Timeline of Manufacturing

Before 4000 B.C gold, copper, meteoric iron

4000-3000 B.C copper casting, stone and metal molds,

Lost wax process, silver lead and tin

3000-2000 B.C bronzed casting and drawing, gold leaf

2000-1000 B.C wrought iron and brass

1000-1 B.C cast iron and cast steel

1000-1500 A.D zinc and steel

1500-1600 blast furnace, type metals, casting of bells, pewter

1600-1700 permanent mold casting, brass from copper and zinc

Boring, screw-cutting lathe, turning, press milling

1700-1800 malleable cast iron, crucible steel

1800-1900 centrifugal casting, Bessemer’s process, electrolytic

steel and aluminum

1900-1920 geared lathe, automatic screwing machine, hobbing,

High-speed steel tools

1940-1950 die casting

1950-1960 lost waxing process for engineering

1960-1970 ceramic mold, nodular iron, semiconductors,

continous casting

1970-1990 squeez casting, single-crystal turbine blades,

Computer simulation
1990-2000 rheocasting, computer aided designs of moulds and
dyes, rapid tooling

Micro and nano fabrication.