Preface

This book is intended for a one-semester course on power electronics and

industrial electronics. A key feature of this book is the extensive use of MATLAB®
based examples that illustrate the program’s powerful capability as well as provides
better understanding of the subject. MATLAB codes in the form of m-file are provided
with enough details to permit the students to repeat the examples on their computers.
Some of the programs are given on the CD so that student can run the programs and
obtain the solutions. Altogether there are more than 35 programs in the text that have
been tested and included in CD under MATLAB version 6.5.
The book has been designed for a wide spectrum of technical users, which
includes undergraduate and postgraduate students of electrical and electronics
engineering and also practicing engineers.
Power electronics is the technology that is used to provide the interface between
two types of electrical power, viz., alternating current and direct current. Power electronic
equipments find more and more applications in shaping, conditioning and transforming
frequency, voltage, and power factor. It provides significant advantages in processing
power from renewable energy sources using fast response and autonomous control.
Continuous development of power devices with higher power-handling capability and
reliability offers an unprecedented opportunity for industry and utilities to reduce energy
consumption. The objectives of the book are to provide clear explanation of the
operations of all important power semiconductor devices, devices used to control the
power systems, and to show how the device is used in appropriate circuit, so that the
students master the basic concepts and skills, which they will use later in their carriers.
Due to the advancement of semiconductor technology, great changes have taken
place in all types of power semiconductor devices. The fundamentals of power
electronics are well established, but by putting layers of semiconductors with different
conductivity various new semiconductor devices, such as IGBTs and ETOs with
improved characteristics have been fabricated. An important implication of using these
new devices is that the complicated, expensive, and large sized commutating circuits are
not required.
 With the availability of these switching devices, the applications of
microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSP) and computers in
synthesizing the control strategy to meet the conversion specifications widens the scope
of power electronics. The potential applications of power electronics is yet to be fully
explored and author has tried to cover as many applications as possible and to give
sufficient information which can influence practitioners to move towards the design of
programmable power systems. This book provides the basic background and
advancement in devices, circuits, applications and simulations.
The book is divided into ten chapters. Chapter 1 presents an introduction to the
field of power electronics and provides an overview of the topics covered in this book.
Chapter 2 deals with the characteristic and working principle of the power semiconductor
devices, viz., power diode, power transistor, thyristor, GTO, IGBT, ETO and other power
semiconductor devices. New trends have also been discussed. Chapter 3 discusses
various firing devices their characteristics and circuits to trigger the semiconductor
devices. Commutating and protecting techniques are discussed in Chapter 4.
Chapters 5 and 6 are devoted to power ac-dc rectifying circuits (No control and
phase control), which involve single-phase as well as three-phase rectifiers and analyze
the behavior of the circuit for different types of load. DC-AC converters called inverters
and dc-dc converters called choppers are discussed in chapters 7 and 8, respectively. In
Chapter 9, phase control ac-ac converters called ac voltage controllers and
cycloconverters are covered. The final chapter, Chapter 10, discusses different
applications of power electronics in residential, commercial and industrial fields such as
fan regulators, washing machines, air-conditioning units, process industries, SMPS, UPS,
etc. A wide variety of solved problems are provided to clarify the subject matter. Large
numbers of unsolved reviewed problems have been included at the end of each chapter.
Each chapter includes MATLAB programs in between where they are required along
with the output results.
Contents
1. Review
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Electrical Review
1.2.1 Basic circuit quantities
1.2.2 Passive circuit elements
1.2.3 Basic series circuit
1.2.4 Poly-phase circuit
1.3 Power Electronics
1.3.1 Power semiconductor device
1.3.2 Power converters
1.3.3 Scope and applications of power electronics
1.4 Summary
2. Power Semiconductor Devices
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Power Diodes
2.2.1 General Purpose Diode
2.2.2 Fast Recovery Diode
2.2.3 Schottky Diode
2.2.4 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Diode
2.3 Power Transistor
2.3.1 Power Bipolar Junction Transistor
2.3.2 Power Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
2.3.2.1 Depletion-type MOSFET
2.3.2.2 Enhancement-type MOSFET
2.4 Thyristors
2.4.1 Shockley Diode
2.4.2 Thyristor (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)
2.4.3 Light Activated Silicon Controlled Rectifier (LASCR)
2.4.4 Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS)
2.4.5 Gate Turn-off Thyristor (GTO)
2.4.6 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
2.4.7 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gated Thyristor (MGT)
2.4.8 Emitter Turn-off Thyristor (ETO)
2.4.9 MOS Turn-off (MTO) Thyristor
2.4.10 Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristor (IGCT)
2.5 Multilayer Bidirectional Devices
2.5.1 Reverse Conducting Thyristor (RCT)
2.5.2 DIAC
2.5.3 TRIAC
2.6 Parameters of Power Semiconductor Devices
2.7 Fabrication Process
 2.8 New Trends in Power Semiconductor Devices
2.9 Summary
Review Problems
3. Triggering Methods, Devices and Circuits
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Turn-on Methods
3.2.1 High Voltage Turn-on
3.2.2 High Temperature Turn-on
3.2.3 dv/dt Turn-on
3.2.4 Light Turn-on
3.2.5 Gate Turn-on
3.3 Triggering Devices and their Characteristics
3.3.1 Unijunction Transistor (UJT)
3.3.2 Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT)
3.3.3 Complementary Unijunction Transistor (CUJT)
3.3.4 Silicon Unilateral Switch (SUS)
3.3.5 Silicon Bilateral Switch (SBS)
3.4 Gate Control Circuits
3.4.1 Gate Characteristic of Thyristor
3.5 Thyristor Gate Control Circuits
3.5.1 Resistance Firing Circuit
3.5.2 Resistance-Capacitance Firing Circuit
3.5.3 UJT Firing Circuit
3.5.4 PUT Firing Circuit
3.5.5 Synchronized UJT Firing Circuit
3.5.6 Pulse Transformer Firing Circuit
3.5.7 Light Activated Firing Circuit
3.6 Triac Gate Control Circuits
3.6.1 Diac Firing Circuit
3.6.2 Silicon Bilateral Switch Firing Circuit
3.7 GTO Gate Control Circuit
3.8 MOSFET and IGBT Gate Control Circuits
3.8.1 High Speed Gate Drive
3.8.2 IC Based Gate Drive
3.9 Summary
Matlab Programs
Solved Examples
Review Problems
4. Commutation and Protection
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Turn-off Methods
4.2.1 Natural Commutation
4.2.2 Load Commutation
4.2.3 Forced Commutation
4.2.4 Gate Turn-off
4.3 Commutating Circuits
 4.3.1 Voltage Commutation
4.3.2 Current Commutation
4.3.3 Pulse Commutation
4.3.4 Jones Commutation
4.4 Protection of Power Semiconductor Devices
4.4.1 Over-voltage Protection
4.4.2 Over-current Protection
4.4.3 Gate Protection
4.4.4 Over-temperature Protection
4.5 Summary
Review Problems
5. AC-DC Converters: Diode rectifiers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Single-phase Rectifiers
5.2.1 Half-wave Rectifier
5.2.1.1 Half-wave rectifier with resistive load
5.2.1.2 Half-wave rectifier with resistive-inductive load
5.2.2 Full-wave rectifier
5.2.2.1 Centre-tapped full-wave rectifier
5.2.2.2 Full-wave bridge rectifier
5.2.2.3 Full-wave bridge rectifier with resistive-inductive load
5.3 Three-phase Rectifiers
5.3.1 Three-phase half-wave rectifier
5.3.2 Three-phase centre-tapped full-wave rectifier
5.3.3 Three-phase bridge rectifier
5.3.4 Three-phase double-star rectifier
5.3.5 Three-phase twelve-pulse full-wave bridge rectifier
5.4 Summary
Matlab programs
Solved examples
Review problems
6. AC-DC Converters: Phase controlled rectifiers
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Half-wave Controlled Rectifiers
6.2.1 Half-wave controlled rectifier with resistive load
6.2.2 Half-wave controlled rectifier with resistive-inductive load
6.2.3 Half-wave controlled rectifier with inductive load and flywheel diode
6.2.4 Half-wave controlled rectifier with RLE load
6.3 Full-wave Controlled Rectifiers
6.3.1 Mid-point configuration with resistive load
6.3.2 Full-wave controlled rectifier with transformer leakage reactance and
load reactance
6.3.3 Full-wave controlled bridge rectifiers
6.4 Dual Converter
6.5 Three-phase Controlled Rectifiers
6.5.1 Three-phase half-wave controlled rectifier
 6.5.2 Six-phase half-wave controlled rectifier
6.5.3 Three-phase fully-controlled bridge rectifier
6.5.4 Six-wave full-wave controlled bridge rectifier
6.6 Forced Commutated Controlled Rectifier (Power Factor Improvement)
6.6.1 Extinction angle control
6.6.2 Symmetrical angle control
6.6.3 Pulse width modulation control
6.6.4 Varying pulse width modulation control
6.7 Summary
Matlab programs
Solved problems
Review problems
7. DC-AC Converters
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Principle of Voltage-driven Inversion
7.3 Principle of Current-driven Inversion
7.4 Sine-wave Inverter
7.5 Square-wave Inverter
7.5.1 Single-phase inverters
7.5.2 Multi-phase inverters
7.6 Control of Inverter Output Voltage
7.6.1 Pulse-width modulated inverters
7.7 Current-driven Inverters
7.8 Summary
Matlab programs
Solved examples
Review problems
8. DC-DC Converters
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Step-down Chopper
8.3 Step-up Chopper
8.4 Step-up and Step-down Chopper
8.5 Chopper Classification
8.5.1 Type-A Chopper
8.5.2 Type-B Chopper
8.5.3 Type-C Chopper
8.5.4 Type-D Chopper
8.5.5 Type-E Chopper
8.6 Dc-dc Switch Mode Regulator
8.6.1 Buck regulator
8.6.2 Boost regulator
8.6.3 Buck-boost regulator
8.6.4 Cuk regulator
8.6.5 Full-bridge regulator
8.7 Dc-dc Switch Mode Regulators with Isolation
8.7.1 Fly back regulator
 8.7.2 Forward regulator
8.7.3 Push pull regulator
8.7.4 Half bridge regulator
8.7.5 Full bridge regulator
8.8 Summary
Matlab programs
Solved examples
Review problems
9. AC-AC Converters
9.1 Introduction
9.2 On-off AC Voltage Controller
9.3 Phase-angle AC Voltage Controller
9.3.1 Single-phase half-wave phase controller
9.3.2 Single-phase full-wave phase controller with resistive load
9.3.3 Single-phase full-wave phase controller with inductive load
9.3.4 Three-phase half-wave phase controller
9.3.5 Three-phase full-wave phase controller
9.4 Cycloconverters
9.4.1 Single-phase cycloconverter
9.4.2 Three-phase cycloconverter
9.5 Cycloinverter
9.6 Summary
Matlab programs
Solved examples
Review problems
10. Some Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Solid-state Switches
10.2.1 Static switch using thyristor
10.2.2 Static switch using triac
10.2.3 DC static switch
10.2.4 Solid-state relays
10.3 Light Dimmer Circuit
10.4 Electronic Timer
10.5 Alarm Circuit
10.6 Electronic Crowbar
10.7 Battery Charger
10.7.1 Battery charging regulator
10.7.2 Emergency lighting system
10.8 Sawtooth Generator
10.8.1 Sawtooth generator using Shockley diode
10.8.2 Sawtooth generator using GTO
10.9 Application in Industrial Process Control
10.9.1 Temperature control
10.9.2 Liquid-level control
10.9.3 Alarm actuator
 10.9.4 Ambient-light control power switch
10.9.5 Constant slop ramp generator
10.9.6 High frequency welding system
10.10 Power Supply
10.10.1 Linear power supply
10.10.2 Switch-mode power supply
10.10.3 Uninterrupted power supply
10.11 Programmable Power Electronic Systems
10.11.1 Microprocessor Based Applications
10.11.1.1 Microprocessor based firing circuit for thyristor converters
10.11.1.2 Microprocessor based motor drives
10.11.1.3 Microprocessor based process control system
10.11.2 Microcontroller Based Applications
10.11.3 DSP Based Applications
10.12 Fuzzy Logic Control
10.12.1 Fuzzy logic control of DC motor drive
10.12.2 Fuzzy logic control of induction motor
10.12.3 Fuzzy logic control of stepper motor
10.13 Summary
Matlab problems
Review problems
Appendix A Fourier series
Appendix B Device temperature control and heat sink
Appendix C Specifications of power semiconductor devices
Appendix D Safe Operating Area of power semiconductor devices
Appendix E Circuit breakers
Appendix F Device testing
Index