional diagram:

the practice of diagramming application software in its basic functional form, exclusive of its
operating media or specific equipment detail
3.11 legend sheet:

a sheet of the individual symbols and identification with explanation
3.12 logic signal:

representation of information by a set of discrete values in accordance with a prescribe d law.
These values are represented by numbers. [ISA-51.1-1979 (R1993)]
3.13 logic system:

decision-making and translation elements of a control system ; provides outputs in response to
external inputs and internal logic (NFPA 85: Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code,
2011 Edition)
3.14 macro:
a set of functions combined as a specific program to be run as a single task. The task is a
subset of the controller’s program but executes repeatedly for similar devices or applications
with unique inputs and outputs.
3.15 measurement:
the determination of the existence or the magnitude of a variable [ISA-51.1-1979 (R1993)]
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3.16 multiple input multiple output:
an algorithm/program, such as model predictive control, neural net, expert system, etc. , that
computes one or more output demands, biases, or setpoints based on multiple inputs
3.17 process:
any operation or sequence of operations involving a change of energy, state, composition,
dimension, or other properties that may be defined with respect to a datum [ISA-51.1-1979
(R1993)]
3.18 process measurement:

the acquisition of information that establishes the magnitude of process qualities. [ISA-51.1-
1979 (R1993)]
3.19 process variable:

any variable property of a process; used in this standard to apply to all variables other than
instrument signals [ISA-51.1-1979 (R1993)]
3.20 program:
a repeatable sequence of actions that defines the status of outputs as a fixed
relationship to a set of inputs
3.21 setpoint:
an input variable that sets the desired value of the controlled variable ; may be manually set,
automatically set, or programmed. Its value is expressed in the same units as the controlled
variable.
4 Abbreviations (Acronyms)
HMI – human machine interface
I/O – input/output
MIMO – multiple input multiple output
MOV – motor operated valve
PID - proportional integral derivative

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5 Preparation of functional diagrams

This report is concerned with the functional diagrams normally prepared in the early stages of
system conception from the mechanical or process flow sheet. Functional diagrams normally
are revised and kept current over the complete system life cycle as system design progresses
through the various stages of negotiations, quotation, contract award, reduction to final
equipment, system checkout, installation, and ongoing system enhancements. They are also
included as part of the system instructions.
The functional diagrams define functions of a control configuration that are independent of the
hardware and firmware of the control system used for process automation. Functional
diagrams are a method to document application software and transfer information for
implementation into the selected control system.
A functional diagram may be more or less detailed, depending on its intended use. The
amount of detail in a logic diagram depends on the degree of refinement of the logic and on
whether auxiliary, essentially non-logic, information is included. Simplified diagrams can be
drawn by omitting details that may be obvious.
This report is intended to provide sufficient information to enable anyone with a reasonable
amount of process and instrumentation knowledge, who is reviewing documents depicting
process measurement and control, to understand the means of measurement and control of
the process.
This report is suitable for use whenever reference to measurement and/or control
instrumentation, control devices and/or functions, or software applications and/or functions is
required for the purposes of symbolizing and identification.
5.1 Basic symbols

A logic symbol comprises an outline or a combination of outlines together with one or more
qualifying identifications and/or qualifying texts. Basic and complex logic symbols with
minimum inputs need not specify input names. Logic symbols with multiple inputs can have
input name identifiers to specify the signal functions within the algorithm. New function or
algorithm symbols should represent an encapsulated software component (i.e., function block)
that exists within a system’s library.
5.2 Advanced symbols

With the introduction of microprocessor-based systems, suppliers have developed advanced
algorithms that are not represented by previous PMC 22.1, the German Institute for
Standardization (DIN), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), or ISA-5.1
standards. While following the intent of these standards, suppliers either create a new symbol
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or group existing symbols to represent the new algorithm. The problem occurs in
understanding what function that symbol really represents and the symbol’s boundaries. Thus,
advanced symbols depict new control algorithm s via a combination of existing symbols, new
control algorithms with multiple functions, and new control algorithm s previously unavailable
with electric analog systems.

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5.2.1 Combination of symbols

A control algorithm containing multiple
mathematical functions may be
represented by combining multiple
symbols within one block, as shown in
Figure 5.2.1.a (PID controller), or by P I D
having the blocks physically touching ><
each other along the longer dimension
of the block, as shown in Figure
PID controller Mathematical function
5.2.1.b (Mathematical function). The
Figure 5.2.1.a Figure 5.2.1.b
combination of mathematical symbols
should only be used where there is no possibility of misunderstanding the function being
represented.
Combining symbols is often necessary to conserve space on a diagram. With the exception of
arithmetic blocks, only single-input, single-output blocks should be combined with each other,
and the inputs to the difference and summing blocks must always be shown as separate
inputs and not as a combination with any other symbol or block. These combination symbols
clearly explain the intended control algorithm.
If a simplified combination of symbols is used to represent a complex control algorithm, the

chosen simplified combination of symbols must represent one and only one control algorithm.
In no case should the combination of symbols or blocks be used as a means of representing a
specific supplier’s implementation of an algorithm or controller . Either the supplier’s
implementation should be fully detailed in the le gend sheet in which it is used, or combined
symbols should be shown as a new algorithm block , as defined in 5.2.3. For example, Figure
5.2.1.c includes a PID combination symbol. This symbol could represent control algorithm “b”
or control algorithm “a.” If the PID combination symbol represents control algorithm “a”, a
legend sheet should be provided to clearly describe the symbol’s function.
D
D D
P I P I
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P I
PID combination
symbol
Control algorithm a Control algorithm b

Figure 5.2.1.c

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5.2.2 Multiple functions

Functional diagrams illustrate a control strategy by interconnecting symbols that depict a
specific control algorithm. With advances in technology, control algorithms have expanded to
include multiple functions that can be enabled or disabled or that can be set to a defa ult
condition by the designer. As such, a symbol should show the basic functionality of the control
algorithm to explain the control strategy. The designer need not provide a symbol for each
function within the control algorithm. Rather, the designer needs only to provide the necessary
information to explain the control strategy design. The necessary information can be
additional text near the symbols or a suffix or prefix notation in the symbols or external to the
symbols. In cases where control algorithms have multiple functions, a supplemental write-up
should be provided to further explain the multiple functions or complex functions of the control
algorithm.
For example, a controller algorithm can calculate results as a classical controller, non -
interacting controller, classical with external reset controller, or manual reset controller. The
controller’s behaviour also can be modified for saturation recovery limits, directional inhibit,
adaptive tuning, and self-tuning. Thus, while functional diagrams show the control strategy’s
intent, additional text or specialized symbols may be required to define th e desired operation
and behavior.
5.2.3 New algorithms

The early symbols used in functional diagrams depict the control algorithms that were
originally available to the industry. Today, advances in software techniques and network
communication have expanded the capability of control algorithms to perform enhanced
functions. Thus, new symbols are often required to illustrate this new capability on function al
diagrams. The new symbol should employ the conventional rectangular block symbol. The
block should include a text identifier or an icon identifier. The block should show nodes for all
inputs and outputs to the “overall” function being conveyed. The block may s how
interconnections to modes and the status of the functions being conveyed. The following are
examples of new algorithms available with today’s technology.
5.2.3.1 Advanced controller

Advanced controller symbol Definition
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Required “Normal for Control” function inputs The output provides a continuous
function based on measured input
variables. The general qualifying
… symbol (*) includes but is not
limited to the following
expressions;
On/Off, alignment, etc.
… ISC – Inferential Smith Controller
(*) Boolean & continuous FLC – FUZZY Logic Controller
Status, alignment, etc. IMC – Internal Model Controller
… MVC – Multivariable Controller
Boolean & continuous
MPC – Model Predictive Controller
NN – Neural Network
…
Required “Normal for Control" function outputs

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5.2.3.2 Discrete device driver

Discrete device station symbol Definition
Inputs
The output provides means of controlling field
devices or control schemes that have more than
.... one mode. The general mode (*) is user definable
State 1
and includes a minimum of two modes (e.g., two
State 2 Status button memory stations) and as many as N
(*) modes (multiple state stations).
State 3
State 4
State or truth table
....
Outputs
5.2.3.3 Status alarm

Status symbol Definition
The output provides means of reading a signal’s propagated status

* information. The general qualifying symbol (*) is user definable and
includes but is not limited to the following signal information:
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Quality Alarm
Sub-status Status
Limits Example: Alarm Status
5.2.3.4 Digital transfer

Digital Equation Graph/Example Definition
transfer
symbol
D = A for C = zero,
T-Dig or A The output equals the input
D = B for C = one B logic state, which has been
D selected by transfer. The
C state of the transfer is
State 1 State 2
established by an external
condition. True input can be
shown by signal convention
Signal A or by external indicator (e.g.,
T for true) as shown in the
example symbol.
Signal B T Signal D
T-Dig
Condition C

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5.2.3.5 Manual/Auto station variation

Function Symbols
Operator manual The output is an analog signal (setpoint or
A
signal bias) developed within the generator and
adjustable by the operator.
Manual/Auto station The output is the manual transfer to or from a
A T
manually adjusted signal (manual-automatic
control station).
Manual/Auto station The output is the manual transfer to or from a
A T A
w/ setpoint/bias manually adjusted signal with an operator-
adjustable setpoint or bias (manual-automatic
control station).
Cascade station T A T A The output is the manual transfer to or from a
manually adjusted signal with a manual
transfer of inner-loop setpoint between an
operator adjustable setpoint or automatic
outer-loop setpoint demand (cascade-
automatic control station).
5.2.3.6 Mathematical expressions

Mathematical Definition
symbol
The output provides the results of a mathematical expression. The
general qualifying text (*) includes but is not limited to the following
* expressions:
Interpolation nx
Logarithm
Polynomial Example of power symbol
Power
Trigonometric
5.2.3.7 Special filters

Filter symbol Definition
The output provides the results of the time function and input value.
The general qualifying symbol (*) includes but is not limited to the
* following special filters:
Lead/Lag (first-order lead and lag) LEAD
LAG
Delay (pure time delay)
MovAvg (moving average [sample]) Example of
TimeAvg (moving average [time]) Lead/Lag symbol

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5.2.3.8 Signal conditioning

Signal conditioning Definition
symbol
The output provides the results of the same composed point
calculation based on multiple input signals. The general qualifying
* symbol (*) includes but is not limited to the following signal
conditioning:
A/B/Avg Select (Transmitter A, B, or average selector)

Median Select (3 or more transmitter median selectors)
2oo3 Select (Minimum of 2 digital inputs agree)
<>
Example of Median Select
5.3 Diagram format

This section discusses several methods to prepare a functional diagram.
5.3.1 Diagram organization

A set of functional diagrams typically consists of multiple sheets: 1) title page, including the
name of the functional group, revision, status, and date of the doc ument; 2) table of contents,
indicating the names of the subsections, the revisions, dia gram numbers, and sheets; 3)
legend sheet(s); and 4) individual functional diagrams.
5.3.2 Diagram interconnection

5.3.2.1 Inputs and outputs may show connections to or from the actual process as well as
other diagrams within the same logic system or other logic systems.
5.3.2.2 Process measurements or interconnections from another logic system required on

another sheet should have single output interconnections with single/multiple
reference to other sheets.
5.3.2.3 Process measurements should be identified by their instrum ent tag name. Tag
descriptions, tag ranges, etc., may also be provided.
5.3.2.4 Process measurements and inputs from other logic systems should appear only on
one sheet of a diagram.
5.3.2.5 Signal lines between instruments and function symbols or between function
symbols shown on different diagrams should be drawn with an interconnecting
symbol (arrow, box, etc.). In cases of signals connected to more than one sheet,
the connection reference must identify all signal destinations by a method that
includes sheet reference and unique connection identification detail. Those signals
originating from another page are to reference the source sheet by a method that
includes the sheet reference and unique connection identification detail. The
methods may include symbols and/or text at the input/output connections
themselves, listing tables on the diagram itself, or listing tables on a separate
diagram that is used only for such listing tables . The interconnection symbols/tables
should indicate:

--```,,,``,,,````,`,`,,,```,

- 19 - ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012
a) Direction of signal flow, going to a symbol or coming from a symbol on another

diagram. Arrowheads depicting direction of signal flow are used for clarity in
diagram connections, including inputs and outputs.
b) A page identifier (e.g., diagram number, sheet number) should identify where
logic signals go to or come from. Grid zone location is optional.
c) An input signal description/statement should be stated in a noun -verb text. A

binary output signal description/statement should be stated in a verb -noun text.
The noun represents the function or device tag number or name. The verb
represents the signal’s function (i.e., status, override, command, etc.).
--```,,,``,,,````,`,`,,,```,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
d) Diagrams containing both continuous and binary signals sh ould be distinguished

with the continuously variable signal as a solid line and a bin ary (on-off) signal
as a dashed line. The binary signal lines may be a solid line if on a separate
binary logic diagram that does not contain continuously variable signal
representation or if on an inset detail diagram.
5.3.2.6 When the description for binary signal is true, the value of the binary signal is logic
one.
5.3.2.7 There may be misunderstanding of binary logic statement s involving devices or

functions that are not recognizable as inherently having only two specific alternative
states. For example, if it is stated that a valve is not closed, this could mean either
(a) that the valve is open fully or (b) the valve is simply not closed, namely, that the
valve may be in any position from almost closed to wide open. To aid accurate
communication between writer and reader of the diagrams, the diagrams should be
interpreted literally. Therefore, possibility (b) is the correct one.
If a valve is an open-closed valve, then, to avoid misunderstanding, it is necessary

to do one of the following:
a) Develop the diagram in such a way that it says exactly what is intended. If the
valve is intended to be open, then is should be so stated and not be stated as
being not closed.
b) Have a separate note specifying that the valve always assumes either the
closed or the open position.
By contrast, a device such as a motor-driven pump is either operating or stopped,

barring some special situations. To say that the pump is not operating usually
clearly denotes that it has stopped.
The following definitions apply to devices that have o pen, closed, or intermediate
positions. The positions stated are nominal to the extent that there are differential
gaps and dead-band in the instrument that senses the position of the device :
 open position: a position that is 100 percent open
 not-open position: a position that is less than 100 percent open. A device
that is not open may or may not be closed .
 closed position: a position that is zero percent open
 not-closed position: a position that is more than zero percent open. A device
that is not closed may or may not be open.

ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012 - 20 -
 intermediate position: a specified position that is neither fully open nor fully
closed
For a logic system having an input statement that is derived inferentially or

indirectly, a condition may arise that will lead to an erron eous conclusion. For
example, an assumption that flow exists because a pump motor is energized may
be false because of a closed valve, a broken shaft, or other mishap. Factual
statements, that is, statements based on positive measurements that a certain
condition specifically exists or does not exist, are generally more reliable.
5.3.2.8 A logic signal may correspond physically to either the existence or the non -
existence of an instrument signal, depending on the particular type of hardware
system and the circuit design philosophy selected. For example, a high-flow alarm
may be chosen to be actuated by an electric switch who se contacts open on high-
flow. On the other hand, the high-flow alarm may be designed to be actuated by an
electric switch whose contacts close on high flow. Thus, the high-flow conditions
may be represented physically by the absence of an electric signal or by the
presence of the electric signal. The technical report does not attempt to relate the
logic signal to an instrument signal of any spec ific kind.
5.3.3 Diagram layout

Functional diagrams may be prepared in either a horizontal or vertical layout.
5.3.3.1 Vertical diagrams

5.3.3.1.1 In the vertical format, the input signals are located at the top with the flow of the
diagram downward. The logic and mathematical functions are in the center area,
and the output signals (i.e., final control element, device command, logic signal)
are at the bottom. Main loops are indicated, as much as possible, in a straight
vertical line. In some cases, interconnections can run in o pposite directions, for
instance, in case of feedback signals. In general, the main signals enter the top of
the symbol enclosures (input) and exit at the bottom (output).
5.3.3.1.2 Auxiliary functions, such as manual operations, setpoint, biasing, etc., enter the
symbol enclosure at either side.
5.3.3.1.3 If desired, input signals for readout functions, or other auxiliary connections, can
be taken off horizontally from the point of measurement.
5.3.3.2 Horizontal diagrams

5.3.3.2.1 In the horizontal format, the input signals are located at the left with the flow of the
diagram to the right. The logic and mathematical functions are in the center area,
and the output signals (i.e., final control element, device commands, and logic
signals) are at the right. In some cases, interconnections can run in opposite
directions, for instance, in case of a binary output signal used for additional logic
operations.
5.3.3.2.2 In general, the main signals enter at the left of the symbols, or symbol enclosures
(input), and exit at the right (output). If necessary, au xiliary functions may enter the
symbol enclosure at the top or bottom.
5.3.3.2.3 If desired, input signals for readout functions, or other auxiliary connections, can
be taken off vertically from the point of measurement.
--```,,,``,,,````,`,`,,,```,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

- 21 - ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012
5.4 Symbol use-case examples

The following case examples illustrate function diagrams in ISA format. The intent is to
illustrate the similarities and differences between these formats for a given control strategy. In
addition to the tables in Annex B: Mathematical Symbols (Table B.3.1), Binary Symbols (Table
B.3.2), and Miscellaneous Symbols (Table B.3.3), the following symbols are used in the case
examples.
Symbol legend
Drawing interconnection
This symbol represents a page connector for an input or output signal
Standard feedback controller with feedforward function.
This multiple function controller algorithm computes the difference of two
inputs, computes a proportional, integral, and derivative on the error, and sums
a feedforward input.
Optional:
1) Input polarities (+) and (-) should be shown external to the different symbols
identifying the controller's direct mode (PV - SP) or reverse mode (SP - PV).
2) Controller track reference (TR) and track switch (TS) should be shown
external to the PID symbol identifying the controller's tracking mode
operation.
Advanced feedback controller with feedforward and limiter function.
This multiple function controller algorithm computes the difference between two
inputs; computes a proportional, integral, and derivative on the error; sums a
feedforward input; and limits the controller's output.
Optional:
1) Input polarities (+) and (-) should be shown external to the different symbols
--```,,,``,,,````,`,`,,,```,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
identifying the controller's direct mode (PV - SP) or reverse mode (SP - PV).
2) Controller track reference (TR) and track switch (TS) should be shown
external to the PID symbol identifying the controller's tracking mode
operation.
Median select
The median select algorithm computes the median signal for three inputs. If
one input is bad quality, then the average of two good-quality signals is <>
computed. If two inputs are bad quality, then the one good-quality signal is
selected.
MIMO
The multiple input multiple output algorithm/program computes output PV
demands, biases, or setpoints. The node identifiers are defined by the user.
MIMO
The number of node identifiers is based on the application.
DV
Node Identifiers are:
MV
DV = feedforward variable(s)
MV = manipulated variable(s)
PV = process variable

ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012 - 22 -
Motor-operated valve station

The motor-operated valve (MOV) station is a faceplate on the HMI as shown in
the following illustration:
Node identifiers are;

ZSO = position switch open
ZSC = position switch closed
FLT = fault condition detected
OPN = open requested
CLS = close requested
Motor-operated valve macro

The motor-operated valve (MOV) macro algorithm supervises the control of the
motor-operated valve. The macro typically includes specific input/output notes
and logic as shown in the following illustration.
Node identifiers are:

OP = open permit
OO = open override
CP = closed permit
CO = closed override
OR = open request
CR = closed request
OPNG = opening
CLSG = closing
ZSO = position switch open
ZCO = position switch closed
OPC = open command
CLC = closed command
FLT = fault condition detected
MOV (Macro)
OP A A A
OPC
N OR N t PD S N
D D D
R
NOT NOT
OR
OR
OO A
NOT
N
D
CP
NOT
A A
CLC
N OR t PD S N
D D
R
NOT
CR
CO
Open fault
alarm
STOP OR
ZSO
A FLT
N OR OR
D
ZSC NOT
OPNG t GT
Closed fault
alarm
CLSG A
N OR
D
NOT
t GT
Shared discrete variable
Binary signal from pushbutton visible on human machine interface.

--```,,,``,,,````,`,`,,,```,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

- 23 - ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012
5.4.1 Single loop

Process
The functional diagram of Figure 5.4.1 illustrates a single- variable
loop control strategy consisting of:
- One process variable Alarm
- One final control element
- One PID controller (direct acting)
H/
- One operator station with setpoint +
- One high alarm for process variable to operator -
console
PID
This functional diagram shows a single-process variable
with a high alarm to an operator console. The standard
feedback controller is shown with a feedforward capability
but with no feedforward signal. An operator station includes
a manual-automatic mode selector and an operator- A T A
adjustable setpoint. The operator manual adjustment or the
feedback controller operates a final control element.
F(x)
The controller's track reference and mode logic are not
shown in the diagram because mode changes are Manipulated
variable
understood to be smooth and bumpless transfers. Variables
and modes for indication on HMI are not shown because all Figure 5.4.1 single loop
pertinent values (PV, SP, CO, Alarm, Mode, etc.) are
understood to be available. However, tag name and tag descriptions for variables, alarms, and
stations are not illustrated but should be illustrated on functional diagrams and follow ISA or
project conventions.
--```,,,``,,,````,`,`,,,```,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
5.4.2 Two-element loop

The functional diagrams of Figure 5.4.2.a, b, and c illustrate the two-element control strategy
consisting of:
- Three process variables (median select)
- Program setpoint based on index signal with operator bias
- One feedforward demand based on index signal
- One manipulated variable
- One PID controller (direct acting)
- Open override mode based on external signal
- One operator station with bias
- One high alarm for controller process variable to panel-board annunciator
Figure 5.4.2.a and Figure 5.4.2.b both illustrate the same control strategy; Figure 5.4.2.a
illustrates a vertical layout, and Figure 5.4.2.b illustrates a horizontal layout. Both diagrams
follow the diagram layout convention discussed in 5.3.3.
In these diagrams, the logic system has an advanced control algorithm that computes the
median of three process variables. Median select algorithm can be shown as a symbol with a
graphical identifier, as illustrated in Figure 5.4.2.a, or as a symbol with a text identifier, as
illustrated in Figure 5.4.2.b. All specific control algorithm symbols and functions must be
defined in a separate document or legend. In Figure 5.4.2.b, the symbol with a text identifier
indicates individual transmitters are selectable. The process variable us ed for control has a
high-alarm digital output to an operator console or panel board.
The controller's setpoint is developed as a program based on a load index and is adjustable
by an operator bias. The standard feedback controller is shown with a feedforward capability
and a feedforward demand developed as a program based on a load index. An operator
station includes a manual-automatic mode selector. The operator manual adjustment or the

ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012 - 24 -
feedback controller operates a single manipulated variable. If the external logic signal is true ,
the manipulated variable is interlocked closed, as indicated by the true (T) identifier with the
transfer input. Manipulated variable interlock value s can be shown as a numerical value
(Figure 5.4.2.a) or with text (Figure 5.4.2.b), e.g., 0% closed, 100 % open, X% determined in
commissioning.
Logic index
F(x) F(x)
Close
Process
variables A
A
- A T
A/B/C/
B
Median PID T T F(x)
+
A
C Manipulated
H/ Alarm variable
--```,,,``,,,````,`,`,,,```,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Logic signal
Figure 5.4.2.b Two-element loop - horizontal
The controller's track reference and mode logic are not shown in the diagram because mode
changes are understood to be smooth and bumpless. Variables and modes for indication on
CRT graphics are not shown because all pertinent values (PV, SP, CO, Alarm, Mode etc.) are
understood to be available. However, tag names and tag descriptions for variables, alarms,
and stations are not illustrated but should be shown on functional diagrams and should follow
ISA or project conventions.
In Figure 5.4.2.c, the controller's track reference and track -switch logic are shown for the
closed interlock condition. The additional logic uses the same mathematical symbols and
includes new signal inputs to the controller. The input acronyms TR (track reference) and TS
(track switch) need to be explained in the functional description of the control algorithm.
Process variable
A B C
Load index
F(x) <>
H/ Alarm
- +
F(x)
TR
TS
PID
+ A T A
0%
Logic signal T
T A
F(x)
Manipulated
variable
Figure 5.4.2.c Two-element loop

- 25 - ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012
5.4.3 Cascade loop

The following functional diagram illustrates a cascade-loop control strategy for:
- Two process variables (inner and outer loop)
- Two PIDs in cascade arrangement
- Both loops are single-element loops
- Outer loop has adaptive gain tuning
- Inner loop has demand high and low limits
- One operator station with outer-loop setpoint
- One manipulated variable
Outer-loop Inner-loop Outer-loop Inner-loop

process variable process variable process variable process variable
+ + Setpoint
- -
Adaptive A
gain PID Load index
F(x) PID
+ +
- -
PID
PID
>< ><
A T A
A T
F(x) F(x)
Manipulated Manipulated
variable variable
Figure 5.4.3.a - Cascade loop Figure 5.4.3.b - Cascade loop
Figure 5.4.3.a and Figure 5.4.3.b illustrate two methods to document a cascade loop. Both
loops have an outer-loop controller with adapted gain, which establishes the setpoint for the
inner-loop controller. The inner loop includes a manual-automatic station that operates a
manipulated variable. In Figure 5.4.3.a the adaptive gain is identified without logic definition,
whereas in Figure 5.4.3.b, the adaptive gain is identified with logic definition. This variation
illustrates how a functional diagram may be more or less detailed , depending on its intended
use.
An operator station with one tag may be shown as one symbol , as illustrated in Figure 5.4.3.a,
or shown as two symbols, as illustrated in Figure 5.4.3.b, with the same tag names. If the
setpoint and manual-automatic station are separate tags, separate symbols and tags should
be shown, as illustrated in Figure 5.4.3.b.
In this case, the inner-loop controller includes a limiter function not available in the out er-loop
controller. A different controller's symbol is used to differentiate function blocks with different
control algorithms.

--```,,,``,,,````,`,`,,,```,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012 - 26 -
The controller's reference tracking and mode logic are not shown in the diagram because
mode changes are understood to be smooth with bumpless transfers. Variables and modes for
indication on CRT graphics are not shown because all pertinent values (PV, SP, CO, Alarm,
Mode etc.) are understood to be available. However, tag names and tag descriptions for
station and variables are not illustrated but should be shown on function diagrams and should
follow ISA or project tagging/identification conventions.
5.4.4 Advanced controller with multivariable control

The following functional diagram illustrates the multivariable controller, which can be model-
based or model-free MIMO controls, loop-control strategy for:
- One process variable
- One single-loop control
- One master station
- Six (6) slave stations
- Six (6) MIMO bias signals
This functional diagram illustrates the use of a multivariable control program with multiple
inputs and multiple outputs combined with the standard mathematical and miscellaneous
symbols. In Figure 5.4.4.1, a single-process variable and feedback controller establishes the
automatic demand for six individual manipulated variables. The feedback loop has an operator
station with a manual-automatic mode selection and an operator-adjustable setpoint. The
operator manual adjustment or the feedback controller establishes the master demand. Each
individual manipulated variable has an individual operator station with a manual -automatic
mode selector and an operator-adjustable bias. The master demand is biased by a signal
established by an operator adjustment or the MIMO program. The bias mode selection is
determined by logic within the MIMO program.
In this case, the multivariable control program's symbol is illustrated with a text identifier of
the advanced program and corresponding node identifiers for signal inputs and outputs. A
separate functional description is required to explain the control algorithm, alarms, operator
interface, and corresponding node functions. The process variables and controller mode
--```,,,``,,,````,`,`,,,```,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
selector are shown as inputs on top of the advanced controller's symbol. The bias and bias
modes are shown as outputs on the bottom of the MIMO program's symbol. Mode status
signals are shown as inputs on both sides of the MIMO program's symbol.

- 27 - ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012
Operator Process
Process inputs on/off variable
selector
B
MV A Station in auto
MV B Station in auto
PV1 PV2 PV3 PV4 PV5 PV6
MA
MV C Station in auto MB
MO
MC PID
MV D Station in auto MD MIMO FDB
ME
MV E Station in auto MF
MP
MV F Station in auto PV A T A
A B E
D
AM
D
BM CD CM DD DM
D
EM FD FM Station
PV Station in auto
T T T T T T
A T A T A T A T A T A T
MV A MV B MV C MV D MV E MV F
Bias Bias Bias Bias Bias Bias
 
 
 
 
 
 
MV A MV B MV C MV D MV E MV F
A T Station A T A T Station A T Station A T Station A T
Notes: Station Station
1) Bias tracking
not shown
F(x) F(x) F(x) F(x) F(x) F(x)
Manipulated variables
Figure 5.4.4.1 Functional diagram showing MIMO controller

--```,,,``,,,````,`,`,,,```,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012 - 28 -
The following functional diagram illustrates the multivariable controller control strategy for
 One (1) advanced multivariable controller with five (5) process variables
and necessary feedback signals.
 Multivariable controller mode selector.
 Four (4) demand/setpoint outputs with four (4) mode selections. For the
four different control loops, the demand/setpoints are developed as follows :
a) One (1) manipulated variable with operator station. Automatic demand,
developed on a separate sheet, is biased by an operator bias sette r or
the multivariable controller.
b) One (1) manipulated variable with operator station. Automatic demand is
developed by logic on a separate sheet or the multivariable controller.
c) One (1) single-loop controller with setpoint developed by logic on a
separate sheet or the multivariable controller.
d) One (1) single-loop controller with cascaded setpoint from the advanced
controller.
Figure 5.4.4.2 illustrates the control strategy of a multivariable controller adjusting four
different control loops. In this case, the multivariable controller's symbol is illustrated with the
text identifier of the control algorithm and corresponding node identifiers for signal inputs and
outputs. A separate functional description is required to explain the control algorithm, alarms ,
operator interface, and corresponding node functions. The process variables and controller
mode selector is shown as inputs on top of the advanced controller's symbol. The
demand/setpoints are shown as outputs on the bottom of the advanced controller's s ymbol.
Mode status and feedback status signals are shown as inputs on both sides of the advanced
controller's symbol. The relationship between the advanced controller's operations is further
explained by the interconnections with four (4) differen t control loops as follows:
Loop A consists of an operator station with its automatic -demand logic developed on another
sheet. The demand is biased by a signal established by an operator adjustment or the
advanced controller. The bias mode selection is determined by logic within the advanced
controller. The actual bias is a feedback to the advanced controller to ensure a bumpless
transfer on mode selections of the advanced controller. In this case, the operator adjustment
does not indicate any tracking logic.
Loop B consists of an operator station with its automatic-demand logic developed on another
sheet or the advanced controller. The demand-mode selection is determined by the advanced
controller algorithm. The final demand is fed back to the advanced controller to ensure a
bumpless transfer on mode change of the advanced controller.
Loop C consists of a single-loop controller with a single-process variable. The operator-

manual adjustment or the feedback controller operates a single manipulated variable. An
operator station includes a manual-automatic mode selection. The setpoint is developed by
logic on another sheet or logic within the advanced controller. The setpoint mode selection is
determined by logic within the advanced controller. The final setpoint is f ed back to the
advanced controller to ensure a bumpless transfer on mode change of the advanced
controller.
--```,,,``,,,````,`,`,,,```,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Loop D consists of a single-loop controller with a single-process variable. The operator-

manual adjustment or the feedback controller operates a single manipulated variable. An
operator station includes a manual-automatic mode selection, an operator setpoint, and an
operator-setpoint mode selector (cascade mode). The cascaded setpoint is developed by logic
within the advanced controller. The setpoint mode selection is determined by the setpoint
mode selector on the operator station. The final setpoint is fed back to the advanced controller
to ensure a bumpless transfer on mode change of the advanced controller.

- 29 - ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012
Operator on/off Process variables Process Process

selector variable variable
MO PV1 PV2 PV3 PV4 PV5

MV A Station in auto FBD
MA
FBC
MV B Station in auto
MB MIMO FBB
MV C Station in auto FBA
MC
MV D Station in cascade
MD
AD AM BD BM CD CM DD
--```,,,``,,,````,`,`,,,```,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Regulatory control C
Regulatory control B
Regulatory control A
T
Operator T
bias A T PID PID
A T T
T
A T A T A T T A T A
F(x) F(x) F(x) F(x)

Manipulated Manipulated Manipulated Manipulated
variable A variable B variable C variable D
Figure 5.4.4.2 Functional diagram showing MIMO controller

ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012 - 30 -
5.4.5 Motor-operated valve logic

The followingfunctional diagram illustrates the control strategy for:
- Open-closed, motor-operated valve
- Human machine interface open-close commands
- MOV macro core logic with the following outputs
1) Digital outputs for:
1. MOV open command (OPC)
2. MOV close command (CLC)
3. MOV fault (FLT)
- MOV steering logic with the following inputs
1) Digital inputs for:
1. MOV open permit condition (OP)
2. MOV close permit condition (CP)
3. MOV not closed (ZSO)
4. MOV not 100% open (ZSC)
5. MOV traveling (OPNG & CLSG)
2) External logic signal for:
1. MOV operator open command (OR)
2. MOV open override logic (OO)
3. MOV operator close command (CR)
4. MOV close override logic (CO)
A
MOV open input N
D
MOV open permit logic
MOV open override logic

MOV
(Macro)
A
MOV close input N MOV open command
D
OPC
MOV close permit logic
OP
--```,,,``,,,````,`,`,,,```,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
MOV close override logic MOV close command

OO CLC
CP
MOV
(Station) CO
MOV fault
ZSO OPN OR FLT
ZSC CLS CR
MOV fault
FLT OPNG
CLSG
MOV not closed
ZSO
MOV not 100% open
ZSC
MOV opening
A
MOV traveling N OR
D
A
N OR
D
MOV closing
Figure 5.4.5 Motor-operated valve steering logic

- 31 - ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012
Figure 5.4.5 illustrates a functional diagram that defines the operation of a field device whose
core logic is shown as a control macro. In this functional diagram, the motor-operated valve’s
operation is defined by an HMI MOV station symbol, MOV control-macro symbol, steering
logic with binary symbol, and miscellaneous connector symbols. The MOV station symbol
illustrates the control algorithm and interface to an operator faceplate configured on the
operator console. The MOV control-macro symbol illustrates the control algorithm that is
previously defined and tested by the designer. In this case, the symbol legend defines the
control algorithm for this motor-operated valve. The macro symbol is a means to simplify the
--```,,,``,,,````,`,`,,,```,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
functional diagram when repetitive logic exists with multiple devices. The external steering
logic defined by conventional binary symbols or connector symbols connects to the macro’s
defined input and output ports. In this case, the hard-wired field feedback inputs and
command outputs are illustrated by the discrete input/output symbol. The logic signals that
are developed on another page or sent to another page are illustrated by the drawing
interconnection symbol.
5.4.6 Motor breaker logic

The following functional diagram illustrates the control strategy for :
- A motor-starter field device
1) Two device modes (auto, manual)
2) Three field inputs
1. Auto start
2. Motor not overloaded
3. Motor running
3) One field output
1. Motor run command
- An HMI station faceplate
1) Two command pushbuttons (start, stop)
2) Two alarms (trip, trouble)
3) Graphic status indication
1. Amber (A) for manual mode
2. Blue (B) for auto mode
3. White (W) for trouble
4. Red (R ) for motor running
5. Green (G) for motor not running

ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012 - 32 -
NOT A
Auto mode
So B
Manual mode
R
A
N
Auto start D
Motor-run command
Start OR So
t PD
R
Stop
t PD OR Motor-trip
alarm
A
So t DT N
D
R
Motor not overloaded NOT W
Trouble
Alarm
R
Motor running
NOT
Figure 5.4.6 Motor-breaker logic
Figure 5.4.6 illustrates a functional diagram that defines the operation of a field device whose
core logic is shown in combination with the steering logic. In this functional diagram, the
motor starter’s operation is defined by an HMI motor station signal symbol, a binary symbol,
--```,,,``,,,````,`,`,,,```,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
and miscellaneous connector symbols. The hard input and output signals are shown on the
drawing edge. The control algorithm and interface to an operator faceplate config ured on the
operator console is shown in the drawing middle.

- 33 - ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012
Annex A
Functional diagram historical usage
Although functional diagrams were declared to be independent of hardware implementation

methods, the diagram’s symbols displayed easily understandable equipment relationship s for
either analog or digital systems. Thus, functional diagrams represented logic boundaries
associated with specific hardware for inputs and outputs (I/O), operator interface devic es, and
control logic modules. Diagrams showed field instruments, field actuators, panel instruments,
panel alarms, and subsystem interconnections, establishing, in essence, the system I/O. The
diagrams identified operator hand stations that required mount ing on the control panel and the
control strategy on a subloop basis. Some used functional diagrams to clearly define smooth
and bumpless transfer, data acquisition functions , and other operator-interface needs.
Since a correlation exists between control functions and hardware, functional diagrams
served a commercial purpose in defining a system’s cost. Proposal engineers used functional
diagrams to quantify a proposed system cost necessary to satisfy a customer’s specification.
During the engineering design phase, designers used functional diagram revisions as the
basis for commercial change orders.
With microprocessor technology, control strategy is no longer a major parameter in

determining system hardware costs. Since microprocessor modules have enough memory to
implement simple or advanced control strategies, proposal engineers base hardware
requirements on the system’s partitioning rules and total I/O count. Suppliers have developed
advanced algorithms that are not represented by conventional PMC 22 .1 or ISA-5.1
standards. While following the intent of these standards, suppliers either create a new symbol
or employ an existing symbol to represent the new algorithm. The problem occurs in
understanding what the functional diagram’s symbol really repres ents and the symbol’s
boundaries. Thus, with technology advances, this report extends the symbol’s boundaries
from a hardware perspective to a software perspective.
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ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012 - 34 -

- 35 - ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012
Annex B
References
Existing standards of ISA (B.1) and ISO (B.2) presently define th e basic functions and
symbols for application software. In many cases, the application software provides the same
function but is represented by a different symbol. Table s B.3.1, B.3.2, and B.3.3 show symbol
correlations between these standards for the sam e functions.
B.1 ISA references

ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009, Instrumentation Symbols and Identification
ISA-5.2-1976 (R1992), Binary Logic Diagrams for Process Operations
ISA-5.4-1991, Instrument Loop Diagrams
ISA-51.1-1979 (R1993), Process Instrumentation Terminology
B.2 ISO references
ISO 14617-2-2002 "Graphical symbols for diagrams Part 2: Symbols having general
applications"
ISO 14617-5-2002 "Graphical symbols for diagrams Part 5: Measurement and control devices"
ISO 14617-6-2002 "Graphical symbols for diagrams Part 6: Measurement and control
functions"
B.3 Symbol tables

The following tables illustrate the various symbols for mathematical functions (Table B.3.1),
binary functions (Table B.3.2), and miscellaneous functions (Table B.3.3). These tables show
the correlation between ISA and ISO.
Table B.3.1 Mathematical symbols
Mathematical symbols
Function ISA ISO
Automatic controller
PI
Average
n
Bias 

X-K
Derivative
d/dt
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Difference X-Y
Divide X
Y
Function generator f(x)

ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012 - 36 -
Mathematical symbols
Function ISA ISO
High limiter HLIM
>
High/low signal monitor H/L
High select HSEL
>
Low limiter LLIM
<
Low select LSEL
<
Multiplication X
Nth root n
Proportion K
Reverse proportion -K 1-X
Square X2
Summation X
Y
Time function f(t)
Transfer T
Velocity limiter
V>
Table B.3.2 Binary symbols
Binary symbols
Function ISA ISO
AND gate A
N
&
D
Memory S
R
NOT gate NOT NOT
Off-time delay
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0 t
On-time delay
t 0
OR gate
OR

1
Pulse-fix delay
t PD
Pulse-variable delay
t LT
Qualified OR gate

- 37 - ISA-TR5.1.01/ISA-TR77.40.01-2012
Table B.3.3 Miscellaneous symbols
Miscellaneous symbols
Function ISA ISO
Automatic signal
processing
Discrete input/output
Final control element f(x)
Analog input/output
Discrete/Analog
indication
Manual/Auto station A T
Manual/Auto station A T A
w/setpoint
Operator manual signal A
Signal generator A
Cascade station T A T A
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Developing and promulgating sound consensus standards, recommended practices, and
technical reports is one of ISA’s primary goals . To achieve this goal the Standards and
Practices Department relies on the technical expertise and efforts of volunteer committe e
members, chairmen, and reviewers.
ISA is an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) accredited organization . ISA

administers United States Technical Advisory Groups (USTAGs) and provides secretariat
support for International Electrotechnical Commiss ion (IEC) and International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) committees that develop process measurement and control standards .
To obtain additional information on the Society’s standards program, please write:
ISA
Attn: Standards Department
67 Alexander Drive
P.O. Box 12277
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
ISBN: 978-1-937560-06-5
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TECHNICAL REPORT

Approved 10 August 2012

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PURSUANT TO ISA’S PATENT POLICY, ONE OR MORE PATENT HOLDERS OR PATENT

OTHER PATENTS OR PATENT CLAIMS MAY EXIST FOR WHICH A DISCLOSURE OR

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CONDITIONS. THE USER OF THIS DOCUMENT MUST EXERCISE SOUND PROFESSIONAL

The following members of ISA-TR77.40 WG1 developed this document in 2011:

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3.2 application software:

3.5 control station:

3.8 distributed control system:

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3.10 functional diagram:

3.11 legend sheet:

3.12 logic signal:

3.13 logic system:

3.18 process measurement:

3.19 process variable:

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5 Preparation of functional diagrams

5.1 Basic symbols

5.2 Advanced symbols

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5.2.1 Combination of symbols

If a simplified combination of symbols is used to represent a complex control algorithm, the

Control algorithm a Control algorithm b

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5.2.2 Multiple functions

5.2.3 New algorithms

5.2.3.1 Advanced controller

Required “Normal for Control" function outputs

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5.2.3.2 Discrete device driver

5.2.3.3 Status alarm

The output provides means of reading a signal’s propagated status

5.2.3.4 Digital transfer

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5.2.3.5 Manual/Auto station variation

5.2.3.6 Mathematical expressions

5.2.3.7 Special filters

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