8.2 What makes a hero? coy Pine Pin es 2a. Read the magazine article and compare your ideas with your partner. WEES personality and behaviour ‘1a Read the three short descriptions. Which of these people do you think are heroes? Why/Why not? Discuss with a partner or in small groups. oreo) pens erry ea es b What other kinds of people or behaviour could be considered heroic? 78) Ort Oxford 3000 What makes a hero? Kerry Clark was sitting in the backyard of his farm when hhe saw a small plane crash in the nearby woods, He rushed over there immediately and started to rescue people, even though the plane was on fire and might explode any minute. ‘Somebody needed to help’ Clark said afterwards. "You do it because you have to." But if you saw a crash, would you risk your life to help? Was Clark @f@@ or unusually BRAVE? Researchers at Berkeley University have spent the last five years studying what exactly makes people act heroically. They have made some fascinating discoveries. ‘+ One in five people has done something HgMBIG, such as helping another person in a dangerous situation Cr being hist when they find out about something unfair, even if it risks their safety or job. * The more @AUEBREE you are, the more likely you are to bbe aero. + Kini, GBNGFOUS people are more likely to be heroes. (One third of the heroes in the study had also volunteered up to 5-9 hours a week ‘+ Men reported heroism more than women. However, this may be because women can be a bit Bmibafrassea about their heroic actions. ‘+ Having been GK enough to survive a disaster yourself makes you three times more likely to be a hero and a volunteer ‘The researchers believe that we are all capable of becoming heroes. I's about learning to make the right, choices in a particular situation, about doing the right thing even if we are alfald. Everyone needs to realize that they are f@SpORsIble for making the world a better place. They have created an online course, the Heroic Imagination Project, to train OfGINafy people to become less S@lfish and more heroic. For example, to stay Gali in a dificult situation, so that we don't just automatically do ‘what everyone else is doing, b Did anything discovered through this research surprise you? Why/Why not?81 (2) e324 25 3 Work with a partner as Student A and Student B. Find seven highlighted words in the article to match to your set of definitions, Student A thinking only about yourself and not of other people not excited, worried orangry hhaving studied and learnt alot ‘normal, not different from others acting like a hero caring about others telling the truth Student B. 8 having good luck 9 happy to give more than is usually expected iy o do things that are dangerous or difficult out showing fear LI feeling fear 12 having the job of dealing with something 13. feeling uncomfortable because of something silly you. hhave done 14 not sensible, not logical b Test your partner on your set of words. Geese unreal conditionals 4a Work with a partner. Look at the following sentence from the text and answer the questions. Ifyou saw a crash, would you risk your lifeto help? 1. What form isthe verb after if? Is this talking about ‘something that happened in the past, present or future? Isthis situation real or imaginary? 2. Which word in the second clause tells us we are talking about an imaginary situation? b_ Lookar the following sentence and answer the questions. If saw someonein trouble, I might/could/would help. 1. Which two modal verbs express possibility? 2 Which modal ver means would beable to? © Read the information in the Grammar focus box and check your answers to exercise 4. 5a Complete the sentences using the correct form ofthe verbs in brackets. Use modal verbs where possible to express uncertainty or ability. tn (be) braver, (bea firefighter. 2 We (volunteer) more ifwe (have) more time. 3 What you (do) ifyou (6ee) someone being robbed? 4 Ifwe (vin) the lottery, we (sive) some money to charity. 51 {not do) a job itit (be) risky or dangerous. 6 He (be) so embarrassed ithe (know) people were talking about his heroism. bb 83i)Listenand check youranswers. © Work with a partner. How does using would, could or ‘ight change the meaning of each sentence? ‘ ‘Work in small groups. Go to page 128, discuss the scenarios and complete the other tasks. 798.3 Vocabulary and skills development TEM sound changes 1 Work with a partner. Look atthe photos of Icelandic culture and answer the questions. 1 What do you think each photo tells us about Iceland? 2. Would you see the same things in your country? £241) Read and isten tothe information inthe Unlock the code box. ‘Speaking at natural speed, we often change the last sound of a Word to make it easier to say the words together, for example, ) Listen tothe phrases, Underline the sound that When one word ends in sounds tor d and the next word starts $.88)Listen to the phrases. Underline the sound th with sounds such as b, 2, kg, m. Listening to natural speech, chuanges. these changes can make groups of words more difficult to 1 redpram 5 should go Understand. 2 could be 6 cold metal written form ~ natural speed 3 white coffee 7 hot pepper fonts move 3a 4 mild coffee 8 hot milk that place + ®eplers8182 (63) s4_as 4a 86) Listen tothe first part ofa podcast and complete the text with wo words in each gap. ityou" anywhere in the word olive, where would you go? # not be the most obvious choice, but | dont? here. | came to study earth science at the University of Iceland. Iceland has volcanoes, glaciers and earthquakes. ¢ you 9 hore? | came to study the natural world, bt stayed in leeland because | ove the way of ite b a7 )Listentotherestofthe podcastand answer the questions. 1 Whydo Icelanders leave theirbabies outside to sleep? 2 What Icelandic habit used to make Jali feel annoyed? 3. What did Julia discover felandic people don' worry about? 4. Whatskill do 10% of celanders have? 5. Why does Julia now enjoy Ielandic food? 5 Workin small groups and discuss the questions. 1 How do you think lf in Iceland would be diferent from lifein your country? 2 Doyou think you wold enjoy livingin leland? Why/Why not? (EEEMED prefixes 6 Read an online article about culture shock. What four different stages can you identify? What stage do you think Juliais at? 15 JUNE ad ‘When you first arrive ina foreign culture, often your first reaction is completely postive, Everything seems exciting differen and fascinating. l'san adventure. I youre ust on a short holiday, youl probably never leave this phase, but ifyou stay longer, your attitude can start tochange Asyou start to realize how little you really understand the new culture life can get frustrating People what youre trying say or they may imple things, lke posting a letter, can seem impossibly difficult, and you ace likely to AER by gettin lor upset when things go wrong, With time, though, you start toadjus, to become more comfortable with the diferences and better able to handle frustrating situations. Your sense of humour ‘BEARS Finally. you reach the stage of feeling abe tobe enthusiastic about the culture once again. enjoy livingin it, and maybe even prefer certain aspects ofthe 7 va Lookat the highlighted words in the article and match the ‘meanings of each prefix to the definitions below. 1 badly 2 again Reema Prefixes are groups of letters that added to the beginning of a ‘Word change the meaning of the word: ‘mis- (= Go badly) misiudge, misbehave ‘re (= do again) replace, rearrange In-enot) inactive, inconvenient ‘ver: (= too much) overpriced, averspend 3. too(much) 4 not Use the prefixes re, under, over- or mis-and the words in brackets to complete the sentences. Check your answers with a partner. 1 Inthe summer, north ofthe Arctic Citele, it stays ight twenty-fourhours. day. The stars stop coming out at night and don't (appear) until August. 2 Ifyou move toa very different culture, people may easily (understand) your behaviour. 3 Thaven't got alot of money this month, 0 'l have to be careful I don't pend). 4. used to wear very smart suits o the office, but people here are much more (formal) and even wear jeans to work. 5 The'lighthad to be (schedule) due to the bbad weather. We arrived backa day late. 6 Parents can be very embarrassed if their children (behave) in public, ‘Think about an interesting place you have been to. Use the questions below to prepare a short talk about Use atleast three words with prefixes. + What i interesting about the place? + What facts do you know about the place? + Why might you choose to move there? + what things about the culture might be very different from your own? Talk for about two minutes about the place. Listen to your partner's talk and ask at least two questions about the place. 8135 Review ta 2a 3a e Choose the correct option to complete the sentences. 4a Can money buy happiness? 1 Ifyou spend iton the right things, money must /can / has to buy happiness. 2 Most people will be happier unless if/ whether you spend. time with them rather than spend money on them. sou're going on holiday, you should / would / will e be happier if you pay for it straightaway. 4 People should buy experiences rather than things, especially ifthey are / will be/ are going to be older. 5 People don't enjoy things as much unless they will have to/ have to / have work hard for them. 5a 119) Markin exercise 1a whether the intonation rises or falls atthe end ofeach clause. Then listen and check. ‘Which sentences do you agree or disagree with? Discuss witha partner £12{) Listen to the beginning of six sentences. Write down ‘what you hear and complete the sentence in any way youlike Compare your sentences with a partner and explain what you wrote. Rewrite each sentence, using one of the words orphrases 4, in the boxto replace the underlined words, balanced diet childcare cultural activities healthcare high taxes leisure time neighbours physical activity a pollution poverty astrong economy volunteer 1 Thepeople who live in your street can help you ifyou havea problem. 2 Being poor can definitely make you unhappy. 3. Atthe weekends I work for nothing at a charity. 4 Wsimportant to eat healthily 5 There are plenty of opportunities o enjoy theartsin my. town, 6 Exercise really helps me to stay fit and healthy. Work with a partner, Choose three of the other words and “write sentences using them, Compare your ideas with another pair. Divide the following adjectives into positive and negative (ome may be both). afrald brave crazy calm educated embarrassed generous heroic honest kind lucky ordinary responsible setfsh Compare your answers with a partner. Explain the reasons foryour choices. Complete each sentence witha prefix and word from the box. super ground heat ‘appear store ‘ange behave ‘married model water LA isakind of really large shop. 2. TheLondon railway isoften called the Tube’ 3 Diving equipment allows you to breathe 4. Ifmy coffee goes cold, Ijust 5 Ididn'tunderstand what she said because she fone of the words. 6 After her husband died, she never itinthe Choose another word and prefix. Define it, gi help your partner guess it ng clues to to the correct section ofthe talk 1-3 Match phrases a 1 Introduction 2 The main body 3. The conclusion a The third and last pointis. b_ Now!'dlike to finish with. © Timgoingto talk about... Let's move on now to talk about. f Hello, everyone. Does anyone have any questions? Plana 1-2 minute talk about a good decision you made. ‘Make sure you use some of the phrases to signpost each section of your talk. ‘Take turns to listen to your partner's talk. Which phrases did your partner use? 85150 8.1 sentences with if - real conditionals ors) 1 people enjoy tei job, they are happier in general 2 you eat a balanced diet, youl feel neater. 3 sf we have positive attitude, we won't fel down when things don’ work the way we want them to 4 people don't have any fiends, they ean become very lonely 5 They'larive at 7 pm. unless the plane is delayed {6 My brother is quite shy: he won't speak in public unless he has to. In sentences with f we usualy talk about situations and events Which are uncertain. -sentences usually have two clauses: the i-clause and the result clause, They are aso called conditional sentences. ‘When things can possibly happen, so can be real, we use the same tenses with fas with other conjunctions. so, we can use the present tense to refer to the present. f+ present simple, ~ present simple 1¥ people enjoy their job, they are happier in general. tf people work a thirty-seven hour week, they have quite alot of leisure time. * When we talk about specific situations inthe future and their possible results, we normally use a present tense in the i= Clause to talk about the future. If present simple, — will Ifyou eat a balanced viet, you'l feel healthier You'l be happier asa country ifyou pay higher taxes. ‘The conditional clause and the result clause can usually goin either order. When the conditional clause is first, its followed bya comma, When the result clause comes first, there sno if1.see J, rl gve him your message. Vl gue sm your message if see him, * We can use modal verbs, particularly can, may and might in either clause. Ifa country has quite high taxes, itcan provide free healthcare to.everyone. Ifyou can cycle for thirty minutes a day, it may add one to two ‘years to your if ‘ayn can’t get.a job, he might do some voluntary work * Unless usually means f..not or except i Weil go for a walk later unless It rains. = Well go fora walk later ifit doesn't rain ‘Money doesn’t make you happy unless everyone has enough, = Money doesn't make you happy except if everyone has enough. Complete the conversations with the best form of the words in brackets, 1A What do you thinkis the secret to happiness? B Well, lots of things. But Ibelieve that if people have. (have) a positive attitude towards everything, they generally (feel) much happier. [A And what’ the secret toa long life? B Aswellasa positive attitude, ifyou (exercise) regularlyand —__ (be) eareful about what you eat, you (probably/live) longer. 2 A [think need to improve my diet. B Well, fora start, ifyou (eat) atleast five portions of fruit and vegetables each day, you (start) to feel much healthier. And if you (drink) lots of water all the time and less coffee and tea, you (have) more energy. 3 A Ifyou __(not/hurry), we ___(not/get)to the B OK, I'm getting ready as fast as Tean. What (happen) ifwe (get) there after the film starts? Can we still getin? [A Well, yes. But what___ (be) the point of ifwe (miss) the beginning of the film? gin ‘Match 1-4 to a-d to make sentences about happiness. 1 Happinessis like a cloud. Ifyou stare at it long enough, b 2. Ifyou spend your life waiting for the perfect moment, You will never be happy Unless you love what you are doing, you probably won't be successful. itgoes away. itmay never arrive, ifyou spend all your time thinking about what happiness means, ‘Complete the second sentences so they mean the same as the first sentences. 1 You won't succeed ifyou don’t make an effort. You wan? succeed unless you make an effort 2. Welllget the bus unless we see a taxi first. ir 3 Ifyou spend it wisely, money can buy happiness. Unless, . 4. We should arrive at about 3.30 unless we get delayed. 1 5 You're not allowed smartly, the club except ifyou're dressedGRAMMAR REFERENCE 8.2 sentences with if - unreal conditionals ora 1 ft had more time, take up marathon running 2. They wouldn't drive to work if there was a good bus or train service 3. if weved in London, we could go to the theatre more often 4 ihe were Prime Minister, he would change the la Ifsentences usually have two clauses: the conditional clause (often Using if and the result clause, Unreal condtionals express something that is imaginary or hypothetical To talk about an unreal situation and its result in the present or future, we use + past tense + would (or ‘+ infinitive without to, The if clause talks about an unreal situation and the would clause talks about the hypothetical or imaginary result. This is ‘sometimes called a secand conditional ifspast tense, would (a) + infinitive without 0 !f someone needed my help,’ do my best to help them. !¥ we were ail less selfish, the world would be a better place. fd be muci happier f the weather wasn’t so bad. ‘The conditional clause and the result clause can usually goin ether order. When the concitiona clause is fist, its followed bya comma. When the result clause comes first, there sno Iti were you, 'd be more careful 17d be more careful ft were you When we are not sure about the result, we can use the modal verbs might and could instead of would. If were braver, | might do a bungee jump for charity. Ifyou didn’t know what you were doing, you could hurt yourselt * We also use could to mean would be able to. ‘Fit wasn raining, we could go fora walk © Inthe conditional clause, with /ne/shevt, we often use were instead of was. Ths is considered a more formal style. Forma: were younger, take up snowboarding Informal: f Katia was here, she'd be able to help us. We also use were in certain fixed phrases: ft were you, 4 do more exercise Complete the dilemma ques the correct form of the words in brackets. 1 Ifyou fino (find) a wallet in the street, what woul you de(you/do}? 2 you (6ee) someone being attacked in the stret, (you/try) to help them? 3 Ifyou __ (@o) something heroic, (you/wand tobe in the newspaper or on the TV news? 4 Ifyou (ee) someone stealing froma shop, (You/tell)a shop assistant? 5 What __(you/do)ifyou (snow) a new ‘work colleague had lied on his orher CV? 6 you (find) awinning lottery ticket, (Vou/elaim) the money? 7 Where (you/live)ityou (canslive) anywhere in the world? 8 Hyou___(ean/have) any job, what (uvbeye James wants some things in his life to be different. Write conditional sentences using the prompts. 1 bericher— buy a bigger house If L were richer, I'd buy a bigger house 2 be younger — play more sports 3. have more time read a lot more 4 notrain so much + be much happier 5. myjob benot so boring ~ enjoy life more 6 not eat so much junk food ~ be much healthier Rewrite sentences 1-6in the conditional 1 Iean't buy new mobile because I haven't got enough money. If had mare money, 2 Lean'tgo out tonight because I have to write report. cand bay nen mcbile 3 Julia isn't here so we ean’t ask her to help, 4. We can't go skiing because there isn’t enough snow. 5 Ican'thelp you because I'm so busy. 6 Iwork such long hours and I'm always tired. 151COMMUNICATION All students. Al students 8.1 Exercise 8 8.2 Exercise 6 Workin groups offour.Imagine each studentin each groupis a Workinsmall groups. Look atthe three scenarios and one ofthe government ministers discuss what you would do. Decide together on the best 1 Decide which government ministeryou are thing todo 2. You have to decide together how much money to spend on healthcare, childcare, cultural activities and transport. Read your role card and prepare some good arguments. Use conditional sentences. {fwe spend more money on a healthy eating campaign, ‘more people will have a balanced diet and we will spend lesson hospitals. Discuss the budget together and decide what percentage of the budget should be spent on each area. Explain your decisions to the class or another group, Givereasons. Student A: Healtheare You think. large percentage of the budget should ‘be spent on healthcare. Think about people's need for physical activity, a balanced diet, access to good doctors and hospitals. Student B: Childcare ‘You think a large percentage of the budget should be spent on childcare. Think about how childcare helps parents to work- which is good for individuals, and the economy. Also think about how it can help children make a good start at school. Student C: Cultural activities ‘You think a large percentage of the budget should be spent on cultural activities. Think about how it will ‘improve people's social life and happiness, and how itwill help them become better educated. Student D: Transport ‘You thinka large percentage of the budget should be spent on transport, including bicycles which are free for anyone to use. Think about how fewer private cars will reduce pollution, how cycling makes people healthier, and how cheaper public transport will help poverty. 1 You have just bought coffee on the way to work. ‘You have left the café and you are ina hurry. You realize that the serverhasgiven you too much change. 2. Inacarpark, you accidently dent someone's car ‘with your car door, Do you leavea note with your name and address? 3. Youare working ina shop orcafé. A customer insists he has given you a £20 note, but you have only given him change fora £10 note. b. Write three similar scenarios for another group to discuss. Have some ideas about your own answers. Give these situations toa different group. © Now discuss another group's three scenarios. Compare your ideas with those of the group that wrote the scenarios, 129