محطات التوليد والقدرة PDF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥٤
   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

?   ?  ? ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬K‫א‬
K ، ،  ‫א‬

 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
RENEWABLE ENERGY‫א‬‫א‬
 SOLAR ENERGY‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٥٪٤٢‫א‬٪٣
(W)١٣٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬(W)١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EPhotovoltaic cells )

 Photovoltaic Cells‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Silicon)‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬(Phosphorus)‫א‬‫א‬
 K(P-type Silicon)‫א‬‫א‬(Boron)‫א‬(N-type Silicon)
 
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  (Photons)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬



-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٢٥‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٢٥‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ___________________Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
(N-type)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(P-type)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KH١٢٥oCJ ٦٥oC‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J 
K٢mV/١oC٢mV‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٠{٥mA/١oC٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٣‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     E out = E ref [1 − 0.002(T − 25)]
 Eout : output of cell in volts ‫א‬
 Eref : output of cell in volts at ( ٢٥oC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 T : Temperature in degrees centigrade (oC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I out = I ref [1 + 0.025 A(T − 25)]
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Iout : output current of cell in (mA) ‫א‬
 A : Area of cell in (m٢)‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Iref : output current of cell in (mA) at ( ٢٥oC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 T : Temperature in degrees centigrade (oC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٣‫א‬
‫א‬٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K٥‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 

 ٢٤x‫א‬x‫א‬   
________________________________________
 Z‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬   
___________________
 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

 ‫א‬‫א‬
_____________________
 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬



-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 WIND ENERGY‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٢٠km‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٥km‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٦‫א‬F
  ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٥٠‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬( ١ MW )‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠١٠٠٥٠٢٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٠٢٠
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGYE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٨‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 TIDAL ENERGY‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪٧١‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EHYDRO-ELECTRIC ENERGY‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K١٢‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥{٩ x F x HZEkWF‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F 
 ‫א‬‫א‬H 
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
٪١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 NONRENEWABLE ENERGY‫א‬‫א‬
 FUEL ENERGY‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K١٣ ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، 
 ‫א‬٪٣٥
 K‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CO٢‫א‬‫א‬
ESulfur dioxide SO٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١{٢‫א‬FENitrous oxides NOxF‫א‬

- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

E‫א‬F‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ١٠٠  ٢٥٠MW  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٠  ٢٥٠MW  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ٣٠٠٠٠m٣  ١٢٥ MW  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{١  
 

‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬

CO٢ SO٢ NOX  CO  ‫א‬

 ١٠٩٠  ٩{٢٦ 
‫א‬
٣{٥٤  ٠{١١  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٧٨١  ٥{٠٨  ٢{٠٢  ٠{١٩  ‫א‬
 ٤٩٠ ٠{٠٠٤  ٢{٣٢  ٠{٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W١{٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{١٣‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.(g/kWh)‫א‬‫א‬
CO٢ SO٢ NOX  CO  ‫א‬

 ١٠٩٠  ٩{٢٦  ٣{٥٤  ٠{١١  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٨١  ٥{٠٨  ٢{٠٢  ٠{١٩  ‫א‬
 ٤٩٠ ٠{٠٠٤  ٢{٣٢  ٠{٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٢
 .(g/kWh)‫א‬‫א‬
 K(g/kWh)‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١{١
٢٤‫א‬‫א‬Repeater‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K٢٤V٢A‫א‬
٢٥oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦‫א‬‫א‬
٢A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K ٢٥oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢V
 K١{٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
 K‫א‬

  W‫א‬
 ٢٤x‫א‬x‫א‬
____________________________________________________
 Z‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  

2 × 24
 I t = 125
. × = 10 A    
6
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬   
____________________________
 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

24
  2 = Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
12

- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
_________________________
 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

10
  5 = Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬

  10 = 5 × 2 Z‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

‫א‬١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١{٢
I=١A‫א‬٤٨VI=٤A‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬١{٢‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٤‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ١٢VZ‫א‬٢{٧AZ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬


١. Katrina O’Mara and Mark Rayer, “The Australian renewable Energy”, Mordoch
University, June ١٩٩٩.
٢. Ontario Hydro, “Alternative Energy Review”, September ٢٠٠
٣. Walter C. Patterson, “ The Energy Alternative, Boxtree Ltd, London, ١٩٩٠
٤. Ruth Howes & Anthony Fainberg, “The energy Sourcebook: A guide to
technology”, Resources and Policy, American Institute of Physics, ١٩٩١.
٥. Ken Zweibel, “Harnessing Solar Power: The Photovoltaics Challenge,
New York, Plernum Publishing, ١٩٩٠.

- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٦W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 Steam-turbine plants
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EFurnaceF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،٢{١‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،
 ،٪٣٠  ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬،،‫א‬
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 Boiler‫א‬Furnace‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Steam Turbine‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K٢{٣‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Condenser‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Electrical Generator ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
120
 E٢{١F   ωm = f
p
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wωm(rpm) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wp(poles)   
  ‫א‬‫א‬Wf(Hz)  
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
p=٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٠Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٦٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٨٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢{٥‫א‬F

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢{٦‫א‬F‫א‬
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٨‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬

- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
power ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬

‫א‬‫א‬ Electrical system
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
Automatic Frequency ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ Loads ‫א‬
Generation Control ‫א‬ 
Transmission line

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
Other generators
‫א‬ 
Energy supply system:
Steam ‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬ 

‫ﻣﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ h‫א‬  ‫א‬
Speed changer Speed governor Turbine Generator

Valve
Speed ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٨‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
KExciter‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٩‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
4 ‫א‬‫א‬
Protective circuits
‫א‬‫א‬
Voltage transducer
3
1 ‫א‬ 2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

(‫اﻻﺳﻨﺎد)اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ‬
Reference Voltage regulator Exciter ‫א‬
Synchronous Generator
‫א‬‫א‬
5 ‫א‬
Power system stabilizer

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٩‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WExciter‫א‬E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WRegulator‫א‬E٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬WTransducer‫א‬E٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬WPower system Stabilizer‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WProtective circuits‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 E٢{١٠EF–‫א‬FDC Exciter‫א‬‫א‬ -
 E٢{١٠EF–‫א‬FAC Exciter‫א‬‫א‬ -
E٢{١٠EF–‫א‬FStatic Exciter‫א‬‫א‬ -

‫א‬‫א‬
DC Exciter‫א‬‫א‬
Main Generator
Field Armature
Field Armature
‫א‬ CT Vs
If
PT
‫ א‬ ‫א‬
‫ א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ I
 ‫א‬ U
Voltage
Regulator Uref  ‫א‬

 DC Exciter‫א‬‫א‬W٢{١٠EF‫א‬


AC Exciter ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Diode Main Generator
Rectifier Field Armature
Field Armature
‫א‬ CT
IF
PT
‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
Controlled  I
Rectifier  ‫א‬
U
Voltage
Regulator Uref ‫א‬

 AC Exciter‫א‬‫א‬W٢{١٠EF‫א‬
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Controlled ‫א‬‫א‬
Rectifier Main Generator
‫א‬  Field Armature
IF
‫א‬ CT
PT
Exciter ‫א‬
transformer
I
‫א‬
Static Exciter U
Voltage
Regulator Uref ‫א‬
 Static Exciter‫א‬‫א‬W٢{١٠EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢{١١‫א‬‫א‬
jXs Ef
Ia
δ VS
Ia
S
X
φR J
Load
Ef Vs
Ia
Ef
J
XS
Ia
Ia
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
φR δ VS
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{١١‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Qout‫א‬‫א‬Pout‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vs‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   VS = E f − jI a X S  W‫א‬‫א‬
3VS E f cos δ 3VS2 3VS E f sin δ
 Qout = 3VS I a sin Φ R = XS − XS W‫א‬‫א‬، Pout = 3VS I a cos Φ R = XS W‫א‬‫א‬
 Synchronous reactance ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WXSExcitation Voltage ‫א‬W Ef
 Load current‫א‬WIa
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬
CO٢‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KENitrous oxides NOxF‫א‬E..Sulfur dioxide SO٢F‫א‬
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 Gas-turbine plants
 ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 ،٢{١١‫א‬ ، ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
 WTurbine compressor unit‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٢{١٢EF‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WBurner‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 KE٢{١٢EF‫א‬F
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 WElectrical generator‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K٪٣٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CO٢‫א‬‫א‬
E..Sulfur dioxide SO٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KENitrous) oxides NOx‫א‬
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Combined cycle steam-gas power plant ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٥٠‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٧٠٠MW‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪٣٥‫א‬٪٤٠‫א‬J
 K‫א‬٪٥٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J





- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
50% ‫א‬

 J ‫א‬‫א‬W٢{١٣‫א‬
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬K
 Diesel power plants
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE٢{١٤‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٠MW

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢{١٥‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠MW
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬–
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬–
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 
  ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬–
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Self ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬W٢{١٤‫א‬

- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٪٣٥
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬ -
- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢{١
١٠MVAZE‫א‬F‫א‬J
YJ
f=٦٠HzW‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬J
US=١٣{٨ kVZE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J
XS= ٢٠ΩW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 WQout‫א‬Pout‫א‬‫א‬Ef ‫א‬

١٣{٨kV ٣٠o‫א‬Ia= ٣٠٠A 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J

 ١٣{٨kV ٣٠o‫א‬Ia= ٣٠٠A 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 

E  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Y‫א‬–٢{٢
 KXS=٥Ω‫א‬‫א‬١١kV‫א‬٢٠٠٠kVA
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LagEFP.F.=٠{٨‫א‬
 KU=١١kV‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KLeadP.F.=٠{٨
- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

١. P. Kundur , “Power system stability and control”, McGraw-Hill, New

York,١٩٩٤.
٢. Takasago Machinery Works, Mitsubitshi Heavy Industries,
(http:/www.mhi.co.jp/tmw/products/).
٣. B.L. Theraja, A.K. Theraja, “A textbook of ELECTRICAL
TECHNOLOGY” S.CHAND ٢٢ Ed ١٩٩٧.
٤. Siemens Power Generation: Product line Features
(http:/www.siemens.com ).
- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٦W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪٤٠ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
















- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٣{٢ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٣{١ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣{٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣{١

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EKWhF  EKWhF
 ٢٢٠  EF  ١١٢  EF
 ١١ E‫א‬F‫א‬  ٣{٥  EF‫א‬
 ٢٠  E‫א‬F‫א‬  ٥٠٠  EF
 ٣٦ EF‫א‬  ١٦ EF‫א‬
 ١٦٨٠ EF‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٠  EF
 ١٧٧٠  E١٠٠٠F  ٢٥  EF

- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 WEF‫א‬W٣{٢

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 VA/m٢
 ١٢٠  
 ١٠٠ 
 
 ١٤٠  
 ٥٠  
 ٧٥  ‫א‬
 ٣٥  


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣{٣

‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 VA/m٢
 ٧٠  
 ٥٠J ٣٠  
 ٦٠  
 ٦٠  
 ٨٠  



- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Average Load (Demand) Dav E‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬،
 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬

  ٢٤‫א‬  
    ___________________________________________
 Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٤    
 
  Dav = ∑
Di

T

  ١٢‫א‬  
 _____________________________
Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢    
 Maximum Demand (Dmax) ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٣٠ ١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Demand Factor (DF) ‫א‬


     K ‫ א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  __________________________________________
   Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

Dmax
 DF = n

∑ Li
i =1
 
 Load Factor (FLd) ‫א‬


K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٨٠ kW ٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K٠{٨‫א‬١٠٠kW‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ 
   _______________________________________Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Dav
   FLd =  
Dmax
 E‫א‬F‫א‬DavJ W
  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬DmaxJ 
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Diversity Factor (FDiv) E‫א‬F‫א‬


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

    ‫א‬‫א‬  
 __________________________________________
   Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

n
∑ Di max
  FDiv = i =1
Dt max
 Di‫א‬‫א‬DimaxJ W
  Dt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DtmaxJ 
 Dt=D١+D٢+……+DiW‫א‬J

 Coincidence Factor (Fc)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
1
  Fc =
FDiv
 Utilization factor (Fu) ‫א‬‫א‬

   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Dmax
    Fu =
Drated
 ‫א‬‫א‬DmaxW
 ‫א‬‫א‬Drated

- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Load diversity (LD) ‫א‬EF

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

n
  LD = ( ∑ Di max ) − Dt max
i =1
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KkWh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 EhF‫א‬XEkWF‫א‬‫א‬ZEkWhF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K١{٥١{١٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ،،  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 KEKVAkWF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬
 KJ ٦
- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Plant Capacity Factor ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    EKWhF‫א‬‫א‬   
 _________________________________________
   Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬XEKWF‫א‬   
 Reserve Factor‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    EKWF‫א‬‫א‬  
________________________________
   Z‫א‬
 EKWF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Utilization Factor ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    EKWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
_________________________________
   Z‫א‬
 EKWF‫א‬‫א‬ 
- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬٣{١‫א‬٣{١
١١‫א‬٨‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠٠٠kW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩‫א‬‫א‬١٢‫א‬٦‫א‬
 WK٢٠٠٠kW
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣{١‫א‬   
 W‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  
2000 + 2000
 FDiv = FDiv = 1.33 E
3000
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
2
  LD = (∑ Di max ) − Dt max = (٢٠٠٠H٢٠٠٠) ٣٠٠٠ = ١٠٠٠kW
i =1
 K‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬E
- ٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
1 1
 Fc = = 0.752   Fc =   
1.33 FDiv
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E -
‫א‬‫א‬E -
 EkWF‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ E‫א‬F
 ٢٠٠  ٢٠٠  ١٠٠  A.M١٢
 ٢٠٠  ٢٠٠  ١٠٠  ١
 ٢٠٠  ٢٠٠  ١٠٠  ٢
 ٢٠٠  ٢٠٠  ١٠٠  ٣
 ٢٠٠  ٢٠٠  ١٠٠  ٤
 ٢٠٠  ٢٠٠  ١٠٠  ٥
 ٢٠٠  ٢٠٠  ١٠٠  ٦
 ٢٠٠  ٣٠٠  ١٠٠  ٧
 ٣٠٠  ٤٠٠  ٠  ٨
 ٥٠٠  ٥٠٠  ٠  ٩
 ١٠٠٠  ٥٠٠  ٠  ١٠
 ١٠٠٠  ٥٠٠  ٠  ١١
 ١٠٠٠  ٥٠٠  ٠  Noon١٢
 ١٠٠٠  ٥٠٠  ٠  ١
 ١٢٠٠  ٥٠٠  ٠  ٢
 ١٢٠٠  ٥٠٠  ٠  ٣
 ١٢٠٠  ٥٠٠  ٠  ٤
 ١٢٠٠  ٦٠٠  ١٠٠  ٥
 ٨٠٠  ٧٠٠  ١٠٠  ٦
 ٤٠٠  ٨٠٠  ١٠٠  ٧
 ٤٠٠  ١٠٠٠  ١٠٠  ٨
 ٤٠٠  ١٠٠٠  ١٠٠  ٩
 ٢٠٠  ٨٠٠  ١٠٠  ١٠
 ٢٠٠  ٦٠٠  ١٠٠  ١١
 ٢٠٠  ٣٠٠  ١٠٠  P.M.١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣{٤
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٣
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

Toran Gonen," Electric Power Distribution System Engineering", Mc Graw-

Hill ١٩٨٦
P. Kundur , “Power system stability and control”, McGraw-Hill, New
York,١٩٩٤.
P.L. Theraja, A.K. Theraja, " Text book Electrical Technology ", S. Chand &
Company, New Delhi,١٩٩٧
،‫א‬،‫א‬،??‫א‬‫א‬??،‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬K
 ١٩٨٤
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬KWh
‫א‬KWh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EKWhF
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ EKWhF
EKWhF EKWhF EKWhF EKWhF
٥ ١٢ ٥ ٥ ٥ ١٠٠٠J ٠
٥ ١٢ ٥ ٥ ٥ ٢٠٠٠J ١٠٠١
١٠ ١٢ ١٠ ١٠ ١٠ ٣٠٠٠J ٢٠٠١
١٠ ١٢ ١٠ ١٠ ١٠  ٤٠٠٠J ٣٠٠١
١٠ ١٢ ١٢ ١٢ ١٢  ٥٠٠٠J ٤٠٠١
١٢ ١٢ ١٢ ١٢ ١٢  ٦٠٠٠J ٥٠٠١
١٢ ١٢ ١٥ ١٥ ١٥  ٧٠٠٠J ٦٠٠١
١٢ ١٢  ٢٠  ٢٠  ٢٠  ٨٠٠٠J ٧٠٠١
١٢ ١٢ ٢٢ ٢٢ ٢٢  ٩٠٠٠J ٨٠٠١
١٢ ١٢ ٢٤ ٢٤ ٢٤  ١٠٠٠J ٩٠٠١
١٢ ١٢ ٢٦ ٢٦ ٢٦  ١٠٠٠٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤{١‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K٤{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬(KWh) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W٤{١
K‫א‬٢٠‫א‬٨١٥٠٠ kW‫א‬
 K١٠٠kW‫א‬٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤{١
 W‫א‬
 ١٥٠٠kW x ٢٠days x ٨hrs + ١٠٠kW x (٢٠daysx١٦hrsH١٠daysx٢٤hrs) = ٢٩٦٠٠٠kWh Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٩٦٠٠٠kWh x ٠{١٢ SR/kWh = ٣٥٥٢٠ ESRFZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W٤{٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 K٤{١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   
 ‫א‬‫א‬W٤{١‫א‬  
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬kWh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬١٠٠{٨Z١٠٠٠kW‫א‬J ٤{٣
‫א‬٣٠‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬٢٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠٠kW
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
kWh١٢Z‫א‬J
kVA٤Z‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬
 ١٠٠٠kWx٢٠days x ١٠hrs + ٢٠٠kW x (٢٠daysx١٤hrsH١٠daysx٢٤hrs) = ٣٠٤٠٠٠kWh Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠٤٠٠٠kWh x ٠{١٢ SR/kWh = ١٥٢٠٠ ESRFZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

P( kW ) 1000
 S ( KVA) = = = 1250 KVA   WEkVAF‫א‬‫א‬
p. f . 0.8
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٢٥٠ x ٤ =٥٠٠٠ ESRFZ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٠٢٠٠Z٥٠٠٠H١٥٢٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W٤{٤

 ٤{٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
kWh١٢Z‫א‬J
kVA٤Z‫א‬‫א‬J
  
  
٣٠‫א‬‫א‬٢٠‫א‬‫א‬W٤{٢‫א‬
 E٠{٩Z‫א‬F
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(KWh)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤{٢
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EKWhF
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ EKWhF
EKWhF EKWhF EKWhF EKWhF
٥ ١٢ ٥ ٥ ٥ ١٠٠٠J ٠
٥ ١٢ ٥ ٥ ٥ ٢٠٠٠J ١٠٠١
١٠ ١٢ ١٠ ١٠ ١٠ ٣٠٠٠J ٢٠٠١
١٠ ١٢ ١٠ ١٠ ١٠  ٤٠٠٠J ٣٠٠١
١٠ ١٢ ١٢ ١٢ ١٢  ٥٠٠٠J ٤٠٠١
١٢ ١٢ ١٢ ١٢ ١٢  ٦٠٠٠J ٥٠٠١
١٢ ١٢ ١٥ ١٥ ١٥  ٧٠٠٠J ٦٠٠١
١٢ ١٢  ٢٠  ٢٠  ٢٠  ٨٠٠٠J ٧٠٠١
١٢ ١٢ ٢٢ ٢٢ ٢٢  ٩٠٠٠J ٨٠٠١
١٢ ١٢ ٢٤ ٢٤ ٢٤  ١٠٠٠J ٩٠٠١
١٢ ١٢ ٢٦ ٢٦ ٢٦  ١٠٠٠٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤{٢‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٢‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬١٢٥٠kW‫א‬J ٤{٥
 K٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٥kW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤{٢
 W‫א‬
 ٥٠kW x ٢٥days x ١٢hrs + ٥kW x ٢٥daysx١٢hrs = ١٦٥٠٠kWh Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SR kWh SR kWh
 H٠{٢٢ x١٠٠٠ + ٠{٢٠ x١٠٠٠ + ٠{١٥ x١٠٠٠kWh + ٠{١٢SR x٢٠٠٠kWh H٠{١٠SR x٢٠٠٠kWh + ٠{٠٥SR x٢٠٠٠kWh =
SR
 ٣٠٤٠Z٠{٢٦SR x٦٥٠٠kWhH٠{٢٤SR x١٠٠٠kWh


 W٤{٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬٣٠٤{٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   
 ‫א‬‫א‬W٤{٣‫א‬  
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬١٠٠{٦Z١٠٠٠kW‫א‬J ٤{٧
K٢٠٠kW‫א‬٣٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٢٠
 K٠{٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
kWh١٢Z‫א‬J
‫א‬٠{١٪٥‫א‬J
 W‫א‬
 ١٠٠٠kWx٢٠days x ١٠hrs + ٢٠٠kW x (٢٠daysx١٤hrsH١٠daysx٢٤hrs) = ٣٠٤٠٠٠kWh Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠٤٠٠٠kWh x ٠{١٢ SR/kWh = ١٥٢٠٠ ESRFZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠{٣Z٠{٦J ٠{٩Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٧٤٨٠=١٥٢٠٠x(١H٠{٠٥x٣)Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٨W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٤‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ -
  -
 K -
‫א‬،٣ Phase System ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
،Corona‫א‬‫א‬ Interference‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KXL‫א‬ -
 KC‫א‬ -
 KR‫א‬ -
 K G ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EFG‫א‬C‫א‬L‫א‬R
 K٥{١‫א‬،
R L
IS IR
IC
VS θs VR θR
C

 K‫א‬E‫א‬FW٥{١‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 G‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ρ
(٥{١)KKKKKKKKKKKKK R (Ω) =       
A
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wρ(Ω.m)
 ‫א‬‫א‬WA(m٢)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ACSR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥{١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KG‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Strandi  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
ng cmil
 ٦٠Hz
GM Al/St
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ R   Ac 
in
‫א‬ ‫א‬ Ds, ft  ٦٠Hz Dc
(MΩ.mi Xa ٥٠oC ٢٠oC ٢٠oC
 ) Ω.mi Ω/mi Ω/mi Ω/١٠٠٠f
t
٠{١٠٩٠ ٠{٤٧٦ ٠{٠١٩٨ ٠{٣٨٣١ ٠{٣٤٨٨ ٠{٠٦٤٦ ٠{٦٠٩ ٢ ١٨L١ ٢٦٦{٨٠٠ Waxwin
g
٠{١٠٧٤ ٠{٤٦٥ ٠{٠٢١٧ ٠{٣٧٩٢ ٠{٣٤٥٢ ٠{٠٦٤٠ ٠{٦٤٢ ٢ ٢٦L٧ ٢٦٦{٨٠٠ Partridg
 e
٠{١٠٥٧ ٠{٤٥٨ ٠{٠٢٢٩ ٠{٣٣٧٢ ٠{٣٠٧٠ ٠{٠٥٦٩ ٠{٦٨٠ ٢ ٢٦L٧ ٣٠٠{٠٠٠ Ostrich
٠{١٠٥٥ ٠{٤٦٢ ٠{٠٢٢٢ ٠{٣٠٣٧ ٠{٢٧٦٧ ٠{٠٥١٢ ٠{٦٨٤ ٢ ١٨L١ ٣٣٦{٤٠٠ Merlin
٠{١٠٤٠ ٠{٤٥١ ٠{٠٢٤٣ ٠{٣٠٠٦ ٠{٢٧٣٧ ٠{٠٥٠٧ ٠٧٢١ ٢ ٢٦L٧ ٣٣٦{٤٠٠ Linnet
٠{١٠٣٢ ٠{٤٤٥ ٠{٠٢٥٥ ٠{٢٩٨٧ ٠{٢٧١٩ ٠{٠٥٠٤ ٠{٧٤١ ٢  ٣٠L٧ ٣٣٦{٤٠٠ Oriole
٠{١٠٣١ ٠{٤٥٢ ٠{٠٢٤١ ٠{٢٥٧٢ ٠{٢٣٤٢ ٠{٠٤٣٣ ٠{٧٤٣ ٢ ١٨L١ ٣٩٧{٥٠٠ Chickadee
٠{١٠١٥ ٠{٤٤١ ٠{٠٢٦٤ ٠{٢٥٥١ ٠{٢٣٢٣ ٠{٠٤٣٠ ٠{٧٨٣ ٢ ٢٦L٧ ٣٩٧{٥٠٠  Ibis
٠{١٠٠٤ ٠{٤٤١ ٠{٠٢٦٤ ٠{٢١٤٨ ٠{١٩٥٧ ٠{٠٣٦١ ٠{٨١٤ ٢ ١٨L١ ٤٧٧{٠٠٠ Pelican
٠{٠٩٩٢ ٠{٤٣٢ ٠{٠٢٨٤ ٠{٢١٣٤ ٠{١٩٤٣ ٠{٠٣٥٩ ٠{٨٤٦ ٢ ٢٤L٧ ٤٧٧{٠٠٠ Flicker
 ٠{٩٨٨ ٠{٤٣٠ ٠{٠٢٨٩ ٠{٢١٢٠ ٠{١٩٣١ ٠{٠٣٥٧ ٠{٨٥٨ ٢ ٢٦L٧ ٤٧٧{٠٠٠ Hawk
 ٠{٩٨٠ ٠{٤٢٤ ٠{٠٣٠٤ ٠{٢١٠٧ ٠{١٩١٩ ٠{٠٣٥٥ ٠{٨٨٣ ٢ ٣٠L٧ ٤٧٧{٠٠٠  Hen
٠{٠٩٨١ ٠{٤٣٢ ٠{٠٢٨٤ ٠{١٨٤٣ ٠{١٦٧٩ ٠{٠٣٠٩ ٠{٨٧٩ ٢ ١٨L١ ٥٥٦{٥٠٠ Osprey
٠{٠٩٦٩ ٠{٤٢٣ ٠{٠٣٠٦ ٠{١٨٣٢ ٠{١٦٦٩ ٠{٠٣٠٨ ٠{٩١٤ ٢ ٢٤L٧ ٥٥٦{٥٠٠ Parakee
 t
٠{٠٩٦٥ ٠{٤٢٠ ٠{٠٣١٤ ٠{١٨٢٦ ٠{١٦٦٣ ٠{٠٣٠٧ ٠{٩٢٧ ٢ ٢٦L٧ ٥٥٦{٥٠٠  Dove
٠{٠٩٥٠ ٠{٤١٥ ٠{٠٣٢٧ ٠{١٦٠٣ ٠{١٤٦١ ٠{٠٢٦٩ ٠{٩٧٧ ٢ ٢٤L٧ ٦٣٦{٠٠٠  Rook
٠{٠٩٤٦ ٠{٤١٢ ٠{٠٣٣٥ ٠{١٥٩٦ ٠{١٤٥٤ ٠{٠٢٦٨ ٠{٩٩٠ ٢ ٢٦L٧ ٦٣٦{٠٠٠ Grosbea
 k
٠{٠٩١٢ ٠{٣٩٩ ٠{٠٣٧٣ ٠{١٢٨٤ ٠{١١٧٢ ٠{٠٢١٥ ١{١٠٨ ٢ ٢٦L٧ ٧٩٥{٠٠٠ Drake
٠{٠٩٢٥ ٠{٤٠٦ ٠{٠٣٥٢ ٠{١٣٠٢ ٠{١١٨٨ ٠{٠٢١٧ ١{٠٦٣ ٣ ٤٥L٧ ٧٩٥{٠٠٠  Tern
٠{٠٨٩٧ ٠{٣٩٥ ٠{٠٣٨٦ ٠{١٠٩٢ ٠{٠٩٩٧ ٠{٠١٨١ ١{١٦٥ ٣ ٤٥L٧ ٩٥٤{٠٠٠  Rail
٠{٠٨٩٠ ٠{٣٩٠ ٠{٠٤٠٢ ٠{١٠٨٢ ٠{٠٩٨٨ ٠{٠١٨٠ ١{١٩٦ ٣ ٥٤L٧ ٩٥٤{٠٠٠ Cardina
 l
٠{٠٨٨٥ ٠{٣٩٠ ٠{٠٤٠٢ ٠{١٠١١ ٠{٠٩٢٤ ٠{٠١٦٧ ١{٢١٣ ٣ ٤٥L٧ ١{٠٣٣{٥٠٠ Ortolan
٠{٠٨٧٤ ٠{٣٨٦ ٠{٠٤١٥ ٠{٠٩٤١ ٠{٠٨٦١ ٠{٠١٥٥ ١{٢٥٩ ٣ ٤٥L٧ ١{١١٣{٠٠٠ Bluejay
٠{٠٨٦٦ ٠{٣٨٠ ٠{٠٤٣٦ ٠{٠٩٣٧ ٠{٠٨٥٦ ٠{٠١٥٥ ١{٢٩٣ ٣ ٥٤L١٩ ١{١١٣{٠٠٠ Finch
٠{٠٨٥٥ ٠{٣٧٨ ٠{٠٤٤٤ ٠{٠٨٣٢ ٠{٠٧٦٢ ٠{٠١٣٦ ١{٣٤٥ ٣ ٤٥L٧ ١{٢٧٢{٠٠٠ Bittern
٠{٠٨٤٧ ٠{٣٧٢ ٠{٠٤٦٦ ٠{٠٨٢١ ٠{٠٧٥١ ٠{٠١٣٥ ١{٣٨٢ ٣ ٥٤L١٩ ١{٢٧٢{٠٠٠ Pheasan
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 t
٠{٠٨٣٧ ٠{٣٧١ ٠{٠٤٧٠ ٠{٠٧٤٦ ٠{٠٦٨٤ ٠{٠١٢١ ١{٤٢٧ ٣ ٤٥L٧ ١{٤٣١{٠٠٠ Bobolin
 k
٠{٠٨٢٩  ٣٦٥ ٠{٠٤٩٤ ٠{٠٧٣٥ ٠{٠٦٧٣ ٠{٠١٢٠ ١{٤٦٥ ٣ ٥٤L١٩ ١{٤٣١{٠٠٠ Plover
٠{٠٨٢٢ ٠{٣٦٤ ٠{٠٤٩٨ ٠{٠٦٧٨ ٠{٠٦٢٣ ٠{٠١٠٩ ١{٥٠٢ ٣ ٤٥L٧ ١{٥٩٠{٠٠٠ Lapwin
 g
٠{٠٨١٤ ٠{٣٥٨ ٠{٠٥٢٣ ٠{٠٦٦٧ ٠{٠٦١٢ ٠{٠١٠٨ ١{٥٤٥ ٣ ٥٤L١٩ ١{٥٩٠{٠٠٠ Falcon
٠{٠٧٧٦ ٠{٣٤٤ ٠{٠٥٨٦ ٠{٠٥١٥ ٠{٠٤٧٦ ٠{٠٠٨٠ ١{٧٦٢ ٤ ٨٤L١٩ ٢{١٥٦{٠٠٠ Bluebir
 d
 K(ACSR)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{١‫א‬
‫א‬
Line Reactance (XL)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ XL=ωLInductive Reactance
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
µo 1 D
(٥{٢)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK L = ( + ln ) H/m     
2π 4 r
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wµο=2π x 10−7
 ‫א‬‫א‬WD
 ‫א‬Wr
2r
2r
D D D2 D1
D D3
‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٢‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥{٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{٣)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK D = 3 D1 D2 D3 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 D = ٥mW‫א‬‫א‬ W
 r =١{٥cm W‫א‬
 f = ٦٠Hz W‫א‬ 
4π × 10 −7 1 500
  L= ( + ln ) = 12.12 x10 −7 H / m   W‫א‬
2π 4 15
.
   XL = ωL=٣٧٧x ١٢{١٢x١٠ ٧=٠{٤٥٧ Ω/km W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ KR=٠{٠٧٤ Ω/km‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬XL R‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬٣٠٠kV ١٠٠km
 K‫א‬‫א‬
2r
Cn Cn
D D
C C
Cn Cn
Cn Cn C
D
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٣‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٥{٣‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2πε 0
(٥{٤)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ Cn = 2C = ( F / m)  
ln Dr

 Permittivity‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Wεο=8.854x 10−12
 ‫א‬‫א‬WD
 ‫א‬Wr
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WC

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥{٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 D = 3 D1 D2 D3 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FCapacitive Reactance‫א‬‫א‬
1
(٥{٥)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ X c =
ϖCn
 K w=٢πf‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬WfEHzF

،(Y) Capacitive admittance ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
(٥{٦)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬(Siemens) Y = j = jϖCn
Xc
  ٣cm     ٢٠٠km  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W
 K٥m
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2π × 8.854 × 10 −12
Cn = = 9.577 × 10 −12 F / m
ln 500
1.5
: ‫∴ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ آﻞ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ واﻟﻤﺤﺎﻳﺪ ﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺨﻂ‬

   C n = 9.577 × 10 −12 × 200 × 10 3 = 1.915 × 10 −6 F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Capacitive Reactance‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
   Xc = = = 1385Ω    
ϖCn 377 x1954
. x10 −6
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Capacitive Admittance‫א‬‫א‬

 K(Siemens) Y = jϖCn = 722 x10 −6 ∠90 0
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬L(m)‫א‬ K  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
Sending end voltage per phase ‫א‬‫א‬ VS
 Receiving end voltage per phase ‫א‬‫א‬ VR
 Line current ‫א‬ IL
 Line resistance per phase ‫א‬R

 Line reactance per phase ‫א‬‫א‬XL
 Line voltage drop per phase ‫א‬‫א‬∆V
 Active power at receiving end ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PR(w)
 Apparent power at receiving end ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SR(VA)
 Reactive power at receiving end ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ QR(VAR)
  power factor at receiving end ‫א‬‫א‬ CosφR
 Active power at sending end ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PS(w)
 Apparent power at sending end ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SS(VA)
 Reactive power at sending end ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ QS(VAR)
  power factor at sending end ‫א‬‫א‬ CosφS
 
 
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
R XL
IL
∆V
VS θs VR θR
R XL
R XL
Generator ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ‬ Transmission line ‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ Load ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬
 Sending end ‫ﺟﻬﺔ اﻻرﺳﺎل‬ Receiving end ‫ﺟﻬﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٤‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥{٥‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬E٥{٤F‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٥‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{٨)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + ∆V    W‫א‬‫א‬
UR
  (٥{٩)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK V R = ‫א‬VR‫א‬
3
  (٥{١٠)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ∆V = Z L I L = I L R + jI L X L  ‫א‬
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  KLine voltage at receiving end ‫א‬‫א‬ URW
 KLine impedance ‫א‬WZL=R+jXL

 K Resistive drop in phase with IL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:RIL
 K Reactive drop in quadrature with IL ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬:XLIL

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{٦‫א‬
 WOMA‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{١١)KKKKKKKKKKKKKOM 2 = OA 2 + AM 2 = (OK + KA) 2 + ( AC + CM ) 2     
(٥{١٢)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OM = (OK + KA) 2 + ( AC + CM ) 2
  
(٥{١٣)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = (V R cos φR + RI L ) 2 + (V R sin φR + X L I L ) 2     
M
VS
θS B D φR F
O
φR VR φR
IL
L
X
RIL
IL
L
C
A

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٦‫א‬

- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEFOM=OF‫א‬‫א‬ OFOM  θS‫א‬‫א‬
 W
  OM = OD + DF = OB + BD + DF 
 (٥{١٤)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = VR + BD + DF = VR + RI L cos φR + X L I L sin φR
  VS − VR = RI L cos φR + X L I L sin φR 


(٥{١٥)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ∆V = RI L cos φR + X L I L sin φR  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{١٦)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKVS = V R + ∆V W‫א‬‫א‬

Solution in Complex Notation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Reference vectorVR‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬،٥{٦‫א‬‫א‬
  (٥{١٧)KKKKKKKKKKKKKK V R = V R + j 0 = V R ∠0 o 
   (٥{١٨)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I L = I L (cos φR − j sin φR ) = I L ∠ − φR 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Lagging‫א‬‫א‬
Leading ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬
      
(٥{١٩)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Z L = R + jX L = Z ∠θ
  (٥{٢٠)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ∆V = Z L I L ∠θ − φL      
  (٥{٢١)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + ∆V    W‫א‬‫א‬
  (٥{٢٢)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + Z L I L ∠(θ − φR )      
 (٥{٢٣)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + I L (cos φR − j sin φR )( R + jX L )     
(٥{٢٤)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + ( RI L cos φR + X L I L sin φR ) + j ( X L I L cos φR − RI L sin φR ) 
(٥{٢٥)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = (VR + RI L cos φR + X L I L sin φR ) 2 + ( X L I L cos φR − RI L sin φR ) 2 

- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FLeading‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{٢٦)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I L = I L (cos φR + j sin φR ) = I L ∠φR
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 (٥{٢٧)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + I L (cos φR + j sin φR )( R + jX L )     
(٥{٢٨)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + ( RI L cos φR − X L I L sin φR ) + j ( X L I L cos φR + RI L sin φR ) 
 (٥{٢٩)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = (V R + RI L cos φR − X L I L sin φR ) 2 + ( X L I L cos φR + RI L sin φR ) 2 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{٣٠)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK φS = φR + θs        

Voltage Regulation of lineW‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VS − V R
(٥{٣١)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ∆V (%) = × 100
VR

Power losses of the lineW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(P)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬XL 
 ‫א‬ R  ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬Reactive Power (Q)‫א‬Active Power
 K(P∝I٢ P=I٢R) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬KQLoss   PLoss  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬Ploss(W)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (٥{٣٢)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKPLoss = 3RI L2        
(٥{٣٣)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PLoss = PS − PR
 WQloss(VAR)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (٥{٣٤)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK QLoss = 3 X L I L2       
(٥{٣٥)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Q Loss = QS − QR
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬
  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 SS(VA)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{٣٦)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S S = 3VS I L*  W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬QS(VAR)‫א‬PS(W)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S  (٥{٣٧)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S S = PS + jQS W‫א‬
Q
ϕ  K‫א‬‫א‬
P
 W‫א‬QR(VAR)‫א‬PR(W)‫א‬‫א‬SR(VA)‫א‬
(٥{٣٨)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = 3V R I L*       
  (٥{٣٩)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = PR + jQR 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{٤٠)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PS = 3VS I L cos φS W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{٤١)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK QS = 3VS I L sin φS
PS QS
(٥{٤٢)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S S = 3VS I L = 3U S I L = =    
cos φS sin φS
(٥{٤٣)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PR = 3V R I L cos φR W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{٤٤)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK QR = 3V R I L sin φR  

PR QR
(٥{٤٥)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = 3V R I L = 3U R I L = =    
cos φR sin φR

Efficiency of transmission line‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PR
(٥{٤٦)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK η(%) = × 100      
PS
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 L=٣٠mHR=٥Ωf=٦٠Hz، ‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬١١kV٠{٨P=١٠٠٠kW ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
UR 11000
 VR = = = 6350V 
3 3
 W‫א‬
PR 1000 × 10 3
  IL = = = 65.6 A
3V R cos φR 3 × 6350 × 0.8
 φR = cos −1 (0.8) = 36.87 o      
 I L = 65.6 A∠ − 36.87 o 
 W‫א‬
 Z L = R + j 2πfL = 5 + j 2π 60 × 0.025 = (5 + j 9.4)Ω   
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆V = Z L I L = (10.65∠62 o )(65.6∠ − 36.87 o ) = 698.64V∠2513
. o = (632 + j 296)V
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
  VS = V R + ∆V = 6350 + (632 + j 296) = 6988V∠2.4 0 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   U S = 3VS = 3 × 6988 = 12100V = 12.1kV 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  Φ S = Φ R + θR = 36.9 o + 2.4 o = 39.3o 
 cos φS = 0.774      
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
  PLoss = 3RI L2 = 3 × 5 × 65.6 2 = 64550W = 64.55kW      
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 PS = PR + PLoss = 1000 + 64.55 = 1064.55kW      
 W‫א‬
PR 1000
 η= = = 0.9394 = 93.94%       
PS 1064.55
 ‫א‬‫א‬–
US −UR 12.1 − 11
 ∆V (%) = × 100 = × 100 = 10%      
UR 11


VS=6988V
θS=2.4o
V
96
φR=-36.9o VR=6350V
φS=-39.3o =2
IL
L
X
RIL= 632V
IL
=6
5.
6A

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٧‫א‬
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Leakage reactance ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ١٠٠kmF
‫א‬Is‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥{٨‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬Ic‫א‬‫א‬IR‫א‬

R XL
IS IR
∆V IC
V S θs V R θR
XC
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٨‫א‬

(٥{٤٧)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I S = I R + I C    W‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{٤٨)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I C = jϖCVR    W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{٤٩)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ∆V = Z L I S = ( R + jX L ) I S W‫א‬
(٥{٥٠)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + ∆V = V R + ( R + jX L ) I S W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  K٥{٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VS
θS
φR VR
IS
φS
L
X
RIS
IS
IR
IC

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٩‫א‬

( T - Method ) T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥{١٠‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

IS R/2 XL/2 R/2 XL/2 I
R
IC
XC
VS θs VR θR
IS R/2 XL/2 R/2 XL/2
IC
XC
IS R/2 XL/2 R/2 XL/2
IC
XC
Sending end ‫ﺟﻬﺔ اﻻرﺳﺎل‬ Medium line ‫ﺧﻂ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ Receiving end ‫ﺟﻬﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬

 (T-Model) TW٥{١٠‫א‬



- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬٥{١١‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٥{١٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
IS R/2 XL/2 R/2 XL/2 IR
IC
VS θ s V1 XC VR θR
 Sending end ‫ﺟﻬﺔ اﻻرﺳﺎل‬ Medium line ‫ﺧﻂ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ Receiving end ‫ﺟﻬﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬
 
 (T-Model) T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{١١‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KT‫א‬٥{١٢‫א‬

VS
L /2
V1
IS X
IC
θS
VR IS R
/2
φR φS
/2 L
X
IR
IR
IS
R/
2
IC
IR

 T‫א‬W٥{١٢‫א‬

K‫א‬VR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{١٢‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 (٥{٥١KKK I S = I R + IC W Ic‫א‬IR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (٥{٥٢)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I C = YV1 = jϖCV1    W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ZL ( R + jX L )
(٥{٥٣)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ∆V1 = IS = IS    
2 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ZL ( R + jX L )
(٥{٥٤)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ∆V R = IR = IR    
2 2
 WE٥{٥٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ZL
 (٥{٥٥)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK V1 = V R + ∆V R = V R + I    
2 R
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٥{٥١F‫א‬E٥{٥٢F‫א‬E٥{٥٥F‫א‬
YZ L
 (٥{٥٦)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I S = YVR + (1 + ) I R    
2
،E٥{٥٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٥{٥٨FE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ZL
(٥{٥٧)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V1 + ∆V1 = V1 + I    
2 S
Z Z
(٥{٥٨)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + ∆V1 + ∆V2 = V R + L I S + L I R   
2 2
   W‫א‬‫א‬E٥{٥٨F‫א‬E٥{٥٦F‫א‬ IS
    
Z LY Z LY
 (٥{٥٩)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = (1 + )V R + Z L (1 + )I R
2 4

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VS − V R
 ∆V (%) = × 100 W‫א‬
VR
(٥{٦٠)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Power losses of the lineW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬XL‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WPloss(W)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R 2
  (٥{٦١)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PLoss = 3 ( I + I S2 )      
2 R
 PLoss = PS − PR 
 (٥{٦٢)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
(٥{٦٣)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Q Loss = QS − QR WQloss(VAR)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 SS(VA)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
      
(٥{٦٤)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S S = 3VS I S*
‫א‬‫א‬QS(VAR)‫א‬PS(W)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ss (٥{٦٥)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S S = PS + jQS W‫א‬
Qs
ϕ Ps 
SR (٥{٦٦)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = 3V R I R*   
ϕ PR QR  (٥{٦٧)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = PR + jQR 
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{٦٨)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PS = 3VS I S cos φS
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 QS = 3VS I S sin φS
(٥{٦٩)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
PS QS
 S S = 3VS I S = 3U S I S = =    
cos φS sin φS
(٥{٧٠)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
(٥{٧١)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PR = 3V R I R cos φR W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 QR = 3V R I R sin φR 
(٥{٧٢)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
   
PR QR
(٥{٧٣)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = 3V R I R = 3U R I R = =
cos φR sin φR
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PR
 η(%) = × 100   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PS
(٥{٧٤)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 (Π - Method ) Π ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥{١٣‫א‬Π‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
IS R IL XL IR
IC1 IC2
XC/2 XC/2 VR θR
VS θs
Load
IS R IL XL IR
IC1 IC2
ad Lo
XC/2 XC/2 Lo ad
IS R IL XL IR
IC1 IC2
Sending end ‫ﺟﻬﺔ اﻻرﺳﺎل‬ XC/2 ‫ﺧﻂ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ XC/2 Receiving end ‫ﺟﻬﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬
Medium line

 
 (Π-Model) Π ‫א‬٥{١٣‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ٥{١٤‫א‬

R IL XL IR
IS
IC2 IC1
VS θ s VR θR
Load
XC/2 XC/2

 (Π-Model) Π‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{١٤‫א‬

- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٥{١٥‫א‬
 KΠ
 
VS
IC2 IC1 θS
φR φS VR
IL
L
X
IS RIL
IL
IC2
IR
IC1

(Π-Model) Π‫א‬W٥{١٥‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٥{١٥‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{١٥ ٥{١٤‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 WIc١‫א‬‫א‬IR‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{٧٥)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I L = I R + I C1      
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y jϖC
(٥{٧٦)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I C1 = VR = V     
2 2 R
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y jϖC
(٥{٧٧)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I C 2 = VS = V     
2 2 S
 W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 (٥{٧٨)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ∆V = Z L I L = ( R + jX L ) I L    

 W‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{٧٩)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + ∆V = V R + Z L I L  E٥{٧٨٥{٧٥F‫א‬
(٥{٨٠)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + Z L ( I R + I C1 )    
Y
(٥{٨١)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = V R + Z L ( I R + V ) E٥{٧٦FIc١
2 R
Z LY
(٥{٨٢)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = (1 + )V R + Z L I R   ‫א‬
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
(٥{٨٣)KKKKKKKKKKKKK I S = I L + I C 2 = I R + I C1 + I C 2     
Y Y
 (٥{٨٤)KKKKKKKKKKKKK I S = IR + V R + VS E٥{٧٧ ٥{٧٦٥{٧٥F‫א‬
2 2
 W‫א‬E٥{٨٢F‫א‬VS
Y Y⎡ YZ ⎤
(٥{٨٥)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  I S = IR + V R + ⎢(1 + L )V R + ZI R ⎥ 
2 2⎣ 2 ⎦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
YZ L YZ
(٥{٨٦)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I S = Y (1 + )V R + (1 + L ) I R 
4 2

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VS − V R
(٥{٨٧)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ∆V (%) = × 100
VR
 Power losses of the lineW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬XL‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬

 WPloss(W)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  (٥{٨٨)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PLoss = 3RI L2        

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PLoss = PS − PR
 (٥{٨٩)

 (٥{٩٠)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Q Loss = QS − QR WQloss(VAR)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 SS(VA)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
(٥{٩١)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S S = 3VS I S*     
‫א‬‫א‬QS(VAR)‫א‬PS(W)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (٥{٩٢)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S S = PS + jQS 
 (٥{٩٣)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = 3V R I R*       
     (٥{٩٤)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = PR + jQR 
 ‫א‬Qs(VAR)‫א‬Ps(W)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (٥{٩٥)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PS = 3VS I S cos φS 
 (٥{٩٦)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK QS = 3VS I S sin φS

PS QS
 (٥{٩٧)KKKKKKKKKKKKKK S S = 3VS I S = 3U S I S = =  ‫א‬‫א‬
cos φS sin φS
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (٥{٩٨)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PR = 3V R I R cos φR
 (٥{٩٩)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK QR = 3V R I R sin φR
PR QR
 (٥{١٠٠)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S R = 3V R I R = 3U R I R = =   
cos φR sin φR
- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PR
 (٥{١٠١)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK η(%) = × 100       
PS
Generalized Circuit Constants of Transmission Line‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 (٥{١٠٢)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = AVR + BI R     
 
   (٥{١٠٣)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I S = CV R + DI R     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A, B, C, D
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{١٦‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IS IR
VS A, B, C, D VR
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{١٦‫א‬
 T
‫א‬E٥{٥٩‫א‬F‫א‬E٥{٥٦‫א‬F‫א‬
 WDCBA‫א‬‫א‬،E٥{١٠٣ ٥{١٠٢F‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ Z LY ⎞ ⎛ Z LY ⎞
 (٥{٥٦)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = ⎜ 1 +
⎝
⎟V R + Z L ⎜ 1 + ⎟ I 
2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ R
- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
⎛ YZ ⎞
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I S = YV R + ⎜ 1 + L ⎟ I R 
⎝
    
2 ⎠
 (٥{٥٩)
Z LY
  (٥{١٠٤)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK A = D = 1 + 
2
⎛ Z Y⎞
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK B = Z L ⎜ 1 + L ⎟ 
⎝
     
4 ⎠
 (٥{١٠٥)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK C=Y         
 (٥{١٠٦)
  (٥{١٠٧)KKKKKKKKKK AD − BC = 1 W١،‫א‬BCAD‫א‬
 Π
:٥{٨٦ ٥{٨٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ Z LY ⎞
 (٥{٨٢)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = ⎜ 1 +
⎝
⎟V + Z L I R 
2 ⎠ R
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I S = Y ⎛⎜⎝1 + L ⎞⎟⎠VR + ⎛⎜⎝1 + L ⎞⎟⎠ I R

YZ YZ
4 2
 (٥{٨٦)
Z LY
 (٥{١٠٨)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK A = D = 1 + 
2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK B = Z L       
 (٥{١٠٩)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK C = Y ⎛⎜⎝1 +
YZ L ⎞
⎟       
2 ⎠
 (٥{١١٠)
 (٥{١١١)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK AD − BC = 1      W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KFerranti Effect‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
IS R IC1 XL
IC2 IC1
VS θs XC/2 XC/2 VR

 (Π-Model) ΠW٥{١٧‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
XLIC1
VS
ZLIC RIC1
IC1 θS VR
 
 (Π-Model) Π‫א‬‫א‬W٥{١٨‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
  (٥{١١٢)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = (VR − X L I C ) 2
+ ( RI C ) 2   
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 

L=٣٠mHR=٥Ωf=٦٠Hz، ‫א‬ J ٥{١
‫א‬‫א‬١١kVLagging٠{٨P=١٠٠٠kW ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠Km‫א‬‫א‬J ٥{٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UR=١٣٢kV
Resistance/km/phase = ٠{١٥ ΩZ‫א‬J
Inductance/km/phase = ١{٢٠ mHZ‫א‬J
 Capacitance/km/phase = ٠{٠١µFZ‫א‬J
Frequency f = ٦٠ Hz‫א‬
 ( T-Method ) T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 W،p.f = ٠{٨ ٧٢MW
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

UR=١٣٢kVP= ٤٠MW٢٠٠Km‫א‬‫א‬–٥{٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٠{٨‫א‬
Resistance/phase = ١١ ΩZ‫א‬J
Inductive reactance/phase = ٣٨ ΩZ‫א‬‫א‬J
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Capacitive susceptance/phase = ٣ x ١٠ ٤ siemens ZE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J
Frequency f = ٦٠ Hz‫א‬
 W (Π -Method ) Π‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

١. B.L.THERAJA, A.K. THERAJA “ A Textbook of Electrical
Technology”, S. CHAND&COMPANY LTD.,New Delhi, ١٩٩٧.
٢. Olle I. Elgerd “ Electric Energy Systems Theory” An Introduction ,
McGraw-Hill, New York, ١٩٨٢.
٣. Kundder, “Power system stability and control”, McGraw-Hill, New
York,١٩٩٤.
٤. Stevenson William D., “Elements of Power System Analysis”, McGraw-
Hill, ٤th ed., ١٩٨٩.
- ٩٩ -
   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬١٢‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬K‫א‬٤٨VI=٤A‫א‬  ‫א‬K ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬
 K١{٥‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ٢٤‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢VZ‫א‬G ١{٥AZ‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
  E٢٤EF٩AEF٢AEFW‫א‬F

 ،Υ‫א‬ J ٢
P=١٠MW
‫א‬KXS=٠{٦٦Ω ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KU=١١kV(Lag.)P.F.=٠{٨٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ٣٠{٥٪Z‫א‬ J
١٨٠٠٠kWZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
٧٥٠٠kW, ٥٠٠٠kW, ٣٤٠٠kW, ٤٦٠٠kW, ٢٨٠٠ kWW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
E١{٣EF٤٨{٠٩x١٠٦ kWhEFW‫א‬F  K‫א‬‫א‬J 


-١٠٠-
   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  
١٠MW, ٥MW, ٨MW W

 ‫א‬J ٤
 WK٪٦٠‫א‬‫א‬١{٥‫א‬‫א‬K٧MW
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
   E١٠٥{١٢x١٠٦ kWhEF٢٠MWEFW‫א‬F    K‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬ ، ٤٣٠٠٠kW ‫א‬J ٥
 W‫א‬K٦١٥٠٠٠٠٠kWh‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠٠٠kW
 K‫א‬E
 K‫א‬E
 E٣٥{١٪EF٤٦{٥٪EFW‫א‬F        
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٠W a.m.٦ p.m.١٢
٣٠٠٠W  noon١٢a.m.٦
١٠٠W p.m.١noon ١٢
٤٠٠٠W p.m.٤p.m.١
٢٠٠٠W p.m.٩p.m.٤
١٠٠٠W p.m.١٢p.m.٩

 ‫א‬E
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K٠{٠٥‫א‬ J
K‫א‬٠{٥W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 E٤٦{١٪EFW‫א‬F
-١٠١-
   ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Symbols‫א‬

 Active power‫א‬‫ א‬: P  Ampere or area‫א‬ : A
Number of poles ‫א‬‫א‬ : p Capacitance‫ א‬: C
Reactive power،‫א‬‫ א‬: Q Diameter, Distance‫א‬،‫א‬: D
Resistance‫ א‬: R Voltage of cell‫א‬‫א‬ : E
Radius‫ א‬: r Frequency‫ א‬: f
Apparent power‫א‬‫ א‬: S Farad‫א‬ : F
Temperature, Cycle ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ : T Conductance‫א‬‫ א‬: G
Voltage per phase‫א‬ : V Head, Henry،‫א‬،‫ א‬: H
Line to line Voltage ‫א‬ : U Current‫ א‬: I
Reactance‫ א‬: X Vector operator ‫א‬‫ א‬: j
Admittance‫ א‬: Y Permittivity of air‫א‬‫א‬ : εο
Impedance‫ א‬: Z Relative permittivity‫ א‬: εr
Angular Velocity‫א‬‫א‬ : ωm Inductance‫ א‬: L
Ohm ‫ أوم‬: Ω Length‫ א‬: l
Efficiency‫ א‬: η Mass‫ א‬: m
 Permeability‫א‬‫א‬ : µο  Speed‫ א‬: N




-١٠٤-
 ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬

 ١ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢ K………………………………K………………………………………………………………K………………………………………… 
٣ .…………..………………………………………………………………………………….……………………… ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة‬
 ٣  …………………………KK………K………………………………………K………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣  …………K………………KK………KKK…………………………………………………K…………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥ …………K…………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦  …………K……………KK………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦ …K………………………………………………K…………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩  ……K……………………………………K…………………………KK……………………………………………………‫א‬
٩ ...………..…………………………………………………………………… (‫ﻃﻮاﺣﻴﻦ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح )ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء‬
 ١١  ………………KK……………………………………………… E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣  …………KKK…………………………………………………………………K…………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤  …………………………………………………………………KK……………………… E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦  ………KKK……………………KK………………………………………K……………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦  …………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………… ‫א‬
١٨  ………K………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
 ٢١  …………………………K……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٣  …………………………………………………K……………………………………………… ‫א‬
 ٢٤ K……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬
 ٢٤  ………………………………………………………………………K…………………………………………… ‫א‬
 ٢٥ K……………………………………………K……………………………………………… ‫א‬
 ٢٥  ………………………………………………………………………K………………………K……… ‫א‬
 ٢٧ K…………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬
 ٢٧ ………………………………………………………K……………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
٢٩ …KKKKKKKKKKKKKK………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠ ……………………………………………………‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٢ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK………………………………………………………………………………… W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٤ K………KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK……………………K……………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٤ K…KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK…………………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٥  ……KKKKKKKKKKK……………………………………………………………………………………………………‫א‬
 ٣٥ …KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK…………………………K………………………………………………………… ‫א‬
 ٣٥  …KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK……………………KK………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٥  K‫א‬
…KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK…KK…
 ٣٧ KKKKKKKKKKK……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٧ …KKKKKKKK………………………………………KKKKK………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٨  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK……………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٠  ……………KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK………………………………………‫א‬
 ٤٠ K…………KKKKKKK………………………………………………………………K………………………………… ‫א‬
 ٤٠ K……………………KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK……………………………………K…………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤١ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬
 ٤٣ …………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٤ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
 ٤٥ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٦  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٧ …………………………………K……………………………………………………………………………………………………KK… K‫א‬
 ٤٨  KK…………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٨  ……………………………KK………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٠  K………………………………K…………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٠ ……………………K…………………………………………………………………………………E‫א‬F‫א‬
 ٥٠ KKKK…………K……………………………………………………………………K…………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥١ KKKKKKKKKK…………K……………………………………………………………………K…………………………………… ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٥١ K…………………KK………………………………………………………………K…………………………………… ‫א‬
 ٥٢ K……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬
 ٥٢ ……………………………………………………………KK…………………………………………………………‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٢ ……………………………………KK…KK………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٣ ………………………………………K………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬
 ٥٣ …………KK…………KK……………………………………………………………………………………K…… K‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٣ KK………………………K……………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٤  ……………………KK……………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٤ ……………K…………………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬
 ٥٤ ……………K…………………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬
 ٥٤ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………‫א‬
 ٥٥ ………………………………………………………………………………………………K……………………………………………… 
 ٥٨ KKK………………………………………………………………………………………………………K…………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٠ ……………………………………………K…………………………………………………………………………………………………‫א‬
 ٦١ ……………………………K……………………KK……………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٢ ……………………………KK……………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٣ ……K…………………K……………………KK………………………………………………………………KK… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٣ KK……………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٥ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٥ K……………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٧ ……………KK………………………………………………………………………K………‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٩ K…………………………………………………………………………K……………………………K…………………………………… ‫א‬
 ٧٠ K………K…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٠ …………………………………………………………………………………………………‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٢ KKKK…………………………………………………………………K………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٧٤ …KKKKKK……………………………………………………………………………………………KK……………………KK……………… ‫א‬
 ٧٤ ……KKKKKKKKKKK…………………KK…………………………………KK………… K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٦  …KKKKKK………KK…………………KK……………………KK…………………KK……………………KK……… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٨  …KKKKK……………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٩ K……KKKKKKKKKKK………KK……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٩ ……KKKKKKKKK……………………………………………………………‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٩  K…KKKKKKK……………K……… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٠ K…K…………………………………………………………K…………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٠ K……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨١  ……………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨١ KKKKKKK………………………………………………………K………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬
 ٨٤  ……………KK…………………………………………KK……………………KK……………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٤  ……K………………… K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٥  KK…………………………………… ( T - Method ) T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٦  …K……………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٧ K………KK……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٧  K………………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٨ …K…………………………………………………………………………………………………‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٩ K…K…………………………………………………………………………K……… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٩ K………………………………………………K……………………………K…………………………………… ‫א‬
 ٨٩  K…………………………………… (Π - Method ) Π ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩١ ……KKKKKKKKKKKKK………………………………………………………………‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩١ ……KKKKKKKKKK………KK…………………………K………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٢ ……………KKKKKKKKK…………………………………………KK……………………KK……………… ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٢  ………KKKKKKKKKKKKK…………………………………………………………………………………KK… K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٣ KK……KKKKKKK…………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٤  ……K………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٥٤  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٩٤  K…KK……………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٤  ………K……………………………………………………………K………T
 ٩٥  K…………………………………………………………K………………… Π
 ٩٥ K………………………………………… ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٥  K………………KK………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
 ٩٧ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٩  ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
 ١٠٤ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

محطات التوليد والقدرة PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

محطات التوليد والقدرة PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

محطات التوليد والقدرة PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ، ،  ‫א‬

 Eref : output of cell in volts at ( ٢٥oC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 T : Temperature in degrees centigrade (oC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

I out = I ref [1 + 0.025 A(T − 25)]

 Iout : output current of cell in (mA) ‫א‬

 A : Area of cell in (m٢)‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Iref : output current of cell in (mA) at ( ٢٥oC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 T : Temperature in degrees centigrade (oC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

CO٢ SO٢ NOX  CO  ‫א‬

CO٢ SO٢ NOX  CO  ‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

1 ‫א‬ 2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 WTurbine compressor unit‫א‬‫א‬

 KENitrous) oxides NOx‫א‬

 Combined cycle steam-gas power plant ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١. P. Kundur , “Power system stability and control”, McGraw-Hill, New

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٣٠ ١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Demand Factor (DF) ‫א‬

 Load Factor (FLd) ‫א‬

 Diversity Factor (FDiv) E‫א‬F‫א‬

 Utilization factor (Fu) ‫א‬‫א‬

 Load diversity (LD) ‫א‬EF

Toran Gonen," Electric Power Distribution System Engineering", Mc Graw-

 ٢٩٦٠٠٠kWh x ٠{١٢ SR/kWh = ٣٥٥٢٠ ESRFZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣٠٤٠٠٠kWh x ٠{١٢ SR/kWh = ١٥٢٠٠ ESRFZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٢٥٠ x ٤ =٥٠٠٠ ESRFZ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣٠٤٠Z٠{٢٦SR x٦٥٠٠kWhH٠{٢٤SR x١٠٠٠kWh

 ٣٠٤٠٠٠kWh x ٠{١٢ SR/kWh = ١٥٢٠٠ ESRFZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬

: ‫∴ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ آﻞ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ واﻟﻤﺤﺎﻳﺪ ﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺨﻂ‬

 Receiving end voltage per phase ‫א‬‫א‬ VR

 Line current ‫א‬ IL

 Line resistance per phase ‫א‬R

 Apparent power at receiving end ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SR(VA)

 Reactive power at receiving end ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ QR(VAR)

  power factor at receiving end ‫א‬‫א‬ CosφR

 Active power at sending end ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PS(w)

 Apparent power at sending end ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SS(VA)

 Reactive power at sending end ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ QS(VAR)

  power factor at sending end ‫א‬‫א‬ CosφS

Generator ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ‬ Transmission line ‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ Load ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬

 Sending end ‫ﺟﻬﺔ اﻻرﺳﺎل‬ Receiving end ‫ﺟﻬﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬

  KLine voltage at receiving end ‫א‬‫א‬ URW

 KLine impedance ‫א‬WZL=R+jXL

  VS − VR = RI L cos φR + X L I L sin φR 

‫א‬‫א‬Reference vectorVR‫א‬ ‫א‬

   (٥{١٨)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK I L = I L (cos φR − j sin φR ) = I L ∠ − φR 

(٥{٢٥)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = (VR + RI L cos φR + X L I L sin φR ) 2 + ( X L I L cos φR − RI L sin φR ) 2 

 (٥{٢٩)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS = (V R + RI L cos φR − X L I L sin φR ) 2 + ( X L I L cos φR + RI L sin φR ) 2 

Voltage Regulation of lineW‫א‬‫א‬

 K(P∝I٢ P=I٢R) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(٥{٤٤)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK QR = 3V R I L sin φR  

Efficiency of transmission line‫א‬

IS R/2 XL/2 R/2 XL/2

IS R/2 XL/2 R/2 XL/2

Power losses of the lineW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(٥{٦٣)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Q Loss = QS − QR WQloss(VAR)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬