1.

Symbolize the following propositions and for each determine by the shortest method
whether it is a tautology, a contradiction, or contingent.

a) If it is true both that if a person does not see the usefulness of logic then he
does not study it and that a person does study logic only if he does see its usefulness, then
a person sees the usefulness of logic if and only if he studies it.
b) That there are proofs that some problems can not be solved mechanically in
logic only if the logic itself used in the proofs is a necessary and sufficient condition for
our not knowing that some problems can not be solved unless we understand the logic
used.

2. Prove the validity of the following argument by constructing a truth table.

If Winston or Halbert wins then Luke and Susan cry. Susan does not cry.
Therefore, Halbert did not win.

3. Prove the validity of the following argument using direct proof.

If ghosts are a reality then there are spirits roaming the Earth and if ghosts are not
a reality then we do not fear the dark. Either we fear the dark or we have no imagination.
We do have an imagination and ghosts are not a reality. Therefore there are spirits
roaming the Earth.

4. . Prove the invalidity of the following argument

I have room for potatoes if and only if I grow neither peas nor marrows. If I grow
peas then I have to pick them or if I grow marrows then they get mildew. I won’t pick
peas and I won’t have marrows with mildew, so I will have room for potatoes after all.

5. . Prove the validity of the following argument using indirect proof

The unions will be militant whether or not there is a penal clause in the
Arbitration Act. If the Liberals are elected there will be more industrial unrest because
there will be a penal clause in the Act. So if the Labor party is elected there will be penal
clause in the Act, since if the unions are militant the Labor party will not be elected and if
the unions are not militant Mr. Hawk will lose his image.